1
|
Leitão ST, Rubiales D, Vaz Patto MC. Identification of novel sources of partial and incomplete hypersensitive resistance to rust and associated genomic regions in common bean. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:610. [PMID: 38041043 PMCID: PMC10691055 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04619-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) is one of the legume crops most consumed worldwide and bean rust is one of the most severe foliar biotrophic fungal diseases impacting its production. In this work, we searched for new sources of rust resistance (Uromyces appendiculatus) in a representative collection of the Portuguese germplasm, known to have accessions with an admixed genetic background between Mesoamerican and Andean gene pools. We identified six accessions with incomplete hypersensitive resistance and 20 partially resistant accessions of Andean, Mesoamerican, and admixed origin. We detected 11 disease severity-associated single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) using a genome-wide association approach. Six of the associations were related to partial (incomplete non-hypersensitive) resistance and five to incomplete hypersensitive resistance, and the proportion of variance explained by each association varied from 4.7 to 25.2%. Bean rust severity values ranged from 0.2 to 49.1% and all the infection types were identified, reflecting the diversity of resistance mechanisms deployed by the Portuguese germplasm.The associations with U. appendiculatus partial resistance were located in chromosome Pv08, and with incomplete hypersensitive resistance in chromosomes Pv06, Pv07, and Pv08, suggesting an oligogenic inheritance of both types of resistance. A resolution to the gene level was achieved for eight of the associations. The candidate genes proposed included several resistance-associated enzymes, namely β-amylase 7, acyl-CoA thioesterase, protein kinase, and aspartyl protease. Both SNPs and candidate genes here identified constitute promising genomics targets to develop functional molecular tools to support bean rust resistance precision breeding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susana Trindade Leitão
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB NOVA), Oeiras, 2780-157, Portugal.
| | - Diego Rubiales
- Institute for Sustainable Agriculture, CSIC, 14004, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Maria Carlota Vaz Patto
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB NOVA), Oeiras, 2780-157, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Leitão ST, Mendes FA, Rubiales D, Vaz Patto MC. Oligogenic Control of Quantitative Resistance Against Powdery Mildew Revealed in Portuguese Common Bean Germplasm. PLANT DISEASE 2023; 107:3113-3122. [PMID: 37102726 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-02-23-0313-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is one of the most important food legumes worldwide, and its production is severely affected by fungal diseases such as powdery mildew. Portugal has a diverse germplasm, with accessions of Andean, Mesoamerican, and admixed origin, making it a valuable resource for common bean genetic studies. In this work, we evaluated the response of a Portuguese collection of 146 common bean accessions to Erysiphe diffusa infection, observing a wide range of disease severity and different levels of compatible and incompatible reactions, revealing the presence of different resistance mechanisms. We identified 11 incompletely hypersensitive resistant and 80 partially resistant accessions. We performed a genome-wide association study to clarify its genetic control, resulting in the identification of eight disease severity-associated single-nucleotide polymorphisms, spread across chromosomes Pv03, Pv09, and Pv10. Two of the associations were unique to partial resistance and one to incomplete hypersensitive resistance. The proportion of variance explained by each association varied between 15 and 86%. The absence of a major locus, together with the relatively small number of loci controlling disease severity, suggested an oligogenic inheritance of both types of resistance. Seven candidate genes were proposed, including a disease resistance protein (toll interleukin 1 receptor-nucleotide binding site-leucine-rich repeat class), an NF-Y transcription factor complex component, and an ABC-2 type transporter family protein. This work contributes with new resistance sources and genomic targets valuable to develop selection molecular tools and support powdery mildew resistance precision breeding in common bean.
Collapse
|
3
|
Meddya S, Meshram S, Sarkar D, S R, Datta R, Singh S, Avinash G, Kumar Kondeti A, Savani AK, Thulasinathan T. Plant Stomata: An Unrealized Possibility in Plant Defense against Invading Pathogens and Stress Tolerance. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3380. [PMID: 37836120 PMCID: PMC10574665 DOI: 10.3390/plants12193380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Stomata are crucial structures in plants that play a primary role in the infection process during a pathogen's attack, as they act as points of access for invading pathogens to enter host tissues. Recent evidence has revealed that stomata are integral to the plant defense system and can actively impede invading pathogens by triggering plant defense responses. Stomata interact with diverse pathogen virulence factors, granting them the capacity to influence plant susceptibility and resistance. Moreover, recent studies focusing on the environmental and microbial regulation of stomatal closure and opening have shed light on the epidemiology of bacterial diseases in plants. Bacteria and fungi can induce stomatal closure using pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), effectively preventing entry through these openings and positioning stomata as a critical component of the plant's innate immune system; however, despite this defense mechanism, some microorganisms have evolved strategies to overcome stomatal protection. Interestingly, recent research supports the hypothesis that stomatal closure caused by PAMPs may function as a more robust barrier against pathogen infection than previously believed. On the other hand, plant stomatal closure is also regulated by factors such as abscisic acid and Ca2+-permeable channels, which will also be discussed in this review. Therefore, this review aims to discuss various roles of stomata during biotic and abiotic stress, such as insects and water stress, and with specific context to pathogens and their strategies for evading stomatal defense, subverting plant resistance, and overcoming challenges faced by infectious propagules. These pathogens must navigate specific plant tissues and counteract various constitutive and inducible resistance mechanisms, making the role of stomata in plant defense an essential area of study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandipan Meddya
- School of Agriculture, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, India
| | - Shweta Meshram
- School of Agriculture, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, India
| | - Deepranjan Sarkar
- Department of Agriculture, Integral Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, Integral University, Lucknow 226026, India;
| | - Rakesh S
- Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Pundibari, Cooch Behar 736165, India;
| | - Rahul Datta
- Department of Geology and Pedology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic;
| | - Sachidanand Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Smt. S. S. Patel Nootan Science and Commerce College, Sankalchand Patel University, Visnagar 384315, India;
| | - Gosangi Avinash
- Department of Biochemistry, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141027, India;
| | - Arun Kumar Kondeti
- Department of Agronomy, Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, Regional Agricultural Research Station, Nandyal 518502, India;
| | - Ajit Kumar Savani
- Department of Plant Pathology, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat 785013, India;
| | - Thiyagarajan Thulasinathan
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641003, India;
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Singh AK, Kushwaha C, Shikha K, Chand R, Mishra GP, Dikshit HK, Devi J, Aski MS, Kumar S, Gupta S, Nair RM. Rust ( Uromyces viciae-fabae Pers. de-Bary) of Pea ( Pisum sativum L.): Present Status and Future Resistance Breeding Opportunities. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:374. [PMID: 36833300 PMCID: PMC9957278 DOI: 10.3390/genes14020374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Uromyces viciae-fabae Pers. de-Bary is an important fungal pathogen causing rust in peas (Pisum sativum L.). It is reported in mild to severe forms from different parts of the world where the pea is grown. Host specificity has been indicated in this pathogen in the field but has not yet been established under controlled conditions. The uredinial states of U. viciae-fabae are infective under temperate and tropical conditions. Aeciospores are infective in the Indian subcontinent. The genetics of rust resistance was reported qualitatively. However, non-hypersensitive resistance responses and more recent studies emphasized the quantitative nature of pea rust resistance. Partial resistance/slow rusting had been described as a durable resistance in peas. Such resistance is of the pre-haustorial type and expressed as longer incubation and latent period, poor infection efficiency, a smaller number of aecial cups/pustules, and lower units of AUDPC (Area Under Disease Progress Curve). Screening techniques dealing with slow rusting should consider growth stages and environment, as both have a significant influence on the disease scores. Our knowledge about the genetics of rust resistance is increasing, and now molecular markers linked with gene/QTLs (Quantitative Trait Loci) of rust resistance have been identified in peas. The mapping efforts conducted in peas came out with some potent markers associated with rust resistance, but they must be validated under multi-location trails before use in the marker-assisted selection of rust resistance in pea breeding programs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anil Kumar Singh
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221 005, India
| | - Chanda Kushwaha
- Department of Plant Pathology, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour 813 210, India
| | - Kumari Shikha
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Institute of Agricultural and Natural Sciences, Deen Dayal Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur 273 009, India
| | - Ramesh Chand
- Department of Mycology and Plant Pathology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221 005, India
| | - Gyan P. Mishra
- Division of Genetics, ICAR—Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110 012, India
| | - Harsh Kumar Dikshit
- Division of Genetics, ICAR—Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110 012, India
| | - Jyoti Devi
- Crop Improvement Division, Indian Institute of Vegetable Research, Varanasi 221 305, India
| | - Muraleedhar S. Aski
- Division of Genetics, ICAR—Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110 012, India
| | - Shiv Kumar
- South Asia and China Program, International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas, NASC Complex, New Delhi 110 012, India
| | - Sanjeev Gupta
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Krishi Bhawan, New Delhi 110 001, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Rubiales D, Khazaei H. Advances in disease and pest resistance in faba bean. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2022; 135:3735-3756. [PMID: 35182168 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-021-04022-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Faba bean (Vicia faba) is a grain legume crop widely cultivated in temperate areas for food and feed. Its productivity can be constrained by numerous diseases and pests that can be managed by a number of strategies, complemented with the deployment of resistant cultivars in an integrated manner. Few sources of resistance are available to some of them, although their phenotypic expression is usually insufficiently described, and their genetic basis is largely unknown. A few DNA markers have been developed for resistance to rust, ascochyta blight, and broomrape, but not yet for other diseases or pests. Still, germplasm screenings are allowing the identification of resistances that are being accumulated by classical breeding, succeeding in the development of cultivars with moderate levels of resistance. The adoption of novel phenotyping approaches and the unprecedented development of genomic resources along with speed breeding tools are speeding up resistance characterization and effective use in faba bean breeding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diego Rubiales
- Institute for Sustainable Agriculture, CSIC, Avenida Menéndez Pidal s/n, 14004, Córdoba, Spain.
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ke X, Wang J, Xu X, Guo Y, Zuo Y, Yin L. Histological and molecular responses of Vigna angularis to Uromyces vignae infection. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:489. [PMID: 36229784 PMCID: PMC9563176 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03869-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To advance the understanding of adzuki bean (Vigna angularis) resistance to infection with the rust-causing fungus Uromyces vignae (Uv), we comprehensively analyzed histological events and the transcriptome of Uv-infected adzuki bean. RESULTS Compared with the susceptible cv. Baoqinghong (BQH), the resistant cv. QH1 showed inhibition of uredospore germination and substomatal vesicle development, intense autofluorescence of cells around the infection site, and cell wall deposit formation in response to Uv infection. In cv. QH1, gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) showed enrichment of chitin catabolic processes and responses to biotic stimuli at 24 h post-inoculation (hpi) and cell wall modification and structural constituent of cytoskeleton at 48 hpi. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis indicated enrichment of WRKY transcription factors (TFs), the calcium binding protein cml, and hydroquinone glucosyltransferase at both 24 and 48 hpi. In total, 1992 and 557 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified at 24 and 48 hpi, respectively. Cell surface pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs), WRKY TFs, defense-associated pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins, and lignin and antimicrobial phenolic compound biosynthesis were significantly induced. Finally, we detected the chitinase (CHI) and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activity were higher in QH1 and increased much earlier than in BQH. CONCLUSION In cv. QH1, cell-surface PRRs rapidly recognize Uv invasion and activate the corresponding TFs to increase the transcription of defense-related genes and corresponding enzymatic activities to prevent fungal development and spread in host tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiwang Ke
- National Coarse Cereals Engineering Research Center, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop-Pest Interaction Biology and Ecological Control, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, 163319, Daqing, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Biological Center, Harbin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 150028, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaodan Xu
- National Coarse Cereals Engineering Research Center, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop-Pest Interaction Biology and Ecological Control, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, 163319, Daqing, China
| | - Yongxia Guo
- National Coarse Cereals Engineering Research Center, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop-Pest Interaction Biology and Ecological Control, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, 163319, Daqing, China
| | - Yuhu Zuo
- National Coarse Cereals Engineering Research Center, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop-Pest Interaction Biology and Ecological Control, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, 163319, Daqing, China
| | - Lihua Yin
- National Coarse Cereals Engineering Research Center, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop-Pest Interaction Biology and Ecological Control, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, 163319, Daqing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Osuna-Caballero S, Rispail N, Barilli E, Rubiales D. Identification and Characterization of Novel Sources of Resistance to Rust Caused by Uromyces pisi in Pisum spp. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:2268. [PMID: 36079654 PMCID: PMC9460634 DOI: 10.3390/plants11172268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Pea rust is a major disease worldwide caused by Uromyces pisi in temperate climates. Only moderate levels of partial resistance against U. pisi have been identified so far in pea, urging for enlarging the levels of resistance available for breeding. Herein, we describe the responses to U. pisi of 320 Pisum spp. accessions, including cultivated pea and wild relatives, both under field and controlled conditions. Large variations for U. pisi infection response for most traits were observed between pea accessions under both field and controlled conditions, allowing the detection of genotypes with partial resistance. Simultaneous multi-trait indexes were applied to the datasets allowing the identification of partial resistance, particularly in accessions JI224, BGE004710, JI198, JI199, CGN10205, and CGN10206. Macroscopic observations were complemented with histological observations on the nine most resistant accessions and compared with three intermediates and three susceptible ones. This study confirmed that the reduced infection of resistant accessions was associated with smaller rust colonies due to a reduction in the number of haustoria and hyphal tips per colony. Additionally, a late acting hypersensitive response was identified for the first time in a pea accession (PI273209). These findings demonstrate that screening pea collections continues to be a necessary method in the search for complete resistance against U. pisi. In addition, the large phenotypic diversity contained in the studied collection will be useful for further association analysis and breeding perspectives.
Collapse
|
8
|
Martins D, Araújo SDS, Rubiales D, Vaz Patto MC. Legume Crops and Biotrophic Pathogen Interactions: A Continuous Cross-Talk of a Multilayered Array of Defense Mechanisms. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E1460. [PMID: 33137969 PMCID: PMC7692723 DOI: 10.3390/plants9111460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Legume species are recognized for their nutritional benefits and contribution to the sustainability of agricultural systems. However, their production is threatened by biotic constraints with devastating impacts on crop yield. A deep understanding of the molecular and genetic architecture of resistance sources culminating in immunity is critical to assist new biotechnological approaches for plant protection. In this review, the current knowledge regarding the major plant immune system components of grain and forage legumes challenged with obligate airborne biotrophic fungi will be comprehensively evaluated and discussed while identifying future directions of research. To achieve this, we will address the multi-layered defense strategies deployed by legume crops at the biochemical, molecular, and physiological levels, leading to rapid pathogen recognition and carrying the necessary information to sub-cellular components, on-setting a dynamic and organized defense. Emphasis will be given to recent approaches such as the identification of critical components of host decentralized immune response negatively regulated by pathogens while targeting the loss-of-function of susceptibility genes. We conclude that advances in gene expression analysis in both host and pathogen, protocols for effectoromics pipelines, and high-throughput disease phenomics platforms are rapidly leading to a deeper understanding of the intricate host-pathogen interaction, crucial for efficient disease resistance breeding initiatives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Davide Martins
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biologia António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avenida da República, Estação Agronómica Nacional, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; (S.d.S.A.); (M.C.V.P.)
| | - Susana de Sousa Araújo
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biologia António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avenida da República, Estação Agronómica Nacional, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; (S.d.S.A.); (M.C.V.P.)
- Association BLC3—Technology and Innovation Campus, Centre Bio R&D Unit, Rua Nossa Senhora da Conceição, 2, Lagares, 3405-155 Oliveira do Hospital, Portugal
| | - Diego Rubiales
- Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avenida Menéndez Pidal s/n, 14004 Córdoba, Spain;
| | - Maria Carlota Vaz Patto
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biologia António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avenida da República, Estação Agronómica Nacional, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; (S.d.S.A.); (M.C.V.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Navathe S, Yadav PS, Chand R, Mishra VK, Vasistha NK, Meher PK, Joshi AK, Gupta PK. ToxA- Tsn1 Interaction for Spot Blotch Susceptibility in Indian Wheat: An Example of Inverse Gene-for-Gene Relationship. PLANT DISEASE 2020; 104:71-81. [PMID: 31697221 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-05-19-1066-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The ToxA-Tsn1 system is an example of an inverse gene-for-gene relationship. The gene ToxA encodes a host-selective toxin (HST) which functions as a necrotrophic effector and is often responsible for the virulence of the pathogen. The genomes of several fungal pathogens (e.g., Pyrenophora tritici-repentis, Parastagonospora nodorum, and Bipolaris sorokiniana) have been shown to carry the ToxA gene. Tsn1 is a sensitivity gene in the host, whose presence generally helps a ToxA-positive pathogen to cause spot blotch in wheat. Cultivars lacking Tsn1 are generally resistant to spot blotch; this resistance is attributed to a number of other known genes which impart resistance in the absence of Tsn1. In the present study, 110 isolates of B. sorokiniana strains, collected from the ME5A and ME4C megaenvironments of India, were screened for the presence of the ToxA gene; 77 (70%) were found to be ToxA positive. Similarly, 220 Indian wheat cultivars were screened for the presence of the Tsn1 gene; 81 (36.8%) were found to be Tsn1 positive. When 20 wheat cultivars (11 with Tsn1 and 9 with tsn1) were inoculated with ToxA-positive isolates, seedlings of only those carrying the Tsn1 allele (not tsn1) developed necrotic spots surrounded by a chlorotic halo. No such distinction between Tsn1 and tsn1 carriers was observed when adult plants were inoculated. This study suggests that the absence of Tsn1 facilitated resistance against spot blotch of wheat. Therefore, the selection of wheat genotypes for the absence of the Tsn1 allele can improve resistance to spot blotch.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sudhir Navathe
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Punam Singh Yadav
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Ramesh Chand
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Vinod Kumar Mishra
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Neeraj Kumar Vasistha
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Ch. Charan Singh University, Meerut, 250004, India
| | - Prabina Kumar Meher
- Division of Statistical Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Statistical Research Institute, Pusa, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Arun Kumar Joshi
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), G-2, B-Block, NASC Complex, DPS Marg, New Delhi, 110012, India
- Borlaug Institute for South Asia (BISA), G-2, B-Block, NASC Complex, DPS Marg, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Pushpendra Kumar Gupta
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Ch. Charan Singh University, Meerut, 250004, India
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Poudel A, Navathe S, Chand R, Mishra VK, Singh PK, Joshi AK. Hydrogen Peroxide Prompted Lignification Affects Pathogenicity of Hemi-biotrophic Pathogen Bipolaris sorokiniana to Wheat. THE PLANT PATHOLOGY JOURNAL 2019; 35:287-300. [PMID: 31481852 PMCID: PMC6706009 DOI: 10.5423/ppj.oa.09.2018.0180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Spot blotch caused by Bipolaris sorokiniana has spread to more than 9 million ha of wheat in the warm, humid areas of the Eastern Gangetic Plains (EGP) of South Asia and is a disease of major concern in other similar wheat growing regions worldwide. Differential lignin content in resistant and susceptible genotypes and its association with free radicals such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide (O2 -) and hydroxyl radical (OH-) were studied after inoculation under field conditions for two consecutive years. H2O2 significantly influenced lignin content in flag leaves, whereas there was a negative correlation among lignin and H2O2 to the Area Under Disease Progress Curve (AUDPC). The production of H2O2 was higher in the resistant genotypes than susceptible ones. The O2 - and OH- positively correlated with AUDPC but negatively with lignin content. This study illustrates that H2O2 has a vital role in prompting lignification and thereby resistance to spot blotch in wheat. We used cluster analysis to separate the resistant and susceptible genotypes by phenotypic and biochemical traits. H2O2 associated lignin production significantly reduced the number of appressoria and penetration pegs. We visualized the effect of lignin in disease resistance using differential histochemical staining of tissue from resistant and susceptible genotypes, which shows the variable accumulation of hydrogen peroxide and lignin around penetration sites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ajit Poudel
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University Varanasi- 221005 UP,
India
| | - Sudhir Navathe
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University Varanasi- 221005 UP,
India
| | - Ramesh Chand
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University Varanasi- 221005 UP,
India
- Corresponding author: Phone) +91-9415992810, E-mail)
| | - Vinod K. Mishra
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University Varanasi- 221005 UP,
India
| | - Pawan K. Singh
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Apdo Postal 6-641, Mexico DF
Mexico
| | - Arun K. Joshi
- Borlaug Institute for South Asia (BISA), G-2, B-Block, NASC Complex, DPS Marg, New Delhi – 110012
India
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), G-2, B-Block, NASC Complex, DPS Marg, New Delhi – 110012
India
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Barilli E, Cimmino A, Masi M, Evidente M, Rubiales D, Evidente A. Inhibition of early development stages of rust fungi by the two fungal metabolites cyclopaldic acid and epi-epoformin. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2017; 73:1161-1168. [PMID: 27624539 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rusts are a noxious group of plant diseases affecting major economically important crops. Crop protection is largely based on chemical control. There is a renewed interest in the discovery of natural products as alternatives to synthetic fungicides for control. In this study we tested two fungal metabolites, namely cyclopaldic acid and epi-epoformin, for their effectiveness in reducing early stages of development of two major rust fungi from the genera Puccinia and Uromyces, P. triticina and U. pisi. Spore germination and appressorium formation were assessed on pretreated detached leaves under controlled conditions. Cyclopaldic acid and epi-epoformin were also tested in infected plants in order to evaluate the level of control achieved by treatments both before and after inoculation. RESULTS Cyclopaldic acid and epi-epoformin were strongly effective in inhibiting fungal germination and penetration of both rust species studied. This effect was not dose dependent. These results were further confirmed in planta by spraying the metabolites on plant leaves, which reduced fungal developmental of U. pisi and P. triticina at values comparable with those obtained by application of the fungicide. CONCLUSION Our results further demonstrate the potential of fungal metabolites as natural alternatives to synthetic fungicides for the control of crop pathogens of economic importance as rusts. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alessio Cimmino
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant'Angelo, Napoli, Italy
| | - Marco Masi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant'Angelo, Napoli, Italy
| | - Marco Evidente
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant'Angelo, Napoli, Italy
| | - Diego Rubiales
- Institute for Sustainable Agriculture, CSIC, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Antonio Evidente
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant'Angelo, Napoli, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Barilli E, Cimmino A, Masi M, Evidente M, Rubiales D, Evidente A. Inhibition of Spore Germination and Appressorium Formation of Rust Species by Plant and Fungal Metabolites. Nat Prod Commun 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1601100940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Eight fungal and plant metabolites belonging to different classes of naturally occurring compounds, a 24-oxa[14]-cytochalasan as cytochalasin B (1), a trisubstituted isocoumarin as 6-hydroxymellein (2), a tetracyclic pimarane diterpene as sphaeropsidin A (3), a chalcone as cavoxin (4), a pentasubstituted benzofuranone as cyclopaldic acid (5), a bicyclic-sesquiterpene as inuloxin A (6), a epipolythiopiperazine as gliotoxin (7) and a cyclohexene epoxide as epi-epoformin (8), were tested for their effectiveness in reducing early stages of development of several major rust fungi from the genera Puccinia and Uromyces. Spore germination and appressoria formation were assessed on pre-treated detached leaves, under controlled conditions. Among the various metabolites evaluated, compounds 5 and 8 were the most effective in inhibiting fungal germination and penetration of all rust species studied at values comparable with those obtained by fungicide application, while compound 4 was phytotoxic to plant leaves at any concentration tested.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Barilli
- Institute for Sustainable Agriculture, CSIC, Córdoba, 14004, Spain
| | - Alessio Cimmino
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant'Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Marco Masi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant'Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Marco Evidente
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant'Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Diego Rubiales
- Institute for Sustainable Agriculture, CSIC, Córdoba, 14004, Spain
| | - Antonio Evidente
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant'Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kumar M, Chand R, Shah K. Evidences for growth-promoting and fungicidal effects of low doses of tricyclazole in barley. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2016; 103:176-182. [PMID: 26995312 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The effect of increasing concentrations (5-100 mg L(-1)) of tricyclazole (TCZ), an important fungicide commonly used for control of spot blotch disease, was investigated for changes in physiological and biochemical parameters in 10 and 20-days-old barley plants (Hordeum vulgare L., cv. RD-2508). A 10 mg L(-1) dose of TCZ supplemented with nutrient solution in barley plants reflected a lowered infection with a significant increase in plant growth, plant biomass, leaf chlorophyll level, altered reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation and altered activity of key antioxidant enzymes viz. superoxide dismutase (SOD, EC: 1.15.1.1), catalase (CAT, EC: 1.11.1.6), ascorbate peroxidase (APX, EC: 1.11.1.1) and guaiacol peroxidase (GPX, EC: 1.11.1.7). To our knowledge this is the first report that provides evidence for TCZ to act both as a fungicide as well as to have plant growth-promoting activity. The study suggests that this dual property of tricyclazole has a potential for integration in disease management programs in barley. Application of low doses of TCZ can fit in well with environment friendly strategies for sustainable barley crop production, more yield and minimal soil contamination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India; Department of Mycology and Plant Pathology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India.
| | - Ramesh Chand
- Department of Mycology and Plant Pathology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India.
| | - Kavita Shah
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Barilli E, Rubiales D, Amalfitano C, Evidente A, Prats E. BTH and BABA induce resistance in pea against rust (Uromyces pisi) involving differential phytoalexin accumulation. PLANTA 2015; 242:1095-106. [PMID: 26059606 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-015-2339-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Systemic acquired resistance elicitors, BTH and BABA, reduce rust penetration in pea through phytoalexins pathway but differing in their mode of action. It has been previously shown that rust (Uromyces pisi) infection can be reduced in pea (Pisum sativum) by exogenous applications of systemic acquired resistance elicitors such as BTH and BABA. This protection is known to be related with the induction of the phenolic pathway but the particular metabolites involved have not been determined yet. In this work, we tackled the changes induced in phytoalexin content by BTH and BABA treatments in the context of the resistance responses to pea rust. Detailed analysis through high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) showed qualitative and quantitative differences in the content, as well as in the distribution of phytoalexins. Thus, following BTH treatment, we observed an increase in scopoletin, pisatin and medicarpin contents in all, excreted, soluble and cell wall-bound fraction. This suggests fungal growth impairment by both direct toxic effect as well as plant cell wall reinforcement. The response mediated by BTH was genotype-dependent, since coumarin accumulation was observed only in the resistant genotype whereas treatment by BABA primed phytoalexin accumulation in both genotypes equally. Exogenous application to the leaves of scopoletin, medicarpin and pisatin lead to a reduction of the different fungal growth stages, confirming a role for these phytoalexins in BTH- and BABA-induced resistance against U. pisi hampering pre- and postpenetration fungal stages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Diego Rubiales
- Institute for Sustainable Agriculture, CSIC, Córdoba, Spain
| | | | - Antonio Evidente
- Department of Chemical Science, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Elena Prats
- Institute for Sustainable Agriculture, CSIC, Córdoba, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Niks RE, Qi X, Marcel TC. Quantitative resistance to biotrophic filamentous plant pathogens: concepts, misconceptions, and mechanisms. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2015; 53:445-70. [PMID: 26047563 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-080614-115928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative resistance (QR) refers to a resistance that is phenotypically incomplete and is based on the joined effect of several genes, each contributing quantitatively to the level of plant defense. Often, QR remains durably effective, which is the primary driver behind the interest in it. The various terms that are used to refer to QR, such as field resistance, adult plant resistance, and basal resistance, reflect the many properties attributed to it. In this article, we discuss aspects connected to those attributions, in particular the hypothesis that much of the QR to biotrophic filamentous pathogens is basal resistance, i.e., poor suppression of PAMP-triggered defense by effectors. We discuss what role effectors play in suppressing defense or improving access to nutrients. Based on the functions of the few plant proteins identified as involved in QR, vesicle trafficking and protein/metabolite transportation are likely to be common physiological processes relevant to QR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rients E Niks
- Laboratory of Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research Centre, 6700 AJ Wageningen, The Netherlands;
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Almeida NF, Leitão ST, Krezdorn N, Rotter B, Winter P, Rubiales D, Vaz Patto MC. Allelic diversity in the transcriptomes of contrasting rust-infected genotypes of Lathyrus sativus, a lasting resource for smart breeding. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 14:376. [PMID: 25522779 PMCID: PMC4331309 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-014-0376-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.) is a valuable resource for potentially durable partial resistance to rust. To gain insight into the resistance mechanism and identify potential resistance genes, we generated the first comprehensive transcriptome assemblies from control and Uromyces pisi inoculated leafs of a susceptible and a partially rust-resistant grass pea genotype by RNA-seq. RESULTS 134,914 contigs, shared by both libraries, were used to analyse their differential expression in response to rust infection. Functional annotation grouped 60.4% of the contigs present in plant databases (37.8% of total) to 33 main functional categories, being "protein", "RNA", "signalling", "transport" and "stress" the most represented. Transcription profiles revealed considerable differences in regulation of major phytohormone signalling pathways: whereas Salicylic and Abscisic Acid pathways were up-regulated in the resistant genotype, Jasmonate and Ethylene pathways were down-regulated in the susceptible one. As potential Resistance-genes we identified a mildew resistance locus O (MLO)-like gene, and MLO-related transcripts. Also, several pathogenesis-related genes were up-regulated in the resistant and exclusively down regulated in the susceptible genotype. Pathogen effectors identified in both inoculated libraries, as e.g. the rust Rtp1 transcript, may be responsible for the down-regulation of defence-related transcripts. The two genotypes contained 4,892 polymorphic contigs with SNPs unevenly distributed between different functional categories. Protein degradation (29.7%) and signalling receptor kinases (8.2%) were the most diverged, illustrating evolutionary adaptation of grass pea to the host/pathogens arms race. CONCLUSIONS The vast array of novel, resistance-related genomic information we present here provides a highly valuable resource for future smart breeding approaches in this hitherto under-researched, valuable legume crop.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nuno Felipe Almeida
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal.
| | - Susana Trindade Leitão
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal.
| | | | - Björn Rotter
- GenXPro GmbH, D-60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Peter Winter
- GenXPro GmbH, D-60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Diego Rubiales
- Institute for Sustainable Agriculture, CSIC, E-14080, Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Maria Carlota Vaz Patto
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Kumar M, Chand R, Dubey RS, Shah K. Effect of Tricyclazole on morphology, virulence and enzymatic alterations in pathogenic fungi Bipolaris sorokiniana for management of spot blotch disease in barley. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 31:23-35. [PMID: 25335466 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-014-1756-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Bipolaris sorokiniana synthesizes the 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN) melanin via pentaketide pathway and promotes the development of aerial mycelia and conidia. A melanin biosynthesis inhibitor Tricyclazole (TCZ), brought changes when applied at 5-100 μg ml(-1) concentration in the colony morphology, radial growth, mycelia weight, melanin content, antioxidant enzymes (SOD and CAT) and extracellular hydrolytic enzymes (cellulase, pectinase, amylase and protease) in black, mixed and white isolates of B. sorokiniana. A significant alteration was recorded in antioxidant enzymes in black and mixed isolates; however, non-significant alteration was recorded in white isolate. Isolates of B. sorokiniana exposed to 100 µg ml(-1) TCZ showed significantly increased formation of superoxide radical (O 2 (·-) ) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)·H2O2 was detected significantly high in hyphae and conidia while, O 2 (·-) was found primarily in the conidia. Microscopic results suggest that TCZ damages not only the cell wall but also the cell membrane. The foliar application of TCZ (25, 50 and 100 µg ml(-1)) decreases the area under disease progress curve, lesion development and spore formation on barley leaves thereby reducing potential for the disease development. In conclusion TCZ influences the pathogenic ability by damaging the cell structure of hyphae and conidia and also alters the antioxidant enzyme levels in B. sorokiniana. TCZ may therefore, works against to pathogen for better management of spot blotch disease in barley infected with B. sorokiniana.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, UP, India,
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Vaz Patto MC, Rubiales D. Unveiling common responses of Medicago truncatula to appropriate and inappropriate rust species. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:618. [PMID: 25426128 PMCID: PMC4224060 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about the nature of effective defense mechanisms in legumes to pathogens of remotely related plant species. Some rust species are among pathogens with broad host range causing dramatic losses in various crop plants. To understand and compare the different host and nonhost resistance (NHR) responses of legume species against rusts, we characterized the reaction of the model legume Medicago truncatula to one appropriate (Uromyces striatus) and two inappropriate (U. viciae-fabae and U. lupinicolus) rusts. We found that similar pre and post-haustorial mechanisms of resistance appear to be operative in M. truncatula against appropriate and inappropriate rust fungus. The appropriate U. striatus germinated better on M. truncatula accessions then the inappropriate U. viciae-fabae and U. lupinicolus, but once germinated, germ tubes of the three rusts had a similar level of success in finding stomata and forming an appressoria over a stoma. However, responses to different inappropriate rust species also showed some specificity, suggesting a combination of non-specific and specific responses underlying this legume NHR to rust fungi. Further genetic and expression analysis studies will contribute to the development of the necessary molecular tools to use the present information on host and NHR mechanisms to breed for broad-spectrum resistance to rust in legume species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Carlota Vaz Patto
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de LisboaOeiras, Portugal
- *Correspondence: Maria Carlota Vaz Patto, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avenida República, Apartado 127, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal e-mail:
| | - Diego Rubiales
- Institute for Sustainable Agriculture, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasCórdoba, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Zhang H, Wang C, Cheng Y, Wang X, Li F, Han Q, Xu J, Chen X, Huang L, Wei G, Kang Z. Histological and molecular studies of the non-host interaction between wheat and Uromyces fabae. PLANTA 2011; 234:979-91. [PMID: 21691848 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-011-1453-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2011] [Accepted: 05/24/2011] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Non-host resistance (NHR) confers plant species immunity against the majority of microbes. As an important crop, wheat can be damaged by several Puccinia species but is immune to all Uromyces species. Here, we studied the basis of NHR in wheat against the broad bean rust pathogen Uromyces fabae (Uf). In the wheat-Uf interaction, microscopic observations showed that urediospores germinated efficiently on wheat leaves. However, over 98% of the germ tubes failed to form appressoria over stomata. For the few that invaded through stomata, the majority of them failed to penetrate wheat mesophyll cells. At 96 hours after inoculation, less than 4% of the Uf infection units that had entered the mesophyll tissue formed haustoria. Attempted penetration by haustorium mother cells induced the thickening of cell wall and the formation of papillae in plant cells, which arrested the development or growth of Uf penetration pegs. For the Uf haustoria formed in wheat cells, they were encased in callose-like materials and did not elicit hypersensitive response. Localized accumulation of H(2)O(2) were observed in plant cell walls, papillae and encasement of haustoria during the wheat-Uf interaction. Furthermore, quantitative RT-PCR analysis showed that several genes involved in basal resistance and oxidative stress responses were up-regulated during Uf infection. In conclusion, our study revealed the cytological and molecular bases of NHR in wheat against the non-adapted rust fungus Uf, and highlighted the significance of papilla production in the prehaustorial NHR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongchang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Voegele RT, Schmid A. RT real-time PCR-based quantification of Uromyces fabae in planta. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2011; 322:131-7. [PMID: 21707731 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2011.02343.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantification of obligate biotrophic parasites has been a long-standing problem in plant pathology. Many attempts have been made to determine how much of a pathogen is present in infected plant tissue. Methods of quantification included scoring disease symptoms, microscopic evaluation, determination of specific compounds like Ergosterol, and lately nucleic acid-based technologies. All of these methods have their drawbacks, and even real-time PCR may not be quantitative if for example the organism of interest has specific and differing numbers of nuclei in different infection structures. We applied reverse transcription (RT) real-time PCR to quantify Uromyces fabae within its host plant Vicia faba. We used three different genes, which have been shown to be constitutively expressed. Our analyses show an exponential increase of fungal material between 4 and 9 days post inoculation and thereafter reaching a steady state of around 45% of total RNA. We also used haustorium-specific genes to determine the amount of haustoria present at each time point. These analyses parallel the development of the whole fungus with the exception of the steady-state level, which is only around 5% of the total RNA. This indicates that RT real-time PCR is a suitable method for quantification of obligate biotrophic parasites, and also for the differentiation of developmental stages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ralf T Voegele
- Fachgebiet Phytopathologie, Institut für Phytomedizin, Universität Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Chattopadhyay S, Ali KA, Doss SG, Das NK, Aggarwal RK, Bandopadhyay TK, Sarkar A, Bajpai AK. Association of leaf micro-morphological characters with powdery mildew resistance in field-grown mulberry (Morus spp.) germplasm. AOB PLANTS 2011; 2011:plr002. [PMID: 22476473 PMCID: PMC3244759 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plr002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2010] [Accepted: 01/13/2011] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Micro-morphological characteristics can influence fungal infectivity. We sought links between micro-morphology and resistance to powdery mildew in mulberry with the intention of assisting selection of disease-resistant lines. METHODOLOGY Over 3 years and under field conditions, we evaluated 30 lines of mulberry with contrasting susceptibilities to powdery mildew (15 resistant and 15 susceptible). Disease severity was related statistically to stomatal area, stomatal density, stomatal index, upper and lower cuticular thicknesses, leaf thickness and trichome density. PRINCIPAL RESULTS Differences between lines were significant (P <0.05) for all characters studied. Variation between the resistant and susceptible groups was statistically highly significant (P <0.01) for stomatal index, stomatal area and trichome density. The powdery mildew-resistant group was distinguished by 17.4 % lower stomatal density, 12.5 % smaller stomatal index per unit leaf area, 20.0 % greater trichome density and 18.0 % higher stomatal area compared with the susceptible group. Trichome density was negatively correlated with disease severity index and with the accumulative area under disease progression curves. Stomatal density was positively correlated with both measures of disease severity. Although stomatal area was negatively related to disease severity index (r = -0.28; P <0.05), the correlation was weak. There was no statistically significant relationship between stomatal area and the accumulative area under disease progression curves. The germplasm was partitioned into seven sub-groups based on hierarchical cluster analysis derived from pooled disease severity index scores and three highly significant micro-morphological characters. Eighty per cent of the resistant germplasm accumulated in three cluster components (A1, A2 and B2) characterized by high trichome densities and a high stomatal density and stomatal index. CONCLUSIONS Resistance to powdery mildew in mulberry is associated with trichome and stomatal features rather than leaf and epidermal thicknesses. Trichome density, stomatal density and stomatal index are shown to be promising markers for screening powdery mildew resistance in breeding programmes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soumen Chattopadhyay
- Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Central Silk board, Berhampore 742 101, India
- Present address: Regional Muga Research Station, Central Silk Board, Boko 781 123, Assam, India
| | - Kabiul Akhter Ali
- Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Central Silk board, Berhampore 742 101, India
| | - S. Gandhi Doss
- Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Central Silk board, Berhampore 742 101, India
| | - Nirvan K. Das
- Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Central Silk board, Berhampore 742 101, India
| | | | - Tapas K. Bandopadhyay
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Kalyani, Kalyani 741235, Nadia, India
| | - A. Sarkar
- Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Central Silk board, Berhampore 742 101, India
| | - A. K. Bajpai
- Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Central Silk board, Berhampore 742 101, India
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Aghnoum R, Niks RE. Transgressive segregation for very low and high levels of basal resistance to powdery mildew in barley. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 168:45-50. [PMID: 20956027 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2010.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2010] [Accepted: 09/08/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Basal resistance of barley to powdery mildew is a quantitatively inherited trait that limits the growth and sporulation of barley powdery mildew pathogen by a non-hypersensitive mechanism of defense. Two experimental barley lines were developed with a very high (ErBgh) and low (EsBgh) level of basal resistance to powdery mildew by cycles of convergent crossing and phenotypic selection between the most resistant and between the most susceptible lines, respectively, from four mapping populations of barley. Phenotypic selection in convergent crossing was highly effective in producing contrasting phenotypes for basal resistance and susceptibility. In ErBgh, almost 90% of infection units failed to form a primary haustorium in the epidermal cells in association with papilla formation, but in EsBgh only 33% of infection units failed to form a primary haustorium. The contrast between ErBgh and EsBgh for successful formation of secondary and subsequent haustoria was much less obvious (69% versus 79% successful secondary haustorium formation). In an earlier investigation, we determined seven QTLs for basal resistance in the four mapping populations. Checking the peak markers of these QTLs indicated that only four out of seven QTLs were confirmed to be present in the selected resistant lines and only four QTLs for susceptibility were confirmed to be present in the selected susceptible lines. Surprisingly, none of the expected QTLs could be detected in the resistant line ErBgh. We discuss some reasons why marker aided selection might be less efficient in raising levels of basal resistance than phenotypic selection. The very resistant and susceptible lines developed here are valuable material to be used in further experiments to characterize the molecular basis of basal resistance to powdery mildew.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reza Aghnoum
- Laboratory of Plant Breeding, Graduate School for Experimental Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Li Y, Windham MT, Trigiano RN, Reed SM, Spiers JM, Rinehart TA. Bright-Field and Fluorescence Microscopic Study of Development of Erysiphe polygoni in Susceptible and Resistant Bigleaf Hydrangea. PLANT DISEASE 2009; 93:130-134. [PMID: 30764105 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-93-2-0130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Temporal development of Erysiphe polygoni and responses of bigleaf hydrangeas (Hydrangea macrophylla) to the fungal attack were investigated using bright-field and fluorescence microscopy. Conidia germinated 2 h after inoculation (HAI) and formed primary appressoria at the tip of the primary germ tubes within 4 HAI. Secondary germ tubes were initiated from primary appressoria or other parts of conidia 12 HAI. Hyphae developed through elongation of secondary germ tubes, and paired lateral appressoria were formed along hyphae within 2 days after inoculation (DAI). Conidiophores and conidia were formed 5 DAI. In the susceptible cultivar Nikko Blue and the resistant cultivar Veitchii, the fungus established a parasitic relationship, which was indicated by the formation of haustoria under primary appressoria and development of secondary germ tubes at 1 DAI. A hypersensitive response (HR) and accumulation of callose were detected in both resistant and susceptible cultivars at 3 DAI. Resistance to powdery mildew in Veitchii was evident by manifestation of early accumulation of callose, relatively high percentage of necrotic infected cells, and restricted colony development compared to the susceptible cultivar Nikko Blue. Restricting hyphal growth and sporulation by early response of callose accumulation and HR are important resistance mechanisms that could be used in screening hydrangeas for resistance to powdery mildew.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yonghao Li
- Dept. of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-4560
| | - Mark T Windham
- Dept. of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-4560
| | - Robert N Trigiano
- Dept. of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-4560
| | - Sandra M Reed
- USDA/ARS Floral & Nursery Plants Research Unit, McMinnville, TN 37110
| | - James M Spiers
- USDA/ARS Thad Cochran Horticultural Research Laboratory, Poplarville, MS 39470
| | - Timothy A Rinehart
- USDA/ARS Thad Cochran Horticultural Research Laboratory, Poplarville, MS 39470
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Del Mar Rojas-Molina M, Rubiales D, Prats E, Sillero JC. Effects of phenylpropanoid and energetic metabolism inhibition on faba bean resistance mechanisms to rust. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2007; 97:60-5. [PMID: 18942937 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-97-0060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Effects on penetration and hypersensitive resistance of the cinnamyl acid dehydrogenase (CAD) suicide inhibitor ([(2-hydroxyphenyl) amino] sulphinyl) acetic acid, 1.1 dimethyl ester, which suppresses phenylpro-panoid biosynthesis, and of D-mannose, which sequesters phosphate and reduces energy available in host cells, were studied in faba bean (Vicia faba) genotypes with differing resistance mechanisms to faba bean rust (Uromyces viciae-fabae). Inhibition of CAD reduced penetration resistance in lines 2N-34, 2N-52, V-1271, and V-1272, revealing an important role for phenylpropanoid biosynthesis in the resistance of these lines. Inhibition of CAD also inhibited hypersensitive cell death in these lines. D-mannose had little or no effect on resistance. By contrast, CAD inhibition did not affect penetration resistance of line BPL-261, which has a high degree of penetration resistance not associated with hypersensitive cell death. In BPL-261, D-mannose inhibited penetration resistance. The parallelism between the faba bean genotype responses to rust observed here and the response of barley genotypes with differing resistance mechanisms to powdery mildew after similar inhibitor treatments is analyzed and discussed.
Collapse
|
25
|
Pegard A, Brizzard G, Fazari A, Soucaze O, Abad P, Djian-Caporalino C. Histological Characterization of Resistance to Different Root-Knot Nematode Species Related to Phenolics Accumulation in Capsicum annuum. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2005; 95:158-65. [PMID: 18943985 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-95-0158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT In the pepper Capsicum annuum CM334, which is used by breeders as a source of resistance to Phytophthora spp. and potyviruses, a resistance gene entirely suppresses reproduction of the root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne spp.). The current study compared the histological responses of this resistant line and a susceptible cultivar to infection with the three most damaging root-knot nematodes: M. arenaria, M. incognita, or M. javanica. Resistance of CM334 to root-knot nematodes was associated with unidentified factors that limited nematode penetration and with post-penetration biochemical responses, including the hypersensitive response, which apparently blocked nematode migration and thereby prevented juvenile development and reproduction. High-performance liquid chromatography analysis suggested that phenolic compounds, especially chlorogenic acid, may be involved in CM334 resistance. The response to infection in the resistant line varied with root-knot nematode species and was correlated with nematode behavior and pathogenicity in the susceptible cultivar: nematode species that quickly reached the vascular cylinder and initiated feeding sites in the susceptible cultivar were quickly recognized in CM334 and stopped in the epidermis or cortex. After comparing our data with those from other resistant pepper lines, we suggest that timing of the resistance response and the mechanism of resistance vary with plant genotype, resistance gene, and root-knot nematode species.
Collapse
|
26
|
Emeran AA, Sillero JC, Niks RE, Rubiales D. Infection Structures of Host-Specialized Isolates of Uromyces viciae-fabae and of Other Species of Uromyces Infecting Leguminous Crops. PLANT DISEASE 2005; 89:17-22. [PMID: 30795278 DOI: 10.1094/pd-89-0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A study was made of the morphology of urediniospores and primary infection structures of 12 isolates of six legume-infecting species of Uromyces. Infection structures were sufficient to distinguish among species. Isolates of Uromyces viciae-fabae proved to be specialized with respect to host, because each isolate infected only cultivars of the species from which it was collected. Host-specialized isolates of U. viciae-fabae also were morphologically distinct, differing in both spore dimensions and infection structure morphology. In particular, the shape and dimensions of the substomatal vesicle were distinctive. These results support the view that U. viciae-fabae sensu lato is a species complex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A A Emeran
- Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible (CSIC), Apdo 4084, 14080 Cóacute;rdoba, Spain
| | - J C Sillero
- CIFA Alameda del Obispo, Apdo 4240, 14080 Córdoba, Spain
| | - R E Niks
- Department of Plant Breeding, P.O. Box 386, 6700 AJ Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - D Rubiales
- Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible (CSIC), Córdoba, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Avila CM, Sillero JC, Rubiales D, Moreno MT, Torres AM. Identification of RAPD markers linked to the Uvf-1 gene conferring hypersensitive resistance against rust (Uromyces viciae-fabae) in Vicia faba L. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2003; 107:353-8. [PMID: 12698251 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-003-1254-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2002] [Accepted: 11/22/2002] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Bulk segregant analysis was used to identify random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers linked to a gene determining hypersensitive resistance in Vicia faba line 2N52 against race 1 of the rust fungus Uromyces viciae-fabae. The monogenic nature of the resistance was determined by analyzing the F(2) population from a cross between resistant line 2N52 and susceptible line VF-176, and further confirmed in the F(2:3)-derived families. Linkage of the RAPD markers was confirmed by screening 55 F(2) plants segregating for resistance. Three RAPD markers (OPD13(736), OPL18(1032) and OPI20(900)) were mapped in coupling phase to the resistance gene for race 1 ( Uvf-1). No recombinants between OPI20(900) and Uvf-1 were detected. Two additional markers (OPP02(1172) and OPR07(930)) were linked to the gene in repulsion phase at a distance of 9.9 and 11.5 cM, respectively. The application of marker-assisted selection to develop new faba bean varieties with rust resistance genes is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C M Avila
- Departamento de Mejora y Agronomía, CIFA-Alameda del Obispo, Apdo 3092, 14080 Córdoba, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|