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Xie B, Wei X, Wan C, Zhao W, Song R, Xin S, Song K. Exploring the Biological Pathways of Siderophores and Their Multidisciplinary Applications: A Comprehensive Review. Molecules 2024; 29:2318. [PMID: 38792179 PMCID: PMC11123847 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29102318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Siderophores are a class of small molecules renowned for their high iron binding capacity, essential for all life forms requiring iron. This article provides a detailed review of the diverse classifications, and biosynthetic pathways of siderophores, with a particular emphasis on siderophores synthesized via nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) and non-NRPS pathways. We further explore the secretion mechanisms of siderophores in microbes and plants, and their role in regulating bioavailable iron levels. Beyond biological functions, the applications of siderophores in medicine, agriculture, and environmental sciences are extensively discussed. These applications include biological pest control, disease treatment, ecological pollution remediation, and heavy metal ion removal. Through a comprehensive analysis of the chemical properties and biological activities of siderophores, this paper demonstrates their wide prospects in scientific research and practical applications, while also highlighting current research gaps and potential future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Shuquan Xin
- School of Life Science, Changchun Normal University, Changchun 130032, China; (B.X.); (X.W.); (C.W.); (W.Z.); (R.S.)
| | - Kai Song
- School of Life Science, Changchun Normal University, Changchun 130032, China; (B.X.); (X.W.); (C.W.); (W.Z.); (R.S.)
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2
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Sun J, Zhao J, Liu M, Li J, Cheng J, Li W, Yuan M, Xiao S, Xue C. SreC-dependent adaption to host iron environments regulates the transition of trophic stages and developmental processes of Curvularia lunata. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2024; 25:e13444. [PMID: 38481338 PMCID: PMC10938068 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Plant pathogens are challenged by host-derived iron starvation or excess during infection, but the mechanism of plant pathogens rapidly adapting to the dynamic host iron environments to assimilate iron for invasion and colonization remains largely unexplored. Here, we found that the GATA transcription factor SreC in Curvularia lunata is required for virulence and adaption to the host iron excess environment. SreC directly binds to the ATGWGATAW element in an iron-dependent manner to regulate the switch between different iron assimilation pathways, conferring adaption to host iron environments in different trophic stages of C. lunata. SreC also regulates the transition of trophic stages and developmental processes in C. lunata. SreC-dependent adaption to host iron environments is essential to the infectious growth and survival of C. lunata. We also demonstrate that CgSreA (a SreC orthologue) plays a similar role in Colletotrichum graminicola. We conclude that Sre mediates adaption to the host iron environment during infection, and the function is conserved in hemibiotrophic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaying Sun
- College of Plant ProtectionShenyang Agriculture UniversityShenyangChina
| | - Jiamei Zhao
- College of Plant ProtectionShenyang Agriculture UniversityShenyangChina
| | - Miaomiao Liu
- College of Plant ProtectionShenyang Agriculture UniversityShenyangChina
| | - Jiayang Li
- College of Plant ProtectionShenyang Agriculture UniversityShenyangChina
| | - Jie Cheng
- College of Plant ProtectionShenyang Agriculture UniversityShenyangChina
| | - Wenling Li
- College of Plant ProtectionShenyang Agriculture UniversityShenyangChina
| | - Mingyue Yuan
- College of Plant ProtectionShenyang Agriculture UniversityShenyangChina
- Section of Microbial Ecology, Department of BiologyLund UniversityLundSweden
| | - Shuqin Xiao
- College of Plant ProtectionShenyang Agriculture UniversityShenyangChina
| | - Chunsheng Xue
- College of Plant ProtectionShenyang Agriculture UniversityShenyangChina
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3
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Wu PC, Choo YL, Wei SY, Yago JI, Chung KR. Contribution of Autophagy to Cellular Iron Homeostasis and Stress Adaptation in Alternaria alternata. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1123. [PMID: 38256200 PMCID: PMC10816921 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25021123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The tangerine pathotype of Alternaria alternata produces the Alternaria citri toxin (ACT), which elicits a host immune response characterized by the increase in harmful reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. ROS detoxification in A. alternata relies on the degradation of peroxisomes through autophagy and iron acquisition using siderophores. In this study, we investigated the role of autophagy in regulating siderophore and iron homeostasis in A. alternata. Our results showed that autophagy positively influences siderophore production and iron uptake. The A. alternata strains deficient in autophagy-related genes 1 and 8 (ΔAaatg1 and ΔAaatg8) could not thrive without iron, and their adaptability to high-iron environments was also reduced. Furthermore, the ability of autophagy-deficient strains to withstand ROS was compromised. Notably, autophagy deficiency significantly reduced the production of dimerumic acid (DMA), a siderophore in A. alternata, which may contribute to ROS detoxification. Compared to the wild-type strain, ΔAaatg8 was defective in cellular iron balances. We also observed iron-induced autophagy and lipid peroxidation in A. alternata. To summarize, our study indicates that autophagy and maintaining iron homeostasis are interconnected and contribute to the stress resistance and the virulence of A. alternata. These results provide new insights into the complex interplay connecting autophagy, iron metabolism, and fungal pathogenesis in A. alternata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Ching Wu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402202, Taiwan; (P.-C.W.); (Y.-L.C.); (S.-Y.W.)
| | - Yen-Ling Choo
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402202, Taiwan; (P.-C.W.); (Y.-L.C.); (S.-Y.W.)
| | - Sian-Yong Wei
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402202, Taiwan; (P.-C.W.); (Y.-L.C.); (S.-Y.W.)
| | - Jonar I. Yago
- Plant Science Department, College of Agriculture, Nueva Vizcaya State University, Bayombong 3700, Philippines;
| | - Kuang-Ren Chung
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402202, Taiwan; (P.-C.W.); (Y.-L.C.); (S.-Y.W.)
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Zhang W, Forester NT, Applegate ER, Liu X, Johnson LJ. High-affinity iron uptake is required for optimal Epichloë festucae colonization of Lolium perenne and seed transmission. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2023; 24:1430-1442. [PMID: 37477276 PMCID: PMC10576175 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Epichloë festucae uses a siderophore-mediated system to acquire iron, which is important to maintain endophyte-grass symbioses. Here we investigate the roles of the alternative iron acquisition system, reductive iron assimilation (RIA), via disruption of the fetC gene, which encodes a multicopper ferroxidase, either alone (i.e., ΔfetC) or in combination with disruption of the gene sidA, which encodes a siderophore biosynthesis enzyme (i.e., ΔfetC/ΔsidA). The phenotypic characteristics of these mutants were compared to ΔsidA and wild-type (WT) strains during growth under axenic culture conditions (in culture) and in symbiosis with the host grass, perennial ryegrass (in planta). Under iron deficiency, the colony growth rate of ΔfetC was slightly slower than that of WT, while the growth of ΔsidA and ΔfetC/ΔsidA mutants was severely suppressed. Siderophore analyses indicated that ΔfetC mutants hyperaccumulate ferriepichloënin A (FEA) at low iron concentrations and ferricrocin and FEA at higher iron concentrations. When compared to WT, all mutant strains displayed hyperbranching hyphal structures and a reduced ratio of Epichloë DNA to total DNA in planta. Furthermore, host colonization and vertical transmission through infection of the host seed were significantly reduced in the ΔfetC/ΔsidA mutants, confirming that high-affinity iron uptake is a critical process for Epichloë transmission. Thus, RIA and siderophore iron uptake are complementary systems required for the maintenance of iron metabolism, fungal growth, and symbiosis between E. festucae and perennial ryegrass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- AgResearch Limited, Grasslands Research CentrePalmerston NorthNew Zealand
| | | | - Emma R. Applegate
- AgResearch Limited, Grasslands Research CentrePalmerston NorthNew Zealand
| | - Xinqi Liu
- AgResearch Limited, Grasslands Research CentrePalmerston NorthNew Zealand
| | - Linda J. Johnson
- AgResearch Limited, Grasslands Research CentrePalmerston NorthNew Zealand
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Rodríguez-Ramos F, Briones-Labarca V, Plaza V, Castillo L. Iron and copper on Botrytis cinerea: new inputs in the cellular characterization of their inhibitory effect. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15994. [PMID: 37744242 PMCID: PMC10517660 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Certain metals play key roles in infection by the gray mold fungus, Botrytis cinerea. Among them, copper and iron are necessary for redox and catalytic activity of enzymes and metalloproteins, but at high concentrations they are toxic. Understanding the mechanism requires more cell characterization studies for developing new, targeted metal-based fungicides to control fungal diseases on food crops. This study aims to characterize the inhibitory effect of copper and iron on B. cinerea by evaluating mycelial growth, sensitivity to cell wall perturbing agents (congo red and calcofluor white), membrane integrity, adhesion, conidial germination, and virulence. Tests of copper over the range of 2 to 8 mM and iron at 2 to 20 mM revealed that the concentration capable of reducing mycelial growth by 50% (IC50) was 2.87 mM and 9.08 mM for copper and iron, respectively. When mixed at equimolar amounts there was a significant inhibitory effect mostly attributable to copper. The effect of Cu50, Fe50, and Cu50-Fe50 was also studied on the mycelial growth of three wild B. cinerea strains, which were more sensitive to metallic inhibitors. A significant inhibition of conidial germination was correlated with adhesion capacity, indicating potential usefulness in controlling disease at early stages of crop growth. Comparisons of the effects of disruptive agents on the cell wall showed that Cu, Fe, and Cu-Fe did not exert their antifungal effect on the cell wall of B. cinerea. However, a relevant effect was observed on plasma membrane integrity. The pathogenicity test confirmed that virulence was correlated with the individual presence of Cu and Fe. Our results represent an important contribution that could be used to formulate and test metal-based fungicides targeted at early prevention or control of B. cinerea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fátima Rodríguez-Ramos
- Departamento de Ingeniería en Alimentos, Universidad de La Serena, La Serena, Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Vilbett Briones-Labarca
- Departamento de Ingeniería en Alimentos, Universidad de La Serena, La Serena, Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Verónica Plaza
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad de La Serena, La Serena, Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Luis Castillo
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad de La Serena, La Serena, Coquimbo, Chile
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Liu Y, Kong D, Wu HL, Ling HQ. Iron in plant-pathogen interactions. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:2114-2124. [PMID: 33161430 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Iron is an essential element for most organisms. As an indispensable co-factor of many enzymes, iron is involved in various crucial metabolic processes that are required for the survival of plants and pathogens. Conversely, excessive iron produces highly active reactive oxygen species, which are toxic to the cells of plants and pathogens. Therefore, plants and pathogens have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to modulate iron status at a moderate level for maintaining their fitness. Over the past decades, many efforts have been made to reveal these mechanisms, and some progress has been made. In this review, we describe recent advances in understanding the roles of iron in plant-pathogen interactions and propose prospects for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liu
- Lushan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, China
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Danyu Kong
- Lushan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Hui-Lan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hong-Qing Ling
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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7
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Fungal Siderophores: Prospects and Applications. Fungal Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-53077-8_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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8
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Khan A, Singh P, Srivastava A. Iron: Key player in cancer and cell cycle? J Trace Elem Med Biol 2020; 62:126582. [PMID: 32673942 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2020.126582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Iron is an essential element for growth and metabolic activities of all living organisms but remains in its oxyhydroxide ferric ion form in the surrounding. Unavailability of iron in soluble ferrous form led to development of specific pathways and machinery in different organisms to make it available for use and maintain its homeostasis. Iron homeostasis is essential as under different circumstances iron in excess as well as deprivation leads to different pathological conditions in human. OBJECTIVE This review highlights the current findings related to iron excess as well as deprivation with regards to cellular proliferation. CONCLUSIONS Iron excess is extensively associated with different types of cancers viz. colorectal cancer, breast cancer etc. by producing an oxidative stressed condition and alteration of immune system. Ironically its deprivation also results in anaemic conditions and leads to cell cycle arrest at different phases with mechanism yet to be explored. Iron deprivation arrests cell cycle at G1/S and in some cases at G2/M checkpoints resulting in growth arrest. However, in some cases iron overload arrests cell cycle at G1 phase by blocking certain signalling pathways. Certain natural and synthetic iron chelators are being explored from few decades to combat diseases caused by alteration in iron homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azmi Khan
- Department of Life Science, School of Earth, Biological and Environmental Sciences, Central University of South Bihar, Gaya, Bihar, India
| | - Pratika Singh
- Department of Life Science, School of Earth, Biological and Environmental Sciences, Central University of South Bihar, Gaya, Bihar, India
| | - Amrita Srivastava
- Department of Life Science, School of Earth, Biological and Environmental Sciences, Central University of South Bihar, Gaya, Bihar, India.
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Misslinger M, Hortschansky P, Brakhage AA, Haas H. Fungal iron homeostasis with a focus on Aspergillus fumigatus. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2020; 1868:118885. [PMID: 33045305 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2020.118885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
To maintain iron homeostasis, fungi have to balance iron acquisition, storage, and utilization to ensure sufficient supply and to avoid toxic excess of this essential trace element. As pathogens usually encounter iron limitation in the host niche, this metal plays a particular role during virulence. Siderophores are iron-chelators synthesized by most, but not all fungal species to sequester iron extra- and intracellularly. In recent years, the facultative human pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus has become a model for fungal iron homeostasis of siderophore-producing fungal species. This article summarizes the knowledge on fungal iron homeostasis and its links to virulence with a focus on A. fumigatus. It covers mechanisms for iron acquisition, storage, and detoxification, as well as the modes of transcriptional iron regulation and iron sensing in A. fumigatus in comparison to other fungal species. Moreover, potential translational applications of the peculiarities of fungal iron metabolism for treatment and diagnosis of fungal infections is addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Misslinger
- Institute of Molecular Biology - Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Peter Hortschansky
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), Jena, Germany
| | - Axel A Brakhage
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), Jena, Germany; Department Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Hubertus Haas
- Institute of Molecular Biology - Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
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Defects in the Ferroxidase That Participates in the Reductive Iron Assimilation System Results in Hypervirulence in Botrytis Cinerea. mBio 2020; 11:mBio.01379-20. [PMID: 32753496 PMCID: PMC7407086 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01379-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The plant-pathogenic fungus B. cinerea causes enormous economic losses, estimated at anywhere between $10 billion and $100 billion worldwide, under both pre- and postharvest conditions. Here, we present the characterization of a loss-of-function mutant in a component involved in iron acquisition that displays hypervirulence. While in different microbial systems iron uptake mechanisms appear to be critical to achieve full pathogenic potential, we found that the absence of the ferroxidase that is part of the reductive iron assimilation system leads to hypervirulence in this fungus. This is an unusual and rather underrepresented phenotype, which can be modulated by iron levels in the plant and provides an unexpected link between iron acquisition, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and pathogenesis in the Botrytis-plant interaction. The plant pathogen Botrytis cinerea is responsible for gray-mold disease, which infects a wide variety of species. The outcome of this host-pathogen interaction, a result of the interplay between plant defense and fungal virulence pathways, can be modulated by various environmental factors. Among these, iron availability and acquisition play a crucial role in diverse biological functions. How B. cinerea obtains iron, an essential micronutrient, during infection is unknown. We set out to determine the role of the reductive iron assimilation (RIA) system during B. cinerea infection. This system comprises the BcFET1 ferroxidase, which belongs to the multicopper oxidase (MCO) family of proteins, and the BcFTR1 membrane-bound iron permease. Gene knockout and complementation studies revealed that, compared to the wild type, the bcfet1 mutant displays delayed conidiation, iron-dependent sclerotium production, and significantly reduced whole-cell iron content. Remarkably, this mutant exhibited a hypervirulence phenotype, whereas the bcftr1 mutant presents normal virulence and unaffected whole-cell iron levels and developmental programs. Interestingly, while in iron-starved plants wild-type B. cinerea produced slightly reduced necrotic lesions, the hypervirulence phenotype of the bcfet1 mutant is no longer observed in iron-deprived plants. This suggests that B. cinerea bcfet1 knockout mutants require plant-derived iron to achieve larger necrotic lesions, whereas in planta analyses of reactive oxygen species (ROS) revealed increased ROS levels only for infections caused by the bcfet1 mutant. These results suggest that increased ROS production, under an iron sufficiency environment, at least partly underlie the observed infection phenotype in this mutant.
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Lu Y, Sun J, Gao Y, Liu K, Yuan M, Gao W, Wang F, Fu D, Chen N, Xiao S, Xue C. The key iron assimilation genes ClFTR1, ClNPS6 were crucial for virulence of Curvularia lunata via initiating its appressorium formation and virulence factors. Environ Microbiol 2020; 23:613-627. [PMID: 32452607 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Iron is virtually an essential nutrient for all organisms, to understand how iron contributes to virulence of plant pathogenic fungi, we identified ClFTR1 and ClNPS6 in maize pathogen Curvularia lunata (Cochliobolus lunatus) in this study. Disruption of ClNPS6 significantly impaired siderophore biosynthesis. ClFTR1 and ClNPS6 did mediate oxidative stress but had no significant impact on vegetative growth, conidiation, cell wall integrity and sexual reproduction. Conidial germination delayed and appressoria formation reduced in ΔClftr1 comparing with wild type (WT) CX-3. Genes responsible for conidial germination, appressoria formation, non-host selective toxin biosynthesis and cell wall degrading enzymes were also downregulated in the transcriptome of ΔClftr1 and ΔClnps6 compared with WT. The conidial development, toxin biosynthesis and polygalacturonase activity were impaired in the mutant strains with ClFTR1 and ClNPS6 deletion during their infection to maize. ClFTR1 and ClNPS6 were upregulated expression at 12-24 and 48-120 hpi in WT respectively. ClFTR1 positively regulated conidial germination, appressoria formation in the biotrophy-specific phase. ClNPS6 positively regulates non-host selective toxin biosynthesis and cell wall degrading enzyme activity in the necrotrophy-specific phase. Our results indicated that ClFTR1 and ClNPS6 were key genes of pathogen known to conidia development and virulence factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Lu
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110161, China
| | - Jiaying Sun
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110161, China
| | - Yibo Gao
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110161, China
| | - Kexin Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110161, China
| | - Mingyue Yuan
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110161, China
| | - Weida Gao
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110161, China
| | - Fen Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110161, China
| | - Dandan Fu
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110161, China
| | - Nan Chen
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110161, China
| | - Shuqin Xiao
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110161, China
| | - Chunsheng Xue
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110161, China
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12
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13
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The siderophore repressor SreA maintains growth, hydrogen peroxide resistance, and cell wall integrity in the phytopathogenic fungus Alternaria alternata. Fungal Genet Biol 2020; 139:103384. [PMID: 32278718 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2020.103384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The siderophore-mediated iron uptake machinery is required by the tangerine pathotype of Alternaria alternata to colonize host plants. The present study reports the functions of the GATA-type transcription regulator SreA by analyzing loss- and gain-of-function mutants. The expression of sreA is transiently upregulated by excess iron. The sreA deficiency mutant (ΔsreA) shows severe growth defect but produces ACT toxin and incites necrotic lesions on citrus leaves as efficiently as wild type. SreA suppresses the expression of genes encoding polypeptides required for siderophore biosynthesis and transport under iron-replete conditions. Under iron-replete conditions, SreA impacts the expression of the genes encoding the NADPH oxidase complex involved in H2O2 production. SreA negatively impacts H2O2 resistance as ΔsreA increases resistance to H2O2. However, sreA deficiency has no effects on the expression of genes encoding several key factors (Yap1, Hog1, and Skn7) involved in oxidative stress resistance. ΔsreA increases resistance to calcofluor white and Congo red, which may suggest a role of SreA in the maintenance of cell wall integrity. Those are novel phenotypes associated with fungal sreA. Overall, our results indicate that SreA is required to protect fungal cells from cytotoxicity caused by excess iron. The results also highlight the regulatory functions of SreA and provide insights into the critical role of siderophore-mediated iron homeostasis in resistance to oxidative stress in A. alternata.
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14
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Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Yu D, Peng Y, Min H, Lai Z. Copper Ions are Required for Cochliobolus heterostrophus in Appressorium Formation and Virulence on Maize. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2020; 110:494-504. [PMID: 31464158 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-07-19-0254-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Cochliobolus heterostrophus is the causal agent of southern corn leaf blight, a destructive disease on maize worldwide. However, how it regulates virulence on maize is still largely unknown. Here, we report that two copper transporter genes, ChCTR1 and ChCTR4, are required for its virulence. chctr1 and chctr4 mutants showed attenuated virulence on maize compared with the wild-type strain TM17 but development phenotypes of those mutants on media with or without infection-related stress agents were the same as the wild-type strain. Moreover, ChCTR1 and ChCTR4 play critical roles in appressorium formation and mutation of ChCTR1 or ChCTR4 suppresses the appressorium formation. Furthermore, copper-chelating agent ammonium tetrathiomolybdate suppressed the appressorium formation and virulence of C. heterostrophus on maize, whereas copper ions enhanced the appressorium formation and virulence on maize. The results indicate that copper ions are required for appressorium formation and virulence of C. heterostrophus on maize and are acquired from the environment by two copper transporters: ChCTR1 and ChCTR4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Ecology College, Lishui University, Lishui, China
| | - Dandan Yu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yujiao Peng
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Haoxuan Min
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhibing Lai
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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Sun X, Zhao Y, Jia J, Xie J, Cheng J, Liu H, Jiang D, Fu Y. Uninterrupted Expression of CmSIT1 in a Sclerotial Parasite Coniothyrium minitans Leads to Reduced Growth and Enhanced Antifungal Ability. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2208. [PMID: 29176968 PMCID: PMC5686095 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Coniothyrium minitans is an important mycoparasite of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. In addition, it also produces small amounts of antifungal substances. ZS-1TN1812, an abnormal mutant, was originally screened from a T-DNA insertional library. This mutant showed abnormal growth phenotype and could significantly inhibit the growth of S. sclerotiorum when dual-cultured on a PDA plate. When spraying the filtrate of ZS-1TN1812 on the leaves of rapeseed, S. sclerotiorum infection was significantly inhibited, suggesting that the antifungal substances produced by this mutant were effective on rapeseed leaves. The thermo-tolerant antifungal substances could specifically suppress the growth of S. sclerotiorum, but could not significantly suppress the growth of another fungus, Colletotrichum higginsianum. However, C. higginsianum was more sensitive to proteinous antibiotics than S. sclerotiorum. The T-DNA insertion in ZS-1TN1812 activated the expression of CmSIT1, a gene involved in siderophore-mediated iron transport. It was also determined that mutant ZS-1TN1812 produced hypha with high iron levels. In the wild-type strain ZS-1, CmSIT1 was expressed only when in contact with S. sclerotiorum, and consistent overexpression of CmSIT1 showed similar phenotypes as ZS-1TN1812. Therefore, activated expression of CmSIT1 leads to the enhanced antifungal ability, and CmSIT1 is a potential gene for improving the control ability of C. minitans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiping Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ying Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jichun Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiatao Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiasen Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Huiquan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, China
| | - Daohong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanping Fu
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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Bengyella L, Yekwa EL, Nawaz K, Iftikhar S, Tambo E, Alisoltani A, Feto NA, Roy P. Global invasive Cochliobolus species: cohort of destroyers with implications in food losses and insecurity in the twenty-first century. Arch Microbiol 2017; 200:119-135. [PMID: 28831526 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-017-1426-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Matching the global food demand by 2050 and to ensure the stability of food security in over than 99 countries, it is necessary to scale up the production of food such as sorghum, wheat, rice, maize and sugarcane which are however natural hosts of Cochliobolus species. Cochliobolus species major epidemics such as the Great Bengal famine, Southern corn leaf blight, and Northern leaf spot blight were associated with substantial economic losses in the past decades. Thus, there is an urgent need to establish a specific coordinated global surveillance program for the migration of invasive Cochliobolus species, planning contextual control programs engaging all agricultural stakeholders and information sharing in real time for prevention of disastrous Cochliobolus disease outbreak effects. We discuss pertinent outcome of interactions of cash crops with Cochliobolus species having devastating impact on the livelihood of farmers and food security. While post-genomic era elucidated prominent differences among Cochliobolus heterostrophus, C. carbonum, C. victoriae, C. lunatus and C. miyabeanus, their destructive potentials and implications in food losses remained unearthed. Intriguingly, the annual colossal losses caused by Cochliobolus species in the production perspective of sorghum, wheat, rice, maize, cassava and soybean is estimated over 10 billion USD worldwide. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the invasive Cochliobolus species distribution and diversity, evolving pathogenicity, persistent diseases, threats and epidemics, consequences on food crops production and increasing global food insecurity issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Bengyella
- Omics Research Group, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied and Computer Sciences, Vaal University of Technology, Vanderbijlpark, 1911, Gauteng, South Africa.
- School of Basic and Biomedical Sciences (SBBS), The University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Volta Region, Ghana.
| | - Elsie Laban Yekwa
- Division of Medical Virology, The Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Cape Town, 8000, Western Cape, P.O. Box 241, South Africa
| | - Kiran Nawaz
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan
| | - Sehrish Iftikhar
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan
| | - Ernest Tambo
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Université des Montagnes, Bangangté, Cameroon.
| | - Arghavan Alisoltani
- Omics Research Group, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied and Computer Sciences, Vaal University of Technology, Vanderbijlpark, 1911, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Naser Aliye Feto
- Omics Research Group, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied and Computer Sciences, Vaal University of Technology, Vanderbijlpark, 1911, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Pranab Roy
- Department of Biotechnology, Haldia Institute of Technology, Haldia, West Bengal, 721657, India.
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17
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Sbaraini N, Andreis FC, Thompson CE, Guedes RLM, Junges Â, Campos T, Staats CC, Vainstein MH, Ribeiro de Vasconcelos AT, Schrank A. Genome-Wide Analysis of Secondary Metabolite Gene Clusters in O phiostoma ulmi and Ophiostoma novo-ulmi Reveals a Fujikurin-Like Gene Cluster with a Putative Role in Infection. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1063. [PMID: 28659888 PMCID: PMC5468452 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of new microbial pathogens can result in destructive outbreaks, since their hosts have limited resistance and pathogens may be excessively aggressive. Described as the major ecological incident of the twentieth century, Dutch elm disease, caused by ascomycete fungi from the Ophiostoma genus, has caused a significant decline in elm tree populations (Ulmus sp.) in North America and Europe. Genome sequencing of the two main causative agents of Dutch elm disease (Ophiostoma ulmi and Ophiostoma novo-ulmi), along with closely related species with different lifestyles, allows for unique comparisons to be made to identify how pathogens and virulence determinants have emerged. Among several established virulence determinants, secondary metabolites (SMs) have been suggested to play significant roles during phytopathogen infection. Interestingly, the secondary metabolism of Dutch elm pathogens remains almost unexplored, and little is known about how SM biosynthetic genes are organized in these species. To better understand the metabolic potential of O. ulmi and O. novo-ulmi, we performed a deep survey and description of SM biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) in these species and assessed their conservation among eight species from the Ophiostomataceae family. Among 19 identified BGCs, a fujikurin-like gene cluster (OpPKS8) was unique to Dutch elm pathogens. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that orthologs for this gene cluster are widespread among phytopathogens and plant-associated fungi, suggesting that OpPKS8 may have been horizontally acquired by the Ophiostoma genus. Moreover, the detailed identification of several BGCs paves the way for future in-depth research and supports the potential impact of secondary metabolism on Ophiostoma genus’ lifestyle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolau Sbaraini
- Rede Avançada em Biologia ComputacionalPetrópolis, Brazil.,Centro de Biotecnologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulPorto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Fábio C Andreis
- Rede Avançada em Biologia ComputacionalPetrópolis, Brazil.,Centro de Biotecnologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulPorto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Claudia E Thompson
- Rede Avançada em Biologia ComputacionalPetrópolis, Brazil.,Centro de Biotecnologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulPorto Alegre, Brazil.,Laboratório Nacional de Computação CientíficaPetrópolis, Brazil
| | - Rafael L M Guedes
- Rede Avançada em Biologia ComputacionalPetrópolis, Brazil.,Laboratório Nacional de Computação CientíficaPetrópolis, Brazil
| | - Ângela Junges
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulPorto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Thais Campos
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulPorto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Charley C Staats
- Rede Avançada em Biologia ComputacionalPetrópolis, Brazil.,Centro de Biotecnologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulPorto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Marilene H Vainstein
- Rede Avançada em Biologia ComputacionalPetrópolis, Brazil.,Centro de Biotecnologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulPorto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Ana T Ribeiro de Vasconcelos
- Rede Avançada em Biologia ComputacionalPetrópolis, Brazil.,Laboratório Nacional de Computação CientíficaPetrópolis, Brazil
| | - Augusto Schrank
- Rede Avançada em Biologia ComputacionalPetrópolis, Brazil.,Centro de Biotecnologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulPorto Alegre, Brazil
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18
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Ruan R, Wang M, Liu X, Sun X, Chung KR, Li H. Functional analysis of two sterol regulatory element binding proteins in Penicillium digitatum. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176485. [PMID: 28467453 PMCID: PMC5415137 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The sterol regulatory element binding proteins (SREBPs) are key regulators for sterol homeostasis in most fungi. In the citrus postharvest pathogen Penicillium digitatum, the SREBP homolog is required for fungicide resistance and regulation of CYP51 expression. In this study, we identified another SREBP transcription factor PdSreB in P. digitatum, and the biological functions of both SREBPs were characterized and compared. Inactivation of PdsreA, PdsreB or both genes in P. digitatum reduced ergosterol contents and increased sensitivities to sterol 14-α-demethylation inhibitors (DMIs) and cobalt chloride. Fungal strains impaired at PdsreA but not PdsreB increased sensitivity to tridemorph and an iron chelator 2,2'-dipyridyl. Virulence assays on citrus fruit revealed that fungal strains impaired at PdsreA, PdsreB or both induce maceration lesions similar to those induced by wild-type. However, ΔPdsreA, ΔPdsreB or the double mutant strain rarely produce aerial mycelia on infected citrus fruit peels. RNA-Seq analysis showed the broad regulatory functions of both SREBPs in biosynthesis, transmembrane transportation and stress responses. Our results provide new insights into the conserved and differentiated regulatory functions of SREBP homologs in plant pathogenic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoxin Ruan
- Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mingshuang Wang
- Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xuepeng Sun
- Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kuang-Ren Chung
- Department of Plant Pathology, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hongye Li
- Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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19
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Kuan CS, Cham CY, Singh G, Yew SM, Tan YC, Chong PS, Toh YF, Atiya N, Na SL, Lee KW, Hoh CC, Yee WY, Ng KP. Genomic Analyses of Cladophialophora bantiana, a Major Cause of Cerebral Phaeohyphomycosis Provides Insight into Its Lifestyle, Virulence and Adaption in Host. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161008. [PMID: 27570972 PMCID: PMC5003357 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cladophialophora bantiana is a dematiaceous fungus with a predilection for causing central nervous system (CNS) infection manifesting as brain abscess in both immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients. In this paper, we report comprehensive genomic analyses of C. bantiana isolated from the brain abscess of an immunocompetent man, the first reported case in Malaysia and Southeast Asia. The identity of the fungus was determined using combined morphological analysis and multilocus phylogeny. The draft genome sequence of a neurotrophic fungus, C. bantiana UM 956 was generated using Illumina sequencing technology to dissect its genetic fundamental and basic biology. The assembled 37.1 Mb genome encodes 12,155 putative coding genes, of which, 1.01% are predicted transposable elements. Its genomic features support its saprophytic lifestyle, renowned for its versatility in decomposing hemicellulose and pectin components. The C. bantiana UM 956 was also found to carry some important putative genes that engaged in pathogenicity, iron uptake and homeostasis as well as adaptation to various stresses to enable the organism to survive in hostile microenvironment. This wealth of resource will further catalyse more downstream functional studies to provide better understanding on how this fungus can be a successful and persistent pathogen in human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chee Sian Kuan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Chun Yoong Cham
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital Pulau Pinang, Jalan Residensi, Georgetown, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
- Department of Surgery, Neurosurgical Division, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Gurmit Singh
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital Pulau Pinang, Jalan Residensi, Georgetown, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Su Mei Yew
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | | | - Yue Fen Toh
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nadia Atiya
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Shiang Ling Na
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kok Wei Lee
- Codon Genomics SB, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | | | - Wai-Yan Yee
- Codon Genomics SB, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Kee Peng Ng
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- * E-mail:
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20
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Li Y, Wang Z, Liu X, Song Z, Li R, Shao C, Yin Y. Siderophore Biosynthesis but Not Reductive Iron Assimilation Is Essential for the Dimorphic Fungus Nomuraea rileyi Conidiation, Dimorphism Transition, Resistance to Oxidative Stress, Pigmented Microsclerotium Formation, and Virulence. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:931. [PMID: 27379061 PMCID: PMC4909778 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron is an indispensable factor for the dimorphic insect pathogenic Nomuraea rileyi to form persistent microsclerotia which can replace conidia or blastospores for commercial mass production. There are two high affinity iron acquisition pathways in N. rileyi, siderophore-assisted iron mobilization and reductive iron assimilation systems. Transcription of the two iron uptake pathways related genes is induced under iron-limiting conditions. Stage-specific iron uptake-related genes expression during microsclerotia development shows siderophore-mediated iron acquisition genes are rigorously upregulated specifically during the formation and mature period while reductive iron assimilation related genes just display a higher expression at the late maturation period. Abrogation of reductive iron assimilation, by the deletion of the high affinity iron permease (NrFtrA), has no visible effect on microsclerotia biogenesis in N. rileyi. In sharp contrast, N. rileyi L-ornithine-N5-monooxygenase (NrSidA), required for synthesis of all siderophores, is absolutely necessary for the development of pigmented microsclerotia. In agreement with the lower intracellular iron contents of microsclerotia in ΔNrSidA strains, not only the pigments, but both the number and the biomass are also noticeably reduced. Certain concentration of ROS is required for promoting microsclerotia biogenesis. Combined with expression pattern analysis of related genes and quantitative of intracellular iron or extracellular siderophore in WT and mutants, these data demonstrate the lack of adequate intracellular iron caused by the loss of the siderophore results in the deficiency of ROS detoxication. Furthermore, ΔNrSidA strains show significantly increased sensitivity to hydrogen peroxide. Besides, NrSidA, but not NrFtrA, play a crucial role in vegetative growth under iron-limiting conditions, conidiation, and dimorphic switching. Remarkably, the slower growth of the ΔNrSidA strains in vivo due to a reduced capacity for iron acquisition leads to the loss of virulence in Spodoptera litura while the ΔNrFtrA mutants behaved as WT during infection. Together, these results prove siderophore-assisted iron mobilization is the major pathway of cellular iron uptake and essential for conidiation, dimorphism transition, oxidative stress resistance, pigmented microsclerotium formation and full virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Fungal Insecticides, School of Life Science, Chongqing University Chongqing, China
| | - Zhongkang Wang
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Fungal Insecticides, School of Life Science, Chongqing University Chongqing, China
| | - Xuee Liu
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Fungal Insecticides, School of Life Science, Chongqing University Chongqing, China
| | - Zhangyong Song
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Fungal Insecticides, School of Life Science, Chongqing University Chongqing, China
| | - Ren Li
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Fungal Insecticides, School of Life Science, Chongqing University Chongqing, China
| | - Changwen Shao
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Fungal Insecticides, School of Life Science, Chongqing University Chongqing, China
| | - Youping Yin
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Fungal Insecticides, School of Life Science, Chongqing University Chongqing, China
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21
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Zhang L, Zhou Z, Guo Q, Fokkens L, Miskei M, Pócsi I, Zhang W, Chen M, Wang L, Sun Y, Donzelli BGG, Gibson DM, Nelson DR, Luo JG, Rep M, Liu H, Yang S, Wang J, Krasnoff SB, Xu Y, Molnár I, Lin M. Insights into Adaptations to a Near-Obligate Nematode Endoparasitic Lifestyle from the Finished Genome of Drechmeria coniospora. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23122. [PMID: 26975455 PMCID: PMC4792172 DOI: 10.1038/srep23122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nematophagous fungi employ three distinct predatory strategies: nematode trapping, parasitism of females and eggs, and endoparasitism. While endoparasites play key roles in controlling nematode populations in nature, their application for integrated pest management is hindered by the limited understanding of their biology. We present a comparative analysis of a high quality finished genome assembly of Drechmeria coniospora, a model endoparasitic nematophagous fungus, integrated with a transcriptomic study. Adaptation of D. coniospora to its almost completely obligate endoparasitic lifestyle led to the simplification of many orthologous gene families involved in the saprophytic trophic mode, while maintaining orthologs of most known fungal pathogen-host interaction proteins, stress response circuits and putative effectors of the small secreted protein type. The need to adhere to and penetrate the host cuticle led to a selective radiation of surface proteins and hydrolytic enzymes. Although the endoparasite has a simplified secondary metabolome, it produces a novel peptaibiotic family that shows antibacterial, antifungal and nematicidal activities. Our analyses emphasize the basic malleability of the D. coniospora genome: loss of genes advantageous for the saprophytic lifestyle; modulation of elements that its cohort species utilize for entomopathogenesis; and expansion of protein families necessary for the nematode endoparasitic lifestyle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwen Zhang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengfu Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genomics (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture, China
| | - Qiannan Guo
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Like Fokkens
- Molecular Plant Pathology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Márton Miskei
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Hungary
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - István Pócsi
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Wei Zhang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Chen
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, TEDA School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yamin Sun
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, TEDA School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Bruno G. G. Donzelli
- Plant Pathology & Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Donna M. Gibson
- USDA-ARS, Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - David R. Nelson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jian-Guang Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Martijn Rep
- Molecular Plant Pathology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Hang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genomics (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture, China
| | - Shengnan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genomics (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genomics (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture, China
| | - Stuart B. Krasnoff
- USDA-ARS, Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Yuquan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genomics (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture, China
| | - István Molnár
- Natural Products Center, School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Min Lin
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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22
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Reininger V, Schlegel M. Analysis of the Phialocephala subalpina Transcriptome during Colonization of Its Host Plant Picea abies. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150591. [PMID: 26954682 PMCID: PMC4783019 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phialocephala subalpina belongs to the Phialocephala fortinii s.l.-Acepphala applanata species complex (PAC) forming one of the major groups belonging to the dark septate endophytes (DSE). Depending on the strain, PAC was shown to form neutral to pathogenic associations with its host plant Picea abies. To understand PACs lifestyle we investigated the effect of presence/absence of Picea abies on the transcriptome of strain 6_70_1. MATERIALS AND METHODS PAC strain 6_70_1 was grown in liquid Pachlewski media either induced by its host plant Picea abies or without host plant as a control. Mycelia were harvested in a time course (1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 11, 18 days) with and without induction by the host plant and the fungal transcriptome revealed by Illumina sequencing. Differential gene expression analysis over the time course comparing control and treatment at each time point using the 'edgeR glm approach' and a gene enrichment analysis using GO categories were performed. RESULTS The three main functional groups within differentially expressed genes were 'metabolism', 'transport' and 'cell rescue, defense and virulence'. Additionally, genes especially involved in iron metabolism could be detected by gene set enrichment analysis. CONCLUSION In conclusion, we found PAC strain 6_70_1 to be metabolically very active during colonization of its host plant Picea abies. A major shift in functional groups over the time course of this experiment could not be observed but GO categories which were found to be enriched showed different emphasis depending in the day post induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Reininger
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Integrative Biology, Universitätstrasse 16, 8092, Zurich
| | - Markus Schlegel
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Integrative Biology, Universitätstrasse 16, 8092, Zurich
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23
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Zainudin NAIM, Condon B, De Bruyne L, Van Poucke C, Bi Q, Li W, Höfte M, Turgeon BG. Virulence, Host-Selective Toxin Production, and Development of Three Cochliobolus Phytopathogens Lacking the Sfp-Type 4'-Phosphopantetheinyl Transferase Ppt1. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2015; 28:1130-1141. [PMID: 26168137 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-03-15-0068-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The Sfp-type 4'-phosphopantetheinyl transferase Ppt1 is required for activation of nonribosomal peptide synthetases, including α-aminoadipate reductase (AAR) for lysine biosynthesis and polyketide synthases, enzymes that biosynthesize peptide and polyketide secondary metabolites, respectively. Deletion of the PPT1 gene, from the maize pathogen Cochliobolus heterostrophus and the rice pathogen Cochliobolus miyabeanus, yielded strains that were significantly reduced in virulence to their hosts. In addition, ppt1 mutants of C. heterostrophus race T and Cochliobolus victoriae were unable to biosynthesize the host-selective toxins (HST) T-toxin and victorin, respectively, as judged by bioassays. Interestingly, ppt1 mutants of C. miyabeanus were shown to produce tenfold higher levels of the sesterterpene-type non-HST ophiobolin A, as compared with the wild-type strain. The ppt1 strains of all species were also reduced in tolerance to oxidative stress and iron depletion; both phenotypes are associated with inability to produce extracellular siderophores biosynthesized by the nonribosomal peptide synthetase Nps6. Colony surfaces were hydrophilic, a trait previously associated with absence of C. heterostrophus Nps4. Mutants were decreased in asexual sporulation and C. heterostrophus strains were female-sterile in sexual crosses; the latter phenotype was observed previously with mutants lacking Nps2, which produces an intracellular siderophore. As expected, mutants were albino, since they cannot produce the polyketide melanin and were auxotrophic for lysine because they lack an AAR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Ain Izzati Mohd Zainudin
- 1 Section of Plant Pathology & Plant-Microbe Biology, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, U.S.A
- 2 Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Bradford Condon
- 1 Section of Plant Pathology & Plant-Microbe Biology, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, U.S.A
| | - Lieselotte De Bruyne
- 3 Department of Crop Protection, Laboratory of Phytopathology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Christof Van Poucke
- 4 Department of Bioanalysis, Laboratory of Food Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University; and
| | - Qing Bi
- 1 Section of Plant Pathology & Plant-Microbe Biology, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, U.S.A
| | - Wei Li
- 1 Section of Plant Pathology & Plant-Microbe Biology, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, U.S.A
- 5 Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210014, P.R. China
| | - Monica Höfte
- 3 Department of Crop Protection, Laboratory of Phytopathology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - B Gillian Turgeon
- 1 Section of Plant Pathology & Plant-Microbe Biology, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, U.S.A
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Giuliano Garisto Donzelli B, Gibson DM, Krasnoff SB. Intracellular siderophore but not extracellular siderophore is required for full virulence in Metarhizium robertsii. Fungal Genet Biol 2015; 82:56-68. [PMID: 26135511 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2015.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/27/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Efficient iron acquisition mechanisms are fundamental for microbial survival in the environment and for pathogen virulence within their hosts. M. robertsii produces two known iron-binding natural products: metachelins, which are used to scavenge extracellular iron, and ferricrocin, which is strictly intracellular. To study the contribution of siderophore-mediated iron uptake and storage to M. robertsii fitness, we generated null mutants for each siderophore synthase gene (mrsidD and mrsidC, respectively), as well as for the iron uptake transcriptional repressor mrsreA. All of these mutants showed impaired germination speed, differential sensitivity to hydrogen peroxide, and differential ability to overcome iron chelation on growth-limiting iron concentrations. RT-qPCR data supported regulation of mrsreA, mrsidC, and mrsidD by supplied iron in vitro and during growth within the insect host, Spodoptera exigua. We also observed strong upregulation of the insect iron-binding proteins, transferrins, during infection. Insect bioassays revealed that ferricrocin is required for full virulence against S. exigua; neither the loss of metachelin production nor the deletion of the transcription factor mrsreA significantly affected M. robertsii virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Giuliano Garisto Donzelli
- School of Integrative Plant Science - Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States.
| | - Donna M Gibson
- USDA ARS, Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, 538 Tower Road, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States
| | - Stuart B Krasnoff
- USDA ARS, Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, 538 Tower Road, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States
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Oide S, Berthiller F, Wiesenberger G, Adam G, Turgeon BG. Individual and combined roles of malonichrome, ferricrocin, and TAFC siderophores in Fusarium graminearum pathogenic and sexual development. Front Microbiol 2015; 5:759. [PMID: 25628608 PMCID: PMC4290682 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Intra- and extracellular iron-chelating siderophores produced by fungal non-ribosomal peptide synthetases have been shown to be involved in reproductive and pathogenic developmental processes and in iron and oxidative stress management. Here we report individual and combined contributions of three of these metabolites to developmental success of the destructive cereal pathogen Fusarium graminearum. In previous work, we determined that deletion of the NPS2 gene, responsible for intracellular siderophore biosynthesis, results in inability to produce sexual spores when mutants of this homothallic ascomycete are selfed. Deletion of the NPS6 gene, required for extracellular siderophore biosynthesis, does not affect sexual reproduction but results in sensitivity to iron starvation and oxidative stress and leads to reduced virulence to the host. Building on this, we report that double mutants lacking both NPS2 and NPS6 are augmented in all collective phenotypes of single deletion strains (i.e., abnormal sexual and pathogenic development, hypersensitivity to oxidative and iron-depletion stress), which suggests overlap of function. Using comparative biochemical analysis of wild-type and mutant strains, we show that NPS1, a third gene associated with siderophore biosynthesis, is responsible for biosynthesis of a second extracellular siderophore, malonichrome. nps1 mutants fail to produce this metabolite. Phenotypic characterization reveals that, although single nps1 mutants are like wild-type with respect to sexual development, hypersensitivity to ROS and iron-depletion stress, and virulence to the host, triple nps1nps2nps6 deletion strains, lacking all three siderophores, are even more impaired in these attributes than double nps2nps6 strains. Thus, combinatorial mutants lacking key iron-associated genes uncovered malonichrome function. The intimate connection between presence/absence of siderophores and resistance/sensitivity to ROS is central to sexual and pathogenic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Oide
- Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University Ithaca, NY, USA ; The Research Institute of Innovative Technology for the Earth (RITE) Kizugawa-Shi, Japan
| | - Franz Berthiller
- Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Center for Analytical Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerlinde Wiesenberger
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerhard Adam
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Austria
| | - B Gillian Turgeon
- Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University Ithaca, NY, USA
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