1
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Honda S, Hatamura M, Kunimoto Y, Ikeda S, Minami N. Chimeric PRMT6 protein produced by an endogenous retrovirus promoter regulates cell fate decision in mouse preimplantation embryos†. Biol Reprod 2024; 110:698-710. [PMID: 38196172 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioae002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Murine endogenous retrovirus with leucine tRNA primer, also known as MERVL, is expressed during zygotic genome activation in mammalian embryos. Here we show that protein arginine N-methyltransferase 6 (Prmt6) forms a chimeric transcript with MT2B2, one of the long terminal repeat sequences of murine endogenous retrovirus with leucine tRNA primer, and is translated into an elongated chimeric protein (PRMT6MT2B2) whose function differs from that of the canonical PRMT6 protein (PRMT6CAN) in mouse preimplantation embryos. Overexpression of PRMT6CAN in fibroblast cells increased asymmetric dimethylation of the third arginine residue of both histone H2A (H2AR3me2a) and histone H4 (H4R3me2a), while overexpression of PRMT6MT2B2 increased only H2AR3me2a. In addition, overexpression of PRMT6MT2B2 in one blastomere of mouse two-cell embryos promoted cell proliferation and differentiation of the blastomere into epiblast cells at the blastocyst stage, while overexpression of PRMT6CAN repressed cell proliferation. This is the first report of the translation of a chimeric protein (PRMT6MT2B2) in mouse preimplantation embryos. Our results suggest that analyzing chimeric transcripts with murine endogenous retrovirus with leucine tRNA primer will provide insight into the relationship between zygotic genome activation and subsequent intra- and extra-cellular lineage determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinnosuke Honda
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Maho Hatamura
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuri Kunimoto
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shuntaro Ikeda
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Naojiro Minami
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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2
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Guo Y, Li TD, Modzelewski AJ, Siomi H. Retrotransposon renaissance in early embryos. Trends Genet 2024; 40:39-51. [PMID: 37949723 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2023.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Despite being the predominant genetic elements in mammalian genomes, retrotransposons were often dismissed as genomic parasites with ambiguous biological significance. However, recent studies reveal their functional involvement in early embryogenesis, encompassing crucial processes such as zygotic genome activation (ZGA) and cell fate decision. This review underscores the paradigm shift in our understanding of retrotransposon roles during early preimplantation development, as well as their rich functional reservoir that is exploited by the host to provide cis-regulatory elements, noncoding RNAs, and functional proteins. The rapid advancement in long-read sequencing, low input multiomics profiling, advanced in vitro systems, and precise gene editing techniques encourages further dissection of retrotransposon functions that were once obscured by the intricacies of their genomic footprints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youjia Guo
- Department of Molecular Biology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Ten D Li
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-4539, USA
| | - Andrew J Modzelewski
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-4539, USA.
| | - Haruhiko Siomi
- Department of Molecular Biology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; Human Biology Microbiome Quantum Research Center (WPI-Bio2Q), Keio University, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.
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3
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Kour R, Kim J, Roy A, Richardson B, Cameron MJ, Knott JG, Mazumder B. Loss of function of ribosomal protein L13a blocks blastocyst formation and reveals a potential nuclear role in gene expression. FASEB J 2023; 37:e23275. [PMID: 37902531 PMCID: PMC10999073 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202301475r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
Ribosomal proteins play diverse roles in development and disease. Most ribosomal proteins have canonical roles in protein synthesis, while some exhibit extra-ribosomal functions. Previous studies in our laboratory revealed that ribosomal protein L13a (RPL13a) is involved in the translational silencing of a cohort of inflammatory proteins in myeloid cells. This prompted us to investigate the role of RPL13a in embryonic development. Here we report that RPL13a is required for early development in mice. Crosses between Rpl13a+/- mice resulted in no Rpl13a-/- offspring. Closer examination revealed that Rpl13a-/- embryos were arrested at the morula stage during preimplantation development. RNA sequencing analysis of Rpl13a-/- morulae revealed widespread alterations in gene expression, including but not limited to several genes encoding proteins involved in the inflammatory response, embryogenesis, oocyte maturation, stemness, and pluripotency. Ex vivo analysis revealed that RPL13a was localized to the cytoplasm and nucleus between the two-cell and morula stages. RNAi-mediated depletion of RPL13a phenocopied Rpl13a-/- embryos and knockdown embryos exhibited increased expression of IL-7 and IL-17 and decreased expression of the lineage specifier genes Sox2, Pou5f1, and Cdx2. Lastly, a protein-protein interaction assay revealed that RPL13a is associated with chromatin, suggesting an extra ribosomal function in transcription. In summary, our data demonstrate that RPL13a is essential for the completion of preimplantation embryo development. The mechanistic basis of the absence of RPL13a-mediated embryonic lethality will be addressed in the future through follow-up studies on ribosome biogenesis, global protein synthesis, and identification of RPL13a target genes using chromatin immunoprecipitation and RNA-immunoprecipitation-based sequencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravinder Kour
- Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Disease, Department of Biological Geological and Environmental Sciences, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Jaehwan Kim
- Developmental Epigenetics Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, Reproductive and Developmental Sciences Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Antara Roy
- Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Disease, Department of Biological Geological and Environmental Sciences, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Brian Richardson
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Institute for Computational Biology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Mark J. Cameron
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Institute for Computational Biology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Jason G. Knott
- Developmental Epigenetics Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, Reproductive and Developmental Sciences Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Barsanjit Mazumder
- Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Disease, Department of Biological Geological and Environmental Sciences, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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4
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Zhang H, Ji S, Zhang K, Chen Y, Ming J, Kong F, Wang L, Wang S, Zou Z, Xiong Z, Xu K, Lin Z, Huang B, Liu L, Fan Q, Jin S, Deng H, Xie W. Stable maternal proteins underlie distinct transcriptome, translatome, and proteome reprogramming during mouse oocyte-to-embryo transition. Genome Biol 2023; 24:166. [PMID: 37443062 PMCID: PMC10347836 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-023-02997-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The oocyte-to-embryo transition (OET) converts terminally differentiated gametes into a totipotent embryo and is critically controlled by maternal mRNAs and proteins, while the genome is silent until zygotic genome activation. How the transcriptome, translatome, and proteome are coordinated during this critical developmental window remains poorly understood. RESULTS Utilizing a highly sensitive and quantitative mass spectrometry approach, we obtain high-quality proteome data spanning seven mouse stages, from full-grown oocyte (FGO) to blastocyst, using 100 oocytes/embryos at each stage. Integrative analyses reveal distinct proteome reprogramming compared to that of the transcriptome or translatome. FGO to 8-cell proteomes are dominated by FGO-stockpiled proteins, while the transcriptome and translatome are more dynamic. FGO-originated proteins frequently persist to blastocyst while corresponding transcripts are already downregulated or decayed. Improved concordance between protein and translation or transcription is observed for genes starting translation upon meiotic resumption, as well as those transcribed and translated only in embryos. Concordance between protein and transcription/translation is also observed for proteins with short half-lives. We built a kinetic model that predicts protein dynamics by incorporating both initial protein abundance in FGOs and translation kinetics across developmental stages. CONCLUSIONS Through integrative analyses of datasets generated by ultrasensitive methods, our study reveals that the proteome shows distinct dynamics compared to the translatome and transcriptome during mouse OET. We propose that the remarkably stable oocyte-originated proteome may help save resources to accommodate the demanding needs of growing embryos. This study will advance our understanding of mammalian OET and the fundamental principles governing gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Zhang
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shuyan Ji
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ke Zhang
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuling Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jia Ming
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Kong
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lijuan Wang
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shun Wang
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Computational Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhuoning Zou
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Zhuqing Xiong
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kai Xu
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zili Lin
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Huang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, School of Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310002, China
| | - Ling Liu
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Fan
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Suoqin Jin
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Haiteng Deng
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Xie
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China.
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5
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Ozadam H, Tonn T, Han CM, Segura A, Hoskins I, Rao S, Ghatpande V, Tran D, Catoe D, Salit M, Cenik C. Single-cell quantification of ribosome occupancy in early mouse development. Nature 2023:10.1038/s41586-023-06228-9. [PMID: 37344592 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06228-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Translation regulation is critical for early mammalian embryonic development1. However, previous studies had been restricted to bulk measurements2, precluding precise determination of translation regulation including allele-specific analyses. Here, to address this challenge, we developed a novel microfluidic isotachophoresis (ITP) approach, named RIBOsome profiling via ITP (Ribo-ITP), and characterized translation in single oocytes and embryos during early mouse development. We identified differential translation efficiency as a key mechanism regulating genes involved in centrosome organization and N6-methyladenosine modification of RNAs. Our high-coverage measurements enabled, to our knowledge, the first analysis of allele-specific ribosome engagement in early development. These led to the discovery of stage-specific differential engagement of zygotic RNAs with ribosomes and reduced translation efficiency of transcripts exhibiting allele-biased expression. By integrating our measurements with proteomics data, we discovered that ribosome occupancy in germinal vesicle-stage oocytes is the predominant determinant of protein abundance in the zygote. The Ribo-ITP approach will enable numerous applications by providing high-coverage and high-resolution ribosome occupancy measurements from ultra-low input samples including single cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hakan Ozadam
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Tori Tonn
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Crystal M Han
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, San Jose State University, San Jose, CA, USA
| | - Alia Segura
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Ian Hoskins
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Shilpa Rao
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Vighnesh Ghatpande
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Duc Tran
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, San Jose State University, San Jose, CA, USA
| | - David Catoe
- Joint Initiative for Metrology in Biology, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Marc Salit
- Joint Initiative for Metrology in Biology, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Can Cenik
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
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6
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Hawdon A, Geoghegan ND, Mohenska M, Elsenhans A, Ferguson C, Polo JM, Parton RG, Zenker J. Apicobasal RNA asymmetries regulate cell fate in the early mouse embryo. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2909. [PMID: 37253716 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38436-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The spatial sorting of RNA transcripts is fundamental for the refinement of gene expression to distinct subcellular regions. Although, in non-mammalian early embryogenesis, differential RNA localisation presages cell fate determination, in mammals it remains unclear. Here, we uncover apical-to-basal RNA asymmetries in outer blastomeres of 16-cell stage mouse preimplantation embryos. Basally directed RNA transport is facilitated in a microtubule- and lysosome-mediated manner. Yet, despite an increased accumulation of RNA transcripts in basal regions, higher translation activity occurs at the more dispersed apical RNA foci, demonstrated by spatial heterogeneities in RNA subtypes, RNA-organelle interactions and translation events. During the transition to the 32-cell stage, the biased inheritance of RNA transcripts, coupled with differential translation capacity, regulates cell fate allocation of trophectoderm and cells destined to form the pluripotent inner cell mass. Our study identifies a paradigm for the spatiotemporal regulation of post-transcriptional gene expression governing mammalian preimplantation embryogenesis and cell fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azelle Hawdon
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Niall D Geoghegan
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Monika Mohenska
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
- Adelaide Centre for Epigenetics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- South Australian immunoGENomics Cancer Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Anja Elsenhans
- Department of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Charles Ferguson
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jose M Polo
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
- Adelaide Centre for Epigenetics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- South Australian immunoGENomics Cancer Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Robert G Parton
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jennifer Zenker
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
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7
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Latham KE. Preimplantation embryo gene expression: 56 years of discovery, and counting. Mol Reprod Dev 2023; 90:169-200. [PMID: 36812478 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.23676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
The biology of preimplantation embryo gene expression began 56 years ago with studies of the effects of protein synthesis inhibition and discovery of changes in embryo metabolism and related enzyme activities. The field accelerated rapidly with the emergence of embryo culture systems and progressively evolving methodologies that have allowed early questions to be re-addressed in new ways and in greater detail, leading to deeper understanding and progressively more targeted studies to discover ever more fine details. The advent of technologies for assisted reproduction, preimplantation genetic testing, stem cell manipulations, artificial gametes, and genetic manipulation, particularly in experimental animal models and livestock species, has further elevated the desire to understand preimplantation development in greater detail. The questions that drove enquiry from the earliest years of the field remain drivers of enquiry today. Our understanding of the crucial roles of oocyte-expressed RNA and proteins in early embryos, temporal patterns of embryonic gene expression, and mechanisms controlling embryonic gene expression has increased exponentially over the past five and a half decades as new analytical methods emerged. This review combines early and recent discoveries on gene regulation and expression in mature oocytes and preimplantation stage embryos to provide a comprehensive understanding of preimplantation embryo biology and to anticipate exciting future advances that will build upon and extend what has been discovered so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith E Latham
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA.,Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA.,Reproductive and Developmental Sciences Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
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8
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Zou Z, Zhang C, Wang Q, Hou Z, Xiong Z, Kong F, Wang Q, Song J, Liu B, Liu B, Wang L, Lai F, Fan Q, Tao W, Zhao S, Ma X, Li M, Wu K, Zhao H, Chen ZJ, Xie W. Translatome and transcriptome co-profiling reveals a role of TPRXs in human zygotic genome activation. Science 2022; 378:abo7923. [PMID: 36074823 DOI: 10.1126/science.abo7923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Translational regulation plays a critical role during the oocyte-to-embryo transition (OET) and zygotic genome activation (ZGA). Here, we integrated ultra-low-input Ribo-seq with mRNA-seq to co-profile the translatome and transcriptome in human oocytes and early embryos. Comparison with mouse counterparts identified widespread differentially translated genes functioning in epigenetic reprogramming, transposon defense, and small RNA biogenesis, in part driven by species-specific regulatory elements in 3' untranslated regions. Moreover, PRD-like homeobox transcription factors, including TPRXL, TPRX1, and TPRX2, are highly translated around ZGA. TPRX1/2/L knockdown leads to defective ZGA and preimplantation development. Ectopically expressed TPRXs bind and activate key ZGA genes in human embryonic stem cells. These data reveal the conservation and divergence of translation landscapes during OET and identify critical regulators of human ZGA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoning Zou
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.,Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.,Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Chuanxin Zhang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China.,Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China.,Shandong Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Reproductive Health, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China.,National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Qiuyan Wang
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.,Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhenzhen Hou
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China.,Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China.,Shandong Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Reproductive Health, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China.,National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Zhuqing Xiong
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.,Peking University-Tsinghua University-National Institute of Biological Sciences Joint Graduate Program, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Feng Kong
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.,Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qiujun Wang
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.,Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jinzhu Song
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China.,Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China.,Shandong Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Reproductive Health, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China.,National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Boyang Liu
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China.,Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China.,Shandong Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Reproductive Health, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China.,National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Bofeng Liu
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.,Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Lijuan Wang
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.,Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Fangnong Lai
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.,Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qiang Fan
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.,Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wenrong Tao
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China.,Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China.,Shandong Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Reproductive Health, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China.,National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Shuai Zhao
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China.,Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China.,Shandong Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Reproductive Health, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China.,National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Xiaonan Ma
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China.,Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China.,Shandong Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Reproductive Health, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China.,National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Miao Li
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China.,Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China.,Shandong Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Reproductive Health, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China.,National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Keliang Wu
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China.,Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China.,Shandong Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Reproductive Health, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China.,National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Han Zhao
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China.,Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China.,Shandong Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Reproductive Health, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China.,National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China.,Research Unit of Gametogenesis and Health of ART-Offspring, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, China
| | - Zi-Jiang Chen
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China.,Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China.,Shandong Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Reproductive Health, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China.,National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China.,Research Unit of Gametogenesis and Health of ART-Offspring, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics, Shanghai 200135, China.,Center for Reproductive Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200135, China
| | - Wei Xie
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.,Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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9
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Ultrasensitive Ribo-seq reveals translational landscapes during mammalian oocyte-to-embryo transition and pre-implantation development. Nat Cell Biol 2022; 24:968-980. [PMID: 35697785 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-022-00928-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In mammals, translational control plays critical roles during oocyte-to-embryo transition (OET) when transcription ceases. However, the underlying regulatory mechanisms remain challenging to study. Here, using low-input Ribo-seq (Ribo-lite), we investigated translational landscapes during OET using 30-150 mouse oocytes or embryos per stage. Ribo-lite can also accommodate single oocytes. Combining PAIso-seq to interrogate poly(A) tail lengths, we found a global switch of translatome that closely parallels changes of poly(A) tails upon meiotic resumption. Translation activation correlates with polyadenylation and is supported by polyadenylation signal proximal cytoplasmic polyadenylation elements (papCPEs) in 3' untranslated regions. By contrast, translation repression parallels global de-adenylation. The latter includes transcripts containing no CPEs or non-papCPEs, which encode many transcription regulators that are preferentially re-activated before zygotic genome activation. CCR4-NOT, the major de-adenylation complex, and its key adaptor protein BTG4 regulate translation downregulation often independent of RNA decay. BTG4 is not essential for global de-adenylation but is required for selective gene de-adenylation and production of very short-tailed transcripts. In sum, our data reveal intimate interplays among translation, RNA stability and poly(A) tail length regulation underlying mammalian OET.
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10
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Komatsu M, Tsukahara H, Bai H, Takahashi M, Wakai T, Kawahara M. Cell-cycle dependent GATA2 subcellular localization in mouse 2-cell embryos. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 584:1-6. [PMID: 34741809 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.10.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
GATA factors are essential transcription factors for embryonic development that broadly control the transcription of other genes. This study aimed to examine GATA2 protein localization in mouse embryos at the 2-cell stage, when drastic transformation in gene expression occurs for subsequent development in early embryos. We first analyzed GATA2 localization in 2-cell embryos at the interphase and mitotic phases by immunofluorescence analysis. In the interphase, GATA2 protein was localized in the nucleus, as a common transcription factor. In the mitotic phase, GATA2 protein was observed as a focally-aggregated spot around the nucleus of each blastomere. To explore the relationship between GATA2 protein localization and cell cycle progression in mouse 2-cell stage embryos, GFP-labeled GATA2 protein was overexpressed in the blastomere of 2-cell embryos. Overexpression of GFP-labeled GATA2 protein arrested cellular mitosis, focally aggregated GATA2 protein expression was not observed. This mitotic arrest by GATA2 overexpression was not accompanied with the upregulation of a 2-cell stage specific gene, murine endogenous retrovirus-L. These results suggest that GATA2 protein localization changes dynamically depending on cell cycle progression in mouse 2-cell embryos; in particular, focally aggregated localization of GATA2 in the mitotic phase requires appropriate cell cycle progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaya Komatsu
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Reproduction, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan
| | - Hayato Tsukahara
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Reproduction, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan
| | - Hanako Bai
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Reproduction, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan
| | - Masashi Takahashi
- Graduate School of Global Food Resources/Global Center for Food, Land and Water Resources, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8589, Japan
| | - Takuya Wakai
- Department of Animal Science, Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Manabu Kawahara
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Reproduction, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan.
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11
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Yedavalli VRK, Patil A, Parrish J, Kozak CA. A novel class III endogenous retrovirus with a class I envelope gene in African frogs with an intact genome and developmentally regulated transcripts in Xenopus tropicalis. Retrovirology 2021; 18:20. [PMID: 34261506 PMCID: PMC8278194 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-021-00564-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Retroviruses exist as exogenous infectious agents and as endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) integrated into host chromosomes. Such endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) are grouped into three classes roughly corresponding to the seven genera of infectious retroviruses: class I (gamma-, epsilonretroviruses), class II (alpha-, beta-, delta-, lentiretroviruses) and class III (spumaretroviruses). Some ERVs have counterparts among the known infectious retroviruses, while others represent paleovirological relics of extinct or undiscovered retroviruses. RESULTS Here we identify an intact ERV in the Anuran amphibian, Xenopus tropicalis. XtERV-S has open reading frames (ORFs) for gag, pol (polymerase) and env (envelope) genes, with a small additional ORF in pol and a serine tRNA primer binding site. It has unusual features and domain relationships to known retroviruses. Analyses based on phylogeny and functional motifs establish that XtERV-S gag and pol genes are related to the ancient env-less class III ERV-L family but the surface subunit of env is unrelated to known retroviruses while its transmembrane subunit is class I-like. LTR constructs show transcriptional activity, and XtERV-S transcripts are detected in embryos after the maternal to zygotic mid-blastula transition and before the late tailbud stage. Tagged Gag protein shows typical subcellular localization. The presence of ORFs in all three protein-coding regions along with identical 5' and 3' LTRs (long terminal repeats) indicate this is a very recent germline acquisition. There are older, full-length, nonorthologous, defective copies in Xenopus laevis and the distantly related African bullfrog, Pyxicephalus adspersus. Additional older, internally deleted copies in X. tropicalis carry a 300 bp LTR substitution. CONCLUSIONS XtERV-S represents a genera-spanning member of the largely env-less class III ERV that has ancient and modern copies in Anurans. This provirus has an env ORF with a surface subunit unrelated to known retroviruses and a transmembrane subunit related to class I gammaretroviruses in sequence and organization, and is expressed in early embryogenesis. Additional XtERV-S-related but defective copies are present in X. tropicalis and other African frog taxa. XtERV-S is an unusual class III ERV variant, and it may represent an important transitional retroviral form that has been spreading in African frogs for tens of millions of years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkat R K Yedavalli
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Akash Patil
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, John Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Janay Parrish
- Internal Medicine, Northwell Health, Lenox Hill Hospital, New York, NY, 10075, USA
| | - Christine A Kozak
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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12
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Li Y, Tang J, Ji X, Hua MM, Liu M, Chang L, Gu Y, Shi C, Ni W, Liu J, Shi HJ, Huang X, O'Neill C, Jin X. Regulation of the mammalian maternal-to-embryonic transition by eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E. Development 2021; 148:268308. [PMID: 34013332 PMCID: PMC8254863 DOI: 10.1242/dev.190793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) mediates cap-dependent translation. Genetic and inhibitor studies show that eIF4E expression is required for the successful transition from maternal to embryonic control of mouse embryo development. eIF4E was present in the oocyte and in the cytoplasm soon after fertilization and during each stage of early development. Functional knockout (Eif4e−/−) by PiggyBac [Act-RFP] transposition resulted in peri-implantation embryonic lethality because of the failure of normal epiblast formation. Maternal stores of eIF4E supported development up to the two- to four-cell stage, after which new expression occurred from both maternal and paternal inherited alleles. Inhibition of the maternally acquired stores of eIF4E (using the inhibitor 4EGI-1) resulted in a block at the two-cell stage. eIF4E activity was required for new protein synthesis in the two-cell embryo and Eif4e−/− embryos had lower translational activity compared with wild-type embryos. eIF4E-binding protein 1 (4E-BP1) is a hypophosphorylation-dependent negative regulator of eIF4E. mTOR activity was required for 4E-BP1 phosphorylation and inhibiting mTOR retarded embryo development. Thus, this study shows that eIF4E activity is regulated at key embryonic transitions in the mammalian embryo and is essential for the successful transition from maternal to embryonic control of development. Summary: Combined use of a PB [Act-RFP] transgenesis model, selective pharmacological inhibition and expression analyses verified the essential role of eIF4E in the transition from maternal to embryonic control of mouse development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Reproductive Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, 325000, China
| | - Jianan Tang
- NHC Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation, Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xu Ji
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 211816, China
| | - Min-Min Hua
- NHC Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation, Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Miao Liu
- Reproductive Medical Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Lu Chang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 211816, China
| | - Yihua Gu
- NHC Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation, Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Changgen Shi
- NHC Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation, Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Wuhua Ni
- Reproductive Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, 325000, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 211816, China
| | - Hui-Juan Shi
- NHC Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation, Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xuefeng Huang
- Reproductive Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, 325000, China
| | - Christopher O'Neill
- Human Reproduction Unit, Sydney Center for Regenerative and Developmental Medicine, Kolling Institute for Medical Research, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, St. Leonards, New South Wales, 2065, Australia
| | - Xingliang Jin
- Reproductive Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, 325000, China.,Human Reproduction Unit, Sydney Center for Regenerative and Developmental Medicine, Kolling Institute for Medical Research, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, St. Leonards, New South Wales, 2065, Australia
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13
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VandeVoort CA, Grimsrud KN, Midic U, Mtango N, Latham KE. Transgenerational effects of binge drinking in a primate model: implications for human health. Fertil Steril 2015; 103:560-9. [PMID: 25492684 PMCID: PMC4314404 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2014.10.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine if binge ethanol consumption before ovulation affects oocyte quality, gene expression, and subsequent embryo development. DESIGN Binge levels of ethanol were given twice weekly for 6 months, followed by a standard in vitro fertilization cycle and subsequent natural mating. SETTING National primate research center. ANIMAL(S) Adult female rhesus monkeys. INTERVENTION(S) Binge levels of ethanol, given twice weekly for 6 months before a standard in vitro fertilization cycle with or without embryo culture. With in vivo development, ethanol treatment continued until pregnancy was identified. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Oocyte and cumulus/granulosa cell gene expression, embryo development to blastocyst, and pregnancy rate. RESULT(S) Embryo development in vitro was reduced; changes were found in oocyte and cumulus cell gene expression; and spontaneous abortion during very early gestation increased. CONCLUSION(S) This study provides evidence that binge drinking can affect the developmental potential of oocytes even after alcohol consumption has ceased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A VandeVoort
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California, Davis, California.
| | - Kristin N Grimsrud
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Uros Midic
- The Fels Institute for Cancer Research & Molecular Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Namdori Mtango
- The Fels Institute for Cancer Research & Molecular Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Keith E Latham
- The Fels Institute for Cancer Research & Molecular Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan; Department of Biochemistry, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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14
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Jin XL, O'Neill C. The presence and activation of two essential transcription factors (cAMP response element-binding protein and cAMP-dependent transcription factor ATF1) in the two-cell mouse embryo. Biol Reprod 2009; 82:459-68. [PMID: 19776387 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.109.078758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The expression of two members of an important family of transcription factors, cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) and cAMP-dependent transcription factor ATF1 (ATF1), is essential for normal preimplantation development. There is a high degree of functional similarity between these two transcription factors, and they can both homodimerize and heterodimerize with each other to form active transcription factors. CREB is present in all stages of mouse preimplantation embryo, and we show here that ATF1 is localized to the nucleus in all preimplantation stages. Activation of these transcription factors requires their phosphorylation, and this was only observed to occur for both transcription factors (serine 133 phosphorylation of CREB and serine 63 phosphorylation of ATF1) at the two-cell stage. Nuclear localization and phosphorylation of ATF1 were constitutive. The nuclear localization and phosphorylation of CREB showed a constitutive component that was further induced by the autocrine embryotropin Paf (1-o-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine). Activation of CREB by Paf was independent of cAMP but was dependent on calcium, calmodulin, and calmodulin-dependent kinase activity. ATF1 nuclear localization was unaffected by inhibition of the calcium/calmodulin pathway. A complex pattern of expression of calmodulin-dependent kinases was observed throughout preimplantation development. At the two-cell stage, only mRNAs coding for calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase beta, calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II gamma, and calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IV were detected. A selective antagonist for calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase (STO-609) and calmodulin-dependent protein kinases I, II, and IV (KN-62) blocked the Paf-induced phosphorylation of CREB. The study demonstrates a role for trophic signaling and constitutive activation of two essential transcription factors at the time of zygotic genome activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- X L Jin
- Human Reproduction Unit, Sydney Centre for Developmental and Regenerative Medicine, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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15
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Mtango NR, Potireddy S, Latham KE. Expression of microRNA processing machinery genes in rhesus monkey oocytes and embryos of different developmental potentials. Mol Reprod Dev 2009; 76:255-69. [PMID: 18646051 PMCID: PMC2631102 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.20950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small RNAs that silence gene expression. In animal cells, miRNAs bind to the 3' untranslated regions of specific mRNAs and inhibit their translation. The correct regulation of mRNA expression by miRNAs is believed to be important for oocyte maturation, early development and implantation. We examined the expression of 25 mRNAs involved in the microRNA processing pathway in a nonhuman primate oocyte and embryo model. We observed that mRNAs related to miRNA splicing are downregulated during oocyte maturation while those related to miRNA processing are upregulated, indicating that there may exist a temporal difference in their activities related to transcriptional activity in germinal vesicle stage oocytes. We also observed that the vast majority of mRNAs examined were insensitive to alpha-amanitin at the 8-16 cell stage. The expression data did not reveal a major impact of embryo culture, and hormonal stimulation protocol affected only a small number of mRNAs, suggesting that the components of the pathway may be accumulated in the oocyte during oogenesis and resistant to exogenous insults. In comparison to published mouse array data, we observed species differences and similarities in the temporal expression patterns of some genes, suggesting that miRNA processing may be regulated differently. These data extend our understanding of the potential roles of miRNA during primate embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namdori R Mtango
- The Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University Medical School, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, USA
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16
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Activation du génome embryonnaire. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 36:1126-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gyobfe.2008.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2008] [Accepted: 07/28/2008] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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17
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Vassena R, Han Z, Gao S, Latham KE. Deficiency in recapitulation of stage-specific embryonic gene transcription in two-cell stage cloned mouse embryos. Mol Reprod Dev 2008; 74:1548-56. [PMID: 17551977 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.20723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
One possible explanation to account for the ability to clone animals by somatic cell nuclear transfer is that the donor genome is reprogrammed by the oocyte to recapitulate a normal embryonic pattern of gene expression. Mouse embryos display transient transcriptional induction of a group of genes (TIGs) at the mid two-cell stage, the first major transcriptional output of the embryonic genome, uniquely suited for evaluating whether the oocyte directs correct and efficient recapitulation of an embryo stage-specific gene expression program before any in vitro selection occurs. We analyzed the expression of eight TIGs in two-cell stage clones prepared with cumulus cell nuclei. One failed to be transcribed, and seven others were transcribed, but supported significantly reduced mRNA expression. The reduction ranged from 1.6- to 17-fold at the mid two-cell stage, and 1.5- to 13-fold for the late two-cell stage. Five genes were not expressed in the donor cells, and these displayed the most pronounced deficiencies in expression. Two genes were expressed in cumulus cell donors, and supported progressive accumulation of their mRNAs in clones during this period, albeit at reduced rates. One other gene expressed in cumulus cells was not activated in clones. Although a significant proportion of these genes is reactivated in two-cell stage clones, this recapitulation is grossly imperfect, occurs at a substantially reduced level, and even fails entirely to occur for some genes. Thus, the oocyte is incapable of efficiently directing the recapitulation of early embryonic stage-specific gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Vassena
- The Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA
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18
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Murine endogenous retrovirus MuERV-L is the progenitor of the "orphan" epsilon viruslike particles of the early mouse embryo. J Virol 2007; 82:1622-5. [PMID: 18045933 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02097-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruslike particles which displayed a peculiar wheellike appearance that distinguished them from A-, B- or C-type particles had previously been described in the early mouse embryo. The maximum expression of these so-called epsilon particles was observed in two-cell-stage embryos, followed by their rapid decline at later stages of development and no particles detected at the zygote one-cell stage. Here, we show that these particles are in fact produced by a newly discovered murine endogenous retrovirus (ERV) belonging to the widespread family of mammalian ERV-L elements and named MuERV-L. Using antibodies that we raised against the Gag protein of these elements, Western blot analysis and in toto immunofluorescence studies of the embryos at various stages disclosed the same developmental expression profile as that observed for epsilon particles. Using expression vectors for cloned, full-length, entirely coding MuERV-L copies and cell transfection, direct identification of the epsilon particles was finally achieved by high-resolution electron microscopy.
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19
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Minami N, Suzuki T, Tsukamoto S. Zygotic gene activation and maternal factors in mammals. J Reprod Dev 2007; 53:707-15. [PMID: 17827882 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.19029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Zygotic gene activation (ZGA) is the first event of gene expression after fertilization. Following fertilization, ZGA occurs within a short time interval depending on the animal species. Until ZGA, maternal proteins and transcripts stored in oocytes control embryonic development, indicating the importance of maternal factors for development. Somatic cell cloning also proves the potential of oocyte to reprogram the differentiated cell nuclei to embryonic nuclei. Recent studies show that the epigenetic modifications of nuclei play important roles in controlling gene expression during ZGA. However, the mechanisms that control ZGA remain largely unknown. This review will cover the current understanding of ZGA. Specifically, it will focus on the maternal factors that control gene expression during early embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naojiro Minami
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
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20
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Potireddy S, Vassena R, Patel BG, Latham KE. Analysis of polysomal mRNA populations of mouse oocytes and zygotes: dynamic changes in maternal mRNA utilization and function. Dev Biol 2006; 298:155-66. [PMID: 16860309 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2006.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2006] [Revised: 06/12/2006] [Accepted: 06/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Transcriptional activation in mammalian embryos occurs in a stepwise manner. In mice, it begins at the late one-cell stage, followed by a minor wave of activation at the early two-cell stage, and then the major genome activation event (MGA) at the late two-cell stage. Cellular homeostasis, metabolism, cell cycle, and developmental events are orchestrated before MGA by time-dependent changes in the array of maternal transcripts being translated. Many elegant studies have documented the importance of maternal mRNA (MmRNA) and its correct recruitment for development. Many other studies have illuminated some of the molecular mechanisms regulating MmRNA utilization. However, neither the complete array of recruited mRNAs nor the regulatory mechanisms responsible for temporally different patterns of recruitment have been well characterized. We present a comprehensive analysis of changes in the maternal component of the zygotic polysomal mRNA population during the transition from oocyte to late one-cell stage embryo. We observe global transitions in the functional classes of translated MmRNAs and apparent changes in the underlying cis-regulatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santhi Potireddy
- The Department of Biochemistry, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
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21
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Vassena R, Dee Schramm R, Latham KE. Species-dependent expression patterns of DNA methyltransferase genes in mammalian oocytes and preimplantation embryos. Mol Reprod Dev 2005; 72:430-6. [PMID: 16155959 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.20375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) comprise a family of proteins involved in the establishment and maintenance of DNA methylation patterns in the mammalian genome. DNA methylation involves the transfer of the methyl group of the coenzyme S-adenosyl-L-methionine to the 5 position of cytosine residues within CpG dinucleotides. DNA methylation is implicated in the control of imprinted genes expression, X chromosome silencing, development of certain types of cancer, and embryonic development. DNA methylation is also believed to protect the genome from parasitic elements such as transposons, retrotransposons, and viruses. The aim of this study was to analyze the expression patterns of DNMT1, DNMT2, DNMT3A, DNMT3B, and DNMT3L genes in rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) oocytes and preimplantation stage embryos from fertilization to the hatched blastocyst stage, and to compare these results with the expression profiles in the mouse and other mammalian species. We describe species-dependent differences as well as similarities in expression patterns of DNMT genes among mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Vassena
- The Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, USA
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22
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Luedi PP, Hartemink AJ, Jirtle RL. Genome-wide prediction of imprinted murine genes. Genome Res 2005; 15:875-84. [PMID: 15930497 PMCID: PMC1142478 DOI: 10.1101/gr.3303505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2004] [Accepted: 03/22/2005] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Imprinted genes are epigenetically modified genes whose expression is determined according to their parent of origin. They are involved in embryonic development, and imprinting dysregulation is linked to cancer, obesity, diabetes, and behavioral disorders such as autism and bipolar disease. Herein, we train a statistical model based on DNA sequence characteristics that not only identifies potentially imprinted genes, but also predicts the parental allele from which they are expressed. Of 23,788 annotated autosomal mouse genes, our model identifies 600 (2.5%) to be potentially imprinted, 64% of which are predicted to exhibit maternal expression. These predictions allowed for the identification of putative candidate genes for complex conditions where parent-of-origin effects are involved, including Alzheimer disease, autism, bipolar disorder, diabetes, male sexual orientation, obesity, and schizophrenia. We observe that the number, type, and relative orientation of repeated elements flanking a gene are particularly important in predicting whether a gene is imprinted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe P Luedi
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
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23
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Zheng P, Patel B, McMenamin M, Moran E, Paprocki AM, Kihara M, Schramm RD, Latham KE. Effects of Follicle Size and Oocyte Maturation Conditions on Maternal Messenger RNA Regulation and Gene Expression in Rhesus Monkey Oocytes and Embryos1. Biol Reprod 2005; 72:890-7. [PMID: 15590902 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.104.035881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between alterations in gene expression and differences in developmental potential in primate oocytes and embryos was examined. Oocytes from 3 sources were used for these studies: 1) in vivo-matured oocytes from monkeys stimulated with FSH and hCG, 2) in vitro-matured oocytes from large follicles of monkeys primed with FSH, and 3) in vitro-matured oocytes from small follicles from nonstimulated (NS) monkeys. Following in vitro fertilization, embryos from these oocytes displayed high, moderate, and low developmental competence, respectively. Oocytes from NS females displayed aberrant accumulation of a number of maternal mRNAs, followed by precocious loss of many maternal mRNAs by the 2-cell stage. Embryos from NS oocytes displayed alterations in expression of key transcription factors after the 8-cell stage. Oocytes and embryos from FSH-stimulated females also displayed alterations in gene expression relative to hCG-stimulated females, but these alterations were much less severe than those observed for NS oocytes and embryos. Our data are consistent with the hypothesis that continued development and maturation of the oocyte within the ovarian follicle in vivo facilitates the production of oocytes of the highest developmental potential, and that in vitro conditions may not support this process as effectively due to differences in the extracellular milieu. These observations are relevant to understanding the role of the in vivo environment on oocyte maturation, and the potential effects of in vitro maturation on human assisted reproduction methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zheng
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology
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24
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Zeng F, Baldwin DA, Schultz RM. Transcript profiling during preimplantation mouse development. Dev Biol 2004; 272:483-96. [PMID: 15282163 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2004.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 347] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2004] [Revised: 05/17/2004] [Accepted: 05/21/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Studies using low-resolution methods to assess gene expression during preimplantation mouse development indicate that changes in gene expression either precede or occur concomitantly with the major morphological transitions, that is, conversion of the oocyte to totipotent 2-cell blastomeres, compaction, and blastocyst formation. Using microarrays, we characterized global changes in gene expression and used Expression Analysis Systematic Explorer (EASE) to identify biological and molecular processes that accompany and likely underlie these transitions. The analysis confirmed previously described processes or events, but more important, EASE revealed new insights. Response to DNA damage and DNA repair genes are overrepresented in the oocyte compared to 1-cell through blastocyst stages and may reflect the oocyte's response to selective pressures to insure genomic integrity; fertilization results in changes in the transcript profile in the 1-cell embryo that are far greater than previously recognized; and genome activation during 2-cell stage may not be as global and promiscuous as previously proposed, but rather far more selective, with genes involved in transcription and RNA processing being preferentially expressed. These results validate this hypothesis-generating approach by identifying genes involved in critical biological processes that can be the subject of a more traditional hypothesis-driven approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanyi Zeng
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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25
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Svoboda P, Stein P, Anger M, Bernstein E, Hannon GJ, Schultz RM. RNAi and expression of retrotransposons MuERV-L and IAP in preimplantation mouse embryos. Dev Biol 2004; 269:276-85. [PMID: 15081373 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2004.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2003] [Revised: 12/16/2003] [Accepted: 01/23/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Both murine endogenous retrovirus-L (MuERV-L) and intracisternal A particle (IAP), two autonomous long terminal repeat (LTR) retrotransposons, are activated during genome activation in the preimplantation mouse embryo, and both sense and antisense transcripts are detected in 2-cell and 8-cell stage embryos. Because RNA interference (RNAi) functions in the preimplantation mouse embryo, we analyzed the relationship between RNAi and MuERV-L and IAP expression by inhibiting RNAi and measuring relative changes of the levels of these transcripts. We inhibited the initial step in the RNAi pathway by injecting 1-cell embryos with mDicer siRNA or long mDicer dsRNA and analyzed MuERV-L and IAP expression at the 8-cell stage. This approach resulted in the targeted destruction of mDicer mRNA, but not Hdac1 mRNA, inhibited the RNAi pathway, and resulted in a 50% increase in IAP and MuERV-L transcript abundance. These results suggest that RNAi constrains expression of repetitive parasitic sequences in preimplantation embryos, and thereby contributes to preserving genomic integrity at a stage of development when the organism consists of only a few cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Svoboda
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6018, USA
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26
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Huang CJ, Chen CY, Chen HH, Tsai SF, Choo KB. TDPOZ, a family of bipartite animal and plant proteins that contain the TRAF (TD) and POZ/BTB domains. Gene 2004; 324:117-27. [PMID: 14693377 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2003.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We have previously reported a gene Tdpoz1 (previously called 2cpoz56) that is temporally expressed in unfertilized eggs and in early embryos of the mouse. The putative TDPOZ1 protein carries a tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor (TRAF) domain (TD) and a POZ/BTB domain. On the analysis of nine bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clones, we have uncovered four more Tdpoz1 homologs in the mouse genome, designated Tdpoz2 through Tdpoz5. Tdpoz1 and Tdpoz2 are found 30 kb apart in a fully sequenced BAC clone (GenBank accession number AF545858). The genes are intronless in the coding region and each carries an intron in the 5'-untranslated region as in other early embryonic genes. The Tdpoz gene cluster is mapped on chromosome 3 at 3F2.1-2.2. RT-PCR experiments and a search of expressed sequence tag (EST) databases show that the Tdpoz1-5 genes are transcribed in early embryos, particularly at the two-cell stage. Exhaustive database searches have further uncovered three more mouse Tdpoz homologs in chromosomes 3 and 11 and 25 other Tdpoz-like orthologs in the genomes of other animal and plant species including human, rat, C. elegans, Drosophila, Arabidopsis and rice. In the rat genome, eight rat Tdpoz genes are found as a cluster in chromosome 2. Hence, TDPOZ proteins form a new protein family on the basis of similar protein domain organization. Based on reported characteristics of known TD- and POZ-bearing proteins, we speculate that TDPOZ proteins may be nuclear scaffold proteins probably involved in transcription regulation in early development and other cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiu Jung Huang
- Department of Medical Research and Education, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, 201 Shih Pai Road, Section 2, Shih Pai, Taipei 11217, Taiwan
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27
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Abstract
Cloning by the transfer of adult somatic cell nuclei to oocytes has produced viable offspring in a variety of mammalian species. The technology is still in its initial stages of development. Studies to date have answered several basic questions related to such issues as genome potency, life expectancy of clones, mitochondrial fates, and feasibility of inter-species nuclear transfer. They have also raised new questions related to the control of nuclear reprogramming and function. These questions are reviewed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith E Latham
- The Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology and Department of Biochemistry, Temple University School of Medicine, 3307 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
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28
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Zheng P, Patel B, McMenamin M, Reddy SE, Paprocki AM, Schramm RD, Latham KE. The primate embryo gene expression resource: a novel resource to facilitate rapid analysis of gene expression patterns in non-human primate oocytes and preimplantation stage embryos. Biol Reprod 2004; 70:1411-8. [PMID: 14724133 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.103.023788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Detailed molecular studies of preimplantation stage development in a suitable nonhuman primate model organism have been inhibited due to the cost and scarcity of embryos. To circumvent these limitations, we have created a new resource for the research community, designated as the Primate Embryo Gene Expression Resource (PREGER). The PREGER sample collection currently contains over 160 informative samples of oocytes, obtained from various sized antral follicles, and embryos obtained through a variety of different protocols. The PREGER makes it possible to undertake quantitative gene-expression studies in rhesus monkey oocytes and embryos through simple and cost-effective hybridization-based methods. The PREGER also makes available other molecular tools to facilitate nonhuman primate embryology. We used PREGER here to compare the temporal expression patterns of five housekeeping mRNAs and three transcription factor mRNAs between mouse and rhesus monkey. We observed noticeable differences in temporal expression patterns between species for some mRNAs, but clear similarities for others. Our results also provide new information related to genome activation and the effects of embryo culture conditions on gene expression in primate embryos. These results provide one illustration of how the PREGER can be employed to obtain novel insight into primate embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zheng
- The Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, USA
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29
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Knowles BB, Evsikov AV, de Vries WN, Peaston AE, Solter D. Molecular control of the oocyte to embryo transition. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2003; 358:1381-7. [PMID: 14511485 PMCID: PMC1693239 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2003.1330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The elucidation of the molecular control of the initiation of mammalian embryogenesis is possible now that the transcriptomes of the full-grown oocyte and two-cell stage embryo have been prepared and analysed. Functional annotation of the transcriptomes using gene ontology vocabularies, allows comparison of the oocyte and two-cell stage embryo between themselves, and with all known mouse genes in the Mouse Genome Database. Using this methodology one can outline the general distinguishing features of the oocyte and the two-cell stage embryo. This, when combined with oocyte-specific targeted deletion of genes, allows us to dissect the molecular networks at play as the differentiated oocyte and sperm transit into blastomeres with unlimited developmental potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara B Knowles
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 East Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA.
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30
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Hayashi S, Yang J, Christenson L, Yanagimachi R, Hecht NB. Mouse preimplantation embryos developed from oocytes injected with round spermatids or spermatozoa have similar but distinct patterns of early messenger RNA expression. Biol Reprod 2003; 69:1170-6. [PMID: 12773410 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.103.016832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction assay was used to compare the temporal transcriptional activation and mRNA removal for a number of genes in mouse embryos derived by round spermatid injection (ROSI) or intracytoplasmic sperm injection. A number of marker genes with widely different cellular functions were analyzed. Similar patterns of activation were found for the transcription factor Oct 4, the translation initiation factor eukaryotic initiation factor 1A, the L1 ribosomal protein, the chromatin modifying protein histone deacetylase 1, the enzyme hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl transferase, the murine endogenous retrovirus-like element, and the repetitive DNA LINE retrotransposons. Expression of the retrovirus-like mobile element intracisternal A particle, however, was markedly elevated from the two-cell to the blastocyst stages in ROSI embryos. Analyses performed for various paternal mRNAs introduced into the oocyte by the round spermatid, including protamines 1 and 2, transition protein 2, ropporin, and glyceraldehydes 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, revealed all were removed from the preimplantation embryos, albeit with distinct temporal patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shotaro Hayashi
- Department of Anatomy and Reproductive Biology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA
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31
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Aoki F, Hara KT, Schultz RM. Acquisition of transcriptional competence in the 1-cell mouse embryo: requirement for recruitment of maternal mRNAs. Mol Reprod Dev 2003; 64:270-4. [PMID: 12548659 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.10227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We previously suggested that the transcriptional machinery is rate-limiting for genome activation in the preimplantation mouse embryo (Aoki et al., 1997: Dev Biol 181:296-307), suggesting that genome activation requires the synthesis of some proteins following fertilization. To test this hypothesis, transcriptional activity was measured in 1-cell embryos in which protein synthesis was inhibited by cycloheximide from the time shortly after insemination. Transcription in both the male and female pronuclei, as assessed by BrUTP incorporation, was markedly inhibited when assayed 14 hr post-insemination. This result suggested that newly synthesized proteins derived from maternally recruited mRNA, and not maternally derived proteins that were post-translationally modified following fertilization/egg activation, were critical for the acquisition of transcriptional competence. To test this hypothesis, mobilization of maternally recruited mRNAs was inhibited by treating the embryos with 3'-deoxyadenosine (3'-dA), which prevents polyadenylation of mRNA. The results demonstrated that the transcriptional activity was markedly decreased in the embryos cultured with 2 mM 3'-dA, whereas 3'-deoxyguanosine had little inhibitory effect, and suggest that recruitment of maternal mRNAs is essential for acquisition of transcriptional competence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fugaku Aoki
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan.
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32
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Kigami D, Minami N, Takayama H, Imai H. MuERV-L is one of the earliest transcribed genes in mouse one-cell embryos. Biol Reprod 2003; 68:651-4. [PMID: 12533431 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.102.007906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression pattern and function of the murine endogenous retrovirus-like (MuERV-L) gene in mouse preimplantation embryos was investigated. MuERV-L was rapidly transcribed from the beginning of S phase (8 h after fertilization) in the first cell cycle. MuERV-L expression was completely repressed when transcription from the zygotic genome was inhibited by alpha-amanitin. These results reveal that MuERV-L is transcribed from the zygotic genome and that it is expressed earlier than any other genes previously reported. In addition, MuERV-L was expressed even when the first round of DNA synthesis was inhibited by aphidicolin, suggesting that its expression is controlled by the zygotic clock. The function of MuERV-L in the development of mouse embryos was also examined using antisense oligonucleotides. The developmental competence of embryos was markedly suppressed after the 4-cell stage when they were treated with antisense oligonucleotides. This result suggests that MuERV-L plays an important role in the development of mouse embryos at the early preimplantation stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Kigami
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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Chung YG, Mann MRW, Bartolomei MS, Latham KE. Nuclear-cytoplasmic "tug of war" during cloning: effects of somatic cell nuclei on culture medium preferences of preimplantation cloned mouse embryos. Biol Reprod 2002; 66:1178-84. [PMID: 11906939 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod66.4.1178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cloning by somatic cell nuclear transfer is critically dependent upon early events that occur immediately after nuclear transfer, and possibly additional events that occur in the cleaving embryo. Embryo culture conditions have not been optimized for cloned embryos, and the effects of culture conditions on these early events and the successful initiation of clonal development have not been examined. To evaluate the possible effect of culture conditions on early cloned embryo development, we have compared a number of different culture media, either singly or in sequential combinations, for their ability to support preimplantation development of clones produced using cumulus cell nuclei. We find that glucose is beneficial during the 1-cell stage when CZB medium is employed. We also find that potassium simplex optimized medium (KSOM), which is optimized to support efficient early cleavage divisions in mouse embryos, does not support development during the 1-cell or 2-cell stages in the cloned embryos as well as other media. Glucose-supplemented CZB medium (CZB-G) supports initial development to the 2-cell stage very well, but does not support later cleavage stages as well as Whittten medium or KSOM. Culturing cloned embryos either entirely in Whitten medium or initially in Whittens medium and then changing to KSOM at the late 4-cell/early 8-cell stage produces consistent production of blastocysts at a greater frequency than using CZB-G medium alone. The combination of Whitten medium followed by KSOM resulted in an increased number of cells per blastocyst. Because normal embryos do not require glucose during the early cleavage stages and develop efficiently in all of the media employed, these results reveal unusual culture medium requirements that are indicative of altered physiology and metabolism in the cloned embryos. The relevance of this to understanding the kinetics and mechanisms of nuclear reprogramming and to the eventual improvement of the overall success in cloning is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Gie Chung
- The Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, 3307 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
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Williams JW, Hawes SM, Patel B, Latham KE. Trophectoderm-specific expression of the X-linked Bex1/Rex3 gene in preimplantation stage mouse embryos. Mol Reprod Dev 2002; 61:281-7. [PMID: 11835573 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.10100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The Bex1/Rex3 gene was recently identified as an X-linked gene that is differentially expressed between parthenogenetic and normal fertilized, preimplantation stage mouse embryos. The Bex1/Rex3 gene appears to be expressed preferentially from the maternal X chromosome in blastocysts, but from either X chromosome in later stage embryonic tissues and adult tissues. To investigate whether differential expression of the Bex1/Rex3 gene between normal and parthenogenetic blastocyst stage embryos reflects genomic imprinting at the Bex1/Rex3 locus itself, or instead is the result of preferential inactivation of the paternal X chromosome or differences in timing of cellular differentiation, we examined in detail the expression pattern of the Bex1/Rex3 mRNA in normal preimplantation stage embryos, and compared its expression between androgenetic, gynogenetic, and normal fertilized embryos. Expression data reveal that the Bex1/Rex3 gene is initially transcribed at the 2-cell stage, transiently induced at the 8-cell stage, and then increases in expression again at the blastocyst stage. Very little expression is observed in isolated inner cell masses, indicating selective expression in the trophectoderm. Comparisons of Bex1/Rex3 mRNA expression between male and female androgenetic and control embryos and gynogenetic embros failed to reveal any significant difference in expression between the different classes of embryos at the 8-cell stage, or the expanding blastocyst stage (121 hr post-hCG). At the late blastocyst stage (141 hr post-hCG), expression was significantly lower in XY control embryos as compared with XX controls. Bex1/Rex3 mRNA expression did not differ between XX and XY androgenones at the blastocyst stage or between gynogenones and XX control embryos. Thus, the Bex1/Rex3 gene does not appear to be regulated directly by genomic imprinting during the preimplantation period, just as it is not regulated by imprinting at later stages. Apparent differences in gene expression may arise through the effects of trophectoderm-specific expression coupled with differences in timing of trophectoderm differentiation between the different classes of embryos and effects of preferential paternal X chromosome inactivation (XCI).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean W Williams
- The Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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