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Li L, Liu Y, Yu X, Yang X, Xie S, Zhu G, Zhao P. Comparative Analysis of the Wood Metabolites of Three Poplar Clones Using UPLC-Triple-TOF-MS. Molecules 2023; 28:7024. [PMID: 37894503 PMCID: PMC10609545 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28207024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Poplar, a woody tree species, is widely used for industrial production and as a protective forest belt. Different clones of poplar exhibit clear variation in terms of morphological and physiological features, however, the impact of the genetic variation on the composition and abundance of wood metabolite have not been fully determined. In this study, ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography-triple time of flight-mass spectrometer (UPLC-Triple-TOF-MS) was used to explore the metabolite changes in poplar wood from three clones, including Populus deltoides CL. '55/65', P. deltoides CL. 'Danhong', and P. nigra CL. 'N179'. A total of 699 metabolites were identified. Clustering analysis and principal component analysis display that the metabolic differences of wood have allowed distinguishing different species of poplar. Meanwhile, eight significantly different metabolites were screened between P. deltoides and P. nigra, which may be considered as valuable markers for chemotaxonomy. In addition, the highly discriminant 352 metabolites were obtained among the three clones, and those may be closely related to the distinction in unique properties (e.g., growth, rigidity and tolerance) of the poplar wood cultivars. This study provides a foundation for further studies on wood metabolomics in poplar, and offers chemotaxonomic markers that will stimulate the early screening of potentially superior trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Li
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Highly Efficient Utilization of Forestry Biomass Resources in Southwest China, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China; (Y.L.); (X.Y.); (S.X.); (G.Z.)
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plateau Wetland Conservation, Restoration and Ecological Services, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Yun Liu
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Highly Efficient Utilization of Forestry Biomass Resources in Southwest China, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China; (Y.L.); (X.Y.); (S.X.); (G.Z.)
- Key Laboratory for Forest Resources Conservation and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China, Ministry of Education, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China;
| | - Xiaorui Yu
- Key Laboratory for Forest Resources Conservation and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China, Ministry of Education, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China;
| | - Xiaoqin Yang
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Highly Efficient Utilization of Forestry Biomass Resources in Southwest China, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China; (Y.L.); (X.Y.); (S.X.); (G.Z.)
| | - Sida Xie
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Highly Efficient Utilization of Forestry Biomass Resources in Southwest China, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China; (Y.L.); (X.Y.); (S.X.); (G.Z.)
| | - Guolei Zhu
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Highly Efficient Utilization of Forestry Biomass Resources in Southwest China, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China; (Y.L.); (X.Y.); (S.X.); (G.Z.)
| | - Ping Zhao
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Highly Efficient Utilization of Forestry Biomass Resources in Southwest China, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China; (Y.L.); (X.Y.); (S.X.); (G.Z.)
- Key Laboratory for Forest Resources Conservation and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China, Ministry of Education, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China;
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Cas9/gRNA-Mediated Mutations in PtrFLA40 and PtrFLA45 Reveal Redundant Roles in Modulating Wood Cell Size and SCW Synthesis in Poplar. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010427. [PMID: 36613871 PMCID: PMC9820481 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Fasciclin-like arabinogalactan proteins (FLAs) play an important role in plant development and adaptation to the environment. However, the roles of FLAs in wood formation remain poorly understood. Here, we identified a total of 50 PtrFLA genes in poplar. They were classified into four groups: A to D, among which group A was the largest group with 28 members clustered into four branches. Most PtrFLAs of group A were dominantly expressed in developing xylem based on microarray and RT-qPCR data. The roles of PtrFLA40 and PtrFLA45 in group A were investigated via the Cas9/gRNA-induced mutation lines. Loss of PtrFLA40 and PtrFLA45 increased stem length and diameter in ptrfla40ptrfla45 double mutants, but not in ptrfla40 or ptrfla45 single mutants. Further, our findings indicated that the ptrfla40ptrfla45 mutants enlarged the cell size of xylem fibers and vessels, suggesting a negative modulation in stem xylem cell size. In addition, wood lignin content in the ptrfla40fla45 mutants was increased by nearly 9%, and the lignin biosynthesis-related genes were significantly up-regulated in the ptrfla40fla45 mutants, in agreement with the increase in wood lignin content. Overall, Cas9/gRNA-mediated mutations in PtrFLA40 and PtrFLA45 reveal redundant roles in modulating wood cell size and secondary cell wall (SCW) synthesis in poplar.
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Li H, Dai X, Huang X, Xu M, Wang Q, Yan X, Sederoff RR, Li Q. Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals a high-resolution cell atlas of xylem in Populus. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 63:1906-1921. [PMID: 34347368 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
High-throughput single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) has advantages over traditional RNA-seq to explore spatiotemporal information on gene dynamic expressions in heterogenous tissues. We performed Drop-seq, a method for the dropwise sequestration of single cells for sequencing, on protoplasts from the differentiating xylem of Populus alba × Populus glandulosa. The scRNA-seq profiled 9,798 cells, which were grouped into 12 clusters. Through characterization of differentially expressed genes in each cluster and RNA in situ hybridizations, we identified vessel cells, fiber cells, ray parenchyma cells and xylem precursor cells. Diffusion pseudotime analyses revealed the differentiating trajectory of vessels, fiber cells and ray parenchyma cells and indicated a different differentiation process between vessels and fiber cells, and a similar differentiation process between fiber cells and ray parenchyma cells. We identified marker genes for each cell type (cluster) and key candidate regulators during developmental stages of xylem cell differentiation. Our study generates a high-resolution expression atlas of wood formation at the single cell level and provides valuable information on wood formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Xinren Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Xiong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
- Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Mengxuan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Qiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
- Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Xiaojing Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Ronald R Sederoff
- Forest Biotechnology Group, Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Quanzi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
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Rademacher T, Fonti P, LeMoine JM, Fonti MV, Basler D, Chen Y, Friend AD, Seyednasrollah B, Eckes-Shephard AH, Richardson AD. Manipulating phloem transport affects wood formation but not local nonstructural carbon reserves in an evergreen conifer. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:2506-2521. [PMID: 34043242 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
How variations in carbon supply affect wood formation remains poorly understood in particular in mature forest trees. To elucidate how carbon supply affects carbon allocation and wood formation, we attempted to manipulate carbon supply to the cambial region by phloem girdling and compression during the mid- and late-growing season and measured effects on structural development, CO2 efflux and nonstructural carbon reserves in stems of mature white pines. Wood formation and stem CO2 efflux varied with a location relative to treatment (i.e., above or below the restriction). We observed up to twice as many tracheids formed above versus below the treatment after the phloem transport manipulation, whereas the cell-wall area decreased only slightly below the treatments, and cell size did not change relative to the control. Nonstructural carbon reserves in the xylem, needles and roots were largely unaffected by the treatments. Our results suggest that low and high carbon supply affects wood formation, primarily through a strong effect on cell proliferation, and respiration, but local nonstructural carbon concentrations appear to be maintained homeostatically. This contrasts with reports of decoupling of source activity and wood formation at the whole-tree or ecosystem level, highlighting the need to better understand organ-specific responses, within-tree feedbacks, as well as phenological and ontogenetic effects on sink-source dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Rademacher
- School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Security, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Patrick Fonti
- Swiss Federal Research Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - James M LeMoine
- School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Security, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
| | - Marina V Fonti
- Swiss Federal Research Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Institute of Ecology and Geography, Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk, Russian Federation
| | - David Basler
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yizhao Chen
- Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Andrew D Friend
- Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Bijan Seyednasrollah
- School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Security, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
| | | | - Andrew D Richardson
- School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Security, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
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Water lily ( Nymphaea thermarum) genome reveals variable genomic signatures of ancient vascular cambium losses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:8649-8656. [PMID: 32234787 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1922873117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
For more than 225 million y, all seed plants were woody trees, shrubs, or vines. Shortly after the origin of angiosperms ∼140 million y ago (MYA), the Nymphaeales (water lilies) became one of the first lineages to deviate from their ancestral, woody habit by losing the vascular cambium, the meristematic population of cells that produces secondary xylem (wood) and phloem. Many of the genes and gene families that regulate differentiation of secondary tissues also regulate the differentiation of primary xylem and phloem, which are produced by apical meristems and retained in nearly all seed plants. Here, we sequenced and assembled a draft genome of the water lily Nymphaea thermarum, an emerging system for the study of early flowering plant evolution, and compared it to genomes from other cambium-bearing and cambium-less lineages (e.g., monocots and Nelumbo). This revealed lineage-specific patterns of gene loss and divergence. Nymphaea is characterized by a significant contraction of the HD-ZIP III transcription factors, specifically loss of REVOLUTA, which influences cambial activity in other angiosperms. We also found the Nymphaea and monocot copies of cambium-associated CLE signaling peptides display unique substitutions at otherwise highly conserved amino acids. Nelumbo displays no obvious divergence in cambium-associated genes. The divergent genomic signatures of convergent loss of vascular cambium reveals that even pleiotropic genes can exhibit unique divergence patterns in association with independent events of trait loss. Our results shed light on the evolution of herbaceousness-one of the key biological innovations associated with the earliest phases of angiosperm evolution.
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Assunção M, Santos C, Brazão J, Eiras-Dias JE, Fevereiro P. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying graft success in grapevine. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:396. [PMID: 31510937 PMCID: PMC6737599 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-1967-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Grafting is an intensive commercial practice required to protect the European grapevine against the Phylloxera pest. Rootstocks resistant to this pest are hybrids of American vine species with different levels of compatibility with European Vitis vinifera varieties. Aiming to understand what drives grafting compatibility in grapevine, a transcriptomic approach was used to search for master regulators of graft success. Two scion/rootstock combinations, with different levels of compatibility, were compared in a nursery-grafting context at two stages, at 21 and 80 days after grafting. RESULTS In the most compatible combination, an earlier and higher expression of genes signaling the metabolic and hormonal pathways as well as a reduced expression of genes of the phenolic metabolism and of the oxidative stress response was observed. At 80 days after grafting a higher expression of transcription factors regulating vascular maintenance, differentiation and proliferation was obtained in the most compatible combination. Moreover, lower expression levels of microRNAs potentially targeting important transcription factors related to plant development was observed in the more compatible combination when compared to the less compatible one. CONCLUSION In this context, a set of regulators was selected as potential expression markers for early prediction of a compatible grafting.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Assunção
- Plant Cell Biotechnology Laboratory, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier (Green-it Unit), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Apartado 127, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - C. Santos
- Genetics and Genomics of Plant Complex Traits (PlantX) Laboratory, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier (Green-it Unit), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Apartado 127, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - J. Brazão
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária (Biotechnology and Genetic Genetic Resources Unit) INIAV-Dois Portos, Quinta da Almoínha, 2565-191 Dois Portos, Portugal
| | - J. E. Eiras-Dias
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária (Biotechnology and Genetic Genetic Resources Unit) INIAV-Dois Portos, Quinta da Almoínha, 2565-191 Dois Portos, Portugal
| | - P. Fevereiro
- Plant Cell Biotechnology Laboratory, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier (Green-it Unit), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Apartado 127, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
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Assunção M, Santos C, Brazão J, Eiras-Dias JE, Fevereiro P. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying graft success in grapevine. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:396. [PMID: 31510937 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-1967-1968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Grafting is an intensive commercial practice required to protect the European grapevine against the Phylloxera pest. Rootstocks resistant to this pest are hybrids of American vine species with different levels of compatibility with European Vitis vinifera varieties. Aiming to understand what drives grafting compatibility in grapevine, a transcriptomic approach was used to search for master regulators of graft success. Two scion/rootstock combinations, with different levels of compatibility, were compared in a nursery-grafting context at two stages, at 21 and 80 days after grafting. RESULTS In the most compatible combination, an earlier and higher expression of genes signaling the metabolic and hormonal pathways as well as a reduced expression of genes of the phenolic metabolism and of the oxidative stress response was observed. At 80 days after grafting a higher expression of transcription factors regulating vascular maintenance, differentiation and proliferation was obtained in the most compatible combination. Moreover, lower expression levels of microRNAs potentially targeting important transcription factors related to plant development was observed in the more compatible combination when compared to the less compatible one. CONCLUSION In this context, a set of regulators was selected as potential expression markers for early prediction of a compatible grafting.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Assunção
- Plant Cell Biotechnology Laboratory, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier (Green-it Unit), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Apartado 127, 2781-901, Oeiras, Portugal.
| | - C Santos
- Genetics and Genomics of Plant Complex Traits (PlantX) Laboratory, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier (Green-it Unit), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Apartado 127, 2781-901, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - J Brazão
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária (Biotechnology and Genetic Genetic Resources Unit) INIAV-Dois Portos, Quinta da Almoínha, 2565-191, Dois Portos, Portugal
| | - J E Eiras-Dias
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária (Biotechnology and Genetic Genetic Resources Unit) INIAV-Dois Portos, Quinta da Almoínha, 2565-191, Dois Portos, Portugal
| | - P Fevereiro
- Plant Cell Biotechnology Laboratory, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier (Green-it Unit), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Apartado 127, 2781-901, Oeiras, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal
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Plant Fibers and Phenolics: A Review on Their Synthesis, Analysis and Combined Use for Biomaterials with New Properties. FIBERS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/fib7090080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Devising environmental-friendly processes in biotechnology is a priority in the current economic scenario. We are witnessing a constant and steady push towards finding sustainable solutions to societal challenges by promoting innovation-driven activities minimizing the environmental impact and valorizing natural resources. In bioeconomy, plants are among the most important renewable sources of both fibers (woody and cellulosic) and phytochemicals, which find applications in many industrial sectors, spanning from the textile, to the biocomposite, medical, nutraceutical, and pharma sectors. Given the key role of plants as natural sources of (macro)molecules, we here provide a compendium on the use of plant fibers functionalized/impregnated with phytochemicals (in particular phenolic extracts). The goal is to review the various applications of natural fibers functionalized with plant phenolics and to valorize those plants that are source of both fibers and phytochemicals.
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Hollender CA, Pascal T, Tabb A, Hadiarto T, Srinivasan C, Wang W, Liu Z, Scorza R, Dardick C. Loss of a highly conserved sterile alpha motif domain gene ( WEEP) results in pendulous branch growth in peach trees. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E4690-E4699. [PMID: 29712856 PMCID: PMC5960274 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1704515115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant shoots typically grow upward in opposition to the pull of gravity. However, exceptions exist throughout the plant kingdom. Most conspicuous are trees with weeping or pendulous branches. While such trees have long been cultivated and appreciated for their ornamental value, the molecular basis behind the weeping habit is not known. Here, we characterized a weeping tree phenotype in Prunus persica (peach) and identified the underlying genetic mutation using a genomic sequencing approach. Weeping peach tree shoots exhibited a downward elliptical growth pattern and did not exhibit an upward bending in response to 90° reorientation. The causative allele was found to be an uncharacterized gene, Ppa013325, having a 1.8-Kb deletion spanning the 5' end. This gene, dubbed WEEP, was predominantly expressed in phloem tissues and encodes a highly conserved 129-amino acid protein containing a sterile alpha motif (SAM) domain. Silencing WEEP in the related tree species Prunus domestica (plum) resulted in more outward, downward, and wandering shoot orientations compared to standard trees, supporting a role for WEEP in directing lateral shoot growth in trees. This previously unknown regulator of branch orientation, which may also be a regulator of gravity perception or response, provides insights into our understanding of how tree branches grow in opposition to gravity and could serve as a critical target for manipulating tree architecture for improved tree shape in agricultural and horticulture applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney A Hollender
- Appalachian Fruit Research Station, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Kearneysville, WV 25430
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
| | - Thierry Pascal
- Unité Génétique et Amélioration de Fruits et Légumes, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, 84140 Montfavet, France
| | - Amy Tabb
- Appalachian Fruit Research Station, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Kearneysville, WV 25430
| | - Toto Hadiarto
- Indonesian Center for Agricultural Biotechnology and Genetic Resources Research and Development (BB Biogen), Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Chinnathambi Srinivasan
- Appalachian Fruit Research Station, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Kearneysville, WV 25430
| | - Wanpeng Wang
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, College of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742
| | - Zhongchi Liu
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, College of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742
| | - Ralph Scorza
- Appalachian Fruit Research Station, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Kearneysville, WV 25430
| | - Chris Dardick
- Appalachian Fruit Research Station, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Kearneysville, WV 25430;
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Expression Analysis of Cell Wall-Related Genes in Cannabis sativa: The “Ins and Outs” of Hemp Stem Tissue Development. FIBERS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/fib6020027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Behr M, Legay S, Hausman JF, Lutts S, Guerriero G. Molecular Investigation of the Stem Snap Point in Textile Hemp. Genes (Basel) 2017; 8:E363. [PMID: 29207512 PMCID: PMC5748681 DOI: 10.3390/genes8120363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibre crops are important natural resources, as they sustainably provide bast fibres, an economically-valuable raw material used in the textile and biocomposite sectors. Among fibre crops, textile hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) is appreciated for its long and strong gelatinous bast fibres. The stem of fibre crops is a useful system for cell wall-oriented studies, because it shows a strong tissue polarity with a lignified inner core and a cellulosic hypolignified cortex, as well as a basipetal lignification gradient. Along the stem axis of fibre crops, a specific region, denoted snap point, marks the transition from elongation (above it) to fibre thickening (below it). After empirically determining the snap point by tilting the plant, we divided the stem segment containing it into three non-overlapping consecutive regions measuring 1 cm each, and carried out targeted RT-qPCR on cell wall-related genes separately, in outer and inner tissues. Different gene clusters can be observed, two of which are the major gene groups, i.e., one group with members expressed at higher levels in the inner tissues, and one group whose genes are more expressed in the cortex. The present results provide a molecular validation that the snap point is characterised by a gradient of events associated with the shift from fibre elongation to thickening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Behr
- Environmental Research and Innovation Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 5 avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch/Alzette, Luxembourg.
- Groupe de Recherche en Physiologie Végétale, Earth and Life Institute-Agronomy, Université catholique de Louvain, 5 (Bte 7.07.13) Place Croix du Sud, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
| | - Sylvain Legay
- Environmental Research and Innovation Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 5 avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch/Alzette, Luxembourg.
| | - Jean-Francois Hausman
- Environmental Research and Innovation Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 5 avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch/Alzette, Luxembourg.
| | - Stanley Lutts
- Groupe de Recherche en Physiologie Végétale, Earth and Life Institute-Agronomy, Université catholique de Louvain, 5 (Bte 7.07.13) Place Croix du Sud, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
| | - Gea Guerriero
- Environmental Research and Innovation Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 5 avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch/Alzette, Luxembourg.
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Impact of Silicon in Plant Biomass Production: Focus on Bast Fibres, Hypotheses, and Perspectives. PLANTS 2017; 6:plants6030037. [PMID: 28891950 PMCID: PMC5620593 DOI: 10.3390/plants6030037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Silicon (Si) is an abundant element which, when supplied to plants, confers increased vigor and resistance to exogenous stresses, as well as enhanced stem mechanical strength. Plant species vary in their ability to take Si up and to accumulate it under the form of silicon dioxide (SiO₂) in their tissues: emblematic of this is the example of Poales, among which there is rice, a high Si accumulator. Monocots usually accumulate more Si than dicots; however, the impact that Si has on dicots, notably on economically important dicots, is a subject requiring further study and scientific efforts. In this review, we discuss the impact that Si has on bast fibre-producing plants, because of the potential importance that this element has in sustainable agriculture practices and in light of the great economic value of fibre crops in fostering a bio-economy. We discuss the data already available in the literature, as well as our own research on textile hemp. In particular, we demonstrate the beneficial effect of Si under heavy metal stress, by showing an increase in the leaf fresh weight under growth on Cd 20 µM. Additionally, we propose an effect of Si on bast fibre growth, by suggesting an action on the endogenous phytohormone levels and a mechanical role involved in the resistance to the turgor pressure during elongation. We conclude our survey with a description of the industrial and agricultural uses of Si-enriched plant biomass, where woody fibres are included in the survey.
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Landi S, Esposito S. Nitrate Uptake Affects Cell Wall Synthesis and Modeling. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1376. [PMID: 28848580 PMCID: PMC5550703 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, the relationship(s) about N assimilation and cell wall remodeling in plants remains generally unclear. Enzymes involved in cell wall synthesis/modification, and nitrogen transporters play a critical role in plant growth, differentiation, and response to external stimuli. In this review, a co-expression analysis of nitrate and ammonium transporters of Arabidopsis thaliana was performed in order to explore the functional connection of these proteins with cell-wall related enzymes. This approach highlighted a strict relationship between inorganic nitrogen transporters and cell wall formation, identifying a number of co-expressed remodeling enzymes. The enzymes involved in pectin and xyloglucan synthesis resulted particularly co-regulated together with nitrate carriers, suggesting a connection between nitrate assimilation and cell wall growth regulation. Major Facilitator Carriers, and one chloride channel, are similarly co-expressed with pectin lyase, pectinacetylesterase, and cellulose synthase. Contrarily, ammonium transporters show little or no connection with those genes involved in cell wall synthesis. Different aspects related to plant development, embryogenesis, and abiotic stress response will be discussed, given the importance in plant growth of cell wall synthesis and nitrate uptake. Intriguingly, the improvement of abiotic stress tolerance in crops concerns both these processes indicating the importance in sensing the environmental constraints and mediating a response. These evaluations could help to identify candidate genes for breeding purposes.
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Landi S, Hausman JF, Guerriero G, Esposito S. Poaceae vs. Abiotic Stress: Focus on Drought and Salt Stress, Recent Insights and Perspectives. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1214. [PMID: 28744298 PMCID: PMC5504180 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Poaceae represent the most important group of crops susceptible to abiotic stress. This large family of monocotyledonous plants, commonly known as grasses, counts several important cultivated species, namely wheat (Triticum aestivum), rice (Oryza sativa), maize (Zea mays), and barley (Hordeum vulgare). These crops, notably, show different behaviors under abiotic stress conditions: wheat and rice are considered sensitive, showing serious yield reduction upon water scarcity and soil salinity, while barley presents a natural drought and salt tolerance. During the green revolution (1940-1960), cereal breeding was very successful in developing high-yield crops varieties; however, these cultivars were maximized for highest yield under optimal conditions, and did not present suitable traits for tolerance under unfavorable conditions. The improvement of crop abiotic stress tolerance requires a deep knowledge of the phenomena underlying tolerance, to devise novel approaches and decipher the key components of agricultural production systems. Approaches to improve food production combining both enhanced water use efficiency (WUE) and acceptable yields are critical to create a sustainable agriculture in the future. This paper analyzes the latest results on abiotic stress tolerance in Poaceae. In particular, the focus will be directed toward various aspects of water deprivation and salinity response efficiency in Poaceae. Aspects related to cell wall metabolism will be covered, given the importance of the plant cell wall in sensing environmental constraints and in mediating a response; the role of silicon (Si), an important element for monocots' normal growth and development, will also be discussed, since it activates a broad-spectrum response to different exogenous stresses. Perspectives valorizing studies on landraces conclude the survey, as they help identify key traits for breeding purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Landi
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Napoli “Federico II”Napoli, Italy
| | - Jean-Francois Hausman
- Environmental Research and Innovation Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and TechnologyEsch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Gea Guerriero
- Environmental Research and Innovation Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and TechnologyEsch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Sergio Esposito
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Napoli “Federico II”Napoli, Italy
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Domec JC, Smith DD, McCulloh KA. A synthesis of the effects of atmospheric carbon dioxide enrichment on plant hydraulics: implications for whole-plant water use efficiency and resistance to drought. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2017; 40:921-937. [PMID: 27739596 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 09/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Here, we summarize studies on the effects of elevated [CO2 ] (CO2e ) on the structure and function of plant hydraulic architecture and explore the implications of those changes using a model. Changes in conduit diameter and hydraulic conductance due to CO2e vary among species. Ring-porous species tend towards an increase in conduit size and consequently conductivity. The effect in diffuse-porous species is much more limited. In conifers, the results are mixed, some species show minor changes in xylem structure, while other studies found increases in tracheid density and diameter. Non-woody plants generally exhibited the reverse pattern with narrower conduits and lower hydraulic conductivity under CO2e . Further, changes in drought-resistance traits suggest that non-woody plants were the most affected by CO2e , which may permit them to better resist drought-induced embolism under future conditions. Due to their complexity, acclimation in hydraulic traits in response to CO2e is difficult to interpret when relying solely on measurements. When we examined how the observed tissues-specific trends might alter plant function, our modelling results suggest that these hydraulic changes would lead to reduced conductance and more frequent drought stress in trees that develop under CO2e with a more pronounced effect in isohydric than in anisohydric species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Christophe Domec
- Bordeaux Sciences Agro, UMR 1391 INRA-ISPA, 33175, Gradignan Cedex, France
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Box 90328, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Duncan D Smith
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Kate A McCulloh
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
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16
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Zinkgraf M, Liu L, Groover A, Filkov V. Identifying gene coexpression networks underlying the dynamic regulation of wood-forming tissues in Populus under diverse environmental conditions. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 214:1464-1478. [PMID: 28248425 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Trees modify wood formation through integration of environmental and developmental signals in complex but poorly defined transcriptional networks, allowing trees to produce woody tissues appropriate to diverse environmental conditions. In order to identify relationships among genes expressed during wood formation, we integrated data from new and publically available datasets in Populus. These datasets were generated from woody tissue and include transcriptome profiling, transcription factor binding, DNA accessibility and genome-wide association mapping experiments. Coexpression modules were calculated, each of which contains genes showing similar expression patterns across experimental conditions, genotypes and treatments. Conserved gene coexpression modules (four modules totaling 8398 genes) were identified that were highly preserved across diverse environmental conditions and genetic backgrounds. Functional annotations as well as correlations with specific experimental treatments associated individual conserved modules with distinct biological processes underlying wood formation, such as cell-wall biosynthesis, meristem development and epigenetic pathways. Module genes were also enriched for DNase I hypersensitivity footprints and binding from four transcription factors associated with wood formation. The conserved modules are excellent candidates for modeling core developmental pathways common to wood formation in diverse environments and genotypes, and serve as testbeds for hypothesis generation and testing for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Zinkgraf
- USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, Davis, CA, 95618, USA
- Department of Computer Science, University of California, Davis, CA, 95618, USA
| | - Lijun Liu
- USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, Davis, CA, 95618, USA
| | - Andrew Groover
- USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, Davis, CA, 95618, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95618, USA
| | - Vladimir Filkov
- Department of Computer Science, University of California, Davis, CA, 95618, USA
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17
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Luyckx M, Hausman JF, Lutts S, Guerriero G. Silicon and Plants: Current Knowledge and Technological Perspectives. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:411. [PMID: 28386269 PMCID: PMC5362598 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Elemental silicon (Si), after oxygen, is the second most abundant element in the earth's crust, which is mainly composed of silicates. Si is not considered essential for plant growth and development, however, increasing evidence in the literature shows that this metalloid is beneficial to plants, especially under stress conditions. Indeed Si alleviates the toxic effects caused by abiotic stresses, e.g., salt stress, drought, heavy metals, to name a few. Biogenic silica is also a deterrent against herbivores. Additionally, Si ameliorates the vigor of plants and improves their resistance to exogenous stresses. The protective role of Si was initially attributed to a physical barrier fortifying the cell wall (e.g., against fungal hyphae penetration), however, several studies have shown that the action of this element on plants is far more complex, as it involves a cross-talk with the cell interior and an effect on plant metabolism. In this study the beneficial role of Si on plants will be discussed, by reviewing the available data in the literature. Emphasis will be given to the protective role of Si during (a)biotic stresses and in this context both priming and the effects of Si on endogenous phytohormones will be discussed. A whole section will be devoted to the use of silica (SiO2) nanoparticles, in the light of the interest that nanotechnology has for agriculture. The paper also discusses the potential technological aspects linked to the use of Si in agriculture and to modify/improve the physical parameters of plant fibers. The study indeed provides perspectives on the use of Si to increase the yield of fiber crops and to improve the thermal stability and tensile strength of natural fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Luyckx
- Groupe de Recherche en Physiologie Végétale, Earth and Life Institute - Agronomy, Université Catholique de LouvainLouvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Jean-Francois Hausman
- Environmental Research and Innovation Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and TechnologyEsch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Stanley Lutts
- Groupe de Recherche en Physiologie Végétale, Earth and Life Institute - Agronomy, Université Catholique de LouvainLouvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Stanley Lutts, Gea Guerriero,
| | - Gea Guerriero
- Environmental Research and Innovation Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and TechnologyEsch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
- *Correspondence: Stanley Lutts, Gea Guerriero,
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Behr M, Legay S, Žižková E, Motyka V, Dobrev PI, Hausman JF, Lutts S, Guerriero G. Studying Secondary Growth and Bast Fiber Development: The Hemp Hypocotyl Peeks behind the Wall. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1733. [PMID: 27917184 PMCID: PMC5114303 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Cannabis sativa L. is an annual herbaceous crop grown for the production of long extraxylary fibers, the bast fibers, rich in cellulose and used both in the textile and biocomposite sectors. Despite being herbaceous, hemp undergoes secondary growth and this is well exemplified by the hypocotyl. The hypocotyl was already shown to be a suitable model to study secondary growth in other herbaceous species, namely Arabidopsis thaliana and it shows an important practical advantage, i.e., elongation and radial thickening are temporally separated. This study focuses on the mechanisms marking the transition from primary to secondary growth in the hemp hypocotyl by analysing the suite of events accompanying vascular tissue and bast fiber development. Transcriptomics, imaging and quantification of phytohormones were carried out on four representative developmental stages (i.e., 6-9-15-20 days after sowing) to provide a comprehensive overview of the events associated with primary and secondary growth in hemp. This multidisciplinary approach provides cell wall-related snapshots of the growing hemp hypocotyl and identifies marker genes associated with the young (expansins, β-galactosidases, and transcription factors involved in light-related processes) and the older hypocotyl (secondary cell wall biosynthetic genes and transcription factors).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Behr
- Environmental Research and Innovation Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and TechnologyEsch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
- Groupe de Recherche en Physiologie Végétale, Earth and Life Institute-Agronomy, Université catholique de LouvainLouvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Sylvain Legay
- Environmental Research and Innovation Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and TechnologyEsch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Eva Žižková
- Institute of Experimental Botany, The Czech Academy of SciencesPrague, Czechia
| | - Václav Motyka
- Institute of Experimental Botany, The Czech Academy of SciencesPrague, Czechia
| | - Petre I. Dobrev
- Institute of Experimental Botany, The Czech Academy of SciencesPrague, Czechia
| | - Jean-Francois Hausman
- Environmental Research and Innovation Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and TechnologyEsch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Stanley Lutts
- Groupe de Recherche en Physiologie Végétale, Earth and Life Institute-Agronomy, Université catholique de LouvainLouvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Gea Guerriero
- Environmental Research and Innovation Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and TechnologyEsch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
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19
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Mangeot-Peter L, Legay S, Hausman JF, Esposito S, Guerriero G. Identification of Reference Genes for RT-qPCR Data Normalization in Cannabis sativa Stem Tissues. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17091556. [PMID: 27649158 PMCID: PMC5037828 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17091556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene expression profiling via quantitative real-time PCR is a robust technique widely used in the life sciences to compare gene expression patterns in, e.g., different tissues, growth conditions, or after specific treatments. In the field of plant science, real-time PCR is the gold standard to study the dynamics of gene expression and is used to validate the results generated with high throughput techniques, e.g., RNA-Seq. An accurate relative quantification of gene expression relies on the identification of appropriate reference genes, that need to be determined for each experimental set-up used and plant tissue studied. Here, we identify suitable reference genes for expression profiling in stems of textile hemp (Cannabis sativa L.), whose tissues (isolated bast fibres and core) are characterized by remarkable differences in cell wall composition. We additionally validate the reference genes by analysing the expression of putative candidates involved in the non-oxidative phase of the pentose phosphate pathway and in the first step of the shikimate pathway. The goal is to describe the possible regulation pattern of some genes involved in the provision of the precursors needed for lignin biosynthesis in the different hemp stem tissues. The results here shown are useful to design future studies focused on gene expression analyses in hemp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauralie Mangeot-Peter
- Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN), Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), L-4362 Esch/Alzette, Luxembourg.
| | - Sylvain Legay
- Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN), Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), L-4362 Esch/Alzette, Luxembourg.
| | - Jean-Francois Hausman
- Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN), Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), L-4362 Esch/Alzette, Luxembourg.
| | - Sergio Esposito
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Napoli "Federico II", Via Cinthia, I-80126 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Gea Guerriero
- Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN), Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), L-4362 Esch/Alzette, Luxembourg.
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20
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Extraction of High Quality RNA from Cannabis sativa Bast Fibres: A Vademecum for Molecular Biologists. FIBERS 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/fib4030023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Andre CM, Hausman JF, Guerriero G. Cannabis sativa: The Plant of the Thousand and One Molecules. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:19. [PMID: 26870049 PMCID: PMC4740396 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 634] [Impact Index Per Article: 79.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Cannabis sativa L. is an important herbaceous species originating from Central Asia, which has been used in folk medicine and as a source of textile fiber since the dawn of times. This fast-growing plant has recently seen a resurgence of interest because of its multi-purpose applications: it is indeed a treasure trove of phytochemicals and a rich source of both cellulosic and woody fibers. Equally highly interested in this plant are the pharmaceutical and construction sectors, since its metabolites show potent bioactivities on human health and its outer and inner stem tissues can be used to make bioplastics and concrete-like material, respectively. In this review, the rich spectrum of hemp phytochemicals is discussed by putting a special emphasis on molecules of industrial interest, including cannabinoids, terpenes and phenolic compounds, and their biosynthetic routes. Cannabinoids represent the most studied group of compounds, mainly due to their wide range of pharmaceutical effects in humans, including psychotropic activities. The therapeutic and commercial interests of some terpenes and phenolic compounds, and in particular stilbenoids and lignans, are also highlighted in view of the most recent literature data. Biotechnological avenues to enhance the production and bioactivity of hemp secondary metabolites are proposed by discussing the power of plant genetic engineering and tissue culture. In particular two systems are reviewed, i.e., cell suspension and hairy root cultures. Additionally, an entire section is devoted to hemp trichomes, in the light of their importance as phytochemical factories. Ultimately, prospects on the benefits linked to the use of the -omics technologies, such as metabolomics and transcriptomics to speed up the identification and the large-scale production of lead agents from bioengineered Cannabis cell culture, are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christelle M. Andre
- Environmental Research and Innovation, Luxembourg Institute of Science and TechnologyEsch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
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Mangeot-Peter L, Legay S, Hausman JF, Guerriero G. How to store plant tissues in the absence of liquid nitrogen? Ethanol preserves the RNA integrity of <em>Cannabis sativa</em> stem tissues. AIMS MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.3934/molsci.2016.4.560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Guerriero G, Hausman JF, Legay S. Silicon and the Plant Extracellular Matrix. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:463. [PMID: 27148294 PMCID: PMC4828433 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Silicon (Si) is one of the most abundant elements on earth. Although not considered essential for the growth and development of higher plants, it is nonetheless known to increase vigor and to play protective roles. Its protective effects include for instance alleviation of (a)biotic stress damages and heavy metal toxicity. Si was shown to interact with several components of the plant cell walls in the form of silica (SiO2). In plants SiO2 promotes strengthening of the cell walls and provides increased mechanical support to the aerial parts. The relationship SiO2-plant cell wall has been well documented in monocots and pteridophytes, which are known Si accumulators, while much less is known on the interaction of Si with the cell walls of dicots. We here provide a concise up-to-date survey on the interaction between Si and plant cell wall components by focussing on cellulose, hemicelluloses, callose, pectins, lignin, and proteins. We also describe the effects of Si on cell wall-related processes by discussing the published results in both monocots and dicots. We conclude our survey with a description of the possible mechanisms by which Si exerts priming in plants.
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Guerriero G, Hausman J, Strauss J, Ertan H, Siddiqui KS. Lignocellulosic bioma
ss
: Biosynthesis, degradation, and industrial utilization. Eng Life Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201400196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gea Guerriero
- Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST) Esch/Alzette Luxembourg
| | - Jean‐Francois Hausman
- Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST) Esch/Alzette Luxembourg
| | - Joseph Strauss
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology Fungal Genetics and Genomics Unit University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU) University and Research Center Campus Tulln‐Technopol Tulln/Donau Austria
- Health and Environment Department Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH ‐ AIT University and Research Center Campus Tulln‐Technopol Tulln/Donau Austria
| | - Haluk Ertan
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences The University of New South Wales Sydney Australia
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics Istanbul University Istanbul Turkey
| | - Khawar Sohail Siddiqui
- Life Sciences Department King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM) Dhahran Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Printz B, Guerriero G, Sergeant K, Renaut J, Lutts S, Hausman JF. Ups and downs in alfalfa: Proteomic and metabolic changes occurring in the growing stem. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 238:13-25. [PMID: 26259170 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2015.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The expanding interest for using lignocellulosic biomass in industry spurred the study of the mechanisms underlying plant cell-wall synthesis. Efforts using genetic approaches allowed the disentanglement of major steps governing stem fibre synthesis. Nonetheless, little is known about the relations between the stem maturation and the evolution of its proteome. During Medicago sativa L. maturation, the different internodes grow asynchronously allowing the discrimination of various developmental stages on a same stem. In this study, the proteome of three selected regions of the stem of alfalfa (apical, intermediate and basal) was analyzed and combined with a compositional analysis of the different stem parts. Interestingly, the apical and the median regions share many similarities: high abundance of chloroplast- and mitochondrial-related proteins together with the accumulation of proteins acting in the early steps of fibre production. In the mature basal region, forisomes and stress-related proteins accumulate. The RT-qPCR assessment of the expression of genes coding for members of the cellulose synthase family likewise indicates that fibres and the machinery responsible for the deposition of secondary cell walls are predominantly formed in the apical section. Altogether, this study reflects the metabolic change from the fibre production in the upper stem regions to the acquisition of defence-related functions in the fibrous basal part.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Printz
- Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), 5, Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch/Alzette, Luxembourg; Groupe de Recherche en Physiologie végétale (GRPV), Earth and Life Institute Agronomy (ELI-A), Université catholique de Louvain, 5 (bte 7.07.13) Place Croix du Sud, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Gea Guerriero
- Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), 5, Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch/Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Kjell Sergeant
- Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), 5, Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch/Alzette, Luxembourg.
| | - Jenny Renaut
- Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), 5, Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch/Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Stanley Lutts
- Groupe de Recherche en Physiologie végétale (GRPV), Earth and Life Institute Agronomy (ELI-A), Université catholique de Louvain, 5 (bte 7.07.13) Place Croix du Sud, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Jean-Francois Hausman
- Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), 5, Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch/Alzette, Luxembourg
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26
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Guerriero G, Hausman JF, Strauss J, Ertan H, Siddiqui KS. Destructuring plant biomass: focus on fungal and extremophilic cell wall hydrolases. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 234:180-93. [PMID: 25804821 PMCID: PMC4937988 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2015.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Revised: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The use of plant biomass as feedstock for biomaterial and biofuel production is relevant in the current bio-based economy scenario of valorizing renewable resources. Fungi, which degrade complex and recalcitrant plant polymers, secrete different enzymes that hydrolyze plant cell wall polysaccharides. The present review discusses the current research trends on fungal, as well as extremophilic cell wall hydrolases that can withstand extreme physico-chemical conditions required in efficient industrial processes. Secretomes of fungi from the phyla Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Zygomycota and Neocallimastigomycota are presented along with metabolic cues (nutrient sensing, coordination of carbon and nitrogen metabolism) affecting their composition. We conclude the review by suggesting further research avenues focused on the one hand on a comprehensive analysis of the physiology and epigenetics underlying cell wall degrading enzyme production in fungi and on the other hand on the analysis of proteins with unknown function and metagenomics of extremophilic consortia. The current advances in consolidated bioprocessing, altered secretory pathways and creation of designer plants are also examined. Furthermore, recent developments in enhancing the activity, stability and reusability of enzymes based on synergistic, proximity and entropic effects, fusion enzymes, structure-guided recombination between homologous enzymes and magnetic enzymes are considered with a view to improving saccharification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gea Guerriero
- Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN), Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Esch/Alzette, Luxembourg.
| | - Jean-Francois Hausman
- Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN), Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Esch/Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Joseph Strauss
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, Fungal Genetics and Genomics Unit, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), University and Research Center Campus Tulln-Technopol, Tulln/Donau, Austria; Health and Environment Department, Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH - AIT, University and Research Center Campus Tulln-Technopol, Tulln/Donau, Austria
| | - Haluk Ertan
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Istanbul University, Turkey
| | - Khawar Sohail Siddiqui
- Biology Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran, Saudi Arabia.
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Printz B, Dos Santos Morais R, Wienkoop S, Sergeant K, Lutts S, Hausman JF, Renaut J. An improved protocol to study the plant cell wall proteome. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:237. [PMID: 25914713 PMCID: PMC4392696 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Cell wall proteins were extracted from alfalfa stems according to a three-steps extraction procedure using sequentially CaCl2, EGTA, and LiCl-complemented buffers. The efficiency of this protocol for extracting cell wall proteins was compared with the two previously published methods optimized for alfalfa stem cell wall protein analysis. Following LC-MS/MS analysis the three-steps extraction procedure resulted in the identification of the highest number of cell wall proteins (242 NCBInr identifiers) and gave the lowest percentage of non-cell wall proteins (about 30%). However, the three protocols are rather complementary than substitutive since 43% of the identified proteins were specific to one protocol. This three-step protocol was therefore selected for a more detailed proteomic characterization using 2D-gel electrophoresis. With this technique, 75% of the identified proteins were shown to be fraction-specific and 72.7% were predicted as belonging to the cell wall compartment. Although, being less sensitive than LC-MS/MS approaches in detecting and identifying low-abundant proteins, gel-based approaches are valuable tools for the differentiation and relative quantification of protein isoforms and/or modified proteins. In particular isoforms, having variations in their amino-acid sequence and/or carrying different N-linked glycan chains were detected and characterized. This study highlights how the extracting protocols as well as the analytical techniques devoted to the study of the plant cell wall proteome are complementary and how they may be combined to elucidate the dynamism of the plant cell wall proteome in biological studies. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD001927.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Printz
- Environmental Research and Innovation Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and TechnologyBelvaux, Luxembourg
- Groupe de Recherche en Physiologie Végétale, Earth and Life Institute Agronomy, Universiteì catholique de LouvainLouvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Raphaël Dos Santos Morais
- Environmental Research and Innovation Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and TechnologyBelvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Stefanie Wienkoop
- Department for Molecular Systems Biology, University of ViennaVienna, Austria
| | - Kjell Sergeant
- Environmental Research and Innovation Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and TechnologyBelvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Stanley Lutts
- Groupe de Recherche en Physiologie Végétale, Earth and Life Institute Agronomy, Universiteì catholique de LouvainLouvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Jean-Francois Hausman
- Environmental Research and Innovation Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and TechnologyBelvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Jenny Renaut
- Environmental Research and Innovation Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and TechnologyBelvaux, Luxembourg
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Hollender CA, Dardick C. Molecular basis of angiosperm tree architecture. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 206:541-56. [PMID: 25483362 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The architecture of trees greatly impacts the productivity of orchards and forestry plantations. Amassing greater knowledge on the molecular genetics that underlie tree form can benefit these industries, as well as contribute to basic knowledge of plant developmental biology. This review describes the fundamental components of branch architecture, a prominent aspect of tree structure, as well as genetic and hormonal influences inferred from studies in model plant systems and from trees with non-standard architectures. The bulk of the molecular and genetic data described here is from studies of fruit trees and poplar, as these species have been the primary subjects of investigation in this field of science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney A Hollender
- Appalachian Fruit Research Station, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 2217 Wiltshire Rd, Kearnysville, WV, 25430, USA
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Parrotta L, Guerriero G, Sergeant K, Cai G, Hausman JF. Target or barrier? The cell wall of early- and later-diverging plants vs cadmium toxicity: differences in the response mechanisms. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:133. [PMID: 25814996 PMCID: PMC4357295 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Increasing industrialization and urbanization result in emission of pollutants in the environment including toxic heavy metals, as cadmium and lead. Among the different heavy metals contaminating the environment, cadmium raises great concern, as it is ecotoxic and as such can heavily impact ecosystems. The cell wall is the first structure of plant cells to come in contact with heavy metals. Its composition, characterized by proteins, polysaccharides and in some instances lignin and other phenolic compounds, confers the ability to bind non-covalently and/or covalently heavy metals via functional groups. A strong body of evidence in the literature has shown the role of the cell wall in heavy metal response: it sequesters heavy metals, but at the same time its synthesis and composition can be severely affected. The present review analyzes the dual property of plant cell walls, i.e., barrier and target of heavy metals, by taking Cd toxicity as example. Following a summary of the known physiological and biochemical responses of plants to Cd, the review compares the wall-related mechanisms in early- and later-diverging land plants, by considering the diversity in cell wall composition. By doing so, common as well as unique response mechanisms to metal/cadmium toxicity are identified among plant phyla and discussed. After discussing the role of hyperaccumulators' cell walls as a particular case, the review concludes by considering important aspects for plant engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Parrotta
- Dipartimento Scienze della Vita, Università di Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Gea Guerriero
- Environmental Research and Innovation, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Kjell Sergeant
- Environmental Research and Innovation, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Giampiero Cai
- Dipartimento Scienze della Vita, Università di Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Jean-Francois Hausman
- Environmental Research and Innovation, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
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Guerriero G, Hausman JF, Ezcurra I. WD40-Repeat Proteins in Plant Cell Wall Formation: Current Evidence and Research Prospects. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:1112. [PMID: 26734023 PMCID: PMC4686805 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.01112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The metabolic complexity of living organisms relies on supramolecular protein structures which ensure vital processes, such as signal transduction, transcription, translation and cell wall synthesis. In eukaryotes WD40-repeat (WDR) proteins often function as molecular "hubs" mediating supramolecular interactions. WDR proteins may display a variety of interacting partners and participate in the assembly of complexes involved in distinct cellular functions. In plants, the formation of lignocellulosic biomass involves extensive synthesis of cell wall polysaccharides, a process that requires the assembly of large transmembrane enzyme complexes, intensive vesicle trafficking, interactions with the cytoskeleton, and coordinated gene expression. Because of their function as supramolecular hubs, WDR proteins could participate in each or any of these steps, although to date only few WDR proteins have been linked to the cell wall by experimental evidence. Nevertheless, several potential cell wall-related WDR proteins were recently identified using in silico approaches, such as analyses of co-expression, interactome and conserved gene neighborhood. Notably, some WDR genes are frequently genomic neighbors of genes coding for GT2-family polysaccharide synthases in eukaryotes, and this WDR-GT2 collinear microsynteny is detected in diverse taxa. In angiosperms, two WDR genes are collinear to cellulose synthase genes, CesAs, whereas in ascomycetous fungi several WDR genes are adjacent to chitin synthase genes, chs. In this Perspective we summarize and discuss experimental and in silico studies on the possible involvement of WDR proteins in plant cell wall formation. The prospects of biotechnological engineering for enhanced biomass production are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gea Guerriero
- Environmental Research and Innovation, Luxembourg Institute of Science and TechnologyEsch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Jean-Francois Hausman
- Environmental Research and Innovation, Luxembourg Institute of Science and TechnologyEsch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Inés Ezcurra
- School of Biotechnology, Division of Industrial Biotechnology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University CenterStockholm, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Inés Ezcurra,
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Battipaglia G, De Micco V, Sass-Klaassen U, Tognetti R, Mäkelä A. Special issue: WSE symposium: Wood growth under environmental changes: the need for a multidisciplinary approach. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 34:787-91. [PMID: 25187625 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpu076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Battipaglia
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Second University of Naples, via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy; Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes (PALECO EPHE), Centre for Bio-Archaeology and Ecology, Institut de Botanique, F-34090 Montpellier, France;
| | - Veronica De Micco
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, via Università 100, I-80055 Portici (Naples), Italy
| | - Ute Sass-Klaassen
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University, PO Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Roberto Tognetti
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze e Territorio, Universita' degli Studi del Molise, 86090 Pesche, Italy
| | - Annikki Mäkelä
- University of Helsinki Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Unioninkatu 40, PO Box 24, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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