1
|
Yoneya K, Miki T, Katayama N. Plant volatiles and priority effects interactively determined initial community assembly of arthropods on multiple willow species. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e10270. [PMID: 37492458 PMCID: PMC10364932 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant traits, which are often species specific, can serve as environmental filtering for community assembly on plants. At the same time, the species identity of the initially colonizing arthropods would vary between plant individuals, which would subsequently influence colonizing arthropods and community development in the later stages. However, it remains unclear whether interindividual divergence due to priority effects is equally important as plant trait-specific environmental filtering in the initial stages. In this study, we propose that plant volatile organic compounds (PVOCs) may play a crucial role as an environmental filter in the initial stages of community assembly, which can prevent the community assembly process from being purely stochastic. To test this hypothesis, we conducted short term but highly frequent monitoring (19 observations over 9 days) of arthropod community assembly on intact individuals of six willow species in a common garden. PVOC compositions were analyzed before starting the experiment and compared with arthropod compositions occurring on Days 1-2 of the experiment (earliest colonizer community) and those occurring on Days 8-9 of the experiment (subsequent colonizer community). Unintentionally, deer herbivory also occurred at night of Day 2. Distance-based statistics demonstrated that PVOC compositions were plant species specific, but neither the earliest colonizer nor the subsequent colonizer community composition could be explained by plant species identity. Rather, Procrustes analysis showed that both the PVOC composition and that of the earliest colonizer community can be used to explain the subsequent colonizer community. In addition, the linkage between PVOCs and the subsequent colonizer community was stronger on individuals with deer herbivory. These findings indicate that PVOCs have widespread effects on initial community assembly, as well as priority effects brought on by stochastic immigration, and that plant species identity only has weak and indirect effects on the actual composition of the community.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kinuyo Yoneya
- Faculty of AgricultureKindai UniversityNaraJapan
- Center for Biodiversity ScienceRyukoku UniversityOtsuJapan
| | - Takeshi Miki
- Center for Biodiversity ScienceRyukoku UniversityOtsuJapan
- Faculty of Advanced Science and TechnologyRyukoku UniversityOtsuJapan
| | - Noboru Katayama
- General EducationFaculty of CommerceOtaru University of CommerceOtaruJapan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mallick S, Molleman F, Yguel B, Bailey R, Müller J, Jean F, Prinzing A. Ectophagous folivores do not profit from rich resources on phylogenetically isolated trees. Oecologia 2023; 201:1-18. [PMID: 36165922 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-022-05260-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Resource use by consumers across patches is often proportional to the quantity or quality of the resource within these patches. In folivores, such proportional use of resources is likely to be more efficient when plants are spatially proximate, such as trees forming a forest canopy. However, resources provided by forest-trees are often not used proportionally. We hypothesised that proportional use of resources is reduced when host trees are isolated among phylogenetically distant neighbours that mask olfactory and visual search cues, and reduce folivore movement between trees. Such phylogenetically distant neighbourhoods might sort out species that are specialists, poor dispersers, or have poor access to information about leaf quality. We studied individual oaks, their leaf size and quality, their folivory and abundance of folivores (mostly Lepidopteran ectophages, gallers and miners), and parasitism of folivores. We found that leaf consumption by ectophages hardly increased with increasing leaf size when host trees were phylogenetically isolated. We found a similar effect on host use by parasitoids in 1 year. In contrast, we found no consistent effects in other folivore guilds. Relative abundances of specialists and species with wingless females declined with phylogenetic isolation. However, resource use within each of these groups was inconsistently affected by phylogenetic isolation. We suggest that phylogenetic isolation prevents ectophages from effectively choosing trees with abundant resources, and also sorts out species likely to recruit in situ on their host tree. Trees in phylogenetically distant neighbourhoods may be selected for larger leaves and greater reliance on induced defences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soumen Mallick
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Rennes 1, Research Unit UMR 6553, Ecosystèmes Biodiversité Evolution (ECOBIO), Campus de Beaulieu, 35042, Rennes, France.
| | - Freerk Molleman
- Department of Systematic Zoology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, A. Mickiewicz University, Ul. Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614, Poznan, Poland
| | - Benjamin Yguel
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Rennes 1, Research Unit UMR 6553, Ecosystèmes Biodiversité Evolution (ECOBIO), Campus de Beaulieu, 35042, Rennes, France.,Centre d'Ecologie et des Sciences de la Conservation (CESCO-UMR 7204), Sorbonne Universités-MNHN-CNRS-UPMC, CP51, 55-61rue Buffon, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Richard Bailey
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Rennes 1, Research Unit UMR 6553, Ecosystèmes Biodiversité Evolution (ECOBIO), Campus de Beaulieu, 35042, Rennes, France.,Department of Ecology and Vertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Lodz, Poland
| | - Jörg Müller
- Field Station Fabrikschleichach, Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Glashüttenstraße 5, 96181, Rauhenebrach, Germany.,Bavarian Forest National Park, Freyunger Str. 2, 94481, Grafenau, Germany
| | - Frédéric Jean
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Rennes 1, Research Unit UMR 6553, Ecosystèmes Biodiversité Evolution (ECOBIO), Campus de Beaulieu, 35042, Rennes, France
| | - Andreas Prinzing
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Rennes 1, Research Unit UMR 6553, Ecosystèmes Biodiversité Evolution (ECOBIO), Campus de Beaulieu, 35042, Rennes, France
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Midzi J, Jeffery DW, Baumann U, Rogiers S, Tyerman SD, Pagay V. Stress-Induced Volatile Emissions and Signalling in Inter-Plant Communication. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11192566. [PMID: 36235439 PMCID: PMC9573647 DOI: 10.3390/plants11192566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The sessile plant has developed mechanisms to survive the “rough and tumble” of its natural surroundings, aided by its evolved innate immune system. Precise perception and rapid response to stress stimuli confer a fitness edge to the plant against its competitors, guaranteeing greater chances of survival and productivity. Plants can “eavesdrop” on volatile chemical cues from their stressed neighbours and have adapted to use these airborne signals to prepare for impending danger without having to experience the actual stress themselves. The role of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in plant–plant communication has gained significant attention over the past decade, particularly with regard to the potential of VOCs to prime non-stressed plants for more robust defence responses to future stress challenges. The ecological relevance of such interactions under various environmental stresses has been much debated, and there is a nascent understanding of the mechanisms involved. This review discusses the significance of VOC-mediated inter-plant interactions under both biotic and abiotic stresses and highlights the potential to manipulate outcomes in agricultural systems for sustainable crop protection via enhanced defence. The need to integrate physiological, biochemical, and molecular approaches in understanding the underlying mechanisms and signalling pathways involved in volatile signalling is emphasised.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanah Midzi
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
- Australian Research Council Training Centre for Innovative Wine Production, Urrbrae, SA 5064, Australia
| | - David W. Jeffery
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
- Australian Research Council Training Centre for Innovative Wine Production, Urrbrae, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Ute Baumann
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Suzy Rogiers
- Australian Research Council Training Centre for Innovative Wine Production, Urrbrae, SA 5064, Australia
- New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Wollongbar, NSW 2477, Australia
| | - Stephen D. Tyerman
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
- Australian Research Council Training Centre for Innovative Wine Production, Urrbrae, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Vinay Pagay
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
- Australian Research Council Training Centre for Innovative Wine Production, Urrbrae, SA 5064, Australia
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Du YW, Shi XB, Zhao LC, Yuan GG, Zhao WW, Huang GH, Chen G. Chinese Cabbage Changes Its Release of Volatiles to Defend against Spodoptera litura. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13010073. [PMID: 35055917 PMCID: PMC8778687 DOI: 10.3390/insects13010073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary Biological control is an important direction for pest control in the future, and chemical ecology is an indispensable part of biological control. Therefore, we tested the selection of Spodoptera litura and parasitic wasps on the volatiles of different treatments of cabbage and collected and analyzed the volatiles of different treatments of cabbage. This study found that cabbage was fed by Spodoptera litura to produce volatiles to avoid Spodoptera litura while also attracting Microplitis similis. As a result, some compounds were found to be related to the behavior of Spodoptera litura and Microplitis similis. These results provide a theoretical basis for searching for biological control resources and chemical control. Abstract Plants respond to herbivorous insect attacks by releasing volatiles that directly harm the herbivore or that indirectly harm the herbivore by attracting its natural enemies. Although the larvae of Spodoptera litura (the tobacco cutworm) are known to induce the release of host plant volatiles, the effects of such volatiles on host location by S. litura and by the parasitoid Microplitis similis, a natural enemy of S. litura larvae, are poorly understood. Here, we found that both the regurgitate of S. litura larvae and S. litura-infested cabbage leaves attracted M. similis. S. litura had a reduced preference for cabbage plants that had been infested with S. litura for 24 or 48 h. M. similis selection of plants was positively correlated with the release of limonene; linalool and hexadecane, and was negatively correlated with the release of (E)-2-hexenal and 1-Butene, 4-isothiocyanato. S. litura selection of plants was positively correlated with the release of (E)-2-hexenal, 1-Butene, 4-isothiocyanato, and decanal, and was negatively correlated with the release of limonene, nonanal, hexadecane, heptadecane, and octadecane. Our results indicate that host plant volatiles can regulate the behavior of S. litura and M. similis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Wen Du
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology and Control of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (Y.-W.D.); (L.-C.Z.); (G.-G.Y.)
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Xiao-Bin Shi
- Hunan Plant Protection Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China;
| | - Lin-Chao Zhao
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology and Control of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (Y.-W.D.); (L.-C.Z.); (G.-G.Y.)
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Ge-Ge Yuan
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology and Control of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (Y.-W.D.); (L.-C.Z.); (G.-G.Y.)
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Wei-Wei Zhao
- Plant Protection and Quarantine Institution, Shimen County Agriculture and Rural Bureau, Changde 415399, China;
| | - Guo-Hua Huang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology and Control of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (Y.-W.D.); (L.-C.Z.); (G.-G.Y.)
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- Correspondence: (G.-H.H.); (G.C.)
| | - Gong Chen
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology and Control of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (Y.-W.D.); (L.-C.Z.); (G.-G.Y.)
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- Correspondence: (G.-H.H.); (G.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Chevalier W, Moussa SA, Medeiros Netto Ottoni M, Dubois-Laurent C, Huet S, Aubert C, Desnoues E, Navez B, Cottet V, Chalot G, Jost M, Barrot L, Freymark G, Uittenbogaard M, Chaniet F, Suel A, Bouvier Merlet MH, Hamama L, Le Clerc V, Briard M, Peltier D, Geoffriau E. Multisite evaluation of phenotypic plasticity for specialized metabolites, some involved in carrot quality and disease resistance. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0249613. [PMID: 33798246 PMCID: PMC8018645 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Renewed consumer demand motivates the nutritional and sensory quality improvement of fruits and vegetables. Specialized metabolites being largely involved in nutritional and sensory quality of carrot, a better knowledge of their phenotypic variability is required. A metabolomic approach was used to evaluate phenotypic plasticity level of carrot commercial varieties, over three years and a wide range of cropping environments spread over several geographical areas in France. Seven groups of metabolites have been quantified by HPLC or GC methods: sugars, carotenoids, terpenes, phenolic compounds, phenylpropanoids and polyacetylenes. A large variation in root metabolic profiles was observed, in relation with environment, variety and variety by environment interaction effects in decreasing order of importance. Our results show a clear diversity structuration based on metabolite content. Polyacetylenes, β-pinene and α-carotene were identified mostly as relatively stable varietal markers, exhibiting static stability. Nevertheless, environment effect was substantial for a large part of carrot metabolic profile and various levels of phenotypic plasticity were observed depending on metabolites and varieties. A strong difference of environmental sensitivity between varieties was observed for several compounds, particularly myristicin, 6MM and D-germacrene, known to be involved in responses to biotic and abiotic stress. This work provides useful information about plasticity in the perspective of carrot breeding and production. A balance between constitutive content and environmental sensitivity for key metabolites should be reached for quality improvement in carrot and other vegetables.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wilfried Chevalier
- Institut Agro, Université d’Angers, INRAE, IRHS, SFR 4207 QUASAV, Angers, France
| | - Sitti-Anlati Moussa
- Institut Agro, Université d’Angers, INRAE, IRHS, SFR 4207 QUASAV, Angers, France
| | | | | | - Sébastien Huet
- Institut Agro, Université d’Angers, INRAE, IRHS, SFR 4207 QUASAV, Angers, France
| | - Christophe Aubert
- Centre Technique Interprofessionnel des Fruits et Légumes (CTIFL), Paris, France
| | - Elsa Desnoues
- Centre Technique Interprofessionnel des Fruits et Légumes (CTIFL), Paris, France
| | - Brigitte Navez
- Centre Technique Interprofessionnel des Fruits et Légumes (CTIFL), Paris, France
| | - Valentine Cottet
- Centre Technique Interprofessionnel des Fruits et Légumes (CTIFL), Paris, France
| | - Guillaume Chalot
- Centre Technique Interprofessionnel des Fruits et Légumes (CTIFL), Paris, France
| | - Michel Jost
- Centre Technique Interprofessionnel des Fruits et Légumes (CTIFL), Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Anita Suel
- Institut Agro, Université d’Angers, INRAE, IRHS, SFR 4207 QUASAV, Angers, France
| | | | - Latifa Hamama
- Institut Agro, Université d’Angers, INRAE, IRHS, SFR 4207 QUASAV, Angers, France
| | - Valérie Le Clerc
- Institut Agro, Université d’Angers, INRAE, IRHS, SFR 4207 QUASAV, Angers, France
| | - Mathilde Briard
- Institut Agro, Université d’Angers, INRAE, IRHS, SFR 4207 QUASAV, Angers, France
| | - Didier Peltier
- Institut Agro, Université d’Angers, INRAE, IRHS, SFR 4207 QUASAV, Angers, France
| | - Emmanuel Geoffriau
- Institut Agro, Université d’Angers, INRAE, IRHS, SFR 4207 QUASAV, Angers, France
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Foti V, Araniti F, Manti F, Alicandri E, Giuffrè AM, Bonsignore CP, Castiglione E, Sorgonà A, Covino S, Paolacci AR, Ciaffi M, Badiani M. Profiling Volatile Terpenoids from Calabrian Pine Stands Infested by the Pine Processionary Moth. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9101362. [PMID: 33066541 PMCID: PMC7602161 DOI: 10.3390/plants9101362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Terpenoids make up the biggest and most diversified class of chemical substances discovered in plants, encompassing over 40,000 individual compounds. In conifers, the production of terpenoids, either as oleoresin or emitted as volatile compounds, play an important role in the physical and chemical defence responses against pathogens and herbivores. In the present work, we examined, for the first time to the best of our knowledge, the terpenic defensive relations of Calabrian pine (Pinus nigra subsp. laricio (Poiret) Maire), facing the attack of the pine processionary moth (Thaumetopoea pityocampa (Denis and Schiffermüller, 1775)), brought about in the open on adult plant individuals growing at two distinct forest sites. Among the volatile terpenoids emitted from pine needles, bornyl acetate [(4,7,7-trimethyl-3-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptanyl) acetate] was the most frequently and selectively associated with the infestation, increasing during the period of most intense trophic activity of the caterpillars (defoliation), and decreasing thereafter. Although further work is needed to clarify whether the observed response reflects defence reactions and/or they are involved in communication among the infested plants and their biotic environment, the present results boost the currently growing interest in the isolation and characterization of plant secondary metabolites that can be used to control pests, pathogens, and weeds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vincenza Foti
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, Loc. Feo di Vito, I-89129 Reggio Calabria, Italy; (V.F.); (F.A.); (E.A.); (A.M.G.); (A.S.)
| | - Fabrizio Araniti
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, Loc. Feo di Vito, I-89129 Reggio Calabria, Italy; (V.F.); (F.A.); (E.A.); (A.M.G.); (A.S.)
| | - Francesco Manti
- Dipartimento di Patrimonio, Architettura e Urbanistica, Università Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, Salita Melissari, I-89124 Reggio Calabria, Italy; (F.M.); (C.P.B.); (E.C.)
| | - Enrica Alicandri
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, Loc. Feo di Vito, I-89129 Reggio Calabria, Italy; (V.F.); (F.A.); (E.A.); (A.M.G.); (A.S.)
| | - Angelo Maria Giuffrè
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, Loc. Feo di Vito, I-89129 Reggio Calabria, Italy; (V.F.); (F.A.); (E.A.); (A.M.G.); (A.S.)
| | - Carmelo Peter Bonsignore
- Dipartimento di Patrimonio, Architettura e Urbanistica, Università Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, Salita Melissari, I-89124 Reggio Calabria, Italy; (F.M.); (C.P.B.); (E.C.)
| | - Elvira Castiglione
- Dipartimento di Patrimonio, Architettura e Urbanistica, Università Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, Salita Melissari, I-89124 Reggio Calabria, Italy; (F.M.); (C.P.B.); (E.C.)
| | - Agostino Sorgonà
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, Loc. Feo di Vito, I-89129 Reggio Calabria, Italy; (V.F.); (F.A.); (E.A.); (A.M.G.); (A.S.)
| | - Stefano Covino
- Dipartimento per la Innovazione nei Sistemi Biologici, Agroalimentari e Forestali, Università della Tuscia, Via S. Camillo De Lellis, s.n.c, I-01100 Viterbo, Italy; (S.C.); (A.R.P.); (M.C.)
| | - Anna Rita Paolacci
- Dipartimento per la Innovazione nei Sistemi Biologici, Agroalimentari e Forestali, Università della Tuscia, Via S. Camillo De Lellis, s.n.c, I-01100 Viterbo, Italy; (S.C.); (A.R.P.); (M.C.)
| | - Mario Ciaffi
- Dipartimento per la Innovazione nei Sistemi Biologici, Agroalimentari e Forestali, Università della Tuscia, Via S. Camillo De Lellis, s.n.c, I-01100 Viterbo, Italy; (S.C.); (A.R.P.); (M.C.)
| | - Maurizio Badiani
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, Loc. Feo di Vito, I-89129 Reggio Calabria, Italy; (V.F.); (F.A.); (E.A.); (A.M.G.); (A.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0965-169-4352; Fax: +39-0965-169-4550
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Herbivore Gender Effects on Volatile Induction in Aspen and on Olfactory Responses in Leaf Beetles. FORESTS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/f11060638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Hybrid aspen (Populus tremula × tremuloides Michx.) is a fast-growing tree species used for short-rotation forestry in northern latitudes. Aspen species have a rich herbivore fauna, including defoliating leaf beetles that induce emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) when feeding on aspen leaves. We investigated the differential induction of VOCs by male and female Phratora laticollis leaf beetles feeding on hybrid aspen and the differences in the orientation of beetles in response to gender-specific induced VOCs. The hypotheses for the study were (1) the VOCs in the headspace of plants infested with beetles of the two genders individually and in mixed aggregates would vary subtly, and (2) foraging adult beetles would be able to detect differences in VOC blends and use them to fine-tune their orientation choices. In Y-tube bioassays, both females and males preferred VOCs from leaves damaged by one gender (females or males) over undamaged leaves. However, if leaves were damaged by a two-gender population, neither females nor males indicated a preference over volatiles of undamaged leaves. Leaves damaged by both beetle genders simultaneously had significantly increased green leaf volatile (GLV), benzenoid and homoterpene emissions compared to undamaged leaves. Emissions of these compounds possibly indicate higher herbivore pressure and a higher risk of attack by parasitoids and predators and could thus be the cause of the lack of beetle preference. Our findings provide new basic information on gender-based host plant selection by herbivores and may be helpful in the development of sustainable biogenic VOC-based herbivore-control methods for intensive short-rotation hybrid aspen production.
Collapse
|
8
|
Therapeutic Potential of Volatile Terpenes and Terpenoids from Forests for Inflammatory Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21062187. [PMID: 32235725 PMCID: PMC7139849 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21062187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Forest trees are a major source of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs). Terpenes and terpenoids are known as the main BVOCs of forest aerosols. These compounds have been shown to display a broad range of biological activities in various human disease models, thus implying that forest aerosols containing these compounds may be related to beneficial effects of forest bathing. In this review, we surveyed studies analyzing BVOCs and selected the most abundant 23 terpenes and terpenoids emitted in forested areas of the Northern Hemisphere, which were reported to display anti-inflammatory activities. We categorized anti-inflammatory processes related to the functions of these compounds into six groups and summarized their molecular mechanisms of action. Finally, among the major 23 compounds, we examined the therapeutic potentials of 12 compounds known to be effective against respiratory inflammation, atopic dermatitis, arthritis, and neuroinflammation among various inflammatory diseases. In conclusion, the updated studies support the beneficial effects of forest aerosols and propose their potential use as chemopreventive and therapeutic agents for treating various inflammatory diseases.
Collapse
|
9
|
Douma JC, Ganzeveld LN, Unsicker SB, Boeckler GA, Dicke M. What makes a volatile organic compound a reliable indicator of insect herbivory? PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2019; 42:3308-3325. [PMID: 31330571 PMCID: PMC6972585 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Plants that are subject to insect herbivory emit a blend of so-called herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs), of which only a few serve as cues for the carnivorous enemies to locate their host. We lack understanding which HIPVs are reliable indicators of insect herbivory. Here, we take a modelling approach to elucidate which physicochemical and physiological properties contribute to the information value of a HIPV. A leaf-level HIPV synthesis and emission model is developed and parameterized to poplar. Next, HIPV concentrations within the canopy are inferred as a function of dispersion, transport and chemical degradation of the compounds. We show that the ability of HIPVs to reveal herbivory varies from almost perfect to no better than chance and interacts with canopy conditions. Model predictions matched well with leaf-emission measurements and field and laboratory assays. The chemical class a compound belongs to predicted the signalling ability of a compound only to a minor extent, whereas compound characteristics such as its reaction rate with atmospheric oxidants, biosynthesis rate upon herbivory and volatility were much more important predictors. This study shows the power of merging fields of plant-insect interactions and atmospheric chemistry research to increase our understanding of the ecological significance of HIPVs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob C. Douma
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Department of Plant SciencesWageningen University6708PBWageningenThe Netherlands
- Laboratory of Entomology, Department of Plant SciencesWageningen University6708PBWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Laurens N. Ganzeveld
- Meteorology and Air Quality, Department of Environmental SciencesWageningen University6708PBWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Sybille B. Unsicker
- Department of BiochemistryMax Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology07745JenaGermany
| | - G. Andreas Boeckler
- Department of BiochemistryMax Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology07745JenaGermany
| | - Marcel Dicke
- Laboratory of Entomology, Department of Plant SciencesWageningen University6708PBWageningenThe Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
McCormick AC, Irmisch S, Boeckler GA, Gershenzon J, Köllner TG, Unsicker SB. Herbivore-induced volatile emission from old-growth black poplar trees under field conditions. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7714. [PMID: 31118456 PMCID: PMC6531464 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43931-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Herbivory is well known to trigger increased emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from plants, but we know little about the responses of mature trees. We measured the volatiles emitted by leaves of old-growth black poplar (Populus nigra) trees after experimental damage by gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) caterpillars in a floodplain forest, and studied the effect of herbivory on the transcript abundance of two genes involved in the biosynthesis of VOCs, and the accumulation of defence phytohormones. Herbivory significantly increased volatile emission from the experimentally damaged foliage, but not from adjacent undamaged leaves in the damaged branches (i.e., no systemic response). Methylbutyraldoximes, 4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene (DMNT), (Z)-3-hexenol and (E)-β-ocimene, amongst other compounds, were found to be important in distinguishing the blend of herbivore-damaged vs. undamaged leaves. Herbivory also increased expression of PnTPS3 (described here for the first time) and PnCYP79D6-v4 genes at the damaged sites, these genes encode for an (E)-β-ocimene synthase and a P450 enzyme involved in aldoxime formation, respectively, demonstrating de novo biosynthesis of the volatiles produced. Herbivore-damaged leaves had significantly higher levels of jasmonic acid and its conjugate (-)-jasmonic acid-isoleucine. This study shows that mature trees in the field have a robust response to herbivory, producing induced volatiles at the damaged sites even after previous natural herbivory and under changing environmental conditions, however, further studies are needed to establish whether the observed absence of systemic responses is typical of mature poplar trees or if specific conditions are required for their induction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Clavijo McCormick
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Biochemistry, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Massey University, College of Sciences, Tennent Drive, 4410, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Sandra Irmisch
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Biochemistry, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, BC, Canada
| | - G Andreas Boeckler
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Biochemistry, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Biochemistry, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Tobias G Köllner
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Biochemistry, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Sybille B Unsicker
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Biochemistry, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745, Jena, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Negreiros AA, Pohlit AM, Baccaro F, Koolen HH, Barnett AA. The bitter end: primate avoidance of caterpillar-infested trees in a central Amazon flooded forest. CAN J ZOOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2018-0056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Animal–plant interactions are often mediated by chemical compounds. It has been widely reported that herbivore damage to plants induces chemical defenses which may then affect subsequent interactions with both invertebrate and vertebrate herbivores. Our study investigated the effects of the interaction between larvae of an unidentified nymphalid butterfly and the tanimbuca tree (Buchenavia ochroprumna Eichl.; Combretaceae) on subsequent folivory by a primate, the golden-backed uacari (Cacajao ouakary (Spix, 1823); Pitheciidae). Primate-feeding observations, records of the extent of nymphalid – B. ochroprumna interactions, and tree distribution occurred in Jaú National Park, Amazonas State, Brazil. The values of Ivlev’s electivity index showed that C. ouakary strongly rejected trees infested by caterpillars (−0.68), whereas non-infested trees were highly selected by them (+0.84). Given this behavior, we suggest that C. ouakary may be deterred by (i) caterpillars, (ii) change in leaf chemical composition induced by caterpillars, or (iii) a combination of both.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Allana A. Negreiros
- Biodiversity Studies Department, National Amazonian Research Institute, 69060-001 Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Adrian M. Pohlit
- Amazonian Active Principles Laboratory, National Amazonian Research Institute, 69060-001 Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Fabricio Baccaro
- Department of Biology, Amazonas Federal University, 69077-000, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Héctor H.F. Koolen
- Metabolomics and Mass Spectrometry Research Group, Amazonas State University, 69079-030, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Adrian A. Barnett
- Biodiversity Studies Department, National Amazonian Research Institute, 69060-001 Manaus, AM, Brazil
- Department of Biology, Amazonas Federal University, 69077-000, Manaus, AM, Brazil
- School of Life Sciences, Roehampton University, SW15 4JD, London, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Visakorpi K, Gripenberg S, Malhi Y, Bolas C, Oliveras I, Harris N, Rifai S, Riutta T. Small-scale indirect plant responses to insect herbivory could have major impacts on canopy photosynthesis and isoprene emission. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 220:799-810. [PMID: 30047151 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Insect herbivores cause substantial changes in the leaves they attack, but their effects on the ecophysiology of neighbouring, nondamaged leaves have never been quantified in natural canopies. We studied how winter moth (Operophtera brumata), a common herbivore in temperate forests, affects the photosynthetic and isoprene emission rates of its host plant, the pedunculate oak (Quercus robur). Through a manipulative experiment, we measured leaves on shoots damaged by caterpillars or mechanically by cutting, or left completely intact. To quantify the effects at the canopy scale, we surveyed the extent and patterns of leaf area loss in the canopy. Herbivory reduced photosynthesis both in damaged leaves and in their intact neighbours. Isoprene emission rates significantly increased after mechanical leaf damage. When scaled up to canopy-level, herbivory reduced photosynthesis by 48 ± 10%. The indirect effects of herbivory on photosynthesis in undamaged leaves (40%) were much more important than the direct effects of leaf area loss (6%). If widespread across other plant-herbivore systems, these findings suggest that insect herbivory has major and previously underappreciated influences in modifying ecosystem carbon cycling, with potential effects on atmospheric chemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristiina Visakorpi
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PS, UK
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QY, UK
| | - Sofia Gripenberg
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PS, UK
| | - Yadvinder Malhi
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QY, UK
| | - Conor Bolas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Imma Oliveras
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QY, UK
| | - Neil Harris
- Centre for Atmospheric Informatics and Emissions Technology, Cranfield University, Cranfield, MK43 0AL, UK
| | - Sami Rifai
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QY, UK
| | - Terhi Riutta
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QY, UK
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Lämke JS, Unsicker SB. Phytochemical variation in treetops: causes and consequences for tree-insect herbivore interactions. Oecologia 2018; 187:377-388. [PMID: 29473116 PMCID: PMC5997108 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-018-4087-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The interaction of plants and their herbivorous opponents has shaped the evolution of an intricate network of defences and counter-defences for millions of years. The result is an astounding diversity of phytochemicals and plant strategies to fight and survive. Trees are specifically challenged to resist the plethora of abiotic and biotic stresses due to their dimension and longevity. Here, we review the recent literature on the consequences of phytochemical variation in trees on insect-tree-herbivore interactions. We discuss the importance of genotypic and phenotypic variation in tree defence against insects and suggest some molecular mechanisms that might bring about phytochemical diversity in crowns of individual trees.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jörn S Lämke
- Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Sybille B Unsicker
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll Str. 8, 07745, Jena, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Huang J, Zhang PJ, Zhang J, Tang YY. An ant-coccid mutualism affects the behavior of the parasitoid Aenasius bambawalei, but not that of the ghost ant Tetramorium bicarinatum. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5175. [PMID: 28701713 PMCID: PMC5507978 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05442-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutualisms between honeydew-producing insects and ants change the emission of volatiles from plants, but whether such changes alter the behaviors of ants that tend honeydew-producing insects or wasps that parasitize honeydew-producing insects remain unknown. This study compared the behavioral responses of the ant Tetramorium bicarinatum and the parasitoid wasp Aenasius bambawalei to odors from cotton plants infested with the mealybug Phenacoccus solenopsis or infested with the mealybug and the ant, which tends the mealybug. The ant could not distinguish between the volatiles from plants infested with the mealybug alone and those from plants infested with the mealybug and the ant. Likewise, naïve wasps failed to distinguish between volatiles from the two treatments. In contrast, experienced wasps preferred volatiles from plants infested with the mealybug and the ant. Volatile analysis showed that the amounts of MeSA were increased and those of methyl nicotinate were decreased when plants were infested by the mealybug and the ant rather than when plants were uninfested or were infested by the mealybug alone. Thus, the mutualism between the mealybug and ant changed the volatiles emitted by cotton plants such that the attraction of A. bambawalei (but not that of the ant) to the plants was increased.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Huang
- Flower Research and Development Centre, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 311202, China.
| | - Peng-Jun Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Juan Zhang
- Flower Research and Development Centre, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 311202, China
| | - Ya-Yuan Tang
- Flower Research and Development Centre, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 311202, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Lane T, Best T, Zembower N, Davitt J, Henry N, Xu Y, Koch J, Liang H, McGraw J, Schuster S, Shim D, Coggeshall MV, Carlson JE, Staton ME. The green ash transcriptome and identification of genes responding to abiotic and biotic stresses. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:702. [PMID: 27589953 PMCID: PMC5009568 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-3052-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To develop a set of transcriptome sequences to support research on environmental stress responses in green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica), we undertook deep RNA sequencing of green ash tissues under various stress treatments. The treatments, including emerald ash borer (EAB) feeding, heat, drought, cold and ozone, were selected to mimic the increasing threats of climate change and invasive pests faced by green ash across its native habitat. Results We report the generation and assembly of RNA sequences from 55 green ash samples into 107,611 putative unique transcripts (PUTs). 52,899 open reading frames were identified. Functional annotation of the PUTs by comparison to the Uniprot protein database identified matches for 63 % of transcripts and for 98 % of transcripts with ORFs. Further functional annotation identified conserved protein domains and assigned gene ontology terms to the PUTs. Examination of transcript expression across different RNA libraries revealed that expression patterns clustered based on tissues regardless of stress treatment. The transcripts from stress treatments were further examined to identify differential expression. Tens to hundreds of differentially expressed PUTs were identified for each stress treatment. A set of 109 PUTs were found to be consistently up or down regulated across three or more different stress treatments, representing basal stress response candidate genes in green ash. In addition, 1956 simple sequence repeats were identified in the PUTs, of which we identified 465 high quality DNA markers and designed flanking PCR primers. Conclusions North American native ash trees have suffered extensive mortality due to EAB infestation, creating a need to breed or select for resistant green ash genotypes. Stress from climate change is an additional concern for longevity of native ash populations. The use of genomics could accelerate management efforts. The green ash transcriptome we have developed provides important sequence information, genetic markers and stress-response candidate genes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-016-3052-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Lane
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37966, USA
| | - Teodora Best
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Nicole Zembower
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Jack Davitt
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37966, USA
| | - Nathan Henry
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37966, USA
| | - Yi Xu
- Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA.,Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Jennifer Koch
- Northern Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Delaware, OH, 43015, USA
| | - Haiying Liang
- Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - John McGraw
- Center for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Stephan Schuster
- Center for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Donghwan Shim
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Mark V Coggeshall
- Department of Forestry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - John E Carlson
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Margaret E Staton
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37966, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Bedjanian Y, Morin J, Romanias MN. Gas-Phase Reaction of Hydroxyl Radical with p-Cymene over an Extended Temperature Range. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:11076-83. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b08478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Bedjanian
- Institut de Combustion, Aérothermique,
Réactivité et Environnement (ICARE), CNRS and Université d’Orléans, 45071 Cedex 2, Orléans, France
| | - Julien Morin
- Institut de Combustion, Aérothermique,
Réactivité et Environnement (ICARE), CNRS and Université d’Orléans, 45071 Cedex 2, Orléans, France
| | - Manolis N. Romanias
- Institut de Combustion, Aérothermique,
Réactivité et Environnement (ICARE), CNRS and Université d’Orléans, 45071 Cedex 2, Orléans, France
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Clavijo McCormick A, Boeckler GA, Köllner TG, Gershenzon J, Unsicker SB. The timing of herbivore-induced volatile emission in black poplar (Populus nigra) and the influence of herbivore age and identity affect the value of individual volatiles as cues for herbivore enemies. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 14:304. [PMID: 25429804 PMCID: PMC4262996 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-014-0304-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of herbivore-induced plant volatiles as signals mediating the attraction of herbivore enemies is a well-known phenomenon. Studies with short-lived herbaceous plant species have shown that various biotic and abiotic factors can strongly affect the quantity, composition and timing of volatile emission dynamics. However, there is little knowledge on how these factors influence the volatile emission of long-lived woody perennials. The aim of this study was to investigate the temporal dynamics of herbivore-induced volatile emission of black poplar (Populus nigra) through several day-night cycles following the onset of herbivory. We also determined the influence of different herbivore species, caterpillars of the gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) and poplar hawkmoth (Laothoe populi), and different herbivore developmental stages on emission. RESULTS The emission dynamics of major groups of volatile compounds differed strikingly in response to the timing of herbivory and the day-night cycle. The emission of aldoximes, salicyl aldehyde, and to a lesser extent, green leaf volatiles began shortly after herbivore attack and ceased quickly after herbivore removal, irrespective of the day-night cycle. However, the emission of most terpenes showed a more delayed reaction to the start and end of herbivory, and emission was significantly greater during the day compared to the night. The identity of the caterpillar species caused only slight changes in emission, but variation in developmental stage had a strong impact on volatile emission with early instar L. dispar inducing more nitrogenous volatiles and terpenoids than late instar caterpillars of the same species. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that only a few of the many herbivore-induced black poplar volatiles are released in tight correlation with the timing of herbivory. These may represent the most reliable cues for herbivore enemies and, interestingly, have been shown in a recent study to be the best attractants for an herbivore enemy that parasitizes gypsy moth larvae feeding on black poplar.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Clavijo McCormick
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straβe 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - G Andreas Boeckler
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straβe 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Tobias G Köllner
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straβe 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straβe 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Sybille B Unsicker
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straβe 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Clavijo McCormick A, Irmisch S, Reinecke A, Boeckler GA, Veit D, Reichelt M, Hansson BS, Gershenzon J, Köllner TG, Unsicker SB. Herbivore-induced volatile emission in black poplar: regulation and role in attracting herbivore enemies. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2014; 37:1909-23. [PMID: 24471487 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Revised: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
After herbivory, plants release volatile organic compounds from damaged foliage as well as from nearby undamaged leaves that attract herbivore enemies. Little is known about what controls the volatile emission differences between damaged and undamaged tissues and how these affect the orientation of herbivore enemies. We investigated volatile emission from damaged and adjacent undamaged foliage of black poplar (Populus nigra) after herbivory by gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) caterpillars and determined the compounds mediating the attraction of the gypsy moth parasitoid Glyptapanteles liparidis (Braconidae). Female parasitoids were more attracted to gypsy moth-damaged leaves than to adjacent non-damaged leaves. The most characteristic volatiles of damaged versus neighbouring undamaged leaves included terpenes, green leaf volatiles and nitrogen-containing compounds, such as aldoximes and nitriles. Electrophysiological recordings and olfactometer bioassays demonstrated the importance of nitrogenous volatiles. Under field conditions, parasitic Hymenoptera were more attracted to traps baited with these substances than most other compounds. The differences in volatile emission profiles between damaged and undamaged foliage appear to be regulated by jasmonate signalling and the local activation of volatile biosynthesis. We conclude that characteristic volatiles from damaged black poplar foliage are essential cues enabling parasitoids to find their hosts.
Collapse
|
19
|
Sardans J, Gargallo-Garriga A, Pérez-Trujillo M, Parella TJ, Seco R, Filella I, Peñuelas J. Metabolic responses of Quercus ilex seedlings to wounding analysed with nuclear magnetic resonance profiling. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2014; 16:395-403. [PMID: 23590498 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Plants defend themselves against herbivory at several levels. One of these is the synthesis of inducible chemical defences. Using NMR metabolomic techniques, we studied the metabolic changes of plant leaves after a wounding treatment simulating herbivore attack in the Mediterranean sclerophyllous tree Quercus ilex. First, an increase in glucose content was observed in wounded plants. There was also an increase in the content of C-rich secondary metabolites such as quinic acid and quercitol, both related to the shikimic acid pathway and linked to defence against biotic stress. There was also a shift in N-storing amino acids, from leucine and isoleucine to asparagine and choline. The observed higher content of asparagine is related to the higher content of choline through serine that was proved to be the precursor of choline. Choline is a general anti-herbivore and pathogen deterrent. The study shows the rapid metabolic response of Q. ilex in defending its leaves, based on a rapid increase in the production of quinic acid, quercitol and choline. The results also confirm the suitability of (1)H NMR-based metabolomic profiling studies to detect global metabolome shifts after wounding stress in tree leaves, and therefore its suitability in ecometabolomic studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Sardans
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallés, Catalonia, Spain; Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CEAB-UAB, CSIC, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Maja MM, Kasurinen A, Yli-Pirilä P, Joutsensaari J, Klemola T, Holopainen T, Holopainen JK. Contrasting responses of silver birch VOC emissions to short- and long-term herbivory. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 34:241-52. [PMID: 24627262 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpt127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
There is a need to incorporate the effects of herbivore damage into future models of plant volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions at leaf or canopy levels. Short-term (a few seconds to 48 h) changes in shoot VOC emissions of silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) in response to feeding by geometrid moths (Erannis defoliaria Hübner) were monitored online by proton transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometry (PTR-TOF-MS). In addition, two separate field experiments were established to study the effects of long-term foliage herbivory (FH, 30-32 days of feeding by geometrids Agriopis aurantiaria (Clerck) and E. defoliaria in two consecutive years) and bark herbivory (BH, 21 days of feeding by the pine weevil (Hylobius abietis L.) in the first year) on shoot and rhizosphere VOC emissions of three silver birch genotypes (gt14, gt15 and Hausjärvi provenance). Online monitoring of VOCs emitted from foliage damaged by geometrid larvae showed rapid bursts of green leaf volatiles (GLVs) immediately after feeding activity, whereas terpenoid emissions had a tendency to gradually increase during the monitoring period. Long-term FH caused transient increases in total monoterpene (MT) emissions from gt14 and sesquiterpene (SQT) emissions from Hausjärvi provenance, mainly in the last experimental season. In the BH experiment, genotype effects were detected, with gt14 trees having significantly higher total MT emissions compared with other genotypes. Only MTs were detected in the rhizosphere samples of both field experiments, but their emission rates were unaffected by genotype or herbivory. The results suggest that silver birch shows a rapid VOC emission response to short-term foliage herbivory, whereas the response to long-term foliage herbivory and bark herbivory is less pronounced and variable at different time points.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengistu M Maja
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio Campus, Finland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Ecological Interactions of the Host-Insect System Quercus robur and Tortrix viridana. CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR THE WORLD'S FORESTS IN THE 21ST CENTURY 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-7076-8_33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
|
22
|
Niinemets Ü, Kännaste A, Copolovici L. Quantitative patterns between plant volatile emissions induced by biotic stresses and the degree of damage. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:262. [PMID: 23888161 PMCID: PMC3719043 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plants have to cope with a plethora of biotic stresses such as herbivory and pathogen attacks throughout their life cycle. The biotic stresses typically trigger rapid emissions of volatile products of lipoxygenase (LOX) pathway (LOX products: various C6 aldehydes, alcohols, and derivatives, also called green leaf volatiles) associated with oxidative burst. Further a variety of defense pathways is activated, leading to induction of synthesis and emission of a complex blend of volatiles, often including methyl salicylate, indole, mono-, homo-, and sesquiterpenes. The airborne volatiles are involved in systemic responses leading to elicitation of emissions from non-damaged plant parts. For several abiotic stresses, it has been demonstrated that volatile emissions are quantitatively related to the stress dose. The biotic impacts under natural conditions vary in severity from mild to severe, but it is unclear whether volatile emissions also scale with the severity of biotic stresses in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, biotic impacts are typically recurrent, but it is poorly understood how direct stress-triggered and systemic emission responses are silenced during periods intervening sequential stress events. Here we review the information on induced emissions elicited in response to biotic attacks, and argue that biotic stress severity vs. emission rate relationships should follow principally the same dose-response relationships as previously demonstrated for different abiotic stresses. Analysis of several case studies investigating the elicitation of emissions in response to chewing herbivores, aphids, rust fungi, powdery mildew, and Botrytis, suggests that induced emissions do respond to stress severity in dose-dependent manner. Bi-phasic emission kinetics of several induced volatiles have been demonstrated in these experiments, suggesting that next to immediate stress-triggered emissions, biotic stress elicited emissions typically have a secondary induction response, possibly reflecting a systemic response. The dose-response relationships can also vary in dependence on plant genotype, herbivore feeding behavior, and plant pre-stress physiological status. Overall, the evidence suggests that there are quantitative relationships between the biotic stress severity and induced volatile emissions. These relationships constitute an encouraging platform to develop quantitative plant stress response models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lucian Copolovici
- Estonian University of Life SciencesTartu, Estonia
- Institute of Technical and Natural Sciences Research-Development, Aurel Vlaicu UniversityArad, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Köllner TG, Lenk C, Schnee C, Köpke S, Lindemann P, Gershenzon J, Degenhardt J. Localization of sesquiterpene formation and emission in maize leaves after herbivore damage. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 13:15. [PMID: 23363415 PMCID: PMC3570303 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-13-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maize (Zea mays L.) leaves damaged by lepidopteran herbivores emit a complex volatile blend that can attract natural enemies of the herbivores and may also have roles in direct defense and inter- or intra-plant signaling. The volatile blend is dominated by sesquiterpenes of which the majority is produced by two herbivore-induced terpene synthases, TPS10 and TPS23. However, little is known about the pattern of volatile emission within maize leaves. RESULTS In this study, we restricted herbivore feeding to small sections of the maize leaf with the aim of determining the patterns of volatile sesquiterpene emission throughout the damaged leaf and in neighboring leaves. Sesquiterpene volatiles were released at high rates from damaged leaves, but at much lower rates from neighboring leaves. Release was restricted to the site of damage or to leaf sections located apical to the damage, but was not seen in sections basal to the damage or on the other side of the midrib. The emission pattern correlated well with the transcript pattern of the respective sesquiterpene synthase genes, tps10 and tps23, implying that biosynthesis likely occurs at the site of emission. The concentrations of jasmonic acid and its leucine derivative were also elevated in terpene-emitting tissues suggesting a role for jasmonates in propagating the damage signal. CONCLUSIONS In contrast to other defense reactions which often occur systemically throughout the whole plant, herbivore-induced sesquiterpene production in maize is restricted to the wounding site and distal leaf parts. Since the signal mediating this reaction is directed to the leaf tip and cannot propagate parallel to the leaf axis, it is likely connected to the xylem. The increasing gradient of volatiles from the tip of the leaf towards the damage site might aid herbivore enemies in host or prey finding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias G Köllner
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, D-07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Claudia Lenk
- Institute of Pharmacy, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Hoher Weg 8, D-06120, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Christiane Schnee
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, D-07745, Jena, Germany
- Current address: Friedrich Löffler Institute, Naumburger Strasse 96a, Jena, 07743, Germany
| | - Sabrina Köpke
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, D-07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Peter Lindemann
- Institute of Pharmacy, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Hoher Weg 8, D-06120, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, D-07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Jörg Degenhardt
- Institute of Pharmacy, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Hoher Weg 8, D-06120, Halle/Saale, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Alarcón P, Strekowski R, Zetzsch C. Reversible addition of the OH radical to p-cymene in the gas phase: kinetic analysis assuming formation of a single adduct. Part 1. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 15:20105-14. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp53040j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
25
|
Holopainen JK. Can forest trees compensate for stress-generated growth losses by induced production of volatile compounds? TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 31:1356-77. [PMID: 22112623 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpr111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Plants produce a variety of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Under abiotic and biotic stresses, the number and amount of produced compounds can increase. Due to their long life span and large size, trees can produce biogenic VOCs (BVOCs) in much higher amounts than many other plants. It has been suggested that at cellular and tree physiological levels, induced production of VOCs is aimed at improving plant resistance to damage by reactive oxygen species generated by multiple abiotic stresses. In the few reported cases when biosynthesis of plant volatiles is inhibited or enhanced, the observed response to stress can be attributed to plant volatiles. Reported increase, e.g., in photosynthesis has mostly ranged between 5 and 50%. A comprehensive model to explain similar induction of VOCs under multiple biotic stresses is not yet available. As a result of pathogen or herbivore attack on forest trees, the induced production of VOCs is localized to the damage site but systemic induction of emissions has also been detected. These volatiles can affect fungal pathogens and the arrival rate of herbivorous insects on damaged trees, but also act as signalling compounds to maintain the trophic cascades that may improve tree fitness by improved efficiency of herbivore natural enemies. On the forest scale, biotic induction of VOC synthesis and release leads to an amplified flow of BVOCs in atmospheric reactions, which in atmospheres rich in oxides of nitrogen (NOx) results in ozone formation, and in low NOx atmospheres results in oxidation of VOCs, removal in ozone from the troposphere and the resulting formation of biogenic secondary organic aerosol (SOA) particles. I will summarize recent advances in the understanding of stress-induced VOC emissions from trees, with special focus on Populus spp. Particular importance is given to the ecological and atmospheric feedback systems based on BVOCs and biogenic SOA formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jarmo K Holopainen
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Rodriguez-Saona C, Vorsa N, Singh AP, Johnson-Cicalese J, Szendrei Z, Mescher MC, Frost CJ. Tracing the history of plant traits under domestication in cranberries: potential consequences on anti-herbivore defences. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2011; 62:2633-44. [PMID: 21289080 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erq466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The process of selecting certain desirable traits for plant breeding may compromise other potentially important traits, such as defences against pests; however, specific phenotypic changes occurring over the course of domestication are unknown for most domesticated plants. Cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon) offers a unique opportunity to study such changes: its domestication occurred recently, and we have access to the wild ancestors and intermediate varieties used in past crosses. In order to investigate whether breeding for increased yield and fruit quality traits may indirectly affect anti-herbivore defences, the chemical defences have been examined of five related cranberry varieties that span the history of domestication against a common folivore, the gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar). Direct defences were assessed by measuring the performance of gypsy moth caterpillars and levels of phenolic compounds in leaves, and indirect defences by assaying induced leaf volatile emissions. Our results suggest that breeding in cranberry has compromised plant defences: caterpillars performed best on the derived NJS98-23 (the highest-yielding variety) and its parent Ben Lear. Moreover, NJS98-23 showed reduced induction of volatile sesquiterpenes, and had lower concentrations of the defence-related hormone cis-jasmonic acid (JA) than ancestral varieties. However, induced direct defences were not obviously affected by breeding, as exogenous JA applications reduced caterpillar growth and increased the amounts of phenolics independent of variety. Our results suggest that compromised chemical defences in high-yielding cranberry varieties may lead to greater herbivore damage which, in turn, may require more intensive pesticide control measures. This finding should inform the direction of future breeding programmes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cesar Rodriguez-Saona
- Phillip E Marucci Center for Blueberry and Cranberry Research and Extension, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, 125A Lake Oswego Rd, Chatsworth, NJ 08019, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Gratien A, Johnson SN, Ezell MJ, Dawson ML, Bennett R, Finlayson-Pitts BJ. Surprising formation of p-cymene in the oxidation of α-pinene in air by the atmospheric oxidants OH, O3, and NO3. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2011; 45:2755-2760. [PMID: 21405079 DOI: 10.1021/es103632b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic sources release into the troposphere a wide range of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) including aromatic hydrocarbons, whose major sources are believed to be combustion and the evaporation of fossil fuels. An important question is whether there are other sources of aromatics in air. We report here the formation of p-cymene [1-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl) benzene, C6H4(CH3)(C3H7)] from the oxidation of α-pinene by OH, O3, and NO3 at 1 atm in air and 298 K at low (<5%) and high (70%) relative humidities (RH). Loss of α-pinene and the generation of p-cymene were measured using GC-MS. The fractional yields of p-cymene relative to the loss of α-pinene, Δ [p-cymeme]/Δ [α-pinene], were measured to range from (1.6±0.2)×10(-5) for the O3 reaction to (3.0±0.3)×10(-4) for the NO3 reaction in the absence of added water vapor. The yields for the OH and O3 reactions increased by a factor of 4-8 at 70% RH (uncertainties are ±2s). The highest yields at 70% RH for the OH and O3 reactions, ∼15 times higher than for dry conditions, were observed if the walls of the Teflon reaction chamber had been previously exposed to H2SO4 formed from the OH oxidation of SO2. Possible mechanisms of the conversion of α-pinene to p-cymene and the potential importance in the atmosphere are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aline Gratien
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Keenan TF, Grote R, Sabaté S. Overlooking the canopy: The importance of canopy structure in scaling isoprenoid emissions from the leaf to the landscape. Ecol Modell 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2010.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
29
|
Staudt M, Jackson B, El-Aouni H, Buatois B, Lacroze JP, Poëssel JL, Sauge MH. Volatile organic compound emissions induced by the aphid Myzus persicae differ among resistant and susceptible peach cultivars and a wild relative. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 30:1320-1334. [PMID: 20739428 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpq072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Little is known on aphid-induced emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from trees and particularly on their intraspecific variability in association with resistance traits. We compared VOC emissions from five peach cultivars (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch) and a wild relative (Prunus davidiana (Carrière) Franch) that differ in their level (susceptible/resistant) and type (antixenosis, antibiosis) of resistance to the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer). Additionally, the kinetics of VOC induction in response to aphids was compared with that by mechanical wounding. Qualitative and overall quantitative differences among peach genotypes were found in VOC emissions that were mainly composed of methyl-salicylate, farnesenes, (E)-β-ocimene and (E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene. Irrespective of the type of resistance, all resistant genotypes had increased VOC emissions upon aphid attack, while in susceptible genotypes emissions remained low. Emission increases were highest in the genotypes that express increased aphid resistance during second infestations, which had also the highest proportions of methyl-salicylate in their emissions. VOC induction by aphids proceeded slowly with a delay of several hours. Artificial wounding of leaves did not result in emissions of aphid-induced VOCs but caused an immediate burst of green leaf volatiles and benzaldehyde. We conclude that VOC induction in resistant peach cultivars is part of a general defence syndrome that is being avoided or suppressed by M. persicae in the susceptible genotypes. The induction likely involves an aphid-specific elicitor and (methyl)-salicylate in the subsequent signalling and regulation processes that should include gene activation due to the marked delay in the emission response. The results are compared with those of the literature and discussed in view of their ecological and environmental significance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Micheal Staudt
- CEFE-CNRS, 1919, Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Paris CI, Llusia J, Peñuelas J. Changes in Monoterpene Emission Rates of Quercus ilex Infested by Aphids Tended by Native or Invasive Lasius Ant Species. J Chem Ecol 2010; 36:689-98. [DOI: 10.1007/s10886-010-9815-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2009] [Revised: 05/13/2010] [Accepted: 06/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carolina I Paris
- Department of Animal Biology, Plant Biology and Ecology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Edifici C, Campus de Bellaterra (UAB), Cerdanyola del Vallès (Bellaterra), 08193, Barcelona, Spain.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Arneth A, Niinemets U. Induced BVOCs: how to bug our models? TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2010; 15:118-25. [PMID: 20071208 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2009.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2009] [Revised: 12/15/2009] [Accepted: 12/16/2009] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Climate-herbivory interactions have been largely debated vis-à-vis ecosystem carbon sequestration. However, invertebrate herbivores also modify emissions of plant biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs). Over the shorter term, they do this by the induction of de novo synthesis of a plethora of compounds; but invertebrates also affect the relative proportions of constitutively BVOCs-emitting plants. Thus, invertebrate-BVOCs interactions have potentially important implications for air quality and climate. Insect outbreaks are expected to increase with warmer climate, but quantitative understanding of BVOCs-invertebrate ecology, climate connections and atmospheric feedback remain as yet elusive. Examination of these interactions requires a description of outbreaks in ecosystem models, combined with quantitative observations on leaf and ecosystem level. We review here recent advances and propose a strategy for inclusion of invertebrate-BVOCs relationships in terrestrial ecosystem models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Almut Arneth
- Physical Geography and Ecosystem Analysis, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Niinemets U. Mild versus severe stress and BVOCs: thresholds, priming and consequences. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2010; 15:145-53. [PMID: 20006534 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2009.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2009] [Revised: 11/20/2009] [Accepted: 11/24/2009] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plant-generated volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) play key roles in large-scale atmospheric processes and serve the plants as important defense and signal molecules. The main emphasis in quantitative BVOC studies has been on constitutive emissions of isoprene and specific monoterpene species that are present in only certain emitting plant species. However, environmental and biotic stresses can induce emissions of an array of organic compounds in any plant species, whereas the magnitude of emissions induced by given stress depends on stress tolerance, timing, duration and severity (mild versus strong) of the stress. The main view put forward in this review is that quantitative understanding of stress effects is the key for constructing realistic models of both constitutive and induced BVOC emissions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ulo Niinemets
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, Tartu 51014, Estonia.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Exploring the anthelmintic properties of Australian native shrubs with respect to their potential role in livestock grazing systems. Parasitology 2009; 136:1065-80. [PMID: 19523255 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182009006386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We measured in vitro anthelmintic activity in extracts from 85 species of Australian native shrub, with a view to identifying species able to provide a degree of worm control in grazing systems. Approximately 40% of the species showed significant activity in inhibiting development of Haemonchus contortus larvae. The most active extracts showed IC50 values of 60-300 microg/ml. Pre-incubation with polyvinylpolypyrrolidine removed the activity from some extracts, implicating tannins as the bioactive agent, while in other cases the pre-incubation had no effect, indicating the presence of other anthelmintic compounds. Plant reproductive maturity (onset of flowering or fruiting) was associated with increasing anthelmintic activity in some species. Variability was observed between plants of the same species growing in different environments, while variation between individual plants of the same species within a single field suggests the existence of distinct chemotypes. Significant activity against adult H. contortus worms in vitro was also demonstrated in a limited number of extracts tested against this life stage. Our study indicates that there is potential for Australian native shrubs to play an anthelmintic role in grazing systems, and highlights some plant biology factors which will need to be considered in order to maximize any anthelmintic effects.
Collapse
|
34
|
Zhao W, Sankaran S, Ibáñez AM, Dandekar AM, Davis CE. Two-dimensional wavelet analysis based classification of gas chromatogram differential mobility spectrometry signals. Anal Chim Acta 2009; 647:46-53. [PMID: 19576384 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2009.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2009] [Revised: 05/06/2009] [Accepted: 05/19/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
This study introduces two-dimensional (2-D) wavelet analysis to the classification of gas chromatogram differential mobility spectrometry (GC/DMS) data which are composed of retention time, compensation voltage, and corresponding intensities. One reported method to process such large data sets is to convert 2-D signals to 1-D signals by summing intensities either across retention time or compensation voltage, but it can lose important signal information in one data dimension. A 2-D wavelet analysis approach keeps the 2-D structure of original signals, while significantly reducing data size. We applied this feature extraction method to 2-D GC/DMS signals measured from control and disordered fruit and then employed two typical classification algorithms to testify the effects of the resultant features on chemical pattern recognition. Yielding a 93.3% accuracy of separating data from control and disordered fruit samples, 2-D wavelet analysis not only proves its feasibility to extract feature from original 2-D signals but also shows its superiority over the conventional feature extraction methods including converting 2-D to 1-D and selecting distinguishable pixels from training set. Furthermore, this process does not require coupling with specific pattern recognition methods, which may help ensure wide applications of this method to 2-D spectrometry data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weixiang Zhao
- Department of Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering, One Shields Avenue, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Rodriguez-Saona CR, Rodriguez-Saona LE, Frost CJ. Herbivore-induced volatiles in the perennial shrub, Vaccinium corymbosum, and their role in inter-branch signaling. J Chem Ecol 2009; 35:163-75. [PMID: 19159981 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-008-9579-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2008] [Revised: 12/09/2008] [Accepted: 12/11/2008] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Herbivore feeding activates plant defenses at the site of damage as well as systemically. Systemic defenses can be induced internally by signals transported via phloem or xylem, or externally transmitted by volatiles emitted from the damaged tissues. We investigated the role of herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) in activating a defense response between branches in blueberry plants. Blueberries are perennial shrubs that grow by initiating adventitious shoots from a basal crown, which produce new lateral branches. This type of growth constrains vascular connections between shoots and branches within plants. While we found that leaves within a branch were highly connected, vascular connectivity was limited between branches within shoots and absent between branches from different shoots. Larval feeding by gypsy moth, exogenous methyl jasmonate, and mechanical damage differentially induced volatile emissions in blueberry plants, and there was a positive correlation between amount of insect damage and volatile emission rates. Herbivore damage did not affect systemic defense induction when we isolated systemic branches from external exposure to HIPVs. Thus, internal signals were not capable of triggering systemic defenses among branches. However, exposure of branches to HIPVs from an adjacent branch decreased larval consumption by 70% compared to those exposed to volatiles from undamaged branches. This reduction in leaf consumption did not result in decreased volatile emissions, indicating that leaves became more responsive to herbivory (or "primed") after being exposed to HIPVs. Chemical profiles of leaves damaged by gypsy moth caterpillars, exposed to HIPVs, or non-damaged controls revealed that HIPV-exposed leaves had greater chemical similarities to damaged leaves than to control leaves. Insect-damaged leaves and young HIPV-exposed leaves had higher amounts of endogenous cis-jasmonic acid compared to undamaged and non-exposed leaves, respectively. Our results show that exposure to HIPVs triggered systemic induction of direct defenses against gypsy moth and primed volatile emissions, which can be an indirect defense. Blueberry plants appear to rely on HIPVs as external signals for inter-branch communication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cesar R Rodriguez-Saona
- Department of Entomology, PE Marucci Blueberry and Cranberry Center, Rutgers University, Chatsworth, NJ 08019, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Himanen SJ, Nerg AM, Nissinen A, Pinto DM, Stewart CN, Poppy GM, Holopainen JK. Effects of elevated carbon dioxide and ozone on volatile terpenoid emissions and multitrophic communication of transgenic insecticidal oilseed rape (Brassica napus). THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2009; 181:174-186. [PMID: 19076723 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02646.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Does transgenically incorporated insect resistance affect constitutive and herbivore-inducible terpenoid emissions and multitrophic communication under elevated atmospheric CO(2) or ozone (O(3))? This study aimed to clarify the possible interactions between allocation to direct defences (Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxin production) and that to endogenous indirect defences under future climatic conditions. Terpenoid emissions were measured from vegetative-stage non-Bt and Bt Brassica napus grown in growth chambers under control or doubled CO(2), and control (filtered air) or 100 ppb O(3). The olfactometric orientation of Cotesia vestalis, an endoparasitoid of the herbivorous diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella), was assessed under the corresponding CO(2) and O(3) concentrations. The response of terpenoid emission to CO(2) or O(3) elevations was equivalent for Bt and non-Bt plants, but lower target herbivory reduced herbivore-inducible emissions from Bt plants. Elevated CO(2) increased emissions of most terpenoids, whereas O(3) reduced total terpenoid emissions. Cotesia vestalis orientated to host-damaged plants independent of plant type or CO(2) concentration. Under elevated O(3), host-damaged non-Bt plants attracted 75% of the parasitoids, but only 36.8% of parasitoids orientated to host-damaged Bt plants. Elevated O(3) has the potential to perturb specialized food-web communication in Bt crops.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sari J Himanen
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Kuopio, P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland;MTT Agrifood Research Finland, Plant Protection, FIN-31600 Jokioinen, Finland;Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, 2431 Joe Johnson Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996-4561, USA;School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Bassett Crescent East, Southampton SO16 7PX, UK
| | - Anne-Marja Nerg
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Kuopio, P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland;MTT Agrifood Research Finland, Plant Protection, FIN-31600 Jokioinen, Finland;Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, 2431 Joe Johnson Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996-4561, USA;School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Bassett Crescent East, Southampton SO16 7PX, UK
| | - Anne Nissinen
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Kuopio, P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland;MTT Agrifood Research Finland, Plant Protection, FIN-31600 Jokioinen, Finland;Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, 2431 Joe Johnson Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996-4561, USA;School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Bassett Crescent East, Southampton SO16 7PX, UK
| | - Delia M Pinto
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Kuopio, P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland;MTT Agrifood Research Finland, Plant Protection, FIN-31600 Jokioinen, Finland;Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, 2431 Joe Johnson Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996-4561, USA;School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Bassett Crescent East, Southampton SO16 7PX, UK
| | - C Neal Stewart
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Kuopio, P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland;MTT Agrifood Research Finland, Plant Protection, FIN-31600 Jokioinen, Finland;Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, 2431 Joe Johnson Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996-4561, USA;School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Bassett Crescent East, Southampton SO16 7PX, UK
| | - Guy M Poppy
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Kuopio, P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland;MTT Agrifood Research Finland, Plant Protection, FIN-31600 Jokioinen, Finland;Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, 2431 Joe Johnson Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996-4561, USA;School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Bassett Crescent East, Southampton SO16 7PX, UK
| | - Jarmo K Holopainen
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Kuopio, P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland;MTT Agrifood Research Finland, Plant Protection, FIN-31600 Jokioinen, Finland;Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, 2431 Joe Johnson Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996-4561, USA;School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Bassett Crescent East, Southampton SO16 7PX, UK
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Mäntylä E, Alessio GA, Blande JD, Heijari J, Holopainen JK, Laaksonen T, Piirtola P, Klemola T. From plants to birds: higher avian predation rates in trees responding to insect herbivory. PLoS One 2008; 3:e2832. [PMID: 18665271 PMCID: PMC2475509 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0002832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2008] [Accepted: 07/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background An understanding of the evolution of potential signals from plants to the predators of their herbivores may provide exciting examples of co-evolution among multiple trophic levels. Understanding the mechanism behind the attraction of predators to plants is crucial to conclusions about co-evolution. For example, insectivorous birds are attracted to herbivore-damaged trees without seeing the herbivores or the defoliated parts, but it is not known whether birds use cues from herbivore-damaged plants with a specific adaptation of plants for this purpose. Methodology We examined whether signals from damaged trees attract avian predators in the wild and whether birds could use volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions or net photosynthesis of leaves as cues to detect herbivore-rich trees. We conducted a field experiment with mountain birches (Betula pubescens ssp. czerepanovii), their main herbivore (Epirrita autumnata) and insectivorous birds. Half of the trees had herbivore larvae defoliating trees hidden inside branch bags and half had empty bags as controls. We measured predation rate of birds towards artificial larvae on tree branches, and VOC emissions and net photosynthesis of leaves. Principal Findings and Significance The predation rate was higher in the herbivore trees than in the control trees. This confirms that birds use cues from trees to locate insect-rich trees in the wild. The herbivore trees had decreased photosynthesis and elevated emissions of many VOCs, which suggests that birds could use either one, or both, as cues. There was, however, large variation in how the VOC emission correlated with predation rate. Emissions of (E)-DMNT [(E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene], β-ocimene and linalool were positively correlated with predation rate, while those of highly inducible green leaf volatiles were not. These three VOCs are also involved in the attraction of insect parasitoids and predatory mites to herbivore-damaged plants, which suggests that plants may not have specific adaptations to signal only to birds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elina Mäntylä
- Section of Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- * E-mail:
| | - Giorgio A. Alessio
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Kuopio, Kuopio, Finland
| | - James D. Blande
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Kuopio, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Juha Heijari
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Kuopio, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Toni Laaksonen
- Section of Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Panu Piirtola
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Kuopio, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tero Klemola
- Section of Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| |
Collapse
|