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Puente-Marin S, Hultman P, Ekstrand J, Nielsen JB, Havarinasab S. Secondary exposure to heavy metal in genetically susceptible mice leads to acceleration of autoimmune response. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2023; 104:104317. [PMID: 37984674 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2023.104317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to mercury (Hg) and silver (Ag) has been shown to induce autoimmune diseases in genetically susceptible rodents. Here, A.SW mice were initially exposed to HgCl2, AgNO3 or tap water (control) for 3 weeks. After 13 weeks of stoppage, all mice had secondary exposure to 203HgCl2. After secondary exposure, higher and earlier ANoA titers were observed in mice initially exposed to Hg or Ag compared to control. Further, mice initially exposed to Ag showed higher total IgG1 and IgG2a, Whole Body Retention and lymph nodes and spleen accumulation of Hg compared to mice initially exposed to Hg and controls. These findings showed an earlier and stronger immunological response in A.SW mice compared with control, following re-exposure to heavy metals indicating an immunological memory. Additionally, secondary exposure to a different heavy metal may aggravate the effects of exposure of at least one of the metals indicating cross-reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Puente-Marin
- Division of Inflammation and Infection (II), Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linkoping, Sweden
| | - Per Hultman
- Division of Inflammation and Infection (II), Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linkoping, Sweden
| | - Jimmy Ekstrand
- Division of Inflammation and Infection (II), Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linkoping, Sweden
| | - Jesper Bo Nielsen
- Department of Public Health, Research Unit for General Practice, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Said Havarinasab
- Division of Clinical Chemistry and Pharmacology (KKF), Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linkoping, Sweden.
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2
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Zhao P, Li H, Wang Z, Min W, Gao Y. Athelia rolfsii Exopolysaccharide Protection Against Kidney Injury in Lead-Exposed Mice via Nrf2 Signaling Pathway. Biol Trace Elem Res 2023; 201:1864-1877. [PMID: 35588039 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-022-03287-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to explore protective efficacy of Athelia rolfsii exopolysaccharides (AEPS) to mice kidney against lead-exposed injury with a focus on the role of nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling pathway. Lead accumulation in the kidney induces oxidative stress which causes low antioxidant activity, abnormal pathological changes, and apoptosis. Here, the changes in lead levels in the kidney and whole blood proved that AEPS inhibited lead accumulation. It might be related to AEPS enhancing glutathione (GSH) levels and glutathione-s-transferase (GST) activities, as well as the protein abundances of multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 (MRP1) and multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (MRP2). Moreover, AEPS increased antioxidant activity by upregulating superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) activities, downregulating malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. It also restored kidney function by decreasing blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine (CRE) levels in the serum. Histopathologic analysis showed that AEPS alleviated the kidney injury induced by lead, too. AEPS also showed anti-apoptosis effect by downregulating caspase-3 and bax expression and upregulating bcl-2 expression. Importantly, AEPS activated Nrf2 signaling pathway by promoting nuclear translocation of Nrf2. However, all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA), an Nrf2 inhibitor, reversed the effects on AEPS to activation of Nrf2, enhancement of antioxidant, alleviation of kidney injury, restoration of kidney function, prevention of apoptotic, and facilitation of lead exclusion. In brief, AEPS showed kidney protective effect and facilitated lead-expulsion in an Nrf2-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Zhao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongmei Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, People's Republic of China.
| | - ZhiChao Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, People's Republic of China
| | - Weihong Min
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, People's Republic of China
| | - Yawen Gao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, People's Republic of China
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3
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Ding X, Ding E, Yin H, Mei P, Chen H, Han L, Zhang H, Wang J, Wang H, Zhu B. Serum hsa-circ-0025244 as a biomarker in Chinese occupational mercury-exposed population and mediate apoptosis through JNK/p38 MAPK signaling pathway. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2022; 74:127057. [PMID: 35969986 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2022.127057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND circRNAs have been recognized as biomarkers of numerous diseases. We would like to explore the expression pattern and molecular mechanisms of circRNAs in the Chinese occupational mercury-exposed population. METHODS The workers from a thermometer manufacturing plant and lamp factory in Jiangsu province of China were recruited in 2016. Blood samples were collected from the subjects with chronic mercury poisoning group, mercury absorption group, and the healthy controls. The differentially expressed circRNAs (DECRs) between the three groups were screened from serum samples using a circRNA microarray. The significant DECRs were validated by qRT-PCR, and their respective diagnostic values for mercury poisoning and mercury absorption were analyzed by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. For in vitro experiments, 293T cells were treated with different doses of HgCl2 to determine the half-lethal concentration. The cells were transfected with the siRNA construct or expression plasmid of circRNA. The expression levels of JNK, p38, and caspase family proteins were analyzed by Western blotting. RESULTS hsa_circ_0025244 was up-regulated in the mercury poisoning and absorption groups compared to the control group (P < 0.05), and positively correlated with the urine mercury levels (P < 0.05). The area under the ROC curve (AUC) of hsa_circ_0025244 for diagnosing occupational mercury poisoning was 0.748, indicating moderate accuracy (P < 0.001). Moreover, the diagnostic accuracy of occupational mercury absorption was high (P < 0.001) with an AUC of 0.918. Knockdown of hsa_circ_0025244 in 293T cells significantly reduced the expression levels of JNK/p38, and caspase family proteins compared to that in the control cells (P < 0.01), and its overexpression led to opposite effects (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS hsa_circ_0025244 is a potential biomarker for mercury exposure and mediates mercury-induced apoptosis in 293T cells by activating the JNK/p38 MAPK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuexue Ding
- School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Enmin Ding
- Institute of Occupational Disease Prevention, Jiangsu Province Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Nanjing 21009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Haoyang Yin
- Suzhou Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Suzhou 215004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Peng Mei
- School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hao Chen
- School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lei Han
- Institute of Occupational Disease Prevention, Jiangsu Province Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Nanjing 21009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hengdong Zhang
- Institute of Occupational Disease Prevention, Jiangsu Province Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Nanjing 21009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianfeng Wang
- Institute of Occupational Disease Prevention, Jiangsu Province Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Nanjing 21009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huan Wang
- Institute of Occupational Disease Prevention, Jiangsu Province Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Nanjing 21009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Baoli Zhu
- School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210000, Jiangsu, China; Institute of Occupational Disease Prevention, Jiangsu Province Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Nanjing 21009, Jiangsu, China; Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210000, Jiangsu, China.
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4
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Liu Y, Zhang C, Qin Z, Yang Q, Lei J, Tang X, Wang Q, Hong F. Analysis of Threshold Effect of Urinary Heavy Metal Elements on the High Prevalence of Nephrolithiasis in Men. Biol Trace Elem Res 2022; 200:1078-1088. [PMID: 34263420 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-021-02740-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to heavy metals in the environment exerts serious effects on kidney health. However, the effects of joint exposure on the kidneys have been rarely studied, particularly in non-occupational exposure high-risk populations. This study provided a reference threshold range of heavy metals in urine and explored the effect of joint exposure on nephrolithiasis in men. The data were obtained from the China Multi-Ethnic Cohort database, and 1502 men were included in the study. A two-piece-wise regression model was used to assess the dose-response relationship between heavy metal exposure and nephrolithiasis. The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression model was used to calculate the score of joint exposure to heavy metals. The threshold effect analysis revealed a linear relationship between the concentration of arsenic (As) in the urine and the prevalence of nephrolithiasis, whereas a nonlinear relationship was observed with cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), mercury (Hg), and lead (Pb). In addition, As, Cd, Cr, Hg, and Pb may significantly affect the joint exposure effect. Moreover, the final risk of nephrolithiasis increased by 123% (P for trend < 0.001). This study found a threshold relationship between heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Hg, Pb) in male urine and the occurrence of nephrolithiasis. Joint exposure to heavy metals in urine caused a high-risk effect on nephrolithiasis. The study provided a reference threshold value of related studies and indicated that environmental pollution caused by heavy metals should be reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalan Liu
- School of Public Health, the Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Cailiang Zhang
- School of Public Health, the Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Zixiu Qin
- School of Public Health, the Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Qianyuan Yang
- School of Public Health, the Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Juan Lei
- Guiyang City Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guizhou, 550003, China
| | - Xuejie Tang
- University Town Hospital, Gui'an New District, Guizhou, 550025, China
| | - Qiaorong Wang
- University Town Hospital, Gui'an New District, Guizhou, 550025, China
| | - Feng Hong
- School of Public Health, the Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China.
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5
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Fujishiro H, Sumino M, Sumi D, Umemoto H, Tsuneyama K, Matsukawa T, Yokoyama K, Himeno S. Spatial localization of cadmium and metallothionein in the kidneys of mice at the early phase of cadmium accumulation. J Toxicol Sci 2022; 47:507-517. [DOI: 10.2131/jts.47.507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hitomi Fujishiro
- Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University
| | - Miharu Sumino
- Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University
| | - Daigo Sumi
- Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University
| | - Hitomi Umemoto
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School
| | - Koichi Tsuneyama
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School
| | - Takehisa Matsukawa
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine
| | - Kazuhito Yokoyama
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine
| | - Seiichiro Himeno
- Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University
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6
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Pamphlett R, Doble PA, Bishop DP. The Prevalence of Inorganic Mercury in Human Kidneys Suggests a Role for Toxic Metals in Essential Hypertension. TOXICS 2021; 9:67. [PMID: 33801008 PMCID: PMC8004013 DOI: 10.3390/toxics9030067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The kidney plays a dominant role in the pathogenesis of essential hypertension, but the initial pathogenic events in the kidney leading to hypertension are not known. Exposure to mercury has been linked to many diseases including hypertension in epidemiological and experimental studies, so we studied the distribution and prevalence of mercury in the human kidney. Paraffin sections of kidneys were available from 129 people ranging in age from 1 to 104 years who had forensic/coronial autopsies. One individual had injected himself with metallic mercury, the other 128 were from varied clinicopathological backgrounds without known exposure to mercury. Sections were stained for inorganic mercury using autometallography. Laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) was used on six samples to confirm the presence of autometallography-detected mercury and to look for other toxic metals. In the 128 people without known mercury exposure, mercury was found in: (1) proximal tubules of the cortex and Henle thin loops of the medulla, in 25% of kidneys (and also in the man who injected himself with mercury), (2) proximal tubules only in 16% of kidneys, and (3) Henle thin loops only in 23% of kidneys. The age-related proportion of people who had any mercury in their kidney was 0% at 1-20 years, 66% at 21-40 years, 77% at 41-60 years, 84% at 61-80 years, and 64% at 81-104 years. LA-ICP-MS confirmed the presence of mercury in samples staining with autometallography and showed cadmium, lead, iron, nickel, and silver in some kidneys. In conclusion, mercury is found commonly in the adult human kidney, where it appears to accumulate in proximal tubules and Henle thin loops until an advanced age. Dysfunctions of both these cortical and medullary regions have been implicated in the pathogenesis of essential hypertension, so these findings suggest that further studies of the effects of mercury on blood pressure are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Pamphlett
- Discipline of Pathology, Brain and Mind Centre, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2050, Australia
- Department of Neuropathology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney 2050, Australia
| | - Philip A. Doble
- Elemental Bio-Imaging Facility, School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney 2007, Australia; (P.A.D.); (D.P.B.)
| | - David P. Bishop
- Elemental Bio-Imaging Facility, School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney 2007, Australia; (P.A.D.); (D.P.B.)
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7
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Hazelhoff MH, Torres AM. Effect of erythropoietin on mercury-induced nephrotoxicity: Role of membrane transporters. Hum Exp Toxicol 2021; 40:515-525. [PMID: 32909846 DOI: 10.1177/0960327120958109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Mercury is a widespread pollutant. Mercuric ions uptake into tubular cells is supported by the Organic anion transporter 1 (Oat1) and 3 (Oat3) and its elimination into urine is through the Multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (Mrp2). We investigated the effect of recombinant human erythropoietin (Epo) on renal function and on renal expression of Oat1, Oat3, and Mrp2 in a model of mercuric chloride (HgCl2)-induced renal damage. Four experimental groups of adult male Wistar rats were used: Control, Epo, HgCl2, and Epo + HgCl2. Epo (3000 IU/kg, b.w., i.p.) was administered 24 h before HgCl2 (4 mg/kg, b.w., i.p.). Experiments were performed 18 h after the HgCl2 dose. Parameters of renal function and structure were evaluated. The protein expression of Oat1, Oat3 and Mrp2 in renal tissue was assessed by immunoblotting techniques. Mercury levels were determined by cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry. Pretreatment with Epo ameliorated the HgCl2-induced tubular injury as assessed by histopathology and urinary biomarkers. Immunoblotting showed that pretreatment with Epo regulated the renal expression of mercury transporters in a way to decrease mercury content in the kidney. Epo pretreatment ameliorates HgCl2-induced renal tubular injury by modulation of mercury transporters expression in the kidneys.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Hazelhoff
- Área Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, 63029Universidad Nacional de Rosario, CONICET, Rosario, Argentina
| | - A M Torres
- Área Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, 63029Universidad Nacional de Rosario, CONICET, Rosario, Argentina
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8
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Shen QQ, Wang JJ, Roy D, Sun LX, Jiang ZZ, Zhang LY, Huang X. Organic anion transporter 1 and 3 contribute to traditional Chinese medicine-induced nephrotoxicity. Chin J Nat Med 2020; 18:196-205. [PMID: 32245589 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(20)30021-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
With the internationally growing popularity of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), TCM-induced nephropathy has attracted public attention. Minimizing this toxicity is an important issue for future research. Typical nephrotoxic TCM drugs such as Aristolochic acid, Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. f, Rheum officinale Baill, and cinnabar mainly damage renal proximal tubules or cause interstitial nephritis. Transporters in renal proximal tubule are believed to be critical in the disposition of xenobiotics. In this review, we provide information on the alteration of renal transporters by nephrotoxic TCMs, which may be helpful for understanding the nephrotoxic mechanism of TCMs and reducing adverse effects. Studies have proven that when administering nephrotoxic TCMs, the expression or function of renal transporters is altered, especially organic anion transporter 1 and 3. The alteration of these transporters may enhance the accumulation of toxic drugs or the dysfunction of endogenous toxins and subsequently sensitize the kidney to injury. Transporters-related drug combination and clinical biomarkers supervision to avoid the risk of future toxicity are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Qing Shen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jing-Jing Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Debmalya Roy
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Li-Xin Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Zhen-Zhou Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Lu-Yong Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Center for Drug Screening and Pharmacodynamics Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xin Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
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9
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Abstract
The transport of specific molecules across lipid membranes is an essential function of all living organisms. The processes are usually mediated by specific transporters. One of the largest transporter families is the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) family. More than 40 ABC transporters have been identified in human, which are divided into 7 subfamilies (ABCA to ABCG) based on their gene structure, amino acid sequence, domain organization, and phylogenetic analysis. Of them, at least 11 ABC transporters including P-glycoprotein (P-GP/ABCB1), multidrug resistance-associated proteins (MRPs/ABCCs), and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP/ABCG2) are involved in multidrug resistance (MDR) development. These ABC transporters are expressed in various tissues such as the liver, intestine, kidney, and brain, playing important roles in absorption, distribution, and excretion of drugs. Some ABC transporters are also involved in diverse cellular processes such as maintenance of osmotic homeostasis, antigen processing, cell division, immunity, cholesterol, and lipid trafficking. Several human diseases such as cystic fibrosis, sitosterolemia, Tangier disease, intrahepatic cholestasis, and retinal degeneration are associated with mutations in corresponding transporters. This chapter will describe function and expression of several ABC transporters (such as P-GP, BCRP, and MRPs), their substrates and inhibitors, as well as their clinical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Liu
- China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.
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10
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Hazelhoff MH, Bulacio RP, Chevalier A, Torres AM. Renal expression of organic anion transporters is modified after mercuric chloride exposure: Gender-related differences. Toxicol Lett 2018; 295:390-396. [PMID: 30031051 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mercuric ions (Hg+2) gain access to proximal tubule cells primarily by the Organic Anion Transporter 1 (Oat1) and 3 (Oat3) in the basolateral plasma membrane. The removal process of Hg+2 ions from cells into the lumen involves an efflux process mainly mediated by the Multidrug Resistance-Associated Protein 2 (Mrp2). The aim of this study was to compare the sex-related differences in the renal expression of Oat1, Oat3, and Mrp2 after mercuric chloride (HgCl2) treatment and analyze their relevance in the mercury-induced nephrotoxicity. Control and Hg-treated male and female Wistar rats were used. Animals received a dose of HgCl2 (4 mg/kg bw, ip) 18 h before the experiments. Tubular injury was assessed by histopathological studies. The renal expression of Oat1, Oat3, and Mrp2 was analyzed by Western Blotting. Mercury levels were determined in urine by cold vapour atomic absorption spectroscopy. HgCl2 treatment increased the expression of renal Oat1 and Mrp2 in both sexes, being more evident in females than in males. The Oat3 renal expression only increased in female rats. The higher expressions of Oat1, Oat3, and Mrp2 could explain the higher renal excretion of mercury and consequently, the lesser renal tubular damage in female rats than in male rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- María H Hazelhoff
- Área Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, CONICET, Suipacha 531, S2002LRK, Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Romina P Bulacio
- Área Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, CONICET, Suipacha 531, S2002LRK, Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Alberto Chevalier
- GIHON Laboratorios Químicos SRL, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Dean Funes 3350, B7602AYL, Mar del Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Adriana M Torres
- Área Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, CONICET, Suipacha 531, S2002LRK, Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina.
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11
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Oliveira C, Joshee L, Bridges CC. MRP2 and the Transport Kinetics of Cysteine Conjugates of Inorganic Mercury. Biol Trace Elem Res 2018; 184:279-286. [PMID: 28980184 PMCID: PMC5882609 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-017-1163-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Human exposure to mercuric species occurs regularly throughout the world. Mercuric ions may accumulate in target cells and subsequently lead to cellular intoxication and death. Therefore, it is important to have a thorough understanding of how transportable species of mercury are handled by specific membrane transporters. The purpose of the current study was to characterize the transport kinetics of cysteine (Cys)-S-conjugates of inorganic mercury (Cys-S-Hg-S-Cys) at the site of the multidrug resistance-associated transporter 2 (MRP2). In order to estimate the maximum velocity (V max) and Michaelis constant (K m) for the uptake of Cys-S-Hg-S-Cys mediated by MRP2, in vitro studies were carried out using radioactive Cys-S-Hg-S-Cys (5 μM) and inside-out membrane vesicles made from Sf9 cells transfected with MRP2. The V max was estimated to be 74.3 ± 10.1 nmol mg protein-1 30 s-1 while the K m was calculated to be 63.4 ± 27.3 μM. In addition, in vivo studies were utilized to measure the disposition of inorganic mercury (administered dose 0.5 μmol kg-1 in 2 mL normal saline) over time in Wistar and TR¯ (Mrp2-deficient) rats. These studies measured the disposition of mercuric ions in the kidney, liver, and blood. In general, the data suggest that the initial uptake of mercuric conjugates into select target cells is rapid followed by a period of slower uptake and accumulation. Overall, the data indicate that MRP2 transports Cys-S-Hg-S-Cys in a manner that is similar to that of other MRP2 substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia Oliveira
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, 1501 College St., Macon, GA, 31207, USA
- Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Lucy Joshee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, 1501 College St., Macon, GA, 31207, USA
| | - Christy C Bridges
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, 1501 College St., Macon, GA, 31207, USA.
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12
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Li C, Xu W, Chu S, Zheng Z, Xiao Y, Li L, Bi H, Wei L. The chemical speciation, spatial distribution and toxicity of mercury from Tibetan medicine Zuotai,β-HgS and HgCl 2 in mouse kidney. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2018; 45:104-113. [PMID: 29173465 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2017.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Zuotai, a famous Tibetan medicinal mixture containing β-HgS, has been used to combine with herbal remedies for treating diseases for more than 1 300 years. The target organ for inorganic mercury toxicity is generally considered to be the kidney. Therefore, it is crucial to reveal the chemical speciation, spatial distribution and potential nephrotoxicity of mercury from Zuotai in kidney. To date, this remains poorly understood. We used X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and micro X-ray fluorescence (μ-XRF) imaging based on synchrotron radiation to study mercury chemical forms and mercury special distribution in kidney after mice were treated orally with Zuotai, β-HgS or HgCl2. Meanwhile, the histopathology of kidney was observed. Mice exposed with Zuotai showed kidney with significant proportion of mercury ions bound to sulfydryl biomolecules (e.g. Cys-S-Hg-S-Cys) plus some of unknown species, but without methylmercury cysteine, which is the same as β-HgS and HgCl2. The mercury is mainly deposited in renal cortex in mouse treated with Zuotai, β-HgS or HgCl2, but with a low level of mercury in medulla. The total mercury in kidney of mice treated with HgCl2 was much higher than that of β-HgS, and the later was higher than that of Zuotai. And, HgCl2 cause severe impairments in mouse kidney, but that was not observed in the Zuotai and β-HgS groups. Meanwhile, the bio-metals (Ca, Zn, Fe and Cu) micro-distributions in kidney were also revealed. These findings elucidated the chemical nature, spatial distribution and toxicity difference of mercury from Zuotai, β-HgS and HgCl2 in mouse kidney, and provide new insights into the appropriate methods for biological monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cen Li
- Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine in Qinghai Province, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, Qinghai, 810008, China; Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, Qinghai, 810008, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Shengqi Chu
- Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhiyuan Zheng
- Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine in Qinghai Province, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, Qinghai, 810008, China; Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, Qinghai, 810008, China
| | - Yuancan Xiao
- Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine in Qinghai Province, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, Qinghai, 810008, China; Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, Qinghai, 810008, China
| | - Linshuai Li
- Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine in Qinghai Province, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, Qinghai, 810008, China; Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, Qinghai, 810008, China
| | - Hongtai Bi
- Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine in Qinghai Province, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, Qinghai, 810008, China; Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, Qinghai, 810008, China
| | - Lixin Wei
- Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine in Qinghai Province, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, Qinghai, 810008, China; Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, Qinghai, 810008, China.
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Lepist EI, Ray AS. Beyond drug-drug interactions: effects of transporter inhibition on endobiotics, nutrients and toxins. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2017; 13:1075-1087. [PMID: 28847160 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2017.1372425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Membrane transport proteins play a central role in regulating the disposition of endobiotics, dietary nutrients and environmental toxins. The inhibition of transporters by drugs has potential physiologic consequences. The full extent of the effect of drugs on the function of transporters is poorly understood because only a small subset of the hundreds of transporters expressed in humans - primarily those mediating the rate-determining step in the elimination of specific drugs - are assessed during clinical development. Areas covered: We provide a comprehensive overview of literature reports implicating the inhibition of transporters as the mechanism for off-target effects of drugs. Expert opinion: Transporter inhibition, the mechanism of action of many marketed drugs, appears to play an underappreciated role in a number of side effects including vitamin deficiency, edema, dyslipidemia, cholestasis and gout. Cell systems more broadly expressing transporter networks and methods like unbiased metabolomics should be incorporated into the screening paradigm to expand our understanding of the impact of drugs on the physiologic function of transporters and to allow for these effects to be taken into account in drug discovery and clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eve-Irene Lepist
- a Departments of Drug Metabolism , Gilead Sciences, Inc ., Foster City , CA , USA
| | - Adrian S Ray
- b Clinical Research , Gilead Sciences, Inc ., Foster City , CA , USA
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14
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Xenobiotic transporters and kidney injury. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2017; 116:73-91. [PMID: 28111348 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Renal proximal tubules are targets for toxicity due in part to the expression of transporters that mediate the secretion and reabsorption of xenobiotics. Alterations in transporter expression and/or function can enhance the accumulation of toxicants and sensitize the kidneys to injury. This can be observed when xenobiotic uptake by carrier proteins is increased or efflux of toxicants and their metabolites is reduced. Nephrotoxic chemicals include environmental contaminants (halogenated hydrocarbon solvents, the herbicide paraquat, the fungal toxin ochratoxin, and heavy metals) as well as pharmaceuticals (certain beta-lactam antibiotics, antiviral drugs, and chemotherapeutic drugs). This review explores the mechanisms by which transporters mediate the entry and exit of toxicants from renal tubule cells and influence the degree of kidney injury. Delineating how transport proteins regulate the renal accumulation of toxicants is critical for understanding the likelihood of nephrotoxicity resulting from competition for excretion or genetic polymorphisms that affect transporter function.
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Khan H, Singh RD, Tiwari R, Gangopadhyay S, Roy SK, Singh D, Srivastava V. Mercury exposure induces cytoskeleton disruption and loss of renal function through epigenetic modulation of MMP9 expression. Toxicology 2017; 386:28-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2017.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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16
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Oliveira VA, Favero G, Stacchiotti A, Giugno L, Buffoli B, de Oliveira CS, Lavazza A, Albanese M, Rodella LF, Pereira ME, Rezzani R. Acute mercury exposition of virgin, pregnant, and lactating rats: Histopathological kidney and liver evaluations. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2017; 32:1500-1512. [PMID: 27726300 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This work investigated the effects of mercury chloride (HgCl2 ) acute exposure on virgin, pregnant and lactating rats by determination of renal and hepatic morphological and ultrastructural parameters and the expression of oxidative stress and stress tolerance markers, due to kidney and liver are the organs that more accumulate inorganic mercury. Adult Wistar rats virgin (90 days old), pregnant (18th gestation day) and lactating (7th lactation day) were injected once with HgCl2 (5 mg/kg) or saline (controls). We observed that HgCl2 exposure of virgin rats caused significant inflammatory infiltration and severe morphological variations, like glomeruli atrophy, dilatation of Bowman's capsule, tubular degeneration and hepatocytes alteration. Moreover, virgin rats presented mitochondrial modification, important oxidative stress and increase in stress tolerance proteins at both kidney and liver level, compared with virgin controls. In detail, virgin rats exposed to HgCl2 presented significantly elevated level of inducible nitric oxide synthase, heat shock protein 27 and glucose regulated proteins 75 expressions at both renal tubular and hepatocytes level, respect untreated virgin rats. Interestingly, pregnant and lactating rats exposed to HgCl2 presented weak renal and liver morphological alterations, showing weak inflammatory infiltration and no significant difference in structural mitochondrial transmembrane protein, oxidative stress markers and stress tolerance proteins expressions respect controls (virgin, pregnant and lactating rats). Although, both control and HgCl2 -exposed pregnant and lactating rats showed renal glomeruli greater in diameter respect virgin rats. In conclusion, we believe that virgin rats are more sensitive to HgCl2 toxicity respect pregnant and lactating rats. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 32: 1500-1512, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitor Antunes Oliveira
- Anatomy and Physiopathology Division, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, Brescia, 25123, Italy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Gaia Favero
- Anatomy and Physiopathology Division, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, Brescia, 25123, Italy
| | - Alessandra Stacchiotti
- Anatomy and Physiopathology Division, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, Brescia, 25123, Italy
- Interdipartimental University Center of Research "Adaption and Regeneration of Tissues and Organs- (ARTO)", University of Brescia, Italy
| | - Lorena Giugno
- Anatomy and Physiopathology Division, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, Brescia, 25123, Italy
| | - Barbara Buffoli
- Anatomy and Physiopathology Division, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, Brescia, 25123, Italy
- Interdipartimental University Center of Research "Adaption and Regeneration of Tissues and Organs- (ARTO)", University of Brescia, Italy
| | - Claudia Sirlene de Oliveira
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Antonio Lavazza
- OIE Reference Laboratory for RHD, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - Massimo Albanese
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Luigi Fabrizio Rodella
- Anatomy and Physiopathology Division, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, Brescia, 25123, Italy
- Interdipartimental University Center of Research "Adaption and Regeneration of Tissues and Organs- (ARTO)", University of Brescia, Italy
| | - Maria Ester Pereira
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Rita Rezzani
- Anatomy and Physiopathology Division, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, Brescia, 25123, Italy
- Interdipartimental University Center of Research "Adaption and Regeneration of Tissues and Organs- (ARTO)", University of Brescia, Italy
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Branco V, Caito S, Farina M, Teixeira da Rocha J, Aschner M, Carvalho C. Biomarkers of mercury toxicity: Past, present, and future trends. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2017; 20:119-154. [PMID: 28379072 PMCID: PMC6317349 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2017.1289834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Mercury (Hg) toxicity continues to represent a global health concern. Given that human populations are mostly exposed to low chronic levels of mercurial compounds (methylmercury through fish, mercury vapor from dental amalgams, and ethylmercury from vaccines), the need for more sensitive and refined tools to assess the effects and/or susceptibility to adverse metal-mediated health risks remains. Traditional biomarkers, such as hair or blood Hg levels, are practical and provide a reliable measure of exposure, but given intra-population variability, it is difficult to establish accurate cause-effect relationships. It is therefore important to identify and validate biomarkers that are predictive of early adverse effects prior to adverse health outcomes becoming irreversible. This review describes the predominant biomarkers used by toxicologists and epidemiologists to evaluate exposure, effect and susceptibility to Hg compounds, weighing on their advantages and disadvantages. Most importantly, and in light of recent findings on the molecular mechanisms underlying Hg-mediated toxicity, potential novel biomarkers that might be predictive of toxic effect are presented, and the applicability of these parameters in risk assessment is examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasco Branco
- a Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia , Universidade de Lisboa , Lisboa , Portugal
| | - Sam Caito
- b Department of Molecular Pharmacology , Albert Einstein College of Medicine , Bronx , New York , USA
| | - Marcelo Farina
- c Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas , Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina , Florianópolis , Brazil
| | - João Teixeira da Rocha
- d Departamento Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular , Universidade Federal de Santa Maria , Santa Maria , RS , Brazil
| | - Michael Aschner
- b Department of Molecular Pharmacology , Albert Einstein College of Medicine , Bronx , New York , USA
| | - Cristina Carvalho
- a Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia , Universidade de Lisboa , Lisboa , Portugal
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Bridges CC, Zalups RK. The aging kidney and the nephrotoxic effects of mercury. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2017; 20:55-80. [PMID: 28339347 PMCID: PMC6088787 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2016.1243501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Owing to advances in modern medicine, life expectancies are lengthening and leading to an increase in the population of older individuals. The aging process leads to significant alterations in many organ systems, with the kidney being particularly susceptible to age-related changes. Within the kidney, aging leads to ultrastructural changes such as glomerular and tubular hypertrophy, glomerulosclerosis, and tubulointerstitial fibrosis, which may compromise renal plasma flow (RPF) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR). These alterations may reduce the functional reserve of the kidneys, making them more susceptible to pathological events when challenged or stressed, such as following exposure to nephrotoxicants. An important and prevalent environmental toxicant that induces nephrotoxic effects is mercury (Hg). Since exposure of normal kidneys to mercuric ions might induce glomerular and tubular injury, aged kidneys, which may not be functioning at full capacity, may be more sensitive to the effects of Hg than normal kidneys. Age-related renal changes and the effects of Hg in the kidney have been characterized separately. However, little is known regarding the influence of nephrotoxicants, such as Hg, on aged kidneys. The purpose of this review was to summarize known findings related to exposure of aged and diseased kidneys to the environmentally relevant nephrotoxicant Hg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christy C Bridges
- a Mercer University School of Medicine , Division of Basic Medical Sciences , Macon , Georgia , USA
| | - Rudolfs K Zalups
- a Mercer University School of Medicine , Division of Basic Medical Sciences , Macon , Georgia , USA
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19
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Xu YJ, Wang Y, Lu YF, Xu SF, Wu Q, Liu J. Age-associated differences in transporter gene expression in kidneys of male rats. Mol Med Rep 2016; 15:474-482. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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20
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Mercury sulfides are much less nephrotoxic than mercury chloride and methylmercury in mice. Toxicol Lett 2016; 262:153-160. [PMID: 27720909 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Mercury sulfides (α-HgS, β-HgS) are frequently included in traditional medicines. Mercury is known for nephrotoxicity, their safety is of concern. To address this question, mice were orally administrated with Zuotai (54% β-HgS, 30mg/kg), α-HgS (HgS, 30mg/kg), HgCl2 (33.6mg/kg), or MeHgCl (3.1mg/kg) for 7days, and nephrotoxicity was examined. Animal body weights were decreased by HgCl2 and to a lesser extent by MeHg, but unaltered after Zuotai and HgS. HgCl2 and MeHg produced renal tubular vacuolation, interstitial inflammation and cell degeneration with protein cysts in the tubular lumen, while these pathological lesions were mild in Zuotai and HgS-treated mice. Electron microscopy showed that HgCl2 and MeHg produced spotted swelling endothelium reticulum, while these lesions were mild or absent in Zuotai and HgS-treated mice. Renal Hg contents reached 250-300ng/mg kidney in HgCl2 and MeHg groups as compared to 2-3ng/mg in Zuotai and HgS groups. The expression of kidney injury biomarkers, kidney injury molecule-1 (Kim-1) and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (Ngal), were increased after HgCl2 and MeHg, but unaltered after Zuotai and HgS. The expression of renal influx transporters Oat3 and Oatp4c1 was decreased, while the expression of renal efflux transporter such as Mrp2, Mrp4, and Mate2 was increased following HgCl2 and MeHg. These gene expressions were unchanged after Zuotai and HgS. In summary, both α-HgS and β-HgS are less nephrotoxic than HgCl2 and MeHg, indicating that chemical forms of mercury are a major determinant of mercury disposition and toxicity.
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Compensatory renal hypertrophy and the handling of an acute nephrotoxicant in a model of aging. Exp Gerontol 2016; 75:16-23. [PMID: 26768998 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Aging often results in progressive losses of functioning nephrons, which can lead to a significant reduction in overall renal function. Because of age-related pathological changes, the remaining functional nephrons within aged kidneys may be unable to fully counteract physiological and/or toxicological challenges. We hypothesized that when the total functional renal mass of aged rats is reduced by 50%, the nephrons within the remnant kidney do not fully undergo the functional and physiological changes that are necessary to maintain normal fluid and solute homeostasis. We also tested the hypothesis that the disposition and handling of a nephrotoxicant are altered significantly in aged kidneys following an acute, 50% reduction in functional renal mass. To test these hypotheses, we examined molecular indices of renal cellular hypertrophy and the disposition of inorganic mercury (Hg(2+)), a model nephrotoxicant, in young control, young uninephrectomized (NPX), aged control and aged NPX Wistar rats. We found that the process of aging reduces the ability of the remnant kidney to undergo compensatory renal growth. In addition, we found that an additional reduction in renal mass in aged animals alters the disposition of Hg(2+) and potentially alters the risk of renal intoxication by this nephrotoxicant. To our knowledge, this study represents the first report of the handling of a nephrotoxicant in an aged animal following a 50% reduction in functional renal mass.
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Abstract
Environmental toxicants such as methylmercury have been shown to negatively impact fetal health. Despite the prevalence of inorganic mercury (Hg(2+)) in the environment and the ability of methylmercury to biotransform into Hg(2+), little is known about the ability of Hg(2+) to cross the placenta into fetal tissues. Therefore, it is important to understand the handing and disposition of Hg(2+) in the reproductive system. The purpose of the current study was to assess the disposition and transport of Hg(2+) in placental and fetal tissues, and to test the hypothesis that acute renal injury in dams can alter the accumulation of Hg(2+) in fetal tissues. Pregnant Wistar rats were injected intravenously with 0.5 or 2.5 μmol kg(-1) HgCl2 for 6 or 48 h and the disposition of Hg(2+) was measured. Accumulation of Hg(2+) in the placenta was rapid and dose-dependent. Very little Hg(2+) was eliminated during the initial 48 h after exposure. When dams were exposed to the low dose of HgCl2, fetal accumulation of Hg(2+) increased between 6h and 48 h, while at the higher dose, accumulation was similar at each time point. Within fetal organs, the greatest concentration of Hg(2+) (nmol/g) was localized in the kidneys, followed by the liver and brain. A dose-dependent increase in the accumulation of Hg(2+) in fetal organs was observed, suggesting that continued maternal exposure may lead to increased fetal exposure. Taken together, these data indicate that Hg(2+) is capable of crossing the placenta and gaining access to fetal organs in a dose-dependent manner.
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Bridges CC, Zalups RK, Joshee L. Toxicological significance of renal Bcrp: Another potential transporter in the elimination of mercuric ions from proximal tubular cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2015; 285:110-7. [PMID: 25868844 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2015.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Secretion of inorganic mercury (Hg(2+)) from proximal tubular cells into the tubular lumen has been shown to involve the multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (Mrp2). Considering similarities in localization and substrate specificity between Mrp2 and the breast cancer resistance protein (Bcrp), we hypothesize that Bcrp may also play a role in the proximal tubular secretion of mercuric species. In order to test this hypothesis, the uptake of Hg(2+) was examined initially using inside-out membrane vesicles containing Bcrp. The results of these studies suggest that Bcrp may be capable of transporting certain conjugates of Hg(2+). To further characterize the role of Bcrp in the handling of mercuric ions and in the induction of Hg(2+)-induced nephropathy, Sprague-Dawley and Bcrp knockout (bcrp(-/-)) rats were exposed intravenously to a non-nephrotoxic (0.5 μmol · kg(-1)), a moderately nephrotoxic (1.5 μmol · kg(-1)) or a significantly nephrotoxic (2.0 μmol · kg(-1)) dose of HgCl2. In general, the accumulation of Hg(2+) was greater in organs of bcrp(-/-) rats than in Sprague-Dawley rats, suggesting that Bcrp may play a role in the export of Hg(2+) from target cells. Within the kidney, cellular injury and necrosis was more severe in bcrp(-/-) rats than in controls. The pattern of necrosis, which was localized in the inner cortex and the outer stripe of the outer medulla, was significantly different from that observed in Mrp2-deficient animals. These findings suggest that Bcrp may be involved in the cellular export of select mercuric species and that its role in this export may differ from that of Mrp2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christy C Bridges
- Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, GA, USA.
| | - Rudolfs K Zalups
- Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, GA, USA
| | - Lucy Joshee
- Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, GA, USA
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Hazelhoff MH, Trebucobich MS, Stoyanoff TR, Chevalier AA, Torres AM. Amelioration of mercury nephrotoxicity after pharmacological manipulation of organic anion transporter 1 (Oat1) and multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (Mrp2) with furosemide. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5tx00100e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Furosemide improves HgCl2-induced tubule injury up-regulating Oat1 and Mrp2, thus increasing renal elimination of mercuric ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- María H. Hazelhoff
- Área Farmacología
- Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas
- Universidad Nacional de Rosario
- Rosario
- Argentina
| | - Mara S. Trebucobich
- Área Farmacología
- Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas
- Universidad Nacional de Rosario
- Rosario
- Argentina
| | - Tania R. Stoyanoff
- Departamento de Bioquímica
- Facultad de Medicina
- Universidad Nacional del Nordeste
- Corrientes
- Argentina
| | - Alberto A. Chevalier
- GIHON Laboratorios Químicos SRL
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas
- Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata
- Mar del Plata
- Argentina
| | - Adriana M. Torres
- Área Farmacología
- Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas
- Universidad Nacional de Rosario
- Rosario
- Argentina
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