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Matsuyoshi N, Oya K, Nomura T. Skin fragility: Caution is required with the use of pain relief patches during enfortumab vedotin treatment. J Dermatol 2023; 50:e303-e304. [PMID: 37073099 DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.16809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nao Matsuyoshi
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Oya
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Nomura
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
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2
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Zapf AM, Grimm PR, Al-Qusairi L, Delpire E, Welling PA. Low Salt Delivery Triggers Autocrine Release of Prostaglandin E2 From the Aldosterone-Sensitive Distal Nephron in Familial Hyperkalemic Hypertension Mice. Front Physiol 2022; 12:787323. [PMID: 35069250 PMCID: PMC8770744 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.787323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant activation of with-no-lysine kinase (WNK)-STE20/SPS1-related proline-alanine-rich protein kinase (SPAK) kinase signaling in the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) causes unbridled activation of the thiazide-sensitive sodium chloride cotransporter (NCC), leading to familial hyperkalemic hypertension (FHHt) in humans. Studies in FHHt mice engineered to constitutively activate SPAK specifically in the DCT (CA-SPAK mice) revealed maladaptive remodeling of the aldosterone sensitive distal nephron (ASDN), characterized by decrease in the potassium excretory channel, renal outer medullary potassium (ROMK), and epithelial sodium channel (ENaC), that contributes to the hyperkalemia. The mechanisms by which NCC activation in DCT promotes remodeling of connecting tubule (CNT) are unknown, but paracrine communication and reduced salt delivery to the ASDN have been suspected. Here, we explore the involvement of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). We found that PGE2 and the terminal PGE2 synthase, mPGES1, are increased in kidney cortex of CA-SPAK mice, compared to control or SPAK KO mice. Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) reduced PGE2 to control levels, indicating increased PGE2 synthesis is dependent on increased NCC activity. Immunolocalization studies revealed mPGES1 is selectively increased in the CNT of CA-SPAK mice, implicating low salt-delivery to ASDN as the trigger. Salt titration studies in an in vitro ASDN cell model, mouse CCD cell (mCCD-CL1), confirmed PGE2 synthesis is activated by low salt, and revealed that response is paralleled by induction of mPGES1 gene expression. Finally, inhibition of the PGE2 receptor, EP1, in CA-SPAK mice partially restored potassium homeostasis as it partially rescued ROMK protein abundance, but not ENaC. Together, these data indicate low sodium delivery to the ASDN activates PGE2 synthesis and this inhibits ROMK through autocrine activation of the EP1 receptor. These findings provide new insights into the mechanism by which activation of sodium transport in the DCT causes remodeling of the ASDN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ava M Zapf
- Molecular Medicine, Graduate Program in Life Sciences, University of Maryland Medical School, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Paul R Grimm
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Lama Al-Qusairi
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Eric Delpire
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical School, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Paul A Welling
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
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3
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Kiraly AJ, Soliman E, Jenkins A, Van Dross RT. Apigenin inhibits COX-2, PGE2, and EP1 and also initiates terminal differentiation in the epidermis of tumor bearing mice. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2016; 104:44-53. [PMID: 26802941 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2015.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Revised: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) is the most prevalent cancer in the United States. NMSC overexpresses cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). COX-2 synthesizes prostaglandins such as PGE2 which promote proliferation and tumorigenesis by engaging G-protein-coupled prostaglandin E receptors (EP). Apigenin is a bioflavonoid that blocks mouse skin tumorigenesis induced by the chemical carcinogens, 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA). However, the effect of apigenin on the COX-2 pathway has not been examined in the DMBA/TPA skin tumor model. In the present study, apigenin decreased tumor multiplicity and incidence in DMBA/TPA-treated SKH-1 mice. Analysis of the non-tumor epidermis revealed that apigenin reduced COX-2, PGE2, EP1, and EP2 synthesis and also increased terminal differentiation. In contrast, apigenin did not inhibit the COX-2 pathway or promote terminal differentiation in the tumors. Since fewer tumors developed in apigenin-treated animals which contained reduced epidermal COX-2 levels, our data suggest that apigenin may avert skin tumor development by blocking COX-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex J Kiraly
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Eman Soliman
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Audrey Jenkins
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Rukiyah T Van Dross
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA.
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4
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Ren J, Huang H, Liu Y, Zheng X, Zou Q. An Atomic Force Microscope Study Revealed Two Mechanisms in the Effect of Anticancer Drugs on Rate-Dependent Young's Modulus of Human Prostate Cancer Cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126107. [PMID: 25932632 PMCID: PMC4416805 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical properties of cells have been recognized as a biomarker for cellular cytoskeletal organization. As chemical treatments lead to cell cytoskeletal rearrangements, thereby, modifications of cellular mechanical properties, investigating cellular mechanical property variations provides insightful knowledge to effects of chemical treatments on cancer cells. In this study, the effects of eight different anticancer drugs on the mechanical properties of human prostate cancer cell (PC-3) are investigated using a recently developed control-based nanoindentation measurement (CNM) protocol on atomic force microscope (AFM). The CNM protocol overcomes the limits of other existing methods to in-liquid nanoindentation measurement of live cells on AFM, particularly for measuring mechanical properties of live cells. The Young's modulus of PC-3 cells treated by the eight drugs was measured by varying force loading rates over three orders of magnitude, and compared to the values of the control. The results showed that the Young's modulus of the PC-3 cells increased substantially by the eight drugs tested, and became much more pronounced as the force load rate increased. Moreover, two distinct trends were clearly expressed, where under the treatment of Disulfiram, paclitaxel, and MK-2206, the exponent coefficient of the frequency- modulus function remained almost unchanged, while with Celebrex, BAY, Totamine, TPA, and Vaproic acid, the exponential rate was significantly increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Ren
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Huarong Huang
- Allan H. Conney Laboratory for Anticancer Research, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Yue Liu
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Xi Zheng
- Allan H. Conney Laboratory for Anticancer Research, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Qingze Zou
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
- * E-mail:
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5
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Cyclooxygenase-dependent signaling is causally linked to non-melanoma skin carcinogenesis: pharmacological, genetic, and clinical evidence. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2011; 30:343-61. [DOI: 10.1007/s10555-011-9306-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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6
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Zhu B, Bai R, Kennett MJ, Kang BH, Gonzalez FJ, Peters JM. Chemoprevention of chemically induced skin tumorigenesis by ligand activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-beta/delta and inhibition of cyclooxygenase 2. Mol Cancer Ther 2011; 9:3267-77. [PMID: 21159610 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-10-0820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Ligand activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-β/δ (PPARβ/δ) and inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) activity by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) can both attenuate skin tumorigenesis. The present study examined the hypothesis that combining ligand activation of PPARβ/δ with inhibition of COX2 activity will increase the efficacy of chemoprevention of chemically induced skin tumorigenesis over that observed with either approach alone. To test this hypothesis, wild-type and Pparβ/δ-null mice were initiated with 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA), topically treated with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate to promote tumorigenesis, and then immediately treated with topical application of the PPARβ/δ ligand GW0742, dietary administration of the COX2 inhibitor nimesulide, or both GW0742 and nimesulide. Ligand activation of PPARβ/δ with GW0742 caused a PPARβ/δ-dependent delay in the onset of tumor formation. Nimesulide also delayed the onset of tumor formation and caused inhibition of tumor multiplicity (46%) in wild-type mice but not in Pparβ/δ-null mice. Combining ligand activation of PPARβ/δ with dietary nimesulide resulted in a further decrease of tumor multiplicity (58%) in wild-type mice but not in Pparβ/δ-null mice. Biochemical and molecular analysis of skin and tumor samples show that these effects were due to the modulation of terminal differentiation, attenuation of inflammatory signaling, and induction of apoptosis through both PPARβ/δ-dependent and PPARβ/δ-independent mechanisms. Increased levels and activity of PPARβ/δ by nimesulide were also observed. These studies support the hypothesis that combining ligand activation of PPARβ/δ with inhibition of COX2 activity increases the efficacy of preventing chemically induced skin tumorigenesis as compared with either approach alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bokai Zhu
- Department of Veterinary Science and The Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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7
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Hanson J, Gille A, Zwykiel S, Lukasova M, Clausen BE, Ahmed K, Tunaru S, Wirth A, Offermanns S. Nicotinic acid- and monomethyl fumarate-induced flushing involves GPR109A expressed by keratinocytes and COX-2-dependent prostanoid formation in mice. J Clin Invest 2010; 120:2910-9. [PMID: 20664170 DOI: 10.1172/jci42273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2010] [Accepted: 05/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The antidyslipidemic drug nicotinic acid and the antipsoriatic drug monomethyl fumarate induce cutaneous flushing through activation of G protein-coupled receptor 109A (GPR109A). Flushing is a troublesome side effect of nicotinic acid, but may be a direct reflection of the wanted effects of monomethyl fumarate. Here we analyzed the mechanisms underlying GPR109A-mediated flushing and show that both Langerhans cells and keratinocytes express GPR109A in mice. Using cell ablation approaches and transgenic cell type-specific GPR109A expression in Gpr109a-/- mice, we have provided evidence that the early phase of flushing depends on GPR109A expressed on Langerhans cells, whereas the late phase is mediated by GPR109A expressed on keratinocytes. Interestingly, the first phase of flushing was blocked by a selective cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) inhibitor, and the late phase was sensitive to a selective COX-2 inhibitor. Both monomethyl fumarate and nicotinic acid induced PGE2 formation in isolated keratinocytes through activation of GPR109A and COX-2. Thus, the early and late phases of the GPR109A-mediated cutaneous flushing reaction involve different epidermal cell types and prostanoid-forming enzymes. These data will help to guide new efficient approaches to mitigate nicotinic acid-induced flushing and may help to exploit the potential antipsoriatic effects of GPR109A agonists in the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Hanson
- Department of Pharmacology, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
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8
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Bility MT, Zhu B, Kang BH, Gonzalez FJ, Peters JM. Ligand activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-beta/delta and inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 enhances inhibition of skin tumorigenesis. Toxicol Sci 2009; 113:27-36. [PMID: 19748995 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfp212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ligand activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-beta/delta and inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) activity by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs can attenuate skin tumorigenesis. There is also evidence that attenuation of skin tumorigenesis by inhibition of COX-2 activity occurs through PPARbeta/delta-independent mechanisms. The present study examined the hypothesis that combining ligand activation of PPARbeta/delta with inhibition of COX-2 activity will cooperatively inhibit chemically induced skin tumor progression using both in vivo and ex vivo models. A two-stage chemical carcinogenesis bioassay was performed in wild-type and Pparbeta/delta-null mice. After 22 weeks, cohorts of both mouse lines were divided into four experimental groups: (1) control, (2) topical application of the PPARbeta/delta ligand GW0742, (3) dietary administration of the COX-2 inhibitor nimesulide, or (4) both GW0742 and nimesulide. Ligand activation of PPARbeta/delta did not influence skin tumor progression, while a modest decrease in skin tumor multiplicity was observed with dietary nimesulide. Interestingly, the combined treatment of GW0742 and nimesulide increased the efficacy of the decrease in papilloma multiplicity for 6 weeks in wild-type mice, but this effect was not found at later time points and was not found in similarly treated Pparbeta/delta-null mice. Neoplastic keratinocyte lines cultured with GW0742 and nimesulide also exhibited enhanced inhibition of cell proliferation coincident with increased expression of Keratin messenger RNAs. Results from these studies support the hypothesis that combining ligand activation of PPARbeta/delta with inhibition of COX-2 activity can inhibit chemically induced skin tumor progression by modulating differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moses T Bility
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences and The Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
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9
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Maiguma T, Kaji H, Makino K, Teshima D. Protective effects of amifostine and cyclooxygenase-1 inhibitor against normal human epidermal keratinocyte toxicity induced by methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2009; 105:1-9. [PMID: 19371262 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2009.00400.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Our study aimed to find more effective protective agents against mucosa toxicity induced by methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil. We focused on the relationship between oral mucositis and keratinocyte injury and examined methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil-induced cytotoxicity in normal human epidermal keratinocyte cell lines. Cell viability and superoxide radical activity were measured based on converting WST-1 (4-[3-(4-indophenyl)-2-(4-nitrophenyl)-2H-5-tetrazolio]-1,3-benzen disulfonate) to a water-soluble formazan dye. DNA synthesis by 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine incorporation was measured as an indirect parameter of cell proliferation. Allopurinol and amifostine were used as the radical scavengers. l-glutamine was used as a mucosa-protective agent. A cyclooxygenase inhibitor interrupting the production of hydroxyl radicals in the arachidonic acid cascade was also examined. 5-fluorouracil and methotrexate caused cytotoxicity due to the activation of intracellular superoxide radicals specifically on normal human epidermal keratinocytes. From the electron spin resonance study, it was found that allopurinol was a superoxide radical scavenger, while amifostine was hydroxyl radical scavenger. Allopurinol showed no effect on the cytotoxicity due to 5-fluorouracil and methotrexate. The cell injury induced by methotrexate was restored by amifostine. However, the cell injury induced by 5-fluorouracil was markedly recovered by a selective cyclooxygenase-1 inhibitor compared to amifostine. It was suggested that amifostine and cyclooxygenase-1 inhibitor could be useful protective agents against methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil chemotherapeutic toxicity. Additionally, this in vitro cell injury model using normal human epidermal keratinocytes may be useful for understanding the pathophysiology of oral mucositis induced by chemotherapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayoshi Maiguma
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Shujitsu University, Okayama, Japan
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10
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Ulivi V, Giannoni P, Gentili C, Cancedda R, Descalzi F. p38/NF‐kB‐dependent expression of COX‐2 during differentiation and inflammatory response of chondrocytes. J Cell Biochem 2008; 104:1393-406. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.21717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Tseng YH, Chang CS, Liu TY, Kao SY, Chang KW, Lin SC. Areca nut extract treatment down-regulates involucrin in normal human oral keratinocyte through P13K/AKT activation. Oral Oncol 2007; 43:670-9. [PMID: 17070098 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2006.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2006] [Revised: 07/31/2006] [Accepted: 08/02/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Areca (betel) is an important etiological factor linked to the high prevalence of oral carcinoma and other oral diseases in South Asians. Involucrin is a key component of the cornified envelop and a differentiation marker of keratinocyte. In this study, we found that 5 microg/ml non-toxic areca nut extract (ANE) treatment resulted in the 0.5-fold down-regulation of involucrin and disruption in involucrin distribution in normal human oral keratinocyte (NHOK). Progressive down-regulation of involucrin during oral carcinogenesis was noted. Activation of AKT by 1.7-fold and up-regulation of COX-2 by 2-fold were elicited following ANE treatment in NHOK. Treatment with PI3K/AKT blockers reverted the down-regulation of involucrin. ANE also down-regulated involucrin by 0.6-fold and disturbed both cornified envelope and cell aggregation in calcium-induced differentiated NHOK. However, such phenomena seemed to be independent from the ANE-associated COX-2 activation. The ANE-associated down-regulation of involucrin through AKT pathway could underlie the areca-associated epithelial pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hsin Tseng
- Institute of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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12
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Neumann M, Dülsner E, Fürstenberger G, Müller-Decker K. The expression pattern of prostaglandin E synthase and EP receptor isoforms in normal mouse skin and preinvasive skin neoplasms. Exp Dermatol 2007; 16:445-53. [PMID: 17437488 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2007.00549.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Prostaglandin (PG) E(2), the predominant PG in skin, accumulates in experimentally produced mouse skin tumors. PGE(2) induces proliferation of mouse keratinocytes in vitro, epidermal hyperplasia and dysplasia, a promoted epidermis phenotype, and angiogenesis in keratin 5 promoter (K5) cyclooxygenase (COX)-2-transgenic NMRI mouse skin in vivo. PGE(2) is synthesized by COX-catalysed oxygenation of arachidonic acid to PGH(2) and its conversion to PGE(2) by prostaglandin E synthase (PGES) isoforms. PGE(2) signals via PGE(2) receptor isoforms EP1-EP4. Here, we investigated the expression profiles of PGES and EP receptors in wild type NMRI mouse skin constitutively expressing COX-1 when compared with the hyperplastic/dysplastic skin of homozygous K5 COX-2-transgenic mice and papillomas of both genotypes, which, in addition to COX-1, overexpress COX-2. The three PGES are constitutively expressed in normal and transgenic skin independent of the COX expression status. In papillomas, the increased PGE(2) levels correlate with an increased expression of mPGES-1 and cPGES. All four EP receptors were expressed in normal and transgenic skin. Only EP3 was slightly increased in transgenic skin. In papillomas of both genotypes, the expression levels of EP1 and EP4 were low when compared with those in wild type back skin. EP2 was the predominant receptor in papillomas of wild type and transgenic mice. In papillomas of wild type mice EP3 levels were slightly elevated when compared with transgenic tumors. EP1 and EP2 were localized in basal keratinocytes, sebaceous glands and CD31-positive vessels. Thus, normal and preinvasive mouse skin express the complete protein repertoire for PGE(2) biosynthesis and signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Neumann
- Section Eicosanoids and Tumor Development, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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13
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Vogel U, Christensen J, Wallin H, Friis S, Nexø BA, Tjønneland A. Polymorphisms in COX-2, NSAID use and risk of basal cell carcinoma in a prospective study of Danes. Mutat Res 2007; 617:138-46. [PMID: 17307204 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2007.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2006] [Revised: 01/11/2007] [Accepted: 01/17/2007] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the risk of basal cell carcinoma (BCC) in relation to a number of single nucleotide polymorphisms in genes involved in the inflammatory response. A case-control study including 322 BCC cases and a similar number of controls was nested in a population-based prospective study of 57,053 individuals (aged 50-64 at inclusion) in Denmark. NSAID use was associated with a slightly decreased risk of BCC (IRR=0.85, 95% CI=0.66-1.10). We found that two polymorphisms in COX-2, COX-2 A-1195G and T8473C were associated with risk of BCC. Carriers of the variant allele of COX-2 A-1195G had lower risk of BCC than homozygous wild type carriers (IRR=0.54, 95% CI=0.47-0.89). Homozygous carriers of the variant allele of COX-2 T8473C were at 2.27-fold higher risk of BCC (95% CI=1.31-3.92) than homozygous wild type allele carriers. The polymorphisms IL6 G-174C, IL8 T-251A, PPARgamma2 Pro(12)Ala, IL1beta T-31C, and IL10 C-592A were not associated with risk of BCC. We found no statistically significant interaction between polymorphisms and NSAID use in relation to risk of BCC. While it cannot be ruled out that the present findings are due to chance, the results indicate that high COX-2 expression may increase risk of BCC while NSAID use may be protective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulla Vogel
- National Research Centre for Working Environment, DK-2100 Copenhagen O, Denmark.
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Millán O, Rico D, Peinado H, Zarich N, Stamatakis K, Pérez-Sala D, Rojas JM, Cano A, Boscá L. Potentiation of tumor formation by topical administration of 15-deoxy-delta12,14-prostaglandin J2 in a model of skin carcinogenesis. Carcinogenesis 2006; 27:328-36. [PMID: 16113051 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgi213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The effect of prostaglandins on the development of papillomas has been investigated in mice receiving prostaglandins E2 (PGE2) or the cyclopentenone 15-deoxy-delta(12,14)-PGJ2 (15dPGJ2) topically, using the 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-induced tetradecanoylphorbol acetate (TPA)-promoted model of skin carcinogenesis. The presence of 15dPGJ2 during DMBA and TPA treatment inhibited apoptosis and increased the rate, number, size and vascularization of the papillomas, some of them progressing into carcinomas. Moreover, skin sections from mice treated for one week with DMBA and 15dPGJ2 showed a much reduced rate of apoptotic cells, and an enhanced expression of vascular epithelial growth factor when compared with animals receiving DMBA, with or without PGE2. The analysis of molecular events in the MCA3D keratinocyte cell line showed that 15dPGJ2 activated Ras and improved cell viability by inhibiting DMBA-dependent apoptosis. In addition to this, cell adhesion was impaired in MCA3D keratinocytes co-treated with 15dPGJ2 and DMBA, at the same time when the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) was observed under these conditions. These effects mediated by 15dPGJ2 might contribute to understand the role of COX-2 metabolites in carcinogenesis, leading to an increase of cell viability after mutagenic injury and therefore in the progression of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Millán
- Instituto de Bioquímica, CSIC-UCM, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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15
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He YY, Huang JL, Chignell CF. Cleavage of epidermal growth factor receptor by caspase during apoptosis is independent of its internalization. Oncogene 2005; 25:1521-31. [PMID: 16247443 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1209184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) plays a critical role in cell proliferation, differentiation, and transformation. EGFR downregulation attenuates its signaling intensity and duration to maintain cellular homeostasis. Here, we report that during apoptosis EGFR is cleaved by activated caspase-3 or related proteases at its C-terminus domain. EGFR downregulation by activation of caspases is neither stimulus- nor cell type-specific. EGFR internalization during apoptosis required dynamin and cholesterol since dominant-negative dynamin (K44A) or cholesterol depletion by methyl-beta-cyclodextrin prevented EGFR internalization. However, EGFR downregulation did not require its internalization. The EGFR cleavage fragment was detected in the membrane blebs in addition to the cell pellets. Mutations at the consensus sequence (DXXD) at the C-terminus domain revealed that DVVD1012 and to a lesser extent DNPD1172 may be target sites for active recombinant caspase-3 in vitro and activated caspase-3 or related proteases in vivo. We have detected the N-terminus and C-terminus fragments in vitro and in vivo. A cleavage-deficient EGFR mutant delayed apoptosis process. We conclude that the evolutionarily conserved C-terminus domain of EGFR is the target of caspases and subjected to degradation during apoptosis to shut down its signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y-Y He
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Chemistry, NIEHS, National Institute of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709-2233, USA.
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He YY, Huang JL, Block ML, Hong JS, Chignell CF. Role of Phagocyte Oxidase in UVA-Induced Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis in Keratinocytes. J Invest Dermatol 2005; 125:560-6. [PMID: 16117799 DOI: 10.1111/j.0022-202x.2005.23851.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Chronic exposure to ultraviolet radiation including ultraviolet A (315-400 nm) (UVA) may cause photocarcinogenesis and photoaging. The UVA-induced production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the resultant oxidative stress exposure play an important role in these biological processes. Here we have investigated the role of phagocyte oxidase (PHOX, gp91phox) in the production of ROS, redox status change, and apoptosis after UVA exposure by using gp91phox-deficient (gp91phox-/-) primary keratinocytes. UVA radiation resulted in increased ROS production and oxidation of reduced glutathione (GSH) to its oxidized form (GSSG). The presence of diphenylene iodonium (DPI) inhibited ROS production by UVA. In comparison with wild-type cells, gp91phox-/- cells produced slightly less ROS and GSH oxidation. UVA radiation induced apoptosis in wild-type keratinocytes as detected by phosphatidylserine (PS) translocation, caspase activation, and DNA fragmentation. As compared with wild-type cells, UVA induced less PS translocation in gp91phox-deficient cells. No difference, however, was observed in caspase activation and DNA fragmentation after UVA exposure in wild-type and gp91phox-/- cells. These findings suggest that gp91phox plays a limited role in the UVA-induced ROS production, oxidative stress, and therefore the PS translocation, but has no effect on UVA-induced caspase activation and DNA fragmentation during apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ying He
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Chemistry, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA.
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Yu Y, Cheng Y, Fan J, Chen XS, Klein-Szanto A, Fitzgerald GA, Funk CD. Differential impact of prostaglandin H synthase 1 knockdown on platelets and parturition. J Clin Invest 2005; 115:986-95. [PMID: 15776109 PMCID: PMC1064983 DOI: 10.1172/jci23683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2004] [Accepted: 02/01/2005] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelet activation is a hallmark of severe preeclampsia, and platelet PGH synthase 1-derived (PGHS1-derived) thromboxane A(2) (TxA(2)) has been implicated in its pathogenesis. However, genetic disruption of PGHS1 delays parturition. We created hypomorphic PGHS1 (PGHS1(Neo/Neo)) mice, in which the substantial but tissue-dependent variability in the inhibition of PGHS1-derived eicosanoids achieved by low-dose aspirin treatment is mimicked, to assess the relative impact of this strategy on hemostatic and reproductive function. Depression of platelet TxA(2) by 98% in PGHS1(Neo/Neo) mice decreased platelet aggregation and prevented thrombosis. Similarly, depression of macrophage PGE(2) by 75% was associated with selectively impaired inflammatory responses. PGF(2alpha) at 8% WT levels was sufficient to induce coordinated temporal oxytocin receptor (OTR) expression in uterus and normal ovarian luteolysis in PGHS1(Neo/Neo) mice at late gestation, while absence of PGHS1 expression in null mice delayed OTR induction and the programmed decrease of serum progesterone during parturition. Thus, extensive but tissue-dependent variability in PG suppression, as occurs with low-dose aspirin treatment, prevents thrombosis and impairs the inflammatory response but sustains parturition. PGHS1(Neo/Neo) mice provide a model of low-dose aspirin therapy that elucidates how prevention or delay of preeclampsia might be achieved without compromising reproductive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yu
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Bosetti F, Langenbach R, Weerasinghe GR. Prostaglandin E2 and microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-2 expression are decreased in the cyclooxygenase-2-deficient mouse brain despite compensatory induction of cyclooxygenase-1 and Ca2+-dependent phospholipase A2. J Neurochem 2005; 91:1389-97. [PMID: 15584915 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2004.02829.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that brain cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 mRNA and protein levels, and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) level, are down-regulated in cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) -deficient mice. To further investigate the interaction between upstream and downstream enzymes involved in brain prostaglandin synthesis, we examined expression and activity of COX-1, of different PLA2 enzymes and of prostaglandin E synthase (PGES) enzymes in COX-2(-/-) mice. We found that the PGE2 level was decreased by 51.5% in the COX-2(-/-) mice brains, indicating a significant role of COX-2 in brain formation of PGE2. However, when we supplied exogenous arachidonic acid (AA) to brain homogenates, COX activity was increased in the COX-2(-/-) mice, suggesting a compensatory activation of COX-1 and an intracellular compartmentalization of the COX isozymes. Consistent with COX-1 increased activity, brain expression of COX-1 protein and mRNA also was increased. Activity and expression of cPLA2 and secretory PLA2 (sPLA2) enzymes, supplying AA to COX, were significantly increased. Also, the PGE2 biosynthetic pathway downstream from COX-2 was affected in the COX-2(-/-) mice, as decreased expression of microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-2 (mPGES-2), but not mPGES-1 or cytosolic PGES, was observed. Overall, the data suggest that compensatory mechanisms exist in COX-2(-/-) mice and that mPGES-2 is functionally coupled with COX-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Bosetti
- Brain Physiology and Metabolism Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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Abstract
Cyclooxygenases (COX)-1 and COX-2 catalyse the key steps of prostaglandin biosynthesis and are the major target for non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. In general, COX-1 but not COX-2 is expressed in healthy tissues of adults. After incision or acute irritant dermatitis, COX-2 is induced transiently. The development of UV-induced erythema and edema as well as of skin tumours is significantly governed by COX-2 activity. Squamous cell carcinomas and actinic keratoses are prominent examples of epithelial tumours with COX-2 overexpression in the tumour parenchyma, inflammatory infiltrate and associated vessels. According to multi-stage carcinogenesis studies in mouse skin and experiments with transgenic mice, there is a causal relationship between aberrant COX-2 expression and activity in the epithelium and tumour promotion and tumour progression. The transgenic overexpression of COX-2 causes an "autopromoted" skin phenotype, i.e. it dramatically sensitizes the tissue for the development of squamous cell carcinomas. Vice versa, the genetic ablation of COX-2, as well as of COX-1, results in a reduced tumour burden in murine skin. A major mechanism by which COX-2 contributes to epidermal tumour formation seems to be the disturbance of terminal keratinocyte differentiation. Because of these data, selective COX-2 inhibitors are ranked among the most promising agents for skin cancer prevention and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Müller-Decker
- Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum Heidelberg, Arbeitsgruppe Eicosanoide und Tumorentwicklung.
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