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Berrabah F, Benaceur F, Yin C, Xin D, Magne K, Garmier M, Gruber V, Ratet P. Defense and senescence interplay in legume nodules. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2024; 5:100888. [PMID: 38532645 PMCID: PMC11009364 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2024.100888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Immunity and senescence play a crucial role in the functioning of the legume symbiotic nodules. The miss-regulation of one of these processes compromises the symbiosis leading to death of the endosymbiont and the arrest of the nodule functioning. The relationship between immunity and senescence has been extensively studied in plant organs where a synergistic response can be observed. However, the interplay between immunity and senescence in the symbiotic organ is poorly discussed in the literature and these phenomena are often mixed up. Recent studies revealed that the cooperation between immunity and senescence is not always observed in the nodule, suggesting complex interactions between these two processes within the symbiotic organ. Here, we discuss recent results on the interplay between immunity and senescence in the nodule and the specificities of this relationship during legume-rhizobium symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fathi Berrabah
- Faculty of Sciences, University Amar Telidji, 03000 Laghouat, Algeria; Research Unit of Medicinal Plants (RUMP), National Center of Biotechnology Research, CRBt, 25000 Constantine, Algeria.
| | - Farouk Benaceur
- Faculty of Sciences, University Amar Telidji, 03000 Laghouat, Algeria; Research Unit of Medicinal Plants (RUMP), National Center of Biotechnology Research, CRBt, 25000 Constantine, Algeria
| | - Chaoyan Yin
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, University of Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Université Paris Cité, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Dawei Xin
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology in the Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Kévin Magne
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, University of Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Université Paris Cité, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Marie Garmier
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, University of Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Université Paris Cité, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Véronique Gruber
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, University of Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Université Paris Cité, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Pascal Ratet
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, University of Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Université Paris Cité, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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Devi S, Manhas RK. Induction of systemic resistance in Solanum lycopersicum and Capsicum annum seedlings against Fusarium wilt by Streptomyces bioformulations. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:109438-109452. [PMID: 37775628 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-29973-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Plant diseases induced by various phytopathogens pose a significant threat to contemporary agricultural systems around the world. In modern agriculture, the use of pesticides is still a valuable and effective method to control plant diseases. However, agrochemicals are becoming less popular because of the accretion of toxic compounds perilous and potentially hazardous to humans and the environment. Taking into consideration these aspects, the present study was conducted to explore the biocontrol potential of an endophytic Streptomyces sp. SP5 bioformulations against Fusarium wilt. Three bioformulations were prepared using cell biomass and different carriers, i.e., B1 (talc-kaolin), B2 (MgSO4/glycerol/Na-alginate/talc/Ca-lignosulfonate), and B3 (calcium carbonate/CMC/talc). Apart from antagonistic action against Fusarium wilt, the influence of bioformulations on plant growth and systemic resistance was investigated by analyzing morphological parameters (root length, shoot length, root weight, shoot weight), biochemical parameters (photosynthetic pigments, non-enzymatic antioxidants), and induction of antioxidative enzymes, e.g., catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), guaiacol peroxidase (GPX), and superoxide dismutase (SOD), in S. lycopersicum and C. annum seedlings. The results revealed that Streptomyces bioformulations effectively controlled Fusarium wilt in S. lycopersicum and C. annum (82.6-83.4% and 81.8-100%, respectively). Besides reducing disease prevalence, bioformulations significantly increased all the morphological parameters and increased the activity of antioxidative enzymes, i.e., CAT, APX, GPX, and SOD, in plants. The current findings display that bioformulations can be utilized as environment-friendly biocontrol agents against Fusarium wilt and also as plant growth promoters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sapna Devi
- Department of Microbiology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, 143005, India
| | - Rajesh Kumari Manhas
- Department of Microbiology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, 143005, India.
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Basavarajappa DS, Kumar RS, Nagaraja SK, Perumal K, Nayaka S. Exogenous application of antagonistic Streptomyces sp. SND-2 triggers defense response in Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek (mung bean) against anthracnose infection. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 231:116212. [PMID: 37244496 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Anthracnose is a devastating disease caused by the fungus Colletotrichum lindemuthianum (CL) in Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek (mung bean). In the present study, an eco-friendly approach to control anthracnose infection, growth promotion and enhancement of defense response in mung bean plants using endophytic actinomycetes was performed. Among the 24 actinomycetes isolates from the Cleome rutidosperma plant, the isolate SND-2 exhibited a broad spectrum of antagonistic activity with 63.27% of inhibition against CL in the dual culture method. Further, the isolate SND-2 was identified as Streptomyces sp. strain SND-2 (SND-2) through the 16S rRNA gene sequence. In-vitro screening of plant growth trials confirmed that SND-2 has the potential to produce indole acetic acid, hydrogen cyanide, ammonia, phosphate solubilization, and siderophore. The in-vivo biocontrol study was performed with exogenous application of wettable talcum-based formulation of SND-2 strain to mitigate CL infection in mung bean seedlings. The results displayed maximum seed germination, vigor index, increased growth parameters, and lowest disease severity (43.63 ± 0.73) in formulation treated and pathogen challenged mung bean plants. Further, the application of SND-2 formulation with pathogen witnessed increased cellular defense through the maximum accumulation of lignin, hydrogen peroxide and phenol deposition in mung bean leaves compared with control treatments. Biochemical defense response exhibited upregulation of antioxidant enzymes such as phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, β-1,-3-Glucanase, and peroxidase enzymes activities with increased phenolic (3.64 ± 0.11 mg/g fresh weight) and flavonoid (1.14 ± 0.05 mg/g fresh weight) contents in comparison with other treatments at 0, 4, 12, 24, 36, and 72 h post pathogen inoculation. This study demonstrated that formulation of Streptomyces sp. strain SND-2 is a potential source as a suppressive agent and plant growth promoter in mung bean plants upon C. lindemuthianum infestation and witnesses the elevation in cellular and biochemical defense against anthracnose disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Raju Suresh Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | | | - Karthikeyan Perumal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 151 W. Woodruff Ave, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
| | - Sreenivasa Nayaka
- PG Department of Studies in Botany, Karnatak University, Dharwad, 580003, Karnataka, India.
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Kiekens R, de Koning R, Toili MEM, Angenon G. The Hidden Potential of High-Throughput RNA-Seq Re-Analysis, a Case Study for DHDPS, Key Enzyme of the Aspartate-Derived Lysine Biosynthesis Pathway and Its Role in Abiotic and Biotic Stress Responses in Soybean. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11131762. [PMID: 35807714 PMCID: PMC9269547 DOI: 10.3390/plants11131762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
DHDPS is a key enzyme in the aspartate-derived lysine biosynthesis pathway and an evident object of study for biofortification strategies in plants. DHDPS isoforms with novel regulatory properties in Medicago truncatula were demonstrated earlier and hypothesized to be involved in abiotic and biotic stress responses. Here, we present a phylogenetic analysis of the DHPDS gene family in land plants which establishes the existence of a legume-specific class of DHDPS, termed DHDPS B-type, distinguishable from the DHDPS A-type commonly present in all land plants. The G. max genome comprises two A-type DHDPS genes (Gm.DHDPS-A1; Glyma.09G268200, Gm.DHDPS-A2; Glyma.18G221700) and one B-type (Gm.DHDPS-B; Glyma.03G022300). To further investigate the expression pattern of the G. max DHDPS isozymes in different plant tissues and under various stress conditions, 461 RNA-seq experiments were exploited and re-analyzed covering two expression atlases, 13 abiotic and 5 biotic stress studies. Gm.DHDPS-B is seen almost exclusively expressed in roots and nodules in addition to old cotyledons or senescent leaves while both DHDPS A-types are expressed constitutively in all tissues analyzed with the highest expression in mature seeds. Furthermore, Gm.DHDPS-B expression is significantly upregulated in some but not all stress responses including salt stress, flooding, ethylene or infection with Phytophthora sojae and coincides with downregulation of DHDPS A-types. In conclusion, we demonstrate the potential of an in-depth RNA-seq re-analysis for the guidance of future experiments and to expand on current knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaël Kiekens
- Research Group Plant Genetics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; (R.K.); (R.d.K.); (M.E.M.T.)
| | - Ramon de Koning
- Research Group Plant Genetics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; (R.K.); (R.d.K.); (M.E.M.T.)
| | - Mary Esther Muyoka Toili
- Research Group Plant Genetics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; (R.K.); (R.d.K.); (M.E.M.T.)
- Department of Horticulture and Food Security, School of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi P.O. Box 62000-00200, Kenya
| | - Geert Angenon
- Research Group Plant Genetics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; (R.K.); (R.d.K.); (M.E.M.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-2-629-1935
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5
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Erazo-Garcia MP, Sotelo-Proaño AR, Ramirez-Villacis DX, Garcés-Carrera S, Leon-Reyes A. Methyl jasmonate-induced resistance to Delia platura (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) in Lupinus mutabilis. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2021; 77:5382-5395. [PMID: 34313385 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Andean lupin (Lupinus mutabilis Sweet) is an important leguminous crop from South America with a high protein content. In Ecuador, lupin yields are severely affected by the infestation of Delia platura larvae on germinating seeds. The application of elicitor molecules with activity against herbivorous insects to control D. platura infestation constitutes an unexplored and promising alternative for chemical insecticides. In this study, methyl jasmonate (MeJA), hexanoic acid, menadione sodium bisulfite, and DL-β-aminobutyric acid were evaluated for their ability to induce resistance against D. platura in three commercial lupin cultivars. RESULTS Only seeds pretreated with MeJA significantly impaired insect performance during choice and no-choice assays. Additionally, fitness indicators such as seed germination and growth were not affected by MeJA treatment. To investigate the molecular mechanisms behind the MeJA-mediated resistance, RT-qPCR assays were performed. First, RT-qPCR reference genes were validated, showing that LmUBC was the most stable reference gene. Next, expression analysis over time revealed that MeJA application up-regulated the activity of the jasmonic acid biosynthetic genes LmLOX2 and LmAOS, together with other jasmonate-related defense genes, such as LmTPS1, LmTPS4, LmPI2, LmMBL, LmL/ODC, LmCSD1, and LmPOD. CONCLUSION This study indicates that MeJA can be used as an environmentally friendly elicitor molecule to protect Andean lupin from D. platura attack without fitness cost. MeJA application induces plant defense responses to insects in Andean lupin that may be modulated by the onset of terpenoid biosynthesis, proteinase inhibitors, lectins, polyamines, and antioxidative enzymes. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria P Erazo-Garcia
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Agrícola y de Alimentos, Colegio de Ciencias e Ingenierías-Ing. en Agronomía, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Adolfo R Sotelo-Proaño
- Laboratorio de Entomología, Departamento de Protección Vegetal, Estación Experimental Santa Catalina, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Dario X Ramirez-Villacis
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Agrícola y de Alimentos, Colegio de Ciencias e Ingenierías-Ing. en Agronomía, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Sandra Garcés-Carrera
- Laboratorio de Entomología, Departamento de Protección Vegetal, Estación Experimental Santa Catalina, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Antonio Leon-Reyes
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Agrícola y de Alimentos, Colegio de Ciencias e Ingenierías-Ing. en Agronomía, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
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6
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Marzorati F, Wang C, Pavesi G, Mizzi L, Morandini P. Cleaning the Medicago Microarray Database to Improve Gene Function Analysis. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:plants10061240. [PMID: 34207216 PMCID: PMC8234645 DOI: 10.3390/plants10061240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Transcriptomics studies have been facilitated by the development of microarray and RNA-Seq technologies, with thousands of expression datasets available for many species. However, the quality of data can be highly variable, making the combined analysis of different datasets difficult and unreliable. Most of the microarray data for Medicago truncatula, the barrel medic, have been stored and made publicly accessible on the web database Medicago truncatula Gene Expression atlas (MtGEA). The aim of this work is to ameliorate the quality of the MtGEA database through a general method based on logical and statistical relationships among parameters and conditions. The initial 716 columns available in the dataset were reduced to 607 by evaluating the quality of data through the sum of the expression levels over the entire transcriptome probes and Pearson correlation among hybridizations. The reduced dataset shows great improvements in the consistency of the data, with a reduction in both false positives and false negatives resulting from Pearson correlation and GO enrichment analysis among genes. The approach we used is of general validity and our intent is to extend the analysis to other plant microarray databases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Marzorati
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milano, Italy;
| | - Chu Wang
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy; (C.W.); (G.P.); (L.M.)
| | - Giulio Pavesi
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy; (C.W.); (G.P.); (L.M.)
| | - Luca Mizzi
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy; (C.W.); (G.P.); (L.M.)
| | - Piero Morandini
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milano, Italy;
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Chen J, Ullah C, Giddings Vassão D, Reichelt M, Gershenzon J, Hammerbacher A. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum Infection Triggers Changes in Primary and Secondary Metabolism in Arabidopsis thaliana. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2021; 111:559-569. [PMID: 32876531 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-04-20-0146-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is a devastating plant pathogen that causes substantial losses in various agricultural crops. Although plants have developed some well-known defense mechanisms against invasive fungi, much remains to be learned about plant responses to fungal pathogens. In this study, we investigated how S. sclerotiorum infection affects plant primary and secondary metabolism in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Our results showed that soluble sugar and amino acid content changed significantly in A. thaliana leaves upon fungal colonization, with a decrease in sucrose and an increase in mannitol, attributed to fungal biosynthesis. Furthermore, the jasmonate signaling pathway was rapidly activated by S. sclerotiorum infection, and there was a striking accumulation of antifungal metabolites such as camalexin, p-coumaroyl agmatine, feruloyl agmatine, and Nδ-acetylornithine. On the other hand, the characteristic defense compounds of the Brassicaceae, the glucosinolates, were not induced in A. thaliana infected by S. sclerotiorum. Our study provides a better understanding of how A. thaliana primary and secondary metabolism is modified during infection by a fungal pathogen like S. sclerotiorum that has both hemibiotrophic and necrotrophic stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - C Ullah
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - D Giddings Vassão
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - M Reichelt
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - J Gershenzon
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - A Hammerbacher
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
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Kankanala P, Jones P, Nandety RS, Jacobson DA, Mysore KS. Plasticity of Phymatotrichopsis omnivora infection strategies is dependent on host and nonhost plant responses. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2020; 43:1084-1101. [PMID: 31930733 PMCID: PMC7154777 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Necrotrophic fungi constitute the largest group of plant fungal pathogens that cause heavy crop losses worldwide. Phymatotrichopsis omnivora is a broad host, soil-borne necrotrophic fungal pathogen that infects over 2,000 dicotyledonous plants. The molecular basis of such broad host range is unknown. We conducted cell biology and transcriptomic studies in Medicago truncatula (susceptible), Brachypodium distachyon (resistant/nonhost), and Arabidopsis thaliana (partially resistant) to understand P. omnivora virulence mechanisms. We performed defence gene analysis, gene enrichments, and correlational network studies during key infection stages. We identified that P. omnivora infects the susceptible plant as a traditional necrotroph. However, it infects the partially resistant plant as a hemi-biotroph triggering salicylic acid-mediated defence pathways in the plant. Further, the infection strategy in partially resistant plants is determined by the host responses during early infection stages. Mutant analyses in A. thaliana established the role of small peptides PEP1 and PEP2 in defence against P. omnivora. The resistant/nonhost B. distachyon triggered stress responses involving sugars and aromatic acids. Bdwat1 mutant analysis identified the role of cell walls in defence. This is the first report that describes the plasticity in infection strategies of P. omnivora providing insights into broad host range.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Piet Jones
- Biosciences DivisionOak Ridge National LaboratoryOak RidgeTennessee
- Bredesen Center for Interdisciplinary StudiesUniversity of Tennessee KnoxvilleKnoxvilleTennessee
| | | | - Daniel A. Jacobson
- Biosciences DivisionOak Ridge National LaboratoryOak RidgeTennessee
- Bredesen Center for Interdisciplinary StudiesUniversity of Tennessee KnoxvilleKnoxvilleTennessee
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Yadav AN, Singh J, Rastegari AA, Yadav N. Phyllospheric Microbiomes: Diversity, Ecological Significance, and Biotechnological Applications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [PMCID: PMC7123684 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-38453-1_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The phyllosphere referred to the total aerial plant surfaces (above-ground portions), as habitat for microorganisms. Microorganisms establish compositionally complex communities on the leaf surface. The microbiome of phyllosphere is rich in diversity of bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes, cyanobacteria, and viruses. The diversity, dispersal, and community development on the leaf surface are based on the physiochemistry, environment, and also the immunity of the host plant. A colonization process is an important event where both the microbe and the host plant have been benefited. Microbes commonly established either epiphytic or endophytic mode of life cycle on phyllosphere environment, which helps the host plant and functional communication with the surrounding environment. To the scientific advancement, several molecular techniques like metagenomics and metaproteomics have been used to study and understand the physiology and functional relationship of microbes to the host and its environment. Based on the available information, this chapter describes the basic understanding of microbiome in leaf structure and physiology, microbial interactions, especially bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes, and their adaptation in the phyllosphere environment. Further, the detailed information related to the importance of the microbiome in phyllosphere to the host plant and their environment has been analyzed. Besides, biopotentials of the phyllosphere microbiome have been reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajar Nath Yadav
- Department of Biotechnology, Eternal University, Baru Sahib, Himachal Pradesh India
| | - Joginder Singh
- Department of Microbiology, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab India
| | | | - Neelam Yadav
- Gopi Nath PG College, Veer Bahadur Singh Purvanchal University, Ghazipur, Uttar Pradesh India
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Wang X, Cheng C, Li Q, Zhang K, Lou Q, Li J, Chen J. Multi-omics analysis revealed that MAPK signaling and flavonoid metabolic pathway contributed to resistance against Meloidogyne incognita in the introgression line cucumber. J Proteomics 2020; 220:103675. [PMID: 32004728 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2020.103675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Inhibiting giant cells (GCs) development is an important characteristic of introgression line cucumber IL10-1 against Meloidogyne incognita proved by our previous study, but the systematic regulatory pathways were unknown. To reveal the regulation pathways more comprehensively, in the current study, we performed a joint analysis of RNA-Seq and lable-free quantitative proteomics between the IL10-1 (resistant) and the CC3 (susceptible cucumber) after inoculation with M. incognita. The results indicated that flavonoid biosynthesis pathway was specifically enriched in IL10-1. And protein species of Csa5P590220 and Csa5P589940 associated with flavonoid biosynthesis were highly translated in IL10-1 compared with these in CC3 at 3 days post inoculation (dpi), which would resulted in the excess of flavonoids in IL10-1 roots. In addition, phosphoproteomic analysis found that phosphorylated protein species involved in MAPK signaling cascade were enhanced in IL10-1, while they were inhibited in CC3 at 3 dpi. Accordingly, we speculate that the enhanced MAPK cascade signaling plays an important role in signal transduction for IL10-1 regulating the flavonoid biosynthesis. Knowledge from the study provide important regulatory pathways and protein species of introgression line cucumber against M. incognita, which will help in efforts to improve the recognition of the resistance mechanism of plants against nematode. SIGNIFICANCE: The current approach of joint analysis in transcription level, protein level and protein phosphorylation level more comprehensively revealed the different expression patterns at the molecular level of resistant and susceptible cucumber after inoculation with M. incognita. Based on the different expression patterns, we explore the pathway of resistance regulation of resistant cucumber IL10-1. Moreover, our results are helpful for the discovery of key genes and then apply them to M. incognita-resistance breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Chunyan Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Qingrong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Kaijing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Qunfeng Lou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Ji Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Jinfeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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11
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Menéndez AB, Calzadilla PI, Sansberro PA, Espasandin FD, Gazquez A, Bordenave CD, Maiale SJ, Rodríguez AA, Maguire VG, Campestre MP, Garriz A, Rossi FR, Romero FM, Solmi L, Salloum MS, Monteoliva MI, Debat JH, Ruiz OA. Polyamines and Legumes: Joint Stories of Stress, Nitrogen Fixation and Environment. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1415. [PMID: 31749821 PMCID: PMC6844238 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Polyamines (PAs) are natural aliphatic amines involved in many physiological processes in almost all living organisms, including responses to abiotic stresses and microbial interactions. On other hand, the family Leguminosae constitutes an economically and ecologically key botanical group for humans, being also regarded as the most important protein source for livestock. This review presents the profuse evidence that relates changes in PAs levels during responses to biotic and abiotic stresses in model and cultivable species within Leguminosae and examines the unreviewed information regarding their potential roles in the functioning of symbiotic interactions with nitrogen-fixing bacteria and arbuscular mycorrhizae in this family. As linking plant physiological behavior with "big data" available in "omics" is an essential step to improve our understanding of legumes responses to global change, we also examined integrative MultiOmics approaches available to decrypt the interface legumes-PAs-abiotic and biotic stress interactions. These approaches are expected to accelerate the identification of stress tolerant phenotypes and the design of new biotechnological strategies to increase their yield and adaptation to marginal environments, making better use of available plant genetic resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Bernardina Menéndez
- Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (INTECH), UNSAM-CONICET, Chascomús, Argentina
- Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, UBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | | | - Ayelén Gazquez
- Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (INTECH), UNSAM-CONICET, Chascomús, Argentina
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Andrés Garriz
- Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (INTECH), UNSAM-CONICET, Chascomús, Argentina
| | - Franco Rubén Rossi
- Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (INTECH), UNSAM-CONICET, Chascomús, Argentina
| | | | - Leandro Solmi
- Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (INTECH), UNSAM-CONICET, Chascomús, Argentina
| | - Maria Soraya Salloum
- Instituto de Fisiología y Recursos Genéticos Vegetales (IFRGV) Ing “Victorio S Trippi,” Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Mariela Inés Monteoliva
- Instituto de Fisiología y Recursos Genéticos Vegetales (IFRGV) Ing “Victorio S Trippi,” Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Julio Humberto Debat
- Instituto de Patología Vegetal (IPAVE) Ing “Sergio Nome,” Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Oscar Adolfo Ruiz
- Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (INTECH), UNSAM-CONICET, Chascomús, Argentina
- Instituto de Fisiología y Recursos Genéticos Vegetales (IFRGV) Ing “Victorio S Trippi,” Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Córdoba, Argentina
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Kankanala P, Nandety RS, Mysore KS. Genomics of Plant Disease Resistance in Legumes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1345. [PMID: 31749817 PMCID: PMC6842968 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The constant interactions between plants and pathogens in the environment and the resulting outcomes are of significant importance for agriculture and agricultural scientists. Disease resistance genes in plant cultivars can break down in the field due to the evolution of pathogens under high selection pressure. Thus, the protection of crop plants against pathogens is a continuous arms race. Like any other type of crop plant, legumes are susceptible to many pathogens. The dawn of the genomic era, in which high-throughput and cost-effective genomic tools have become available, has revolutionized our understanding of the complex interactions between legumes and pathogens. Genomic tools have enabled a global view of transcriptome changes during these interactions, from which several key players in both the resistant and susceptible interactions have been identified. This review summarizes some of the large-scale genomic studies that have clarified the host transcriptional changes during interactions between legumes and their plant pathogens while highlighting some of the molecular breeding tools that are available to introgress the traits into breeding programs. These studies provide valuable insights into the molecular basis of different levels of host defenses in resistant and susceptible interactions.
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Bragard C, Dehnen‐Schmutz K, Di Serio F, Gonthier P, Jacques M, Jaques Miret JA, Justesen AF, MacLeod A, Sven Magnusson C, Milonas P, Navas‐Cortes JA, Parnell S, Potting R, Reignault PL, Thulke H, Van der Werf W, Yuen J, Zappalà L, Jeger M, Vloutoglou I, Bottex B, Vicent Civera A. Pest categorisation of Phymatotrichopsis omnivora. EFSA J 2019; 17:e05619. [PMID: 32626246 PMCID: PMC7009142 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2019.5619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The Panel on Plant Health performed a pest categorisation of Phymatotrichopsis omnivora, the causal agent of Phymatotrichum root rot of more than 2,000 dicotyledonous plant species, for the EU. The pest is listed as Trechispora brinkmannii in Annex IAI of Directive 2000/29/EC. P. omnivora is a well‐defined fungal species and reliable methods exist for its detection and identification. It is present in south‐western USA, northern Mexico, Libya and Venezuela. The pest is not known to occur in the EU. P. omnivora has an extremely wide host range; quantitative impacts have been documented for Gossypium spp. (cotton), Medicago sativa (alfalfa), Malus domestica (apple), Prunus persica (peach) and Vitis vinifera (grapevine) as the major cultivated hosts. All major hosts and pathways of entry of the pest into the EU are currently regulated, except for soil and growing media attached or associated with plants originating in Libya. Host availability and climate and edaphic matching suggest that P. omnivora could establish in parts of the EU and further spread mainly by human‐assisted means. The pest infects the roots causing wilting and death of its host plants. The introduction of the pest in the EU territory would potentially cause direct and indirect impacts at least to cotton, alfalfa, apple, peach and grapevine production. The main uncertainties concern the host range, the extrapolation to the EU of the climatic and edaphic conditions favouring the disease in some of the infested areas, the role of conidia in the epidemiology of the disease and the magnitude of potential impacts to the EU. P. omnivora meets all the criteria assessed by EFSA for consideration as potential Union quarantine pest. The criteria for considering P. omnivora as a potential Union regulated non‐quarantine pest are not met, since the pest is not known to occur in the EU.
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Gill US, Uppalapati SR, Gallego-Giraldo L, Ishiga Y, Dixon RA, Mysore KS. Metabolic flux towards the (iso)flavonoid pathway in lignin modified alfalfa lines induces resistance against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. medicaginis. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2018; 41:1997-2007. [PMID: 29047109 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Downregulation of lignin in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is associated with increased availability of cell wall polysaccharides in plant cells. We tested transgenic alfalfa plants downregulated for Caffeoyl-CoA O-methyltransferase (CCoAOMT) against an economically important fungal disease of alfalfa, Fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. medicaginis, and found it more resistant to this disease. Transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses indicated that the improved disease resistance against Fusarium wilt is due to increased accumulation and/or spillover of flux towards the (iso)flavonoid pathway. Some (iso)flavonoids and their pathway intermediate compounds showed strong accumulation in CCoAOMT downregulated plants after F. oxysporum f. sp. medicaginis inoculation. The identified (iso)flavonoids, including medicarpin and 7,4'-dihydroxyflavone, inhibited the in vitro growth of F. oxysporum f. sp. medicaginis. These results suggested that the increased accumulation and/or shift/spillover of flux towards the (iso)flavonoid pathway in CCoAOMT downregulated plants is associated with induced disease resistance.
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Yang C, Liang Y, Qiu D, Zeng H, Yuan J, Yang X. Lignin metabolism involves Botrytis cinerea BcGs1- induced defense response in tomato. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 18:103. [PMID: 29866036 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-018-1319-1310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND BcGs1, a cell wall-degrading enzyme (CWDE), was originally derived from Botrytis cinerea. Our previous study revealed that BcGs1 could trigger defense responses and protect plants against various pathogens. We researched the defense response mechanism underlying this BcGs1 elicitation in tomato. RESULTS We revealed that the two domains were required for BcGs1's full necrosis activity. According to analysis and quantitative real-time PCR of the up-regulated proteins and genes filtered by iTRAQ-based quantitative proteome approach, oxidative metabolism and phenylpropanoid metabolism were speculated to be involved in BcGs1-triggered defense response in tomato. Furthermore, experimental evidence showed that BcGs1 triggered reactive oxygen species (ROS) burst and increased the level of phenylalanine-ammonia lyase (PAL) and peroxidase (POD) enzyme activity, as well as lignin accumulation. Moreover, histochemical analysis revealed that infiltration of BcGs1 in tomato leaves exhibited cell wall thickening compared with untreated plants. CONCLUSIONS The results suggested that BcGs1 activated the basal defense response included lignin metabolism contributed to BcGs1-induced resistance to Botrytis. cinerea infection in tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyu Yang
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests/ Key Laboratory of Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Plant Origin) for Agri-product Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture Institute of Plant protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural science, No. 12 Zhong-guan-cun South Street, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yingbo Liang
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests/ Key Laboratory of Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Plant Origin) for Agri-product Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture Institute of Plant protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural science, No. 12 Zhong-guan-cun South Street, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Dewen Qiu
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests/ Key Laboratory of Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Plant Origin) for Agri-product Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture Institute of Plant protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural science, No. 12 Zhong-guan-cun South Street, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Hongmei Zeng
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests/ Key Laboratory of Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Plant Origin) for Agri-product Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture Institute of Plant protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural science, No. 12 Zhong-guan-cun South Street, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jingjing Yuan
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests/ Key Laboratory of Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Plant Origin) for Agri-product Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture Institute of Plant protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural science, No. 12 Zhong-guan-cun South Street, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xiufen Yang
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests/ Key Laboratory of Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Plant Origin) for Agri-product Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture Institute of Plant protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural science, No. 12 Zhong-guan-cun South Street, Beijing, 100081, China.
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16
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Yang C, Liang Y, Qiu D, Zeng H, Yuan J, Yang X. Lignin metabolism involves Botrytis cinerea BcGs1- induced defense response in tomato. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 18:103. [PMID: 29866036 PMCID: PMC5987389 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-018-1319-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND BcGs1, a cell wall-degrading enzyme (CWDE), was originally derived from Botrytis cinerea. Our previous study revealed that BcGs1 could trigger defense responses and protect plants against various pathogens. We researched the defense response mechanism underlying this BcGs1 elicitation in tomato. RESULTS We revealed that the two domains were required for BcGs1's full necrosis activity. According to analysis and quantitative real-time PCR of the up-regulated proteins and genes filtered by iTRAQ-based quantitative proteome approach, oxidative metabolism and phenylpropanoid metabolism were speculated to be involved in BcGs1-triggered defense response in tomato. Furthermore, experimental evidence showed that BcGs1 triggered reactive oxygen species (ROS) burst and increased the level of phenylalanine-ammonia lyase (PAL) and peroxidase (POD) enzyme activity, as well as lignin accumulation. Moreover, histochemical analysis revealed that infiltration of BcGs1 in tomato leaves exhibited cell wall thickening compared with untreated plants. CONCLUSIONS The results suggested that BcGs1 activated the basal defense response included lignin metabolism contributed to BcGs1-induced resistance to Botrytis. cinerea infection in tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyu Yang
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests/ Key Laboratory of Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Plant Origin) for Agri-product Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture Institute of Plant protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural science, No. 12 Zhong-guan-cun South Street, Beijing, 100081 China
| | - Yingbo Liang
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests/ Key Laboratory of Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Plant Origin) for Agri-product Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture Institute of Plant protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural science, No. 12 Zhong-guan-cun South Street, Beijing, 100081 China
| | - Dewen Qiu
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests/ Key Laboratory of Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Plant Origin) for Agri-product Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture Institute of Plant protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural science, No. 12 Zhong-guan-cun South Street, Beijing, 100081 China
| | - Hongmei Zeng
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests/ Key Laboratory of Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Plant Origin) for Agri-product Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture Institute of Plant protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural science, No. 12 Zhong-guan-cun South Street, Beijing, 100081 China
| | - Jingjing Yuan
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests/ Key Laboratory of Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Plant Origin) for Agri-product Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture Institute of Plant protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural science, No. 12 Zhong-guan-cun South Street, Beijing, 100081 China
| | - Xiufen Yang
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests/ Key Laboratory of Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Plant Origin) for Agri-product Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture Institute of Plant protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural science, No. 12 Zhong-guan-cun South Street, Beijing, 100081 China
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Yamchi A, Ben C, Rossignol M, Zareie SR, Mirlohi A, Sayed-Tabatabaei BE, Pichereaux C, Sarrafi A, Rickauer M, Gentzbittel L. Proteomics analysis ofMedicago truncatularesponse to infection by the phytopathogenic bacteriumRalstonia solanacearumpoints to jasmonate and salicylate defence pathways. Cell Microbiol 2018; 20. [DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahad Yamchi
- Department of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology; Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources; Gorgan Iran
| | - Cécile Ben
- EcoLab; Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS; Toulouse France
| | - Michel Rossignol
- Universite de Toulouse, IFR40, Plateforme Protéomique du Génopole Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées; Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale; CNRS UMR 5089, 31077 Toulouse France
| | - Sayed Reza Zareie
- Department of Agricultural biotechnology, College of Agriculture; Isfahan University of Technology; 84156-83111 Isfahan Iran
| | - Aghafakhr Mirlohi
- Department of Agricultural biotechnology, College of Agriculture; Isfahan University of Technology; 84156-83111 Isfahan Iran
| | | | - Carole Pichereaux
- Universite de Toulouse, IFR40, Plateforme Protéomique du Génopole Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées; Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale; CNRS UMR 5089, 31077 Toulouse France
| | - Ahmad Sarrafi
- EcoLab; Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS; Toulouse France
| | - Martina Rickauer
- EcoLab; Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS; Toulouse France
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Biotrophy-necrotrophy switch in pathogen evoke differential response in resistant and susceptible sesame involving multiple signaling pathways at different phases. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17251. [PMID: 29222513 PMCID: PMC5722813 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17248-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection stages of charcoal rot fungus Macrophomina phaseolina in sesame revealed for the first time a transition from biotrophy via BNS (biotrophy-to-necrotrophy switch) to necrotrophy as confirmed by transcriptional studies. Microscopy using normal and GFP-expressing pathogen showed typical constricted thick intercellular bitrophic hyphae which gave rise to thin intracellular necrotrophic hyphae during BNS and this stage was delayed in a resistant host. Results also show that as the pathogen switched its strategy of infection, the host tailored its defense strategy to meet the changing situation. Less ROS accumulation, upregulation of ROS signaling genes and higher antioxidant enzyme activities post BNS resulted in resistance. There was greater accumulation of secondary metabolites and upregulation of secondary metabolite-related genes after BNS. A total of twenty genes functioning in different aspects of plant defense that were monitored over a time course during the changing infection phases showed a coordinated response. Experiments using phytohormone priming and phytohormone inhibitors showed that resistance resulted from activation of JA-ET signaling pathway. Most importantly this defense response was more prompt in the resistant than the susceptible host indicating that a resistant host makes different choices from a susceptible host during infection which ultimately influences the severity of the disease.
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19
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Hao C, Xia Z, Fan R, Tan L, Hu L, Wu B, Wu H. De novo transcriptome sequencing of black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) and an analysis of genes involved in phenylpropanoid metabolism in response to Phytophthora capsici. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:822. [PMID: 27769171 PMCID: PMC5075214 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-3155-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Piper nigrum L., or "black pepper", is an economically important spice crop in tropical regions. Black pepper production is markedly affected by foot rot disease caused by Phytophthora capsici, and genetic improvement of black pepper is essential for combating foot rot diseases. However, little is known about the mechanism of anti- P. capsici in black pepper. The molecular mechanisms underlying foot rot susceptibility were studied by comparing transcriptome analysis between resistant (Piper flaviflorum) and susceptible (Piper nigrum cv. Reyin-1) black pepper species. RESULTS 116,432 unigenes were acquired from six libraries (three replicates of resistant and susceptible black pepper samples), which were integrated by applying BLAST similarity searches and noted by adopting Kyoto Encyclopaedia of Genes and Gene Ontology (GO) genome orthology identifiers. The reference transcriptome was mapped using two sets of digital gene expression data. Using GO enrichment analysis for the differentially expressed genes, the majority of the genes associated with the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway were identified in P. flaviflorum. In addition, the expression of genes revealed that after susceptible and resistant species were inoculated with P. capsici, the majority of genes incorporated in the phenylpropanoid metabolism pathway were up-regulated in both species. Among various treatments and organs, all the genes were up-regulated to a relatively high degree in resistant species. Phenylalanine ammonia lyase and peroxidase enzyme activity increased in susceptible and resistant species after inoculation with P. capsici, and the resistant species increased faster. The resistant plants retain their vascular structure in lignin revealed by histochemical analysis. CONCLUSIONS Our data provide critical information regarding target genes and a technological basis for future studies of black pepper genetic improvements, including transgenic breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoyun Hao
- Spice and Beverage Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS), Wanning, Hainan 571533 China
- Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources Utilization of Spice and Beverage Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wanning, Hainan 571533 China
| | - Zhiqiang Xia
- Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS), Haikou, 571101 China
| | - Rui Fan
- Spice and Beverage Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS), Wanning, Hainan 571533 China
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Quality Regulation for Tropical Spice and Beverage Crops, Wanning, Hainan 571533 China
| | - Lehe Tan
- Spice and Beverage Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS), Wanning, Hainan 571533 China
- Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources Utilization of Spice and Beverage Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wanning, Hainan 571533 China
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Quality Regulation for Tropical Spice and Beverage Crops, Wanning, Hainan 571533 China
| | - Lisong Hu
- Spice and Beverage Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS), Wanning, Hainan 571533 China
- Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources Utilization of Spice and Beverage Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wanning, Hainan 571533 China
| | - Baoduo Wu
- Spice and Beverage Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS), Wanning, Hainan 571533 China
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Quality Regulation for Tropical Spice and Beverage Crops, Wanning, Hainan 571533 China
| | - Huasong Wu
- Spice and Beverage Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS), Wanning, Hainan 571533 China
- Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources Utilization of Spice and Beverage Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wanning, Hainan 571533 China
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Quality Regulation for Tropical Spice and Beverage Crops, Wanning, Hainan 571533 China
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Ngaki MN, Wang B, Sahu BB, Srivastava SK, Farooqi MS, Kambakam S, Swaminathan S, Bhattacharyya MK. Tanscriptomic Study of the Soybean-Fusarium virguliforme Interaction Revealed a Novel Ankyrin-Repeat Containing Defense Gene, Expression of Whose during Infection Led to Enhanced Resistance to the Fungal Pathogen in Transgenic Soybean Plants. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163106. [PMID: 27760122 PMCID: PMC5070833 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium virguliforme causes the serious disease sudden death syndrome (SDS) in soybean. Host resistance to this pathogen is partial and is encoded by a large number of quantitative trait loci, each conditioning small effects. Breeding SDS resistance is therefore challenging and identification of single-gene encoded novel resistance mechanisms is becoming a priority to fight this devastating this fungal pathogen. In this transcriptomic study we identified a few putative soybean defense genes, expression of which is suppressed during F. virguliforme infection. The F. virguliforme infection-suppressed genes were broadly classified into four major classes. The steady state transcript levels of many of these genes were suppressed to undetectable levels immediately following F. virguliforme infection. One of these classes contains two novel genes encoding ankyrin repeat-containing proteins. Expression of one of these genes, GmARP1, during F. virguliforme infection enhances SDS resistance among the transgenic soybean plants. Our data suggest that GmARP1 is a novel defense gene and the pathogen presumably suppress its expression to establish compatible interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micheline N. Ngaki
- Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States of America
| | - Bing Wang
- Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States of America
| | - Binod B. Sahu
- Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States of America
| | - Subodh K. Srivastava
- Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States of America
| | - Mohammad S. Farooqi
- Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States of America
| | - Sekhar Kambakam
- Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States of America
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Liu CW, Murray JD. The Role of Flavonoids in Nodulation Host-Range Specificity: An Update. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2016; 5:E33. [PMID: 27529286 PMCID: PMC5039741 DOI: 10.3390/plants5030033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Flavonoids are crucial signaling molecules in the symbiosis between legumes and their nitrogen-fixing symbionts, the rhizobia. The primary function of flavonoids in the interaction is to induce transcription of the genes for biosynthesis of the rhizobial signaling molecules called Nod factors, which are perceived by the plant to allow symbiotic infection of the root. Many legumes produce specific flavonoids that only induce Nod factor production in homologous rhizobia, and therefore act as important determinants of host range. Despite a wealth of evidence on legume flavonoids, relatively few have proven roles in rhizobial infection. Recent studies suggest that production of key "infection" flavonoids is highly localized at infection sites. Furthermore, some of the flavonoids being produced at infection sites are phytoalexins and may have a role in the selection of compatible symbionts during infection. The molecular details of how flavonoid production in plants is regulated during nodulation have not yet been clarified, but nitrogen availability has been shown to play a role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Wu Liu
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7UH, UK.
| | - Jeremy D Murray
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7UH, UK.
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Thatcher LF, Gao LL, Singh KB. Jasmonate Signalling and Defence Responses in the Model Legume Medicago truncatula-A Focus on Responses to Fusarium Wilt Disease. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2016; 5:E11. [PMID: 27135231 PMCID: PMC4844425 DOI: 10.3390/plants5010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Jasmonate (JA)-mediated defences play important roles in host responses to pathogen attack, in particular to necrotrophic fungal pathogens that kill host cells in order to extract nutrients and live off the dead plant tissue. The root-infecting fungal pathogen Fusarium oxysporum initiates a necrotrophic growth phase towards the later stages of its lifecycle and is responsible for devastating Fusarium wilt disease on numerous legume crops worldwide. Here we describe the use of the model legume Medicago truncatula to study legume-F. oxysporum interactions and compare and contrast this against knowledge from other model pathosystems, in particular Arabidopsis thaliana-F. oxysporum interactions. We describe publically-available genomic, transcriptomic and genetic (mutant) resources developed in M. truncatula that enable dissection of host jasmonate responses and apply aspects of these herein during the M. truncatula--F. oxysporum interaction. Our initial results suggest not all components of JA-responses observed in M. truncatula are shared with Arabidopsis in response to F. oxysporum infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise F Thatcher
- CSIRO Agriculture, Centre for Environment and Life Sciences, Wembley, Western Australia 6913, Australia.
| | - Ling-Ling Gao
- CSIRO Agriculture, Centre for Environment and Life Sciences, Wembley, Western Australia 6913, Australia.
| | - Karam B Singh
- CSIRO Agriculture, Centre for Environment and Life Sciences, Wembley, Western Australia 6913, Australia.
- The Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia.
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Ishiga Y, Ichinose Y. Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato OxyR Is Required for Virulence in Tomato and Arabidopsis. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2016; 29:119-31. [PMID: 26554736 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-09-15-0204-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been shown to have a crucial role in plant defense responses and signaling pathways. In addition, ROS also have direct toxicity against pathogens. However, the molecular mechanisms of plant ROS in the direct effects against pathogens is still unclear. To investigate the function of plant ROS in the interactions of plant and bacterial pathogens, we focused on oxyR, encoding an oxidative stress-regulated transcription factor in Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (DC3000), and generated an ΔoxyR mutant. The DC3000 ΔoxyR mutant showed high sensitivity to oxidative stress in comparison with wild type and the complemented line. The host plants of DC3000, including tomato and Arabidopsis inoculated with the ΔoxyR mutant, clearly showed reduced disease symptoms as well as reduced bacterial populations. Expression profiles of DC3000 genes revealed that OxyR could regulate the expression of genes encoding ROS-detoxifying enzymes, including catalases (KatB and KatG), in response to ROS. We also demonstrated that the expression of katB could be regulated by OxyR during the infection of DC3000 in Arabidopsis. These results suggest that OxyR has an important role in the virulence of DC3000 by regulating the expression of genes related to oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Ishiga
- 1 Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Yuki Ichinose
- 2 Laboratory of Plant Pathology and Genetic Engineering, Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
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Badis Y, Bonhomme M, Lafitte C, Huguet S, Balzergue S, Dumas B, Jacquet C. Transcriptome analysis highlights preformed defences and signalling pathways controlled by the prAe1 quantitative trait locus (QTL), conferring partial resistance to Aphanomyces euteiches in Medicago truncatula. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2015; 16:973-86. [PMID: 25765337 PMCID: PMC6638387 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
To gain an insight into the molecular mechanisms of quantitative disease resistance in Medicago truncatula to the root-infecting oomycete Aphanomyces euteiches, we selected two near-isogenic lines (NILs), NR and NS, partially resistant and susceptible, respectively, differing in the allelic state of the quantitative resistance locus (QRL) prAe1 (partially resistant to A. euteiches 1). Complementary molecular and cytological phenotyping methods showed that prAe1 alone confers quantitative resistance to A. euteiches. Root and stem tissues were colonized in NS plants and 80% of NS plants died by 21 days post-inoculation (dpi). In contrast, A. euteiches mycelium was restricted to the root cortex and the spread of symptoms was arrested in aerial parts of NR plants. A transcriptome analysis performed at 0, 1 and 6 dpi identified 1198 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between NR and NS lines. More than 87% of the DEGs were significantly more expressed in NR. The highest number of DEGs was found in control conditions, with 723 genes over-expressed in NR versus 85 in NS. Genes belonging to secondary metabolism, pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins and kinases were significantly enriched. The significant role of the flavonoid pathway in resistance was corroborated by the detection of larger amounts of flavonoids in NR roots and the inhibition of A. euteiches zoospore germination by 2'-O-methyl-isoliquiritigenin, a compound synthesized by enzymes specifically induced in NR. Our study revealed that prAe1-dependent resistance relies mainly on the constitutive expression of defence-related pathways and signalling elements, which can be re-amplified in later time points of the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yacine Badis
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, UPS, Université de Toulouse, BP42617, Auzeville, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, CNRS, BP42617, Auzeville, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Maxime Bonhomme
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, UPS, Université de Toulouse, BP42617, Auzeville, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, CNRS, BP42617, Auzeville, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Claude Lafitte
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, UPS, Université de Toulouse, BP42617, Auzeville, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, CNRS, BP42617, Auzeville, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Stéphanie Huguet
- Unité de Recherche en Génomique Végétale (URGV), UMR INRA 1165-Université d'Evry Val d'Essonne-ERL CNRS 8196, CP 5708, F-91057, Evry Cedex, France
| | - Sandrine Balzergue
- Unité de Recherche en Génomique Végétale (URGV), UMR INRA 1165-Université d'Evry Val d'Essonne-ERL CNRS 8196, CP 5708, F-91057, Evry Cedex, France
| | - Bernard Dumas
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, UPS, Université de Toulouse, BP42617, Auzeville, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, CNRS, BP42617, Auzeville, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Christophe Jacquet
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, UPS, Université de Toulouse, BP42617, Auzeville, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, CNRS, BP42617, Auzeville, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
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25
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Ishiga Y, Rao Uppalapati S, Gill US, Huhman D, Tang Y, Mysore KS. Transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses identify a role for chlorophyll catabolism and phytoalexin during Medicago nonhost resistance against Asian soybean rust. Sci Rep 2015; 5:13061. [PMID: 26267598 PMCID: PMC4533520 DOI: 10.1038/srep13061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Asian soybean rust (ASR) caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi is a devastating foliar disease affecting soybean production worldwide. Understanding nonhost resistance against ASR may provide an avenue to engineer soybean to confer durable resistance against ASR. We characterized a Medicago truncatula-ASR pathosystem to study molecular mechanisms of nonhost resistance. Although urediniospores formed appressoria and penetrated into epidermal cells of M. truncatula, P. pachyrhizi failed to sporulate. Transcriptomic analysis revealed the induction of phenylpropanoid, flavonoid and isoflavonoid metabolic pathway genes involved in the production of phytoalexin medicarpin in M. truncatula upon infection with P. pachyrhizi. Furthermore, genes involved in chlorophyll catabolism were induced during nonhost resistance. We further characterized one of the chlorophyll catabolism genes, Stay-green (SGR), and demonstrated that the M. truncatula sgr mutant and alfalfa SGR-RNAi lines showed hypersensitive-response-like enhanced cell death upon inoculation with P. pachyrhizi. Consistent with transcriptomic analysis, metabolomic analysis also revealed the accumulation of medicarpin and its intermediate metabolites. In vitro assay showed that medicarpin inhibited urediniospore germination and differentiation. In addition, several triterpenoid saponin glycosides accumulated in M. truncatula upon inoculation with P. pachyrhizi. In summary, using multi-omic approaches, we identified a correlation between phytoalexin production and M. truncatula defense responses against ASR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Ishiga
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, OK 73401, USA
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | | | - Upinder S. Gill
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, OK 73401, USA
| | - David Huhman
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, OK 73401, USA
| | - Yuhong Tang
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, OK 73401, USA
| | - Kirankumar S. Mysore
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, OK 73401, USA
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Watson BS, Bedair MF, Urbanczyk-Wochniak E, Huhman DV, Yang DS, Allen SN, Li W, Tang Y, Sumner LW. Integrated metabolomics and transcriptomics reveal enhanced specialized metabolism in Medicago truncatula root border cells. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 167:1699-716. [PMID: 25667316 PMCID: PMC4378151 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.253054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Integrated metabolomics and transcriptomics of Medicago truncatula seedling border cells and root tips revealed substantial metabolic differences between these distinct and spatially segregated root regions. Large differential increases in oxylipin-pathway lipoxygenases and auxin-responsive transcript levels in border cells corresponded to differences in phytohormone and volatile levels compared with adjacent root tips. Morphological examinations of border cells revealed the presence of significant starch deposits that serve as critical energy and carbon reserves, as documented through increased β-amylase transcript levels and associated starch hydrolysis metabolites. A substantial proportion of primary metabolism transcripts were decreased in border cells, while many flavonoid- and triterpenoid-related metabolite and transcript levels were increased dramatically. The cumulative data provide compounding evidence that primary and secondary metabolism are differentially programmed in border cells relative to root tips. Metabolic resources normally destined for growth and development are redirected toward elevated accumulation of specialized metabolites in border cells, resulting in constitutively elevated defense and signaling compounds needed to protect the delicate root cap and signal motile rhizobia required for symbiotic nitrogen fixation. Elevated levels of 7,4'-dihydroxyflavone were further increased in border cells of roots exposed to cotton root rot (Phymatotrichopsis omnivora), and the value of 7,4'-dihydroxyflavone as an antimicrobial compound was demonstrated using in vitro growth inhibition assays. The cumulative and pathway-specific data provide key insights into the metabolic programming of border cells that strongly implicate a more prominent mechanistic role for border cells in plant-microbe signaling, defense, and interactions than envisioned previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonnie S Watson
- Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Plant Biology Division, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (B.S.W., D.V.H., D.S.Y., S.N.A., W.L., Y.T., L.W.S.); andMonsanto Company, St. Louis, Missouri 63167 (M.F.B., E.U.-W.)
| | - Mohamed F Bedair
- Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Plant Biology Division, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (B.S.W., D.V.H., D.S.Y., S.N.A., W.L., Y.T., L.W.S.); andMonsanto Company, St. Louis, Missouri 63167 (M.F.B., E.U.-W.)
| | - Ewa Urbanczyk-Wochniak
- Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Plant Biology Division, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (B.S.W., D.V.H., D.S.Y., S.N.A., W.L., Y.T., L.W.S.); andMonsanto Company, St. Louis, Missouri 63167 (M.F.B., E.U.-W.)
| | - David V Huhman
- Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Plant Biology Division, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (B.S.W., D.V.H., D.S.Y., S.N.A., W.L., Y.T., L.W.S.); andMonsanto Company, St. Louis, Missouri 63167 (M.F.B., E.U.-W.)
| | - Dong Sik Yang
- Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Plant Biology Division, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (B.S.W., D.V.H., D.S.Y., S.N.A., W.L., Y.T., L.W.S.); andMonsanto Company, St. Louis, Missouri 63167 (M.F.B., E.U.-W.)
| | - Stacy N Allen
- Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Plant Biology Division, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (B.S.W., D.V.H., D.S.Y., S.N.A., W.L., Y.T., L.W.S.); andMonsanto Company, St. Louis, Missouri 63167 (M.F.B., E.U.-W.)
| | - Wensheng Li
- Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Plant Biology Division, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (B.S.W., D.V.H., D.S.Y., S.N.A., W.L., Y.T., L.W.S.); andMonsanto Company, St. Louis, Missouri 63167 (M.F.B., E.U.-W.)
| | - Yuhong Tang
- Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Plant Biology Division, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (B.S.W., D.V.H., D.S.Y., S.N.A., W.L., Y.T., L.W.S.); andMonsanto Company, St. Louis, Missouri 63167 (M.F.B., E.U.-W.)
| | - Lloyd W Sumner
- Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Plant Biology Division, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (B.S.W., D.V.H., D.S.Y., S.N.A., W.L., Y.T., L.W.S.); andMonsanto Company, St. Louis, Missouri 63167 (M.F.B., E.U.-W.)
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27
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Laffont C, Rey T, André O, Novero M, Kazmierczak T, Debellé F, Bonfante P, Jacquet C, Frugier F. The CRE1 cytokinin pathway is differentially recruited depending on Medicago truncatula root environments and negatively regulates resistance to a pathogen. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0116819. [PMID: 25562779 PMCID: PMC4285552 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytokinins are phytohormones that regulate many developmental and environmental responses. The Medicago truncatula cytokinin receptor MtCRE1 (Cytokinin Response 1) is required for the nitrogen-fixing symbiosis with rhizobia. As several cytokinin signaling genes are modulated in roots depending on different biotic and abiotic conditions, we assessed potential involvement of this pathway in various root environmental responses. Phenotyping of cre1 mutant roots infected by the Gigaspora margarita arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiotic fungus, the Aphanomyces euteiches root oomycete, or subjected to an abiotic stress (salt), were carried out. Detailed histological analysis and quantification of cre1 mycorrhized roots did not reveal any detrimental phenotype, suggesting that MtCRE1 does not belong to the ancestral common symbiotic pathway shared by rhizobial and AM symbioses. cre1 mutants formed an increased number of emerged lateral roots compared to wild-type plants, a phenotype which was also observed under non-stressed conditions. In response to A. euteiches, cre1 mutants showed reduced disease symptoms and an increased plant survival rate, correlated to an enhanced formation of lateral roots, a feature previously linked to Aphanomyces resistance. Overall, we showed that the cytokinin CRE1 pathway is not only required for symbiotic nodule organogenesis but also affects both root development and resistance to abiotic and biotic environmental stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole Laffont
- CNRS, Institut des Sciences du Végétal (ISV), avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Thomas Rey
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, BP42617, Auzeville, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, BP42617, Auzeville, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Olivier André
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, BP42617, Auzeville, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, BP42617, Auzeville, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Mara Novero
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biologia dei Sistemi, Università degli Studi di Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Théophile Kazmierczak
- CNRS, Institut des Sciences du Végétal (ISV), avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Frédéric Debellé
- INRA, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR441, Castanet-Tolosan, F-31326, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR2594, Castanet-Tolosan, F-31326, France
| | - Paola Bonfante
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biologia dei Sistemi, Università degli Studi di Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Christophe Jacquet
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, BP42617, Auzeville, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, BP42617, Auzeville, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Florian Frugier
- CNRS, Institut des Sciences du Végétal (ISV), avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
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Przysiecka Ł, Książkiewicz M, Wolko B, Naganowska B. Structure, expression profile and phylogenetic inference of chalcone isomerase-like genes from the narrow-leafed lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.) genome. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:268. [PMID: 25954293 PMCID: PMC4404975 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Lupins, like other legumes, have a unique biosynthesis scheme of 5-deoxy-type flavonoids and isoflavonoids. A key enzyme in this pathway is chalcone isomerase (CHI), a member of CHI-fold protein family, encompassing subfamilies of CHI1, CHI2, CHI-like (CHIL), and fatty acid-binding (FAP) proteins. Here, two Lupinus angustifolius (narrow-leafed lupin) CHILs, LangCHIL1 and LangCHIL2, were identified and characterized using DNA fingerprinting, cytogenetic and linkage mapping, sequencing and expression profiling. Clones carrying CHIL sequences were assembled into two contigs. Full gene sequences were obtained from these contigs, and mapped in two L. angustifolius linkage groups by gene-specific markers. Bacterial artificial chromosome fluorescence in situ hybridization approach confirmed the localization of two LangCHIL genes in distinct chromosomes. The expression profiles of both LangCHIL isoforms were very similar. The highest level of transcription was in the roots of the third week of plant growth; thereafter, expression declined. The expression of both LangCHIL genes in leaves and stems was similar and low. Comparative mapping to reference legume genome sequences revealed strong syntenic links; however, LangCHIL2 contig had a much more conserved structure than LangCHIL1. LangCHIL2 is assumed to be an ancestor gene, whereas LangCHIL1 probably appeared as a result of duplication. As both copies are transcriptionally active, questions arise concerning their hypothetical functional divergence. Screening of the narrow-leafed lupin genome and transcriptome with CHI-fold protein sequences, followed by Bayesian inference of phylogeny and cross-genera synteny survey, identified representatives of all but one (CHI1) main subfamilies. They are as follows: two copies of CHI2, FAPa2 and CHIL, and single copies of FAPb and FAPa1. Duplicated genes are remnants of whole genome duplication which is assumed to have occurred after the divergence of Lupinus, Arachis, and Glycine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łucja Przysiecka
- Department of Genomics, Institute of Plant Genetics of the Polish Academy of SciencesPoznań, Poland
- NanoBioMedical Centre, Adam Mickiewicz UniversityPoznań, Poland
| | - Michał Książkiewicz
- Department of Genomics, Institute of Plant Genetics of the Polish Academy of SciencesPoznań, Poland
- *Correspondence: Michał Książkiewicz, Department of Genomics, Institute of Plant Genetics of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, Poznań 60-479, Poland
| | - Bogdan Wolko
- Department of Genomics, Institute of Plant Genetics of the Polish Academy of SciencesPoznań, Poland
| | - Barbara Naganowska
- Department of Genomics, Institute of Plant Genetics of the Polish Academy of SciencesPoznań, Poland
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Guefrachi I, Nagymihaly M, Pislariu CI, Van de Velde W, Ratet P, Mars M, Udvardi MK, Kondorosi E, Mergaert P, Alunni B. Extreme specificity of NCR gene expression in Medicago truncatula. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:712. [PMID: 25156206 PMCID: PMC4168050 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Legumes form root nodules to house nitrogen fixing bacteria of the rhizobium family. The rhizobia are located intracellularly in the symbiotic nodule cells. In the legume Medicago truncatula these cells produce high amounts of Nodule-specific Cysteine-Rich (NCR) peptides which induce differentiation of the rhizobia into enlarged, polyploid and non-cultivable bacterial cells. NCRs are similar to innate immunity antimicrobial peptides. The NCR gene family is extremely large in Medicago with about 600 genes. Results Here we used the Medicago truncatula Gene Expression Atlas (MtGEA) and other published microarray data to analyze the expression of 334 NCR genes in 267 different experimental conditions. We find that all but five of these genes are expressed in nodules but in no other plant organ or in response to any other biotic interaction or abiotic stress tested. During symbiosis, none of the genes are induced by Nod factors. The NCR genes are activated in successive waves during nodule organogenesis, correlated with bacterial infection of the nodule cells and with a specific spatial localization of their transcripts from the apical to the proximal nodule zones. However, NCR expression is not associated with nodule senescence. According to their Shannon entropy, a measure expressing tissue specificity of gene expression, the NCR genes are among the most specifically expressed genes in M. truncatula. Moreover, when activated in nodules, their expression level is among the highest of all genes. Conclusions Together, these data show that the NCR gene expression is subject to an extreme tight regulation and is only activated during nodule organogenesis in the polyploid symbiotic cells. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2164-15-712) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Peter Mergaert
- Institut des Sciences du Végétal, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UPR2355, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
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Gholami A, De Geyter N, Pollier J, Goormachtig S, Goossens A. Natural product biosynthesis in Medicago species. Nat Prod Rep 2014; 31:356-80. [PMID: 24481477 DOI: 10.1039/c3np70104b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The genus Medicago, a member of the legume (Fabaceae) family, comprises 87 species of flowering plants, including the forage crop M. sativa (alfalfa) and the model legume M. truncatula (barrel medic). Medicago species synthesize a variety of bioactive natural products that are used to engage into symbiotic interactions but also serve to deter pathogens and herbivores. For humans, these bioactive natural products often possess promising pharmaceutical properties. In this review, we focus on the two most interesting and well characterized secondary metabolite classes found in Medicago species, the triterpene saponins and the flavonoids, with a detailed overview of their biosynthesis, regulation, and profiling methods. Furthermore, their biological role within the plant as well as their potential utility for human health or other applications is discussed. Finally, we give an overview of the advances made in metabolic engineering in Medicago species and how the development of novel molecular and omics toolkits can influence a better understanding of this genus in terms of specialized metabolism and chemistry. Throughout, we critically analyze the current bottlenecks and speculate on future directions and opportunities for research and exploitation of Medicago metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azra Gholami
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Gent, Belgium.
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31
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Jayaraman D, Valdés-López O, Kaspar CW, Ané JM. Response of Medicago truncatula seedlings to colonization by Salmonella enterica and Escherichia coli O157:H7. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87970. [PMID: 24551073 PMCID: PMC3925098 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Disease outbreaks due to the consumption of legume seedlings contaminated with human enteric bacterial pathogens like Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella enterica are reported every year. Besides contaminations occurring during food processing, pathogens present on the surface or interior of plant tissues are also responsible for such outbreaks. In the present study, surface and internal colonization of Medicago truncatula, a close relative of alfalfa, by Salmonella enterica and Escherichia coli O157:H7 were observed even with inoculum levels as low as two bacteria per plant. Furthermore, expression analyses revealed that approximately 30% of Medicago truncatula genes were commonly regulated in response to both of these enteric pathogens. This study highlights that very low inoculum doses trigger responses from the host plant and that both of these human enteric pathogens may in part use similar mechanisms to colonize legume seedlings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhileepkumar Jayaraman
- Department of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Oswaldo Valdés-López
- Department of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Charles W. Kaspar
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Jean-Michel Ané
- Department of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
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Veerappan V, Kadel K, Alexis N, Scott A, Kryvoruchko I, Sinharoy S, Taylor M, Udvardi M, Dickstein R. Keel petal incision: a simple and efficient method for genetic crossing in Medicago truncatula. PLANT METHODS 2014; 10:11. [PMID: 24966878 PMCID: PMC4070640 DOI: 10.1186/1746-4811-10-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic crossing is an essential tool in both forward and reverse genetic approaches to understand the biological functions of genes. For Medicago truncatula (barrel medic) various crossing techniques have been used which differ in the methods used to dissect the female parent's unopened flower bud to remove immature anthers for prevention of self-pollination. Previously described methods including front, side or back incision methods may damage the flower bud, impeding successful fertilization and/or seed development because they may allow pollen to dislodge and floral organs to desiccate after crossing, all of which diminish the success rates of crossing. RESULTS We report the keel petal incision method for genetic crossing in M. truncatula ecotype R108 and demonstrate successful crosses with two other M. truncatula ecotypes, A17 and A20. In the method presented here, an incision is made along the central line of the keel petal from the bottom 1/3rd of the female parent's flower bud to its distal end. This allows easy removal of anthers from the flower bud and access for cross-pollination. After pollination, the stigma and the deposited pollen from the male donor are covered by the keel petal, wing petals and standard petal, forming a natural pouch. The pouch prevents dislodging of deposited pollen from the stigma and protects the internal floral organs from drying out, without using cling-film or water-containing chambers to maintain a humid environment. The keel petal incision method showed an approximate 80% success rate in the M. truncatula R108 ecotype and also in other ecotypes including Jemalong A17 and A20. CONCLUSIONS Our keel petal incision protocol shows marked improvement over existing methods with respect to the ease of crossing and the percentage of successful crosses. Developed for the M. truncatula R108 ecotype, the protocol has been demonstrated with A17 and A20 ecotypes and is expected to work with other ecotypes. Investigators of varying experience have achieved genetic crosses in M. truncatula using this method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijaykumar Veerappan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle #305220, Denton, Texas 76203, USA
| | - Khem Kadel
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle #305220, Denton, Texas 76203, USA
| | - Naudin Alexis
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle #305220, Denton, Texas 76203, USA
| | - Ashley Scott
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle #305220, Denton, Texas 76203, USA
| | - Igor Kryvoruchko
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, OK 73401, USA
| | - Senjuti Sinharoy
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, OK 73401, USA
| | - Mark Taylor
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, OK 73401, USA
| | - Michael Udvardi
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, OK 73401, USA
| | - Rebecca Dickstein
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle #305220, Denton, Texas 76203, USA
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Defense responses in two ecotypes of Lotus japonicus against non-pathogenic Pseudomonas syringae. PLoS One 2013; 8:e83199. [PMID: 24349460 PMCID: PMC3859661 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lotus japonicus is a model legume broadly used to study many important processes as nitrogen fixing nodule formation and adaptation to salt stress. However, no studies on the defense responses occurring in this species against invading microorganisms have been carried out at the present. Understanding how this model plant protects itself against pathogens will certainly help to develop more tolerant cultivars in economically important Lotus species as well as in other legumes. In order to uncover the most important defense mechanisms activated upon bacterial attack, we explored in this work the main responses occurring in the phenotypically contrasting ecotypes MG-20 and Gifu B-129 of L. japonicus after inoculation with Pseudomonas syringae DC3000 pv. tomato. Our analysis demonstrated that this bacterial strain is unable to cause disease in these accessions, even though the defense mechanisms triggered in these ecotypes might differ. Thus, disease tolerance in MG-20 was characterized by bacterial multiplication, chlorosis and desiccation at the infiltrated tissues. In turn, Gifu B-129 plants did not show any symptom at all and were completely successful in restricting bacterial growth. We performed a microarray based analysis of these responses and determined the regulation of several genes that could play important roles in plant defense. Interestingly, we were also able to identify a set of defense genes with a relative high expression in Gifu B-129 plants under non-stress conditions, what could explain its higher tolerance. The participation of these genes in plant defense is discussed. Our results position the L. japonicus-P. syringae interaction as a interesting model to study defense mechanisms in legume species.
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Gough C, Jacquet C. Nod factor perception protein carries weight in biotic interactions. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 18:566-74. [PMID: 23850222 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2013.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Revised: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Plant plasma membrane-bound receptors with extracellular lysin motif (LysM) domains participate in interactions with microorganisms. In Medicago truncatula, the LysM receptor-like kinase gene nodulation (Nod) factor perception (NFP) is a key gene that controls the perception of rhizobial lipochitooligosaccharide (LCO) Nod factors for the establishment of the Rhizobium-legume symbiosis. In this article, we review recent data that have refined our understanding of this function and that have revealed a role for NFP in the perception of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiotic signals and plant pathogenic microorganisms. The dual role of NFP in symbiosis and immunity suggests that this receptor protein controls the perception of different signals and the activation of different downstream signalling pathways. These advances provide new insights into the evolution and functioning of this versatile plant protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare Gough
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR441, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR2594, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France.
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Bonneau L, Huguet S, Wipf D, Pauly N, Truong HN. Combined phosphate and nitrogen limitation generates a nutrient stress transcriptome favorable for arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis in Medicago truncatula. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2013; 199:188-202. [PMID: 23506613 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/17/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis is stimulated by phosphorus (P) limitation and contributes to P and nitrogen (N) acquisition. However, the effects of combined P and N limitation on AM formation are largely unknown. Medicago truncatula plants were cultivated in the presence or absence of Rhizophagus irregularis (formerly Glomus intraradices) in P-limited (LP), N-limited (LN) or combined P- and N-limited (LPN) conditions, and compared with plants grown in sufficient P and N. The highest AM formation was observed in LPN, linked to systemic signaling by the plant nutrient status. Plant free phosphate concentrations were higher in LPN than in LP, as a result of cross-talk between P and N. Transcriptome analyses suggest that LPN induces the activation of NADPH oxidases in roots, concomitant with an altered profile of plant defense genes and a coordinate increase in the expression of genes involved in the methylerythritol phosphate and isoprenoid-derived pathways, including strigolactone synthesis genes. Taken together, these results suggest that low P and N fertilization systemically induces a physiological state of plants favorable for AM symbiosis despite their higher P status. Our findings highlight the importance of the plant nutrient status in controlling plant-fungus interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Bonneau
- UMR 1347 Agroécologie INRA/Université de Bourgogne/Agrosup, Pôle Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes ERL CNRS 6300, 17 rue Sully, BP 86510, 21065, Dijon Cedex, France
| | - Stéphanie Huguet
- Unité de Recherche en Génomique Végétale (URGV), UMR INRA 1165 - Université d'Evry Val d'Essonne - ERL CNRS 8196, 2 rue G. Crémieux, CP 5708, F-91057, Evry Cedex, France
| | - Daniel Wipf
- UMR 1347 Agroécologie INRA/Université de Bourgogne/Agrosup, Pôle Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes ERL CNRS 6300, 17 rue Sully, BP 86510, 21065, Dijon Cedex, France
| | - Nicolas Pauly
- Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, UMR INRA 1355 CNRS 7254, Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, 400 Route des Chappes, BP 167, F-06903, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France
| | - Hoai-Nam Truong
- UMR 1347 Agroécologie INRA/Université de Bourgogne/Agrosup, Pôle Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes ERL CNRS 6300, 17 rue Sully, BP 86510, 21065, Dijon Cedex, France
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Rey T, Nars A, Bonhomme M, Bottin A, Huguet S, Balzergue S, Jardinaud MF, Bono JJ, Cullimore J, Dumas B, Gough C, Jacquet C. NFP, a LysM protein controlling Nod factor perception, also intervenes in Medicago truncatula resistance to pathogens. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2013; 198:875-886. [PMID: 23432463 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Plant LysM proteins control the perception of microbial-derived N-acetylglucosamine compounds for the establishment of symbiosis or activation of plant immunity. This raises questions about how plants, and notably legumes, can differentiate friends and foes using similar molecular actors and whether any receptors can intervene in both symbiosis and resistance. To study this question, nfp and lyk3 LysM-receptor like kinase mutants of Medicago truncatula that are affected in the early steps of nodulation, were analysed following inoculation with Aphanomyces euteiches, a root oomycete. The role of NFP in this interaction was further analysed by overexpression of NFP and by transcriptome analyses. nfp, but not lyk3, mutants were significantly more susceptible than wildtype plants to A. euteiches, whereas NFP overexpression increased resistance. Transcriptome analyses on A. euteiches inoculation showed that mutation in the NFP gene led to significant changes in the expression of c. 500 genes, notably involved in cell dynamic processes previously associated with resistance to pathogen penetration. nfp mutants also showed an increased susceptibility to the fungus Colletotrichum trifolii. These results demonstrate that NFP intervenes in M. truncatula immunity, suggesting an unsuspected role for NFP in the perception of pathogenic signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Rey
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, UMR 5546, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, BP42617, Auzeville, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- CNRS, UMR 5546, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, BP42617, Auzeville, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Amaury Nars
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, UMR 5546, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, BP42617, Auzeville, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- CNRS, UMR 5546, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, BP42617, Auzeville, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Maxime Bonhomme
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, UMR 5546, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, BP42617, Auzeville, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- CNRS, UMR 5546, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, BP42617, Auzeville, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Arnaud Bottin
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, UMR 5546, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, BP42617, Auzeville, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- CNRS, UMR 5546, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, BP42617, Auzeville, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Stéphanie Huguet
- Unité de Recherche en Génomique Végétale (URGV), UMR INRA 1165, Université d'Evry Val d'Essonne, ERL CNRS 8196, CP 5708, F-91057, Evry Cedex, France
| | - Sandrine Balzergue
- Unité de Recherche en Génomique Végétale (URGV), UMR INRA 1165, Université d'Evry Val d'Essonne, ERL CNRS 8196, CP 5708, F-91057, Evry Cedex, France
| | - Marie-Françoise Jardinaud
- INRA, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR441, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Jean-Jacques Bono
- INRA, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR441, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR2594, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Julie Cullimore
- INRA, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR441, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR2594, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Bernard Dumas
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, UMR 5546, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, BP42617, Auzeville, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- CNRS, UMR 5546, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, BP42617, Auzeville, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Clare Gough
- INRA, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR441, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR2594, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Christophe Jacquet
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, UMR 5546, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, BP42617, Auzeville, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- CNRS, UMR 5546, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, BP42617, Auzeville, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
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37
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Nars A, Rey T, Lafitte C, Vergnes S, Amatya S, Jacquet C, Dumas B, Thibaudeau C, Heux L, Bottin A, Fliegmann J. An experimental system to study responses of Medicago truncatula roots to chitin oligomers of high degree of polymerization and other microbial elicitors. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2013; 32:489-502. [PMID: 23314495 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-012-1380-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Revised: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
A fully acetylated, soluble CO preparation of mean DP of ca. 7 was perceived with high sensitivity by M. truncatula in a newly designed versatile root elicitation assay. The root system of legume plants interacts with a large variety of microorganisms, either pathogenic or symbiotic. Understanding how legumes recognize and respond specifically to pathogen-associated or symbiotic signals requires the development of standardized bioassays using well-defined preparations of the corresponding signals. Here we describe the preparation of chitin oligosaccharide (CO) fractions from commercial chitin and their characterization by a combination of liquid-state and solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. We show that the CO fraction with highest degree of polymerization (DP) became essentially insoluble after lyophilization. However, a fully soluble, fully acetylated fraction with a mean DP of ca. 7 was recovered and validated by showing its CERK1-dependent activity in Arabidopsis thaliana. In parallel, we developed a versatile root elicitation bioassay in the model legume Medicago truncatula, using a hydroponic culture system and the Phytophthora β-glucan elicitor as a control elicitor. We then showed that M. truncatula responded with high sensitivity to the CO elicitor, which caused the production of extracellular reactive oxygen species and the transient induction of a variety of defense-associated genes. In addition, the bioassay allowed detection of elicitor activity in culture filtrates of the oomycete Aphanomyces euteiches, opening the way to the analysis of recognition of this important legume root pathogen by M. truncatula.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Nars
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, UMR5546, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales (LRSV), BP 42617, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
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Erzeel E, Van Bochaute P, Thu TT, Angenon G. Medicago truncatula dihydrodipicolinate synthase (DHDPS) enzymes display novel regulatory properties. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 81:401-415. [PMID: 23329373 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-013-0008-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2012] [Accepted: 01/04/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Lysine biosynthesis in plants is tightly regulated by feedback inhibition of the end product on the first enzyme of the lysine-specific branch, dihydrodipicolinate synthase (DHDPS). Three complete DHDPS coding sequences and one partial sequence were obtained in Medicago truncatula via inverse PCR. Analysis of the MtDHDPS sequences indicated the presence of isozymes (MtDHDPS2 and MtDHDPS3) with multiple amino acid substitutions on positions previously shown to be involved in feedback inhibition and of residues important for catalytic activity, possibly affecting the enzymatic properties of these isoforms. Sequences similar to MtDHDPS2 and 3 are present in Lotus japonicus and Glycine max, suggesting the existence of a specific conserved class of DHDPS genes within the Fabaceae family. The MtDHDPS genes were found by quantitative RT-PCR analysis to be expressed in an organ-specific manner in M. truncatula. All four MtDHDPS enzymes were expressed separately in Escherichia coli, revealing a strongly reduced sensitivity of the MtDHDPS2 protein to lysine feedback inhibition and a severely reduced activity of the MtDHDPS3 protein. Remarkably, MtDHDPS3 expression in Arabidopsis thaliana produced transgenic plants with a significantly increased threonine level, suggesting a dominant DHDPS inhibiting role of this isoform. This is supported by co-expression experiments in E. coli which indicate that AtDHDPS and MtDHDPS3 interact and may form hetero-oligomers with strongly reduced enzymatic activity. In conclusion, analysis of DHDPS in M. truncatula revealed the presence of unique isozymes displaying novel regulatory properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Erzeel
- Laboratory of Plant Genetics, Institute for Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
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Ben C, Toueni M, Montanari S, Tardin MC, Fervel M, Negahi A, Saint-Pierre L, Mathieu G, Gras MC, Noël D, Prospéri JM, Pilet-Nayel ML, Baranger A, Huguet T, Julier B, Rickauer M, Gentzbittel L. Natural diversity in the model legume Medicago truncatula allows identifying distinct genetic mechanisms conferring partial resistance to Verticillium wilt. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2013; 64:317-32. [PMID: 23213135 PMCID: PMC3528038 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ers337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Verticillium wilt is a major threat to alfalfa (Medicago sativa) and many other crops. The model legume Medicago truncatula was used as a host for studying resistance and susceptibility to Verticillium albo-atrum. In addition to presenting well-established genetic resources, this wild plant species enables to investigate biodiversity of the response to the pathogen and putative crosstalk between disease and symbiosis. Symptom scoring after root inoculation and modelling of disease curves allowed assessing susceptibility levels in recombinant lines of three crosses between susceptible and resistant lines, in a core collection of 32 lines, and in mutants affected in symbiosis with rhizobia. A GFP-expressing V. albo-atrum strain was used to study colonization of susceptible plants. Symptoms and colonization pattern in infected M. truncatula plants were typical of Verticillium wilt. Three distinct major quantitative trait loci were identified using a multicross, multisite design, suggesting that simple genetic mechanisms appear to control Verticillium wilt resistance in M. truncatula lines A17 and DZA45.5. The disease functional parameters varied largely in lines of the core collection. This biodiversity with regard to disease response encourages the development of association genetics and ecological approaches. Several mutants of the resistant line, impaired in different steps of rhizobial symbiosis, were affected in their response to V. albo-atrum, which suggests that mechanisms involved in the establishment of symbiosis or disease might have some common regulatory control points.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Ben
- Université de Toulouse; INP, UPS; Laboratoire d’Écologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement (EcoLab); ENSAT, 18 chemin de Borderouge, 31326 Castanet Tolosan, France
- CNRS; EcoLab; 31326 Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - Maoulida Toueni
- Université de Toulouse; INP, UPS; Laboratoire d’Écologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement (EcoLab); ENSAT, 18 chemin de Borderouge, 31326 Castanet Tolosan, France
- CNRS; EcoLab; 31326 Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - Sara Montanari
- Université de Toulouse; INP, UPS; Laboratoire d’Écologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement (EcoLab); ENSAT, 18 chemin de Borderouge, 31326 Castanet Tolosan, France
| | | | - Magalie Fervel
- Barenbrug Tourneur Recherches, Negadis, 82600 Mas Grenier, France
| | - Azam Negahi
- Université de Toulouse; INP, UPS; Laboratoire d’Écologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement (EcoLab); ENSAT, 18 chemin de Borderouge, 31326 Castanet Tolosan, France
- CNRS; EcoLab; 31326 Castanet Tolosan, France
| | | | - Guillaume Mathieu
- Université de Toulouse; INP, UPS; Laboratoire d’Écologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement (EcoLab); ENSAT, 18 chemin de Borderouge, 31326 Castanet Tolosan, France
| | | | - Dominique Noël
- Barenbrug Tourneur Recherches, Negadis, 82600 Mas Grenier, France
| | | | - Marie-Laure Pilet-Nayel
- INRA, Agrocampus Ouest, Université de Rennes1, UMR118, Amélioration des Plantes et Biotechnologies Végétales, 35653 Le Rheu Cedex, Rennes, France
| | - Alain Baranger
- INRA, Agrocampus Ouest, Université de Rennes1, UMR118, Amélioration des Plantes et Biotechnologies Végétales, 35653 Le Rheu Cedex, Rennes, France
| | - Thierry Huguet
- Université de Toulouse; INP, UPS; Laboratoire d’Écologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement (EcoLab); ENSAT, 18 chemin de Borderouge, 31326 Castanet Tolosan, France
- CNRS; EcoLab; 31326 Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - Bernadette Julier
- INRA, UR 4, Unité de Recherche Pluridisciplinaire Prairies et Plantes Fourragères, Le Chêne, RD 150, BP 80006, 86600, Lusignan, France
| | - Martina Rickauer
- Université de Toulouse; INP, UPS; Laboratoire d’Écologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement (EcoLab); ENSAT, 18 chemin de Borderouge, 31326 Castanet Tolosan, France
- CNRS; EcoLab; 31326 Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - Laurent Gentzbittel
- Université de Toulouse; INP, UPS; Laboratoire d’Écologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement (EcoLab); ENSAT, 18 chemin de Borderouge, 31326 Castanet Tolosan, France
- CNRS; EcoLab; 31326 Castanet Tolosan, France
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Kamphuis LG, Williams AH, Küster H, Trengove RD, Singh KB, Oliver RP, Ellwood SR. Phoma medicaginis stimulates the induction of the octadecanoid and phenylpropanoid pathways in Medicago truncatula. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2012; 13:593-603. [PMID: 22212347 PMCID: PMC6638703 DOI: 10.1111/j.1364-3703.2011.00767.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Gene expression changes and metabolite abundances were measured during the interaction of Medicago truncatula with the fungal necrotrophic pathogen Phoma medicaginis in leaf tissue of susceptible and resistant accessions. Over 330 genes were differentially expressed in plants infected with P. medicaginis relative to mock-inoculated plants at 12 h post-inoculation. Of these, 191 were induced in either the resistant or the susceptible accession, with 143 genes repressed. Expression changes were observed in genes involved in the oxidative burst, cell wall strengthening and lipid metabolism, as well as several transcription factors. Genes related to salicylic acid, jasmonate and ethylene responses were up-regulated, as well as genes leading to the production of jasmonic acid. Significant induction of genes in the phenylpropanoid pathway leading to lignin and isoflavonoid biosynthesis occurred. High-pressure liquid chromatography with UV detection (HPLC-UV) identified several phenolic compounds induced by P. medicaginis, as well as constitutively higher levels of phenolic compounds, in the resistant M. truncatula accession. Differentially regulated genes induced in both the resistant and susceptible accessions, but with different kinetics, and constitutively more highly expressed and induced phenolic compounds provide candidates for functional analysis. Taken together, these results highlight the importance of the octadecanoid and phenylpropanoid pathways in defence against this necrotrophic pathogen.
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Hassan S, Mathesius U. The role of flavonoids in root-rhizosphere signalling: opportunities and challenges for improving plant-microbe interactions. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2012; 63:3429-44. [PMID: 22213816 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/err430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 351] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The flavonoid pathway produces a diverse array of plant compounds with functions in UV protection, as antioxidants, pigments, auxin transport regulators, defence compounds against pathogens and during signalling in symbiosis. This review highlights some of the known function of flavonoids in the rhizosphere, in particular for the interaction of roots with microorganisms. Depending on their structure, flavonoids have been shown to stimulate or inhibit rhizobial nod gene expression, cause chemoattraction of rhizobia towards the root, inhibit root pathogens, stimulate mycorrhizal spore germination and hyphal branching, mediate allelopathic interactions between plants, affect quorum sensing, and chelate soil nutrients. Therefore, the manipulation of the flavonoid pathway to synthesize specifically certain products has been suggested as an avenue to improve root-rhizosphere interactions. Possible strategies to alter flavonoid exudation to the rhizosphere are discussed. Possible challenges in that endeavour include limited knowledge of the mechanisms that regulate flavonoid transport and exudation, unforeseen effects of altering parts of the flavonoid synthesis pathway on fluxes elsewhere in the pathway, spatial heterogeneity of flavonoid exudation along the root, as well as alteration of flavonoid products by microorganisms in the soil. In addition, the overlapping functions of many flavonoids as stimulators of functions in one organism and inhibitors of another suggests caution in attempts to manipulate flavonoid rhizosphere signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Hassan
- Division of Plant Science, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Linnaeus Way, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
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Uppalapati SR, Ishiga Y, Doraiswamy V, Bedair M, Mittal S, Chen J, Nakashima J, Tang Y, Tadege M, Ratet P, Chen R, Schultheiss H, Mysore KS. Loss of abaxial leaf epicuticular wax in Medicago truncatula irg1/palm1 mutants results in reduced spore differentiation of anthracnose and nonhost rust pathogens. THE PLANT CELL 2012; 24:353-70. [PMID: 22294617 PMCID: PMC3289574 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.111.093104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2011] [Revised: 12/16/2011] [Accepted: 12/31/2011] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
To identify genes that confer nonhost resistance to biotrophic fungal pathogens, we did a forward-genetics screen using Medicago truncatula Tnt1 retrotransposon insertion lines. From this screen, we identified an inhibitor of rust germ tube differentation1 (irg1) mutant that failed to promote preinfection structure differentiation of two rust pathogens, Phakopsora pachyrhizi and Puccinia emaculata, and one anthracnose pathogen, Colletotrichum trifolii, on the abaxial leaf surface. Cytological and chemical analyses revealed that the inhibition of rust preinfection structures in irg1 mutants is due to complete loss of the abaxial epicuticular wax crystals and reduced surface hydrophobicity. The composition of waxes on abaxial leaf surface of irg1 mutants had >90% reduction of C30 primary alcohols and a preferential increase of C29 and C31 alkanes compared with the wild type. IRG1 encodes a Cys(2)His(2) zinc finger transcription factor, PALM1, which also controls dissected leaf morphology in M. truncatula. Transcriptome analysis of irg1/palm1 mutants revealed downregulation of eceriferum4, an enzyme implicated in primary alcohol biosynthesis, and MYB96, a major transcription factor that regulates wax biosynthesis. Our results demonstrate that PALM1 plays a role in regulating epicuticular wax metabolism and transport and that epicuticular wax influences spore differentiation of host and nonhost fungal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yasuhiro Ishiga
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401
| | - Vanthana Doraiswamy
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401
| | - Mohamed Bedair
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401
| | - Shipra Mittal
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401
| | - Jianghua Chen
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401
| | - Jin Nakashima
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401
| | - Yuhong Tang
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401
| | - Million Tadege
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401
| | - Pascal Ratet
- Institut des Sciences du Vegetale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 91198 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Rujin Chen
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401
| | | | - Kirankumar S. Mysore
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401
- Address correspondence to
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Méndez-Bravo A, Calderón-Vázquez C, Ibarra-Laclette E, Raya-González J, Ramírez-Chávez E, Molina-Torres J, Guevara-García AA, López-Bucio J, Herrera-Estrella L. Alkamides activate jasmonic acid biosynthesis and signaling pathways and confer resistance to Botrytis cinerea in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27251. [PMID: 22076141 PMCID: PMC3208606 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2011] [Accepted: 10/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alkamides are fatty acid amides of wide distribution in plants, structurally related to N-acyl-L-homoserine lactones (AHLs) from Gram-negative bacteria and to N- acylethanolamines (NAEs) from plants and mammals. Global analysis of gene expression changes in Arabidopsis thaliana in response to N-isobutyl decanamide, the most highly active alkamide identified to date, revealed an overrepresentation of defense-responsive transcriptional networks. In particular, genes encoding enzymes for jasmonic acid (JA) biosynthesis increased their expression, which occurred in parallel with JA, nitric oxide (NO) and H₂O₂ accumulation. The activity of the alkamide to confer resistance against the necrotizing fungus Botrytis cinerea was tested by inoculating Arabidopsis detached leaves with conidiospores and evaluating disease symptoms and fungal proliferation. N-isobutyl decanamide application significantly reduced necrosis caused by the pathogen and inhibited fungal proliferation. Arabidopsis mutants jar1 and coi1 altered in JA signaling and a MAP kinase mutant (mpk6), unlike salicylic acid- (SA) related mutant eds16/sid2-1, were unable to defend from fungal attack even when N-isobutyl decanamide was supplied, indicating that alkamides could modulate some necrotrophic-associated defense responses through JA-dependent and MPK6-regulated signaling pathways. Our results suggest a role of alkamides in plant immunity induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Méndez-Bravo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Michoacán, México
- Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad, Cinvestav Irapuato, Irapuato, Guanajuato, México
| | - Carlos Calderón-Vázquez
- Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad, Cinvestav Irapuato, Irapuato, Guanajuato, México
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigación para el Desarrollo Integral Regional-IPN, Guasave, Sinaloa, México
| | - Enrique Ibarra-Laclette
- Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad, Cinvestav Irapuato, Irapuato, Guanajuato, México
| | - Javier Raya-González
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Michoacán, México
| | - Enrique Ramírez-Chávez
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Bioquímica, Unidad Irapuato, Cinvestav, Irapuato, Guanajuato, México
| | - Jorge Molina-Torres
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Bioquímica, Unidad Irapuato, Cinvestav, Irapuato, Guanajuato, México
| | | | - José López-Bucio
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Michoacán, México
| | - Luis Herrera-Estrella
- Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad, Cinvestav Irapuato, Irapuato, Guanajuato, México
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Xu L, Zhu L, Tu L, Liu L, Yuan D, Jin L, Long L, Zhang X. Lignin metabolism has a central role in the resistance of cotton to the wilt fungus Verticillium dahliae as revealed by RNA-Seq-dependent transcriptional analysis and histochemistry. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2011; 62:5607-21. [PMID: 21862479 PMCID: PMC3223054 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/err245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2011] [Revised: 07/11/2011] [Accepted: 07/18/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The incompatible pathosystem between resistant cotton (Gossypium barbadense cv. 7124) and Verticillium dahliae strain V991 was used to study the cotton transcriptome changes after pathogen inoculation by RNA-Seq. Of 32,774 genes detected by mapping the tags to assembly cotton contigs, 3442 defence-responsive genes were identified. Gene cluster analyses and functional assignments of differentially expressed genes indicated a significant transcriptional complexity. Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) was performed on selected genes with different expression levels and functional assignments to demonstrate the utility of RNA-Seq for gene expression profiles during the cotton defence response. Detailed elucidation of responses of leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinases (LRR-RLKs), phytohormone signalling-related genes, and transcription factors described the interplay of signals that allowed the plant to fine-tune defence responses. On the basis of global gene regulation of phenylpropanoid metabolism-related genes, phenylpropanoid metabolism was deduced to be involved in the cotton defence response. A closer look at the expression of these genes, enzyme activity, and lignin levels revealed differences between resistant and susceptible cotton plants. Both types of plants showed an increased level of expression of lignin synthesis-related genes and increased phenylalanine-ammonia lyase (PAL) and peroxidase (POD) enzyme activity after inoculation with V. dahliae, but the increase was greater and faster in the resistant line. Histochemical analysis of lignin revealed that the resistant cotton not only retains its vascular structure, but also accumulates high levels of lignin. Furthermore, quantitative analysis demonstrated increased lignification and cross-linking of lignin in resistant cotton stems. Overall, a critical role for lignin was believed to contribute to the resistance of cotton to disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Xianlong Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
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Baumgartner K, Coetzee MPA, Hoffmeister D. Secrets of the subterranean pathosystem of Armillaria. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2011; 12:515-34. [PMID: 21722292 PMCID: PMC6640247 DOI: 10.1111/j.1364-3703.2010.00693.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Armillaria root disease affects fruit and nut crops, timber trees and ornamentals in boreal, temperate and tropical regions of the world. The causal pathogens are members of the genus Armillaria (Basidiomycota, Physalacriaceae). This review summarizes the state of knowledge and highlights recent advances in Armillaria research. TAXONOMY Armillaria includes more than 40 morphological species. However, the identification and delineation of species on the basis of morphological characters are problematic, resulting in many species being undetected. Implementation of the biological species' concept and DNA sequence comparisons in the contemporary taxonomy of Armillaria have led to the discovery of a number of new species that are not linked to described morphological species. HOST RANGE Armillaria exhibits a range of symbioses with both plants and fungi. As plant pathogens, Armillaria species have broad host ranges, infecting mostly woody species. Armillaria can also colonize orchids Galeola and Gastrodia but, in this case, the fungus is the host and the plant is the parasite. Similar to its contrasting relationships with plants, Armillaria acts as either host or parasite in its interactions with other fungi. Disease control: Recent research on post-infection controls has revealed promising alternatives to the former pre-plant eradication attempts with soil fumigants, which are now being regulated more heavily or banned outright because of their negative effects on the environment. New study tools for genetic manipulation of the pathogen and characterization of the molecular basis of the host response will greatly advance the development of resistant rootstocks in a new stage of research. The depth of the research, regardless of whether traditional or genomic approaches are used, will depend on a clear understanding of where the different propagules of Armillaria attack a root system, which of the pathogen's diverse biolymer-degrading enzymes and secondary metabolites facilitate infection, and how the course of infection differs between resistant and susceptible hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendra Baumgartner
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), University of California, Davis, USA.
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Radwan O, Liu Y, Clough SJ. Transcriptional analysis of soybean root response to Fusarium virguliforme, the causal agent of sudden death syndrome. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2011; 24:958-72. [PMID: 21751852 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-11-10-0271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Sudden death syndrome (SDS) of soybean can be caused by any of four distinct Fusarium species, with F. virguliforme and F. tucumaniae being the main casual agents in North and South America, respectively. Although the fungal tissue is largely confined to the roots, the fungus releases a toxin that is translocated to leaf tissues, in which it causes interveinal chlorosis and necrosis leading to scorching symptoms and possible defoliation. In this study, we report on an Affymetrix analysis measuring transcript abundances in resistant (PI 567.374) and susceptible (Essex) roots upon infection by F. virguliforme, 5 and 7 days postinoculation. Many of the genes with increased expression were common between resistant and susceptible plants (including genes related to programmed cell death, the phenylpropanoid pathway, defense, signal transduction, and transcription factors), but some genotype-specific expression was noted. Changes in small (sm)RNA levels between inoculated and mock-treated samples were also studied and implicate a role for these molecules in this interaction. In total, 2,467 genes were significantly changing in the experiment, with 1,694 changing in response to the pathogen; 93 smRNA and 42 microRNA that have putative soybean gene targets were identified from infected tissue. Comparing genotypes, 247 genes were uniquely modulating in the resistant host, whereas 378 genes were uniquely modulating in the susceptible host. Comparing locations of differentially expressed genes to known resistant quantitative trait loci as well as identifying smRNA that increased while their putative targets decreased (or vice versa) allowed for the narrowing of candidate SDS defense-associated genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osman Radwan
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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Uppalapati SR, Young CA, Marek SM, Mysore KS. Phymatotrichum (cotton) root rot caused by Phymatotrichopsis omnivora: retrospects and prospects. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2010; 11:325-34. [PMID: 20447281 PMCID: PMC6640249 DOI: 10.1111/j.1364-3703.2010.00616.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Phymatotrichum (cotton or Texas) root rot is caused by the soil-borne fungus Phymatotrichopsis omnivora (Duggar) Hennebert. The broad host range of the fungus includes numerous crop plants, such as alfalfa and cotton. Together with an overview of existing knowledge, this review is aimed at discussing the recent molecular and genomic approaches that have been undertaken to better understand the disease development at the molecular level with the ultimate goal of developing resistant germplasm. TAXONOMY Phymatotrichopsis omnivora (Duggar) Hennebert [synonym Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear) Duggar] is an asexual fungus with no known sexual stage. Mitosporic botryoblastospores occasionally form on epigeous spore mats in nature, but perform no known function and do not contribute to the disease cycle. The fungus has been affiliated erroneously with the polypore basidiomycete Sistotrema brinkmannii (Bres.) J. Erikss. Recent phylogenetic studies have placed this fungus in the ascomycete order Pezizales. HOST RANGE AND DISEASE SYMPTOMS: The fungus infects most dicotyledonous field crops, causing significant losses to cotton, alfalfa, grape, fruit and nut trees and ornamental shrubs in the south-western USA, northern Mexico and possibly parts of central Asia. However, this fungus does not cause disease in monocotyledonous plants. Symptoms include an expanding tissue collapse (rot) of infected taproots. In above-ground tissues, the root rot results in vascular discoloration of the stem and rapid wilting of the leaves without abscission, and eventually the death of the plant. Characteristic mycelial strands of the pathogen are typically present on the root's surface, aiding diagnosis. PATHOGENICITY Confocal imaging of P. omnivora interactions with Medicago truncatula roots revealed that infecting hyphae do not form any specialized structures for penetration and mainly colonize cortical cells and eventually form a mycelial mantle covering the root's surfaces. Cell wall-degrading enzymes have been implicated in penetration and symptom development. Global gene expression profiling of infected M. truncatula revealed roles for jasmonic acid, ethylene and the flavonoid pathway during disease development. Phymatotrichopsis omnivora apparently evades induced host defences and may suppress the host's phytochemical defences at later stages of infection to favour pathogenesis. DISEASE CONTROL No consistently effective control measures are known. The long-lived sclerotia and facultative saprotrophism of P. omnivora make crop rotation ineffective. Chemical fumigation methods are not cost-effective for most crops. Interestingly, no genetic resistance has been reported in any of the susceptible crop species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivasa Rao Uppalapati
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation Inc., 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK 73401, USA
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Fliegmann J, Furtwängler K, Malterer G, Cantarello C, Schüler G, Ebel J, Mithöfer A. Flavone synthase II (CYP93B16) from soybean (Glycine max L.). PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2010; 71:508-14. [PMID: 20132953 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2010.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2009] [Revised: 12/22/2009] [Accepted: 01/13/2010] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoids are a very diverse group of plant secondary metabolites with a wide array of activities in plants, as well as in nutrition and health. All flavonoids are derived from a limited number of flavanone intermediates, which serve as substrates for a variety of enzyme activities, enabling the generation of diversity in flavonoid structures. Flavonoids can be characteristic metabolites, like isoflavonoids for legumes. Others, like flavones, occur in nearly all plants. Interestingly, there exist two fundamentally different enzymatic systems able to directly generate flavones from flavanones, flavone synthase (FNS) I and II. We describe an inducible flavone synthase activity from soybean (Glycine max) cell cultures, generating 7,4'-dihydroxyflavone (DHF), which we classified as FNS II. The corresponding full-length cDNA (CYP93B16) was isolated using known FNS II sequences from other plants. Functional expression in yeast allowed the detailed biochemical characterization of the catalytic activity of FNS II. A direct conversion of flavanones such as liquiritigenin, naringenin, and eriodictyol into the corresponding flavones DHF, apigenin and luteolin, respectively, was demonstrated. The enzymatic reaction of FNSII was stereoselective, favouring the (S)- over the (R)-enantiomer. Phylogenetic analyses of the subfamily of plant CYP93B enzymes indicate the evolution of a gene encoding a flavone synthase which originally catalyzed the direct conversion of flavanones into flavones, via early gene duplication into a less efficient enzyme with an altered catalytic mechanism. Ultimately, this allowed the evolution of the legume-specific isoflavonoid synthase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Fliegmann
- Department Biology I, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Botany, München, Germany
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He J, Benedito VA, Wang M, Murray JD, Zhao PX, Tang Y, Udvardi MK. The Medicago truncatula gene expression atlas web server. BMC Bioinformatics 2009. [PMID: 20028527 DOI: 10.1186/1471‐2105‐10‐441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Legumes (Leguminosae or Fabaceae) play a major role in agriculture. Transcriptomics studies in the model legume species, Medicago truncatula, are instrumental in helping to formulate hypotheses about the role of legume genes. With the rapid growth of publically available Affymetrix GeneChip Medicago Genome Array GeneChip data from a great range of tissues, cell types, growth conditions, and stress treatments, the legume research community desires an effective bioinformatics system to aid efforts to interpret the Medicago genome through functional genomics. We developed the Medicago truncatula Gene Expression Atlas (MtGEA) web server for this purpose. DESCRIPTION The Medicago truncatula Gene Expression Atlas (MtGEA) web server is a centralized platform for analyzing the Medicago transcriptome. Currently, the web server hosts gene expression data from 156 Affymetrix GeneChip(R) Medicago genome arrays in 64 different experiments, covering a broad range of developmental and environmental conditions. The server enables flexible, multifaceted analyses of transcript data and provides a range of additional information about genes, including different types of annotation and links to the genome sequence, which help users formulate hypotheses about gene function. Transcript data can be accessed using Affymetrix probe identification number, DNA sequence, gene name, functional description in natural language, GO and KEGG annotation terms, and InterPro domain number. Transcripts can also be discovered through co-expression or differential expression analysis. Flexible tools to select a subset of experiments and to visualize and compare expression profiles of multiple genes have been implemented. Data can be downloaded, in part or full, in a tabular form compatible with common analytical and visualization software. The web server will be updated on a regular basis to incorporate new gene expression data and genome annotation, and is accessible at: http://bioinfo.noble.org/gene-atlas/. CONCLUSIONS The MtGEA web server has a well managed rich data set, and offers data retrieval and analysis tools provided in the web platform. It's proven to be a powerful resource for plant biologists to effectively and efficiently identify Medicago transcripts of interest from a multitude of aspects, formulate hypothesis about gene function, and overall interpret the Medicago genome from a systematic point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji He
- Plant Biology Division, the Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, OK 73401, USA.
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He J, Benedito VA, Wang M, Murray JD, Zhao PX, Tang Y, Udvardi MK. The Medicago truncatula gene expression atlas web server. BMC Bioinformatics 2009; 10:441. [PMID: 20028527 PMCID: PMC2804685 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2105-10-441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2009] [Accepted: 12/22/2009] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Legumes (Leguminosae or Fabaceae) play a major role in agriculture. Transcriptomics studies in the model legume species, Medicago truncatula, are instrumental in helping to formulate hypotheses about the role of legume genes. With the rapid growth of publically available Affymetrix GeneChip Medicago Genome Array GeneChip data from a great range of tissues, cell types, growth conditions, and stress treatments, the legume research community desires an effective bioinformatics system to aid efforts to interpret the Medicago genome through functional genomics. We developed the Medicago truncatula Gene Expression Atlas (MtGEA) web server for this purpose. Description The Medicago truncatula Gene Expression Atlas (MtGEA) web server is a centralized platform for analyzing the Medicago transcriptome. Currently, the web server hosts gene expression data from 156 Affymetrix GeneChip® Medicago genome arrays in 64 different experiments, covering a broad range of developmental and environmental conditions. The server enables flexible, multifaceted analyses of transcript data and provides a range of additional information about genes, including different types of annotation and links to the genome sequence, which help users formulate hypotheses about gene function. Transcript data can be accessed using Affymetrix probe identification number, DNA sequence, gene name, functional description in natural language, GO and KEGG annotation terms, and InterPro domain number. Transcripts can also be discovered through co-expression or differential expression analysis. Flexible tools to select a subset of experiments and to visualize and compare expression profiles of multiple genes have been implemented. Data can be downloaded, in part or full, in a tabular form compatible with common analytical and visualization software. The web server will be updated on a regular basis to incorporate new gene expression data and genome annotation, and is accessible at: http://bioinfo.noble.org/gene-atlas/. Conclusions The MtGEA web server has a well managed rich data set, and offers data retrieval and analysis tools provided in the web platform. It's proven to be a powerful resource for plant biologists to effectively and efficiently identify Medicago transcripts of interest from a multitude of aspects, formulate hypothesis about gene function, and overall interpret the Medicago genome from a systematic point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji He
- Plant Biology Division, the Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, OK 73401, USA.
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