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Hossain MI, Lee JH, Gagné JP, Khan J, Poirier GG, King PH, Dawson VL, Dawson TM, Andrabi SA. Poly(ADP-ribose) mediates bioenergetic defects and redox imbalance in neurons following oxygen and glucose deprivation. FASEB J 2024; 38:e23556. [PMID: 38498348 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202302559r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
PARP-1 over-activation results in cell death via excessive PAR generation in different cell types, including neurons following brain ischemia. Glycolysis, mitochondrial function, and redox balance are key cellular processes altered in brain ischemia. Studies show that PAR generated after PARP-1 over-activation can bind hexokinase-1 (HK-1) and result in glycolytic defects and subsequent mitochondrial dysfunction. HK-1 is the neuronal hexokinase and catalyzes the first reaction of glycolysis, converting glucose to glucose-6-phosphate (G6P), a common substrate for glycolysis, and the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP). PPP is critical in maintaining NADPH and GSH levels via G6P dehydrogenase activity. Therefore, defects in HK-1 will not only decrease cellular bioenergetics but will also cause redox imbalance due to the depletion of GSH. In brain ischemia, whether PAR-mediated inhibition of HK-1 results in bioenergetics defects and redox imbalance is not known. We used oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) in mouse cortical neurons to mimic brain ischemia in neuronal cultures and observed that PARP-1 activation via PAR formation alters glycolysis, mitochondrial function, and redox homeostasis in neurons. We used pharmacological inhibition of PARP-1 and adenoviral-mediated overexpression of wild-type HK-1 (wtHK-1) and PAR-binding mutant HK-1 (pbmHK-1). Our data show that PAR inhibition or overexpression of HK-1 significantly improves glycolysis, mitochondrial function, redox homeostasis, and cell survival in mouse cortical neurons exposed to OGD. These results suggest that PAR binding and inhibition of HK-1 during OGD drive bioenergetic defects in neurons due to inhibition of glycolysis and impairment of mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Iqbal Hossain
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Jun Hee Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Jean-Philippe Gagné
- Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, Quebec, Canada
- Oncology Division, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval, Québec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Junaid Khan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Guy G Poirier
- Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, Quebec, Canada
- Oncology Division, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval, Québec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Peter H King
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Valina L Dawson
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ted M Dawson
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Shaida A Andrabi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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2
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PARP1 Activation Controls Stress Granule Assembly after Oxidative Stress and DNA Damage. Cells 2022; 11:cells11233932. [PMID: 36497190 PMCID: PMC9740212 DOI: 10.3390/cells11233932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA damage causes PARP1 activation in the nucleus to set up the machinery responsible for the DNA damage response. Here, we report that, in contrast to cytoplasmic PARPs, the synthesis of poly(ADP-ribose) by PARP1 opposes the formation of cytoplasmic mRNA-rich granules after arsenite exposure by reducing polysome dissociation. However, when mRNA-rich granules are pre-formed, whether in the cytoplasm or nucleus, PARP1 activation positively regulates their assembly, though without additional recruitment of poly(ADP-ribose) in stress granules. In addition, PARP1 promotes the formation of TDP-43- and FUS-rich granules in the cytoplasm, two RNA-binding proteins which form neuronal cytoplasmic inclusions observed in certain neurodegenerative diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal lobar degeneration. Together, the results therefore reveal a dual role of PARP1 activation which, on the one hand, prevents the early stage of stress granule assembly and, on the other hand, enables the persistence of cytoplasmic mRNA-rich granules in cells which may be detrimental in aging neurons.
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3
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Liu L, Li J, Ke Y, Zeng X, Gao J, Ba X, Wang R. The key players of parthanatos: opportunities for targeting multiple levels in the therapy of parthanatos-based pathogenesis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:60. [PMID: 35000037 PMCID: PMC11073082 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-04109-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Parthanatos is a form of regulated cell death involved in the pathogenesis of many diseases, particularly neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Parthanatos is a multistep cell death pathway cascade that involves poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP-1) overactivation, PAR accumulation, PAR binding to apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF), AIF release from the mitochondria, nuclear translocation of the AIF/macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) complex, and MIF-mediated large-scale DNA fragmentation. All the key players in the parthanatos pathway are pleiotropic proteins with diverse functions. An in-depth understanding of the structure-based activity of the key factors, and the biochemical mechanisms of parthanatos, is crucial for the development of drugs and therapeutic strategies. In this review, we delve into the key players of the parthanatos pathway and reveal the multiple levels of therapeutic opportunities for treating parthanatos-based pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libo Liu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Provenice, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, Shandong, China
| | - Jiaxiang Li
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Provenice, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, Shandong, China
| | - Yueshuang Ke
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of Education, School of Life Science, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, Jilin, China
| | - Xianlu Zeng
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of Education, School of Life Science, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, Jilin, China
| | - Jinmin Gao
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Provenice, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, Shandong, China
| | - Xueqing Ba
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of Education, School of Life Science, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, Jilin, China.
| | - Ruoxi Wang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Provenice, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, Shandong, China.
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4
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Matanes E, López-Ozuna VM, Octeau D, Baloch T, Racovitan F, Dhillon AK, Kessous R, Raban O, Kogan L, Salvador S, Lau S, Gotlieb WH, Yasmeen A. Inhibition of Poly ADP-Ribose Glycohydrolase Sensitizes Ovarian Cancer Cells to Poly ADP-Ribose Polymerase Inhibitors and Platinum Agents. Front Oncol 2021; 11:745981. [PMID: 34778062 PMCID: PMC8578901 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.745981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Poly ADP-ribose glycohydrolase (PARG) is responsible for the catabolism of PARP-synthesized PAR to free ADP-ribose. Inhibition of PARG leads to DNA repair interruption and consequently induces cell death. This study aims to evaluate the effect of a PARG inhibitor (PARGi) on epithelial ovarian cancer (OC) cell lines, alone and in combination with a PARP inhibitor (PARPi) and/or Cisplatin. Methods PARG mRNA levels were studied in three different OC datasets: TCGA, Hendrix, and Meyniel. PARG protein levels were assessed in 100 OC specimens from our bio-bank. The therapeutic efficacy of PARGi was assessed using cell migration and clonogenic formation assays. Flow cytometry was used to evaluate the cell apoptosis rate and the changes in the cell cycle. Results PARG protein was highly expressed in 34% of the OC tumors and low expression was found in another 9%. Similarly, Hendrix, Meyneil and TCGA databases showed a significant up-regulation in PARG mRNA expression in OC samples as compared to normal tissue (P=0.001, P=0.005, P=0.005, respectively). The use of PARGi leads to decreased cell migration. PARGi in combination with PARPi or Cisplatin induced decreased survival of cells as compared to each drug alone. In the presence of PARPi and Cisplatin, PARG knockdown cell lines showed significant G2/M cell cycle arrest and cell death induction. Conclusions PARG inhibition appears as a complementary strategy to PARP inhibition in the treatment of ovarian cancer, especially in the presence of homologous recombination defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emad Matanes
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Segal Cancer Center, Lady Davis Institute of Medical Research, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Vanessa M López-Ozuna
- Segal Cancer Center, Lady Davis Institute of Medical Research, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - David Octeau
- Segal Cancer Center, Lady Davis Institute of Medical Research, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Tahira Baloch
- Segal Cancer Center, Lady Davis Institute of Medical Research, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Florentin Racovitan
- Segal Cancer Center, Lady Davis Institute of Medical Research, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Amandeep Kaur Dhillon
- Segal Cancer Center, Lady Davis Institute of Medical Research, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Roy Kessous
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Segal Cancer Center, Lady Davis Institute of Medical Research, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Oded Raban
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Segal Cancer Center, Lady Davis Institute of Medical Research, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Liron Kogan
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Segal Cancer Center, Lady Davis Institute of Medical Research, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Shannon Salvador
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Segal Cancer Center, Lady Davis Institute of Medical Research, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Susie Lau
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Segal Cancer Center, Lady Davis Institute of Medical Research, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Walter H Gotlieb
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Segal Cancer Center, Lady Davis Institute of Medical Research, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Amber Yasmeen
- Segal Cancer Center, Lady Davis Institute of Medical Research, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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5
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PARPs in lipid metabolism and related diseases. Prog Lipid Res 2021; 84:101117. [PMID: 34450194 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2021.101117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
PARPs and tankyrases (TNKS) represent a family of 17 proteins. PARPs and tankyrases were originally identified as DNA repair factors, nevertheless, recent advances have shed light on their role in lipid metabolism. To date, PARP1, PARP2, PARP3, tankyrases, PARP9, PARP10, PARP14 were reported to have multi-pronged connections to lipid metabolism. The activity of PARP enzymes is fine-tuned by a set of cholesterol-based compounds as oxidized cholesterol derivatives, steroid hormones or bile acids. In turn, PARPs modulate several key processes of lipid homeostasis (lipotoxicity, fatty acid and steroid biosynthesis, lipoprotein homeostasis, fatty acid oxidation, etc.). PARPs are also cofactors of lipid-responsive nuclear receptors and transcription factors through which PARPs regulate lipid metabolism and lipid homeostasis. PARP activation often represents a disruptive signal to (lipid) metabolism, and PARP-dependent changes to lipid metabolism have pathophysiological role in the development of hyperlipidemia, obesity, alcoholic and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, type II diabetes and its complications, atherosclerosis, cardiovascular aging and skin pathologies, just to name a few. In this synopsis we will review the evidence supporting the beneficial effects of pharmacological PARP inhibitors in these diseases/pathologies and propose repurposing PARP inhibitors already available for the treatment of various malignancies.
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Demény MA, Virág L. The PARP Enzyme Family and the Hallmarks of Cancer Part 1. Cell Intrinsic Hallmarks. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13092042. [PMID: 33922595 PMCID: PMC8122967 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13092042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The 17-member poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase enzyme family, also known as the ADP-ribosyl transferase diphtheria toxin-like (ARTD) enzyme family, contains DNA damage-responsive and nonresponsive members. Only PARP1, 2, 5a, and 5b are capable of modifying their targets with poly ADP-ribose (PAR) polymers; the other PARP family members function as mono-ADP-ribosyl transferases. In the last decade, PARP1 has taken center stage in oncology treatments. New PARP inhibitors (PARPi) have been introduced for the targeted treatment of breast cancer 1 or 2 (BRCA1/2)-deficient ovarian and breast cancers, and this novel therapy represents the prototype of the synthetic lethality paradigm. Much less attention has been paid to other PARPs and their potential roles in cancer biology. In this review, we summarize the roles played by all PARP enzyme family members in six intrinsic hallmarks of cancer: uncontrolled proliferation, evasion of growth suppressors, cell death resistance, genome instability, reprogrammed energy metabolism, and escape from replicative senescence. In a companion paper, we will discuss the roles of PARP enzymes in cancer hallmarks related to cancer-host interactions, including angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis, evasion of the anticancer immune response, and tumor-promoting inflammation. While PARP1 is clearly involved in all ten cancer hallmarks, an increasing body of evidence supports the role of other PARPs in modifying these cancer hallmarks (e.g., PARP5a and 5b in replicative immortality and PARP2 in cancer metabolism). We also highlight controversies, open questions, and discuss prospects of recent developments related to the wide range of roles played by PARPs in cancer biology. Some of the summarized findings may explain resistance to PARPi therapy or highlight novel biological roles of PARPs that can be therapeutically exploited in novel anticancer treatment paradigms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Máté A. Demény
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- MTA-DE Cell Biology and Signaling Research Group, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- Correspondence: (M.A.D.); (L.V.)
| | - László Virág
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- MTA-DE Cell Biology and Signaling Research Group, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- Correspondence: (M.A.D.); (L.V.)
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7
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Regdon Z, Demény MA, Kovács K, Hajnády Z, Nagy-Pénzes M, Bakondi E, Kiss A, Hegedűs C, Virág L. High-content screening identifies inhibitors of oxidative stress-induced parthanatos: cytoprotective and anti-inflammatory effects of ciclopirox. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 178:1095-1113. [PMID: 33332573 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Excessive oxidative stress can induce PARP1-mediated programmed necrotic cell death, termed parthanatos. Inhibition of parthanatos may be therapeutically beneficial in a wide array of diseases associated with tissue injury and inflammation. Our goal was to identify novel molecules inhibiting parthanatos. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH A small library of 774 pharmacologically active compounds was screened in a Sytox Green uptake assay, which identified 20 hits that reduced hydrogen-peroxide-induced parthanatos with an efficiency comparable to the benchmark PARP inhibitor, PJ34. KEY RESULTS Of these hits, two compounds, antifungal ciclopirox and dopamine receptor agonist apomorphine, inhibited PAR polymer synthesis. These two compounds prevented the binding of PARP1 to oxidatively damaged DNA but did not directly interfere with the interaction between DNA and PARP1. Both compounds inhibited mitochondrial superoxide and H2 O2 production and suppressed DNA breakage. Since H2 O2 -induced damage is dependent on Fe2+ -catalysed hydroxyl radical production (Fenton chemistry), we determined the iron chelation activity of the two test compounds and found that ciclopirox and, to a lesser extent, apomorphine act as iron chelators. We also show that the Fe2+ chelation and indirect PARP inhibitory effects of ciclopirox translate to anti-inflammatory actions as demonstrated in a mouse dermatitis model, where ciclopirox reduced ear swelling, inflammatory cell recruitment and poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Our findings indicate that the antimycotic drug, ciclopirox, acts as an iron chelator and thus targets an early event in hydrogen-peroxide-induced parthanatos. Ciclopirox has the potential to be repurposed as a cytoprotective and anti-inflammatory agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsolt Regdon
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.,Doctoral School of Molecular Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Máté A Demény
- Doctoral School of Molecular Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Katalin Kovács
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.,MTA-DE Cell Biology and Signaling Research Group, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Hajnády
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.,Doctoral School of Molecular Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Máté Nagy-Pénzes
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.,Doctoral School of Molecular Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Edina Bakondi
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Alexandra Kiss
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.,Doctoral School of Molecular Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Csaba Hegedűs
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - László Virág
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.,MTA-DE Cell Biology and Signaling Research Group, Debrecen, Hungary
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Thapa K, Khan H, Sharma U, Grewal AK, Singh TG. Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 as a promising drug target for neurodegenerative diseases. Life Sci 2020; 267:118975. [PMID: 33387580 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase- (PARP)-1 is predominantly triggered by DNA damage. Overexpression of PARP-1 is known for its association with the pathogenesis of several CNS disorders, such as Stroke, Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), Huntington (HD) and Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). NAD+ depletion resulted PARP related cell death only happened when the trial used extreme high oxidization treatment. Inhibition of PARP1/2 may induce replication related cell death due to un-repaired DNA damage. This review has discussed PARP-1 modulated downstream pathways in neurodegeneration and various FDA approved PARP-1 inhibitors. MATERIALS AND METHODS A systematic literature review of PubMed, Medline, Bentham, Scopus and EMBASE (Elsevier) databases was carried out to understand the nature of the extensive work done on mechanistic role of Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase and its inhibition in Neurodegenerative diseases. KEY FINDINGS Several researchers have put forward number of potential treatments, of which PARP-1 enzyme has been regarded as a potent target intended for the handling of neurodegenerative ailments. Targeting PARP using its chemical inhibitors in various neurodegenerative may have therapeutic outcomes by reducing neuronal death mediated by PARPi. Numerous PARP-1 inhibitors have been studied in neurodegenerative diseases but they haven't been clinically evaluated. SIGNIFICANCE In this review, the pathological role of PARP-1 in various neurodegenerative diseases has been discussed along with the therapeutic role of PARP-1 inhibitors in various neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Komal Thapa
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India; Chitkara School of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Heena Khan
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Uma Sharma
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
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9
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Kiss A, Ráduly AP, Regdon Z, Polgár Z, Tarapcsák S, Sturniolo I, El-Hamoly T, Virág L, Hegedűs C. Targeting Nuclear NAD + Synthesis Inhibits DNA Repair, Impairs Metabolic Adaptation and Increases Chemosensitivity of U-2OS Osteosarcoma Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12051180. [PMID: 32392755 PMCID: PMC7281559 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12051180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common bone tumor in children and adolescents. Modern OS treatment, based on the combination of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (cisplatin + doxorubicin + methotrexate) with subsequent surgical removal of the primary tumor and metastases, has dramatically improved overall survival of OS patients. However, further research is needed to identify new therapeutic targets. Here we report that expression level of the nuclear NAD synthesis enzyme, nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase-1 (NMNAT1), increases in U-2OS cells upon exposure to DNA damaging agents, suggesting the involvement of the enzyme in the DNA damage response. Moreover, genetic inactivation of NMNAT1 sensitizes U-2OS osteosarcoma cells to cisplatin, doxorubicin, or a combination of these two treatments. Increased cisplatin-induced cell death of NMNAT1−/− cells showed features of both apoptosis and necroptosis, as indicated by the protective effect of the caspase-3 inhibitor z-DEVD-FMK and the necroptosis inhibitor necrostatin-1. Activation of the DNA damage sensor enzyme poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1), a major consumer of NAD+ in the nucleus, was fully blocked by NMNAT1 inactivation, leading to increased DNA damage (phospho-H2AX foci). The PARP inhibitor, olaparib, sensitized wild type but not NMNAT1−/− cells to cisplatin-induced anti-clonogenic effects, suggesting that impaired PARP1 activity is important for chemosensitization. Cisplatin-induced cell death of NMNAT1−/− cells was also characterized by a marked drop in cellular ATP levels and impaired mitochondrial respiratory reserve capacity, highlighting the central role of compromised cellular bioenergetics in chemosensitization by NMNAT1 inactivation. Moreover, NMNAT1 cells also displayed markedly higher sensitivity to cisplatin when grown as spheroids in 3D culture. In summary, our work provides the first evidence that NMNAT1 is a promising therapeutic target for osteosarcoma and possibly other tumors as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Kiss
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary, (A.K.)
- Doctoral School of Molecular Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Arnold Péter Ráduly
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary, (A.K.)
| | - Zsolt Regdon
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary, (A.K.)
| | - Zsuzsanna Polgár
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary, (A.K.)
| | - Szabolcs Tarapcsák
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary,
| | - Isotta Sturniolo
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary, (A.K.)
| | - Tarek El-Hamoly
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary, (A.K.)
- Drug Radiation Research Department, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology, Atomic Energy Authority, 113701 Cairo, Egypt
| | - László Virág
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary, (A.K.)
- MTA-DE Cell Biology and Signaling Research Group, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Csaba Hegedűs
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary, (A.K.)
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10
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Gao P, Wang D, Liu M, Chen S, Yang Z, Zhang J, Wang H, Niu Y, Wang W, Yang J, Sun G. DNA methylation-mediated repression of exosomal miR-652-5p expression promotes oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma aggressiveness by targeting PARG and VEGF pathways. PLoS Genet 2020; 16:e1008592. [PMID: 32343702 PMCID: PMC7188198 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomal microRNAs (miRNAs) have been recently shown to play vital regulatory and communication roles in cancers. In this study, we showed that the expression levels of miR-652-5p in tumour tissues and serum samples of oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) patients were lower compared to non-tumorous tissues and serum samples from healthy subjects, respectively. Decreased expression of miR-652-5p was correlated with TNM stages, lymph node metastasis, and short overall survival (OS). More frequent CpG sites hypermethylation in the upstream of miR-652-5p was found in OSCC tissues compared to adjacent normal tissues. Subsequently, miR-652-5p downregulation promoted the proliferation and metastasis of OSCC, and regulated cell cycle both in cells and in vivo. The dual-luciferase reporter assay confirmed that poly (ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG) and vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) were the direct targets of miR-652-5p. Moreover, the delivery of miR-652-5p agomir suppressed tumour growth and metastasis, and inhibited the protein expressions of PARG and VEGFA in nude mice. Taken together, our findings provide novel insight into the molecular mechanism underlying OSCC pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Gao
- Department of Bone and Soft Tissue Tumor, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Department of Radiation Oncology, North China University of Science and Technology Affiliated People's Hospital, Tangshan, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, North China University of Science and Technology Affiliated People's Hospital, Tangshan, China
| | - Meiyue Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, North China University of Science and Technology Affiliated People's Hospital, Tangshan, China
| | - Siyuan Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, North China University of Science and Technology Affiliated People's Hospital, Tangshan, China
| | - Zhao Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, North China University of Science and Technology Affiliated People's Hospital, Tangshan, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Pathology, North China University of Science and Technology Affiliated People's Hospital, Tangshan, China
| | - Huan Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, North China University of Science and Technology Affiliated People's Hospital, Tangshan, China
| | - Yi Niu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, North China University of Science and Technology Affiliated People's Hospital, Tangshan, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Bone and Soft Tissue Tumor, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Jilong Yang
- Department of Bone and Soft Tissue Tumor, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Guogui Sun
- Department of Radiation Oncology, North China University of Science and Technology Affiliated People's Hospital, Tangshan, China
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11
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Shibui Y, Oyama T, Okazawa M, Yoshimori A, Abe H, Uchiumi F, Tanuma SI. Structural insights into the active site of poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase using docking modes of 6-hydroxy-3H-xanthen-3-one derivative inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 28:115249. [PMID: 31879180 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.115249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG) plays an essential role in poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) turnover, and thereby regulating DNA transactions, such as DNA repair, replication, transcription and recombination. Here, we examined the inhibitory activities of 6-hydroxy-3H-xanthene-3-one (HXO) derivatives and analyzed their binding modes in the active site of PARG by in silico docking study. Among the derivatives, Rose Bengal was found to be the most potent inhibitor of PARG and its halogen groups were revealed to cooperatively potentiate the inhibitory activity. Importantly, the binding mode of Rose Bengal occupied the active site of PARG revealed the presence of unique "Sandwich" residues of Asn869 and Tyr792, which enable the inhibitor to bind tightly with the active pocket. This sandwich interaction could stabilize the π-π interactions of HXO scaffold with Phe902 and Tyr795. In addition, to increase the binding affinity, the iodine and chlorine atoms of this inhibitor could contribute to the inducing of favorable disorders, which promote an entropy boost on the active site of PARG for structural plasticity, and making the stable configuration of HXO scaffold in the active site, respectively, as judged by the analysis of binding free energy. These results provide new insights into the active site of PARG and an additional opportunity for designing selective PARG inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuto Shibui
- Department of Gene Regulation, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Takahiro Oyama
- Hinoki Shinyaku Co., Ltd., 9-6 Nibancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0084, Japan
| | - Miwa Okazawa
- Department of Genomic Medicinal Science, Research Institute for Science and Technology, Organization for Research Advancement, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Atsushi Yoshimori
- Institute for Theoretical Medicine Inc., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-0012, Japan
| | - Hideaki Abe
- Hinoki Shinyaku Co., Ltd., 9-6 Nibancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0084, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Uchiumi
- Department of Gene Regulation, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Sei-Ichi Tanuma
- Department of Genomic Medicinal Science, Research Institute for Science and Technology, Organization for Research Advancement, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan.
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12
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The DNA-damage response and nuclear events as regulators of nonapoptotic forms of cell death. Oncogene 2019; 39:1-16. [PMID: 31462710 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-019-0980-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The maintenance of genome stability is essential for the cell as the integrity of genomic information guaranties reproduction of a whole organism. DNA damage occurring in response to different natural and nonnatural stimuli (errors in DNA replication, UV radiation, chemical agents, etc.) is normally detected by special cellular machinery that induces DNA repair. However, further accumulation of genetic lesions drives the activation of cell death to eliminate cells with defective genome. This particular feature is used for targeting fast-proliferating tumor cells during chemo-, radio-, and immunotherapy. Among different cell death modalities induced by DNA damage, apoptosis is the best studied. Nevertheless, nonapoptotic cell death and adaptive stress responses are also activated following genotoxic stress and play a crucial role in the outcome of anticancer therapy. Here, we provide an overview of nonapoptotic cell death pathways induced by DNA damage and discuss their interplay with cellular senescence, mitotic catastrophe, and autophagy.
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13
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Xu G, Li S, Liu X, Gao P, Chen X, Wang H, Zhang M, Yang Y, Gao GF, Zhang F. PARP-1 mediated cell death is directly activated by ZIKV infection. Virology 2019; 537:254-262. [PMID: 31539774 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2019.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) has emerged as a severe health threat due to its association with microcephaly. It has been reported that the strong cytopathic effects, including cell-cycle arrest and cell death are responsible for the nervous system disease. However, the mechanisms by which ZIKV infection induced cell death were largely unknown. Here, we reported that cell death is readily detected after ZIKV infection as indicated by PI staining and the reduction of cell viability. Importantly, cell death can be induced by overexpression of ZIKV NS3 protein alone but not the other non-structure proteins. Mass spectrometry analysis revealed that NS3 bond to and activated PARP-1. In agreement with these observations, we found that PARP-1 was massively activated during ZIKV infection and the intracellular ATP and NAD+ concentrations rapidly declined. Finally, PARP-1 knockdown simultaneously restrained ZIKV infection-induced cell death and ablated host restriction of virus infection. Our finding indicates that PARP-1 activation is an important cellular event during ZIKV infection, which contributes to the cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Xu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518112, China.
| | - Shihua Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Xinyuan Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ping Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Xiaotong Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Haiyan Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518112, China
| | - Mingxia Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518112, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518112, China
| | - George Fu Gao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518112, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Fuping Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518112, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100101, China.
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14
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Robinson N, Ganesan R, Hegedűs C, Kovács K, Kufer TA, Virág L. Programmed necrotic cell death of macrophages: Focus on pyroptosis, necroptosis, and parthanatos. Redox Biol 2019; 26:101239. [PMID: 31212216 PMCID: PMC6582207 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2019.101239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are highly plastic cells of the innate immune system. Macrophages play central roles in immunity against microbes and contribute to a wide array of pathologies. The processes of macrophage activation and their functions have attracted considerable attention from life scientists. Although macrophages are highly resistant to many toxic stimuli, including oxidative stress, macrophage death has been reported in certain diseases, such as viral infections, tuberculosis, atherosclerotic plaque development, inflammation, and sepsis. While most studies on macrophage death focused on apoptosis, a significant body of data indicates that programmed necrotic cell death forms may be equally important modes of macrophage death. Three such regulated necrotic cell death modalities in macrophages contribute to different pathologies, including necroptosis, pyroptosis, and parthanatos. Various reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, such as superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and peroxynitrite have been shown to act as triggers, mediators, or modulators in regulated necrotic cell death pathways. Here we discuss recent advances in necroptosis, pyroptosis, and parthanatos, with a strong focus on the role of redox homeostasis in the regulation of these events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirmal Robinson
- Inflammation and Human Ailments Laboratory, Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Raja Ganesan
- Inflammation and Human Ailments Laboratory, Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Csaba Hegedűs
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Katalin Kovács
- MTA-DE Cell Biology and Signaling Research Group, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Thomas A Kufer
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Nutritional Medicine, Department of Immunology, Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - László Virág
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary; MTA-DE Cell Biology and Signaling Research Group, Debrecen, Hungary.
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15
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Tanuma SI, Shibui Y, Oyama T, Uchiumi F, Abe H. Targeting poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase to draw apoptosis codes in cancer. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 167:163-172. [PMID: 31176615 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation is a unique post-translational modification of proteins. The metabolism of poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) is tightly regulated mainly by poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARP) and poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG). Accumulating evidence has suggested the biological functions of PAR metabolism in control of many cellular processes, such as cell proliferation, differentiation and death by remodeling chromatin structure and regulation of DNA transaction, including DNA repair, replication, recombination and transcription. However, the physiological roles of the catabolism of PAR catalyzed by PARG remain less understood than those of PAR synthesis by PARP. Noteworthy biochemical studies have revealed the importance of PAR catabolic pathway generating nuclear ATP via the coordinated actions of PARG and ADP-ribose pyrophosphorylase (ADPRPPL) for the driving of DNA repair and the maintenance of DNA replication apparatus while repairing DNA damage. Furthermore, genetic studies have shown the value of PARG as a therapeutic molecular target for PAR-mediated diseases, such as cancer, inflammation and many pathological conditions. In this review, we present the current knowledge of de-poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation catalyzed by PARG focusing on its role in DNA repair, replication and apoptosis. Furthermore, the induction of apoptosis code of DNA replication catastrophe by synthetic lethality of PARG inhibition and the recent progresses regarding the development of small molecule PARG inhibitors and their therapeutic potentials in cancer chemotherapy are highlighted in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sei-Ichi Tanuma
- Department of Genomic Medicinal Science, Research Institute for Science and Technology, Organization for Research Advancement, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan.
| | - Yuto Shibui
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Takahiro Oyama
- Hinoki Shinyaku Co., Ltd., 9-6 Nibancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0084, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Uchiumi
- Department of Gene Regulation, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Hideaki Abe
- Hinoki Shinyaku Co., Ltd., 9-6 Nibancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0084, Japan
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16
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Poly(ADP-Ribose) Polymerases in Host-Pathogen Interactions, Inflammation, and Immunity. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2018; 83:83/1/e00038-18. [PMID: 30567936 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00038-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The literature review presented here details recent research involving members of the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) family of proteins. Among the 17 recognized members of the family, the human enzyme PARP1 is the most extensively studied, resulting in a number of known biological and metabolic roles. This review is focused on the roles played by PARP enzymes in host-pathogen interactions and in diseases with an associated inflammatory response. In mammalian cells, several PARPs have specific roles in the antiviral response; this is perhaps best illustrated by PARP13, also termed the zinc finger antiviral protein (ZAP). Plant stress responses and immunity are also regulated by poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation. PARPs promote inflammatory responses by stimulating proinflammatory signal transduction pathways that lead to the expression of cytokines and cell adhesion molecules. Hence, PARP inhibitors show promise in the treatment of inflammatory disorders and conditions with an inflammatory component, such as diabetes, arthritis, and stroke. These functions are correlated with the biophysical characteristics of PARP family enzymes. This work is important in providing a comprehensive understanding of the molecular basis of pathogenesis and host responses, as well as in the identification of inhibitors. This is important because the identification of inhibitors has been shown to be effective in arresting the progression of disease.
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17
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Abplanalp J, Leutert M, Frugier E, Nowak K, Feurer R, Kato J, Kistemaker HVA, Filippov DV, Moss J, Caflisch A, Hottiger MO. Proteomic analyses identify ARH3 as a serine mono-ADP-ribosylhydrolase. Nat Commun 2017; 8:2055. [PMID: 29234005 PMCID: PMC5727137 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02253-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
ADP-ribosylation is a posttranslational modification that exists in monomeric and polymeric forms. Whereas the writers (e.g. ARTD1/PARP1) and erasers (e.g. PARG, ARH3) of poly-ADP-ribosylation (PARylation) are relatively well described, the enzymes involved in mono-ADP-ribosylation (MARylation) have been less well investigated. While erasers for the MARylation of glutamate/aspartate and arginine have been identified, the respective enzymes with specificity for serine were missing. Here we report that, in vitro, ARH3 specifically binds and demodifies proteins and peptides that are MARylated. Molecular modeling and site-directed mutagenesis of ARH3 revealed that numerous residues are critical for both the mono- and the poly-ADP-ribosylhydrolase activity of ARH3. Notably, a mass spectrometric approach showed that ARH3-deficient mouse embryonic fibroblasts are characterized by a specific increase in serine-ADP-ribosylation in vivo under untreated conditions as well as following hydrogen peroxide stress. Together, our results establish ARH3 as a serine mono-ADP-ribosylhydrolase and as an important regulator of the basal and stress-induced ADP-ribosylome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeannette Abplanalp
- Department of Molecular Mechanisms of Disease, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland.,Molecular Life Science PhD Program of the Life Science Zurich Graduate School, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mario Leutert
- Department of Molecular Mechanisms of Disease, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland.,Molecular Life Science PhD Program of the Life Science Zurich Graduate School, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Emilie Frugier
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kathrin Nowak
- Department of Molecular Mechanisms of Disease, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland.,Molecular Life Science PhD Program of the Life Science Zurich Graduate School, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Roxane Feurer
- Department of Molecular Mechanisms of Disease, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jiro Kato
- Laboratory of Translational Research, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1590, USA
| | - Hans V A Kistemaker
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Department of Bio-organic Synthesis, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Dmitri V Filippov
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Department of Bio-organic Synthesis, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Joel Moss
- Laboratory of Translational Research, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1590, USA
| | - Amedeo Caflisch
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael O Hottiger
- Department of Molecular Mechanisms of Disease, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
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18
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Lüscher B, Bütepage M, Eckei L, Krieg S, Verheugd P, Shilton BH. ADP-Ribosylation, a Multifaceted Posttranslational Modification Involved in the Control of Cell Physiology in Health and Disease. Chem Rev 2017; 118:1092-1136. [PMID: 29172462 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Posttranslational modifications (PTMs) regulate protein functions and interactions. ADP-ribosylation is a PTM, in which ADP-ribosyltransferases use nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) to modify target proteins with ADP-ribose. This modification can occur as mono- or poly-ADP-ribosylation. The latter involves the synthesis of long ADP-ribose chains that have specific properties due to the nature of the polymer. ADP-Ribosylation is reversed by hydrolases that cleave the glycosidic bonds either between ADP-ribose units or between the protein proximal ADP-ribose and a given amino acid side chain. Here we discuss the properties of the different enzymes associated with ADP-ribosylation and the consequences of this PTM on substrates. Furthermore, the different domains that interpret either mono- or poly-ADP-ribosylation and the implications for cellular processes are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Lüscher
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical School, RWTH Aachen University , 52057 Aachen, Germany
| | - Mareike Bütepage
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical School, RWTH Aachen University , 52057 Aachen, Germany
| | - Laura Eckei
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical School, RWTH Aachen University , 52057 Aachen, Germany
| | - Sarah Krieg
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical School, RWTH Aachen University , 52057 Aachen, Germany
| | - Patricia Verheugd
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical School, RWTH Aachen University , 52057 Aachen, Germany
| | - Brian H Shilton
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical School, RWTH Aachen University , 52057 Aachen, Germany.,Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario , Medical Sciences Building Room 332, London, Ontario Canada N6A 5C1
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19
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Gravells P, Neale J, Grant E, Nathubhai A, Smith KM, James DI, Bryant HE. Radiosensitization with an inhibitor of poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase: A comparison with the PARP1/2/3 inhibitor olaparib. DNA Repair (Amst) 2017; 61:25-36. [PMID: 29179156 PMCID: PMC5765821 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2017.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PARG and PARP inhibition both radiosensitize. PARP and PARG inhibition both alter the DNA damage response following irradiation (IR). PARP and PARG inhibition both alter homologous recombination following IR. Only PARG inhibition induces rapid activation of non-homologous end-joining post-IR. Only inhibition of PARG causes accumulation of cells in metaphase post-IR.
Upon DNA binding the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase family of enzymes (PARPs) add multiple ADP-ribose subunits to themselves and other acceptor proteins. Inhibitors of PARPs have become an exciting and real prospect for monotherapy and as sensitizers to ionising radiation (IR). The action of PARPs are reversed by poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG). Until recently studies of PARG have been limited by the lack of an inhibitor. Here, a first in class, specific, and cell permeable PARG inhibitor, PDD00017273, is shown to radiosensitize. Further, PDD00017273 is compared with the PARP1/2/3 inhibitor olaparib. Both olaparib and PDD00017273 altered the repair of IR-induced DNA damage, resulting in delayed resolution of RAD51 foci compared with control cells. However, only PARG inhibition induced a rapid increase in IR-induced activation of PRKDC (DNA-PK) and perturbed mitotic progression. This suggests that PARG has additional functions in the cell compared with inhibition of PARP1/2/3, likely via reversal of tankyrase activity and/or that inhibiting the removal of poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) has a different consequence to inhibiting PAR addition. Overall, our data are consistent with previous genetic findings, reveal new insights into the function of PAR metabolism following IR and demonstrate for the first time the therapeutic potential of PARG inhibitors as radiosensitizing agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polly Gravells
- Academic Unit of Molecular Oncology, Sheffield Institute for Nucleic Acids (SInFoNiA), Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, S10 2RX, United Kingdom
| | - James Neale
- Academic Unit of Molecular Oncology, Sheffield Institute for Nucleic Acids (SInFoNiA), Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, S10 2RX, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Grant
- Academic Unit of Molecular Oncology, Sheffield Institute for Nucleic Acids (SInFoNiA), Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, S10 2RX, United Kingdom
| | - Amit Nathubhai
- Drug and Target Discovery, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, Somerset, BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Kate M Smith
- Drug Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4BX, United Kingdom
| | - Dominic I James
- Drug Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4BX, United Kingdom
| | - Helen E Bryant
- Academic Unit of Molecular Oncology, Sheffield Institute for Nucleic Acids (SInFoNiA), Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, S10 2RX, United Kingdom.
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20
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Abstract
Cells are exposed to various endogenous and exogenous insults that induce DNA damage, which, if unrepaired, impairs genome integrity and leads to the development of various diseases, including cancer. Recent evidence has implicated poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) in various DNA repair pathways and in the maintenance of genomic stability. The inhibition of PARP1 is therefore being exploited clinically for the treatment of various cancers, which include DNA repair-deficient ovarian, breast and prostate cancers. Understanding the role of PARP1 in maintaining genome integrity is not only important for the design of novel chemotherapeutic agents, but is also crucial for gaining insights into the mechanisms of chemoresistance in cancer cells. In this Review, we discuss the roles of PARP1 in mediating various aspects of DNA metabolism, such as single-strand break repair, nucleotide excision repair, double-strand break repair and the stabilization of replication forks, and in modulating chromatin structure.
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21
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Gravells P, Grant E, Smith KM, James DI, Bryant HE. Specific killing of DNA damage-response deficient cells with inhibitors of poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase. DNA Repair (Amst) 2017; 52:81-91. [PMID: 28254358 PMCID: PMC5360195 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2017.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribosylation) of proteins following DNA damage is well studied and the use of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors as therapeutic agents is an exciting prospect for the treatment of many cancers. Poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG) has endo- and exoglycosidase activities which can cleave glycosidic bonds, rapidly reversing the action of PARP enzymes. Like addition of poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) by PARP, removal of PAR by PARG is also thought to be required for repair of DNA strand breaks and for continued replication at perturbed forks. Here we use siRNA to show a synthetic lethal relationship between PARG and BRCA1, BRCA2, PALB2, FAM175A (ABRAXAS) and BARD1. In addition, we demonstrate that MCF7 cells depleted of these proteins are sensitive to Gallotannin and a novel and specific PARG inhibitor PDD00017273. We confirm that PARG inhibition increases endogenous DNA damage, stalls replication forks and increases homologous recombination, and propose that it is the lack of homologous recombination (HR) proteins at PARG inhibitor-induced stalled replication forks that induces cell death. Interestingly not all genes that are synthetically lethal with PARP result in sensitivity to PARG inhibitors, suggesting that although there is overlap, the functions of PARP and PARG may not be completely identical. These data together add further evidence to the possibility that single treatment therapy with PARG inhibitors could be used for treatment of certain HR deficient tumours and provide insight into the relationship between PARP, PARG and the processes of DNA repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polly Gravells
- Academic Unit of Molecular Oncology, Sheffield Institute for Nucleic Acids (SInFoNiA), Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, S10 2RX, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Grant
- Academic Unit of Molecular Oncology, Sheffield Institute for Nucleic Acids (SInFoNiA), Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, S10 2RX, United Kingdom
| | - Kate M Smith
- Drug Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4BX, United Kingdom
| | - Dominic I James
- Drug Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4BX, United Kingdom
| | - Helen E Bryant
- Academic Unit of Molecular Oncology, Sheffield Institute for Nucleic Acids (SInFoNiA), Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, S10 2RX, United Kingdom.
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22
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Mashimo M, Moss J. Functional Role of ADP-Ribosyl-Acceptor Hydrolase 3 in poly(ADP-Ribose) Polymerase-1 Response to Oxidative Stress. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2017; 17:633-640. [PMID: 27090906 DOI: 10.2174/1389203717666160419144603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Poly-ADP-ribosylation has been proposed to be a reversible protein modification, participating in diverse cellular functions including DNA repair, chromatin remodeling, genetic stability, mitosis, and cell death. Poly-ADP-ribosylation is initiated by the transfer of the ADP-ribose moiety of NAD+ primarily to the carboxyl groups of glutamate and aspartate and amino group of lysine residues in target proteins, followed by elongation of poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) chains via α-O-glycosidic (C- 1"-C-2') ribose-ribose bonds. PAR consists of polymers of ADP-ribose (up to 200 units) with branching via α-O-glycosidic (C-1"'-C-2") ribose-ribose bonds. Further, the pyrophosphate group of each ADP-ribose has two negative charges. Therefore, in proteins modified by PAR, a complex structure with negative charges may lead to dynamic changes of functions. PAR formation is catalyzed by poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs) and terminated by several types of enzymes with PAR-degrading activities; poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG), ADP-ribosylacceptor hydrolase (ARH) 3, ARH1, and macrodomain-containing proteins. PARG has been thought to be primarily responsible for PAR degradation. In 2006, ARH3 was cloned and identified as another type of PAR-degrading protein. Although PAR-degrading activity of ARH3 is less than that of PARG, different mechanisms of PAR recognition and the cellular localization of ARH3 appear to be responsible for unique cellular roles of ARH3 involving PAR. In the present review, we focused on our findings regarding structure, biological properties, and cellular functions of ARH3. In addition, we describe the current knowledge of poly-ADP-ribosylation and cell death pathways regulated PARP1, PARG, and ARH3.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joel Moss
- Rm. 6D05, Bldg. 10, MSC 1590, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1590; USA.
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23
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James DI, Smith KM, Jordan AM, Fairweather EE, Griffiths LA, Hamilton NS, Hitchin JR, Hutton CP, Jones S, Kelly P, McGonagle AE, Small H, Stowell AIJ, Tucker J, Waddell ID, Waszkowycz B, Ogilvie DJ. First-in-Class Chemical Probes against Poly(ADP-ribose) Glycohydrolase (PARG) Inhibit DNA Repair with Differential Pharmacology to Olaparib. ACS Chem Biol 2016; 11:3179-3190. [PMID: 27689388 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.6b00609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The enzyme poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG) performs a critical role in the repair of DNA single strand breaks (SSBs). However, a detailed understanding of its mechanism of action has been hampered by a lack of credible, cell-active chemical probes. Herein, we demonstrate inhibition of PARG with a small molecule, leading to poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) chain persistence in intact cells. Moreover, we describe two advanced, and chemically distinct, cell-active tool compounds with convincing on-target pharmacology and selectivity. Using one of these tool compounds, we demonstrate pharmacology consistent with PARG inhibition. Further, while the roles of PARG and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) are closely intertwined, we demonstrate that the pharmacology of a PARG inhibitor differs from that observed with the more thoroughly studied PARP inhibitor olaparib. We believe that these tools will facilitate a wider understanding of this important component of DNA repair and may enable the development of novel therapeutic agents exploiting the critical dependence of tumors on the DNA damage response (DDR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic I James
- Drug Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester , Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4BX, United Kingdom
| | - Kate M Smith
- Drug Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester , Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4BX, United Kingdom
| | - Allan M Jordan
- Drug Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester , Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4BX, United Kingdom
| | - Emma E Fairweather
- Drug Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester , Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4BX, United Kingdom
| | - Louise A Griffiths
- Drug Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester , Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4BX, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola S Hamilton
- Drug Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester , Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4BX, United Kingdom
| | - James R Hitchin
- Drug Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester , Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4BX, United Kingdom
| | - Colin P Hutton
- Drug Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester , Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4BX, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart Jones
- Drug Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester , Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4BX, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Kelly
- Drug Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester , Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4BX, United Kingdom
| | - Alison E McGonagle
- Drug Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester , Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4BX, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Small
- Drug Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester , Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4BX, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandra I J Stowell
- Drug Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester , Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4BX, United Kingdom
| | - Julie Tucker
- Structure and Biophysics, Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca , Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Ian D Waddell
- Drug Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester , Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4BX, United Kingdom
| | - Bohdan Waszkowycz
- Drug Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester , Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4BX, United Kingdom
| | - Donald J Ogilvie
- Drug Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester , Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4BX, United Kingdom
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24
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Rotin LE, Gronda M, MacLean N, Hurren R, Wang X, Lin FH, Wrana J, Datti A, Barber DL, Minden MD, Slassi M, Schimmer AD. Ibrutinib synergizes with poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase inhibitors to induce cell death in AML cells via a BTK-independent mechanism. Oncotarget 2016; 7:2765-79. [PMID: 26624983 PMCID: PMC4823070 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeting Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) with the small molecule BTK inhibitor ibrutinib has significantly improved patient outcomes in several B-cell malignancies, with minimal toxicity. Given the reported expression and constitutive activation of BTK in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells, there has been recent interest in investigating the anti-AML activity of ibrutinib. We noted that ibrutinib had limited single-agent toxicity in a panel of AML cell lines and primary AML samples, and therefore sought to identify ibrutinib-sensitizing drugs. Using a high-throughput combination chemical screen, we identified that the poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG) inhibitor ethacridine lactate synergized with ibrutinib in TEX and OCI-AML2 leukemia cell lines. The combination of ibrutinib and ethacridine induced a synergistic increase in reactive oxygen species that was functionally important to explain the observed cell death. Interestingly, synergistic cytotoxicity of ibrutinib and ethacridine was independent of the inhibitory effect of ibrutinib against BTK, as knockdown of BTK did not sensitize TEX and OCI-AML2 cells to ethacridine treatment. Thus, our findings indicate that ibrutinib may have a BTK-independent role in AML and that PARG inhibitors may have utility as part of a combination therapy for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianne E Rotin
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marcela Gronda
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Neil MacLean
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rose Hurren
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - XiaoMing Wang
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Feng-Hsu Lin
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jeff Wrana
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alessandro Datti
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Agricultural, Food, and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Dwayne L Barber
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark D Minden
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Aaron D Schimmer
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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25
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Autophagy requires poly(adp-ribosyl)ation-dependent AMPK nuclear export. Cell Death Differ 2016; 23:2007-2018. [PMID: 27689873 PMCID: PMC5136490 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2016.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AMPK is a central energy sensor linking extracellular milieu fluctuations with the autophagic machinery. In the current study we uncover that Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation (PARylation), a post-translational modification (PTM) of proteins, accounts for the spatial and temporal regulation of autophagy by modulating AMPK subcellular localisation and activation. More particularly, we show that the minority AMPK pool needs to be exported to the cytosol in a PARylation-dependent manner for optimal induction of autophagy, including ULK1 phosphorylation and mTORC1 inactivation. PARP-1 forms a molecular complex with AMPK in the nucleus in non-starved cells. In response to nutrient deprivation, PARP-1 catalysed PARylation, induced the dissociation of the PARP-1/AMPK complex and the export of free PARylated nuclear AMPK to the cytoplasm to activate autophagy. PARP inhibition, its silencing or the expression of PARylation-deficient AMPK mutants prevented not only the AMPK nuclear-cytosolic export but also affected the activation of the cytosolic AMPK pool and autophagosome formation. These results demonstrate that PARylation of AMPK is a key early signal to efficiently convey extracellular nutrient perturbations with downstream events needed for the cell to optimize autophagic commitment before autophagosome formation.
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26
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Expanding functions of ADP-ribosylation in the maintenance of genome integrity. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 63:92-101. [PMID: 27670719 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cell response to genotoxic stress requires a complex network of sensors and effectors from numerous signaling and repair pathways, among them the nuclear poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) plays a central role. PARP1 is catalytically activated in the setting of DNA breaks. It uses NAD+ as a donor and catalyses the synthesis and subsequent covalent attachment of branched ADP-ribose polymers onto itself and various acceptor proteins to promote repair. Its inhibition is now considered as an efficient therapeutic strategy to potentiate the cytotoxic effect of chemotherapy and radiation or to exploit synthetic lethality in tumours with defective homologous recombination mediated repair. Still, efforts made on understanding the role of PARylation in DNA repair continues to yield novel discoveries. Over the last years, our knowledge in this field has been particularly advanced by the discovery of novel biochemical and functional properties featuring PARP1, by the characterization of the other PARP family members and by the identification of a panel of enzymes capable of erasing poly(ADP-ribose). The aim of this review is to provide an overview of these newest findings and their relevance in genome surveillance.
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27
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Lakatos P, Hegedűs C, Salazar Ayestarán N, Juarranz Á, Kövér KE, Szabó É, Virág L. The PARP inhibitor PJ-34 sensitizes cells to UVA-induced phototoxicity by a PARP independent mechanism. Mutat Res 2016; 790:31-40. [PMID: 27427773 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 05/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A combination of a photosensitizer with light of matching wavelength is a common treatment modality in various diseases including psoriasis, atopic dermatitis and tumors. DNA damage and production of reactive oxygen intermediates may impact pathological cellular functions and viability. Here we set out to investigate the role of the nuclear DNA nick sensor enzyme poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 in photochemical treatment (PCT)-induced tumor cell killing. We found that silencing PARP-1 or inhibition of its enzymatic activity with Veliparib had no significant effect on the viability of A431 cells exposed to 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) and UVA (2.5J/cm(2)) indicating that PARP-1 is not likely to be a key player in either cell survival or cell death of PCT-exposed cells. Interestingly, however, another commonly used PARP inhibitor PJ-34 proved to be a photosensitizer with potency equal to 8-MOP. Irradiation of PJ-34 with UVA caused changes both in the UV absorption and in the 1H NMR spectra of the compound with the latter suggesting UVA-induced formation of tautomeric forms of the compound. Characterization of the photosensitizing effect revealed that PJ-34+UVA triggers overproduction of reactive oxygen species, induces DNA damage, activation of caspase 3 and caspase 8 and internucleosomal DNA fragmentation. Cell death in this model could not be prevented by antioxidants (ascorbic acid, trolox, glutathione, gallotannin or cell permeable superoxide dismutase or catalase) but could be suppressed by inhibitors of caspase-3 and -8. In conclusion, PJ-34 is a photosensitizer and PJ-34+UVA causes DNA damage and caspase-mediated cell death independently of PARP-1 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Lakatos
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Csaba Hegedűs
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Nerea Salazar Ayestarán
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Autónoma of Madrid, 28049-Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángeles Juarranz
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Autónoma of Madrid, 28049-Madrid, Spain
| | - Katalin E Kövér
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Éva Szabó
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - László Virág
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary; MTA-DE Cell Biology and Signaling Research Group, Debrecen, Hungary.
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28
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Noll A, Illuzzi G, Amé JC, Dantzer F, Schreiber V. PARG deficiency is neither synthetic lethal with BRCA1 nor PTEN deficiency. Cancer Cell Int 2016; 16:53. [PMID: 27375368 PMCID: PMC4929728 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-016-0333-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors have entered the clinics for their promising anticancer effect as adjuvant in chemo- and radiotherapy and as single agent on BRCA-mutated tumours. Poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG) deficiency was also shown to potentiate the cytotoxicity of genotoxic agents and irradiation. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of PARG deficiency on BRCA1- and/or PTEN-deficient tumour cells. Methods Since no PARG inhibitors are available for in vivo studies, PARG was depleted by siRNA in several cancer cell lines, proficient or deficient for BRCA1 and/or PTEN. The impact on cell survival was evaluated by colony formation assay and short-term viability assays. The effect of simultaneous PARG and BRCA1 depletion on homologous recombination (HR) efficacy was evaluated by immunodetection of RAD51 foci and using an in vivo HR assay. Results The BRCA1-deficient cell lines MDA-MB-436, HCC1937 and UWB1.289 showed mild sensitivity to PARG depletion, whereas no sensitivity was observed for the BRCA1-proficient MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-468, MCF10A and U2OS cell lines. However, the BRCA1-reconstituted UWB1.289 cell lines was similarly sensitive to PARG depletion than the BRCA1-deficient UWB1.289, and the simultaneous depletion of PARG and BRCA1 and/or PTEN in MDA-MB-231 or U2OS cells was not more cytotoxic than depletion of BRCA1 or PTEN only. Conclusions Some tumour cells displayed slight sensitivity to PARG deficiency, but this sensitivity could not be correlated to BRCA1- or PTEN-deficiency. Therefore, PARG depletion cannot be considered as a strategy to kill tumours cells mutated in BRCA1 or PTEN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélia Noll
- Biotechnology and Cell Signalling, UMR7242 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Laboratory of Excellence Medalis, ESBS, 300 Bd Sébastien Brant, CS 10413, 67412 Illkirch, France
| | - Giuditta Illuzzi
- Biotechnology and Cell Signalling, UMR7242 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Laboratory of Excellence Medalis, ESBS, 300 Bd Sébastien Brant, CS 10413, 67412 Illkirch, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Amé
- Biotechnology and Cell Signalling, UMR7242 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Laboratory of Excellence Medalis, ESBS, 300 Bd Sébastien Brant, CS 10413, 67412 Illkirch, France
| | - Françoise Dantzer
- Biotechnology and Cell Signalling, UMR7242 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Laboratory of Excellence Medalis, ESBS, 300 Bd Sébastien Brant, CS 10413, 67412 Illkirch, France
| | - Valérie Schreiber
- Biotechnology and Cell Signalling, UMR7242 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Laboratory of Excellence Medalis, ESBS, 300 Bd Sébastien Brant, CS 10413, 67412 Illkirch, France
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29
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Ying Y, Padanilam BJ. Regulation of necrotic cell death: p53, PARP1 and cyclophilin D-overlapping pathways of regulated necrosis? Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:2309-24. [PMID: 27048819 PMCID: PMC5490387 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2202-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In contrast to apoptosis and autophagy, necrotic cell death was considered to be a random, passive cell death without definable mediators. However, this dogma has been challenged by recent developments suggesting that necrotic cell death can also be a regulated process. Regulated necrosis includes multiple cell death modalities such as necroptosis, parthanatos, ferroptosis, pyroptosis, and mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP)-mediated necrosis. Several distinctive executive molecules, particularly residing on the mitochondrial inner and outer membrane, amalgamating to form the MPTP have been defined. The c-subunit of the F1F0ATP synthase on the inner membrane and Bax/Bak on the outer membrane are considered to be the long sought components that form the MPTP. Opening of the MPTP results in loss of mitochondrial inner membrane potential, disruption of ATP production, increased ROS production, organelle swelling, mitochondrial dysfunction and consequent necrosis. Cyclophilin D, along with adenine nucleotide translocator and the phosphate carrier are considered to be important regulators involved in the opening of MPTP. Increased production of ROS can further trigger other necrotic pathways mediated through molecules such as PARP1, leading to irreversible cell damage. This review examines the roles of PARP1 and cyclophilin D in necrotic cell death. The hierarchical role of p53 in regulation and integration of key components of signaling pathway to elicit MPTP-mediated necrosis and ferroptosis is explored. In the context of recent insights, the indistinct role of necroptosis signaling in tubular necrosis after ischemic kidney injury is scrutinized. We conclude by discussing the participation of p53, PARP1 and cyclophilin D and their overlapping pathways to elicit MPTP-mediated necrosis and ferroptosis in acute kidney injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Ying
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, 985850 University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5850, USA
| | - Babu J Padanilam
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, 985850 University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5850, USA.
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
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30
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Schlesinger M, Vilchez Larrea SC, Haikarainen T, Narwal M, Venkannagari H, Flawiá MM, Lehtiö L, Fernández Villamil SH. Disrupted ADP-ribose metabolism with nuclear Poly (ADP-ribose) accumulation leads to different cell death pathways in presence of hydrogen peroxide in procyclic Trypanosoma brucei. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:173. [PMID: 27007296 PMCID: PMC4806436 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1461-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) metabolism participates in several biological processes such as DNA damage signaling and repair, which is a thoroughly studied function. PAR is synthesized by Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) and hydrolyzed by Poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG). In contrast to human and other higher eukaryotes, Trypanosoma brucei contains only one PARP and PARG. Up to date, the function of these enzymes has remained elusive in this parasite. The aim of this work is to unravel the role that PAR plays in genotoxic stress response. METHODS The optimal conditions for the activity of purified recombinant TbPARP were determined by using a fluorometric activity assay followed by screening of PARP inhibitors. Sensitivity to a genotoxic agent, H2O2, was assessed by counting motile parasites over the total number in a Neubauer chamber, in presence of a potent PARP inhibitor as well as in procyclic transgenic lines which either down-regulate PARP or PARG, or over-express PARP. Triplicates were carried out for each condition tested and data significance was assessed with two-way Anova followed by Bonferroni test. Finally, PAR influence was studied in cell death pathways by flow cytometry. RESULTS Abolition of a functional PARP either by using potent inhibitors present or in PARP-silenced parasites had no effect on parasite growth in culture; however, PARP-inhibited and PARP down-regulated parasites presented an increased resistance against H2O2 treatment when compared to their wild type counterparts. PARP over-expressing and PARG-silenced parasites displayed polymer accumulation in the nucleus and, as expected, showed diminished resistance when exposed to the same genotoxic stimulus. Indeed, they suffered a necrotic death pathway, while an apoptosis-like mechanism was observed in control cultures. Surprisingly, PARP migrated to the nucleus and synthesized PAR only after a genomic stress in wild type parasites while PARG occurred always in this organelle. CONCLUSIONS PARP over-expressing and PARG-silenced cells presented PAR accumulation in the nucleus, even in absence of oxidative stress. Procyclic death pathway after genotoxic damage depends on basal nuclear PAR. This evidence demonstrates that the polymer may have a toxic action by itself since the consequences of an exacerbated PARP activity cannot fully explain the increment in sensitivity observed here. Moreover, the unusual localization of PARP and PARG would reveal a novel regulatory mechanism, making them invaluable model systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Schlesinger
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular "Dr. Héctor N. Torres", Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Vuelta de Obligado 2490, 1428, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Salomé C Vilchez Larrea
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular "Dr. Héctor N. Torres", Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Vuelta de Obligado 2490, 1428, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Teemu Haikarainen
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine & Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 3000, FIN-90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Mohit Narwal
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine & Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 3000, FIN-90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Harikanth Venkannagari
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine & Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 3000, FIN-90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Mirtha M Flawiá
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular "Dr. Héctor N. Torres", Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Vuelta de Obligado 2490, 1428, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lari Lehtiö
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine & Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 3000, FIN-90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Silvia H Fernández Villamil
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular "Dr. Héctor N. Torres", Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Vuelta de Obligado 2490, 1428, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina. .,Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, 1428, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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31
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Li X, Li X, Zhu Z, Huang P, Zhuang Z, Liu J, Gao W, Liu Y, Huang H. Poly(ADP-Ribose) Glycohydrolase (PARG) Silencing Suppresses Benzo(a)pyrene Induced Cell Transformation. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151172. [PMID: 27003318 PMCID: PMC4803271 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) is a ubiquitously distributed environmental pollutant and known carcinogen, which can induce malignant transformation in rodent and human cells. Poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG), the primary enzyme that catalyzes the degradation of poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR), has been known to play an important role in regulating DNA damage repair and maintaining genomic stability. Although PARG has been shown to be a downstream effector of BaP, the role of PARG in BaP induced carcinogenesis remains unclear. In this study, we used the PARG-deficient human bronchial epithelial cell line (shPARG) as a model to examine how PARG contributed to the carcinogenesis induced by chronic BaP exposure under various concentrations (0, 10, 20 and 40 μM). Our results showed that PARG silencing dramatically reduced DNA damages, chromosome abnormalities, and micronuclei formations in the PARG-deficient human bronchial epithelial cells compared to the control cells (16HBE cells). Meanwhile, the wound healing assay showed that PARG silencing significantly inhibited BaP-induced cell migration. Furthermore, silencing of PARG significantly reduced the volume and weight of tumors in Balb/c nude mice injected with BaP induced transformed human bronchial epithelial cells. This was the first study that reported evidences to support an oncogenic role of PARG in BaP induced carcinogenesis, which provided a new perspective for our understanding in BaP exposure induced cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Shenzhen, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiyi Li
- School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi, China
| | - Zhiliang Zhu
- Department of Occupational Disease Prevention, Baoan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangdong, China
| | - Peiwu Huang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Shenzhen, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhixiong Zhuang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Shenzhen, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangdong, China
| | - Jianjun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Shenzhen, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei Gao
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Shenzhen, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangdong, China
| | - Yinpin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Shenzhen, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangdong, China
| | - Haiyan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Shenzhen, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangdong, China
- * E-mail:
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Oláh G, Szczesny B, Brunyánszki A, López-García IA, Gerö D, Radák Z, Szabo C. Differentiation-Associated Downregulation of Poly(ADP-Ribose) Polymerase-1 Expression in Myoblasts Serves to Increase Their Resistance to Oxidative Stress. PLoS One 2015. [PMID: 26218895 PMCID: PMC4517814 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP-1), the major isoform of the poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase family, is a constitutive nuclear and mitochondrial protein with well-recognized roles in various essential cellular functions such as DNA repair, signal transduction, apoptosis, as well as in a variety of pathophysiological conditions including sepsis, diabetes and cancer. Activation of PARP-1 in response to oxidative stress catalyzes the covalent attachment of the poly (ADP-ribose) (PAR) groups on itself and other acceptor proteins, utilizing NAD+ as a substrate. Overactivation of PARP-1 depletes intracellular NAD+ influencing mitochondrial electron transport, cellular ATP generation and, if persistent, can result in necrotic cell death. Due to their high metabolic activity, skeletal muscle cells are particularly exposed to constant oxidative stress insults. In this study, we investigated the role of PARP-1 in a well-defined model of murine skeletal muscle differentiation (C2C12) and compare the responses to oxidative stress of undifferentiated myoblasts and differentiated myotubes. We observed a marked reduction of PARP-1 expression as myoblasts differentiated into myotubes. This alteration correlated with an increased resistance to oxidative stress of the myotubes, as measured by MTT and LDH assays. Mitochondrial function, assessed by measuring mitochondrial membrane potential, was preserved under oxidative stress in myotubes compared to myoblasts. Moreover, basal respiration, ATP synthesis, and the maximal respiratory capacity of mitochondria were higher in myotubes than in myoblasts. Inhibition of the catalytic activity of PARP-1 by PJ34 (a phenanthridinone PARP inhibitor) exerted greater protective effects in undifferentiated myoblasts than in differentiated myotubes. The above observations in C2C12 cells were also confirmed in a rat-derived skeletal muscle cell line (L6). Forced overexpression of PARP1 in C2C12 myotubes sensitized the cells to oxidant-induced injury. Taken together, our data indicate that the reduction of PARP-1 expression during the process of the skeletal muscle differentiation serves as a protective mechanism to maintain the cellular functions of skeletal muscle during oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Oláh
- Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States of America
| | - Bartosz Szczesny
- Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States of America
- Shriners Hospital for Children, Galveston, TX, United States of America
| | - Attila Brunyánszki
- Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States of America
| | - Isabel A. López-García
- Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States of America
| | - Domokos Gerö
- Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States of America
| | - Zsolt Radák
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Semmelweis University, Alkotás Str. 44, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Csaba Szabo
- Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States of America
- Shriners Hospital for Children, Galveston, TX, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Hegedűs C, Robaszkiewicz A, Lakatos P, Szabó É, Virág L. Poly(ADP-ribose) in the bone: from oxidative stress signal to structural element. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 82:179-86. [PMID: 25660995 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Revised: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Contrary to common perception bone is a dynamic organ flexibly adapting to changes in mechanical loading by shifting the delicate balance between bone formation and bone resorption carried out by osteoblasts and osteoclasts, respectively. In the past decades numerous studies demonstrating production of reactive oxygen or nitrogen intermediates, effects of different antioxidants, and involvement of prototypical redox control mechanisms (Nrf2-Keap1, Steap4, FoxO, PAMM, caspase-2) have proven the central role of redox regulation in the bone. Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation (PARylation), a NAD-dependent protein modification carried out by poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) enzymes recently emerged as a new regulatory mechanism fine-tuning osteoblast differentiation and mineralization. Interestingly PARylation does not simply serve as a signaling mechanism during osteoblast differentiation but also couples it to osteoblast death. Even more strikingly, the poly(ADP-ribose) polymer likely released from succumbed cells at the terminal stage of differentiation is incorporated into the bone matrix representing the first structural role of this versatile biopolymer. Moreover, this new paradigm explains why and how osteodifferentiation and death of cells entering this pathway are closely coupled to each other. Here we review the role of reactive oxygen and nitrogen intermediates as well as PARylation in osteoblast and osteoclast differentiation, function, and cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csaba Hegedűs
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Agnieszka Robaszkiewicz
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary; Department of Environmental Pollution Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Poland
| | - Petra Lakatos
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Éva Szabó
- Division of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - László Virág
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary; MTA-DE Cell Biology and Signaling Research Group, Debrecen, Hungary.
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Boudra MT, Bolin C, Chiker S, Fouquin A, Zaremba T, Vaslin L, Biard D, Cordelières FP, Mégnin-Chanet F, Favaudon V, Fernet M, Pennaneach V, Hall J. PARP-2 depletion results in lower radiation cell survival but cell line-specific differences in poly(ADP-ribose) levels. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:1585-97. [PMID: 25336152 PMCID: PMC11113491 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1765-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Revised: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-2 (PARP-2) activity contributes to a cells' poly(ADP-ribosyl)ating potential and like PARP-1, has been implicated in several DNA repair pathways including base excision repair and DNA single strand break repair. Here the consequences of its stable depletion in HeLa, U20S, and AS3WT2 cells were examined. All three PARP-2 depleted models showed increased sensitivity to the cell killing effects on ionizing radiation as reported in PARP-2 depleted mouse embryonic fibroblasts providing further evidence for a role in DNA strand break repair. The PARP-2 depleted HeLa cells also showed both higher constitutive and DNA damage-induced levels of polymers of ADP-ribose (PAR) associated with unchanged PARP-1 protein levels, but higher PARP activity and a concomitant lower PARG protein levels and activity. These changes were accompanied by a reduced maximal recruitment of PARP-1, XRCC1, PCNA, and PARG to DNA damage sites. This PAR-associated phenotype could be reversed in HeLa cells on re-expression of PARP-2 and was not seen in U20S and AS3WT2 cells. These results highlight the complexity of the relationship between different members of the PARP family on PAR metabolism and suggest that cell model dependent phenotypes associated with the absence of PARP-2 exist within a common background of radiation sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed-Tayyib Boudra
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Bât. 110-112, Centre Universitaire, 91405 Orsay, France
- Inserm, U612, Bât. 110-112, Centre Universitaire, 91405 Orsay, France
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-XI, 94270 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Celeste Bolin
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Bât. 110-112, Centre Universitaire, 91405 Orsay, France
- Inserm, U612, Bât. 110-112, Centre Universitaire, 91405 Orsay, France
- Present Address: Department of Biology, The College of Idaho, 2112 Cleveland Boulevard, Caldwell, ID 83605 USA
| | - Sara Chiker
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Bât. 110-112, Centre Universitaire, 91405 Orsay, France
- Inserm, U612, Bât. 110-112, Centre Universitaire, 91405 Orsay, France
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-XI, 94270 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Alexis Fouquin
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Bât. 110-112, Centre Universitaire, 91405 Orsay, France
- Inserm, U612, Bât. 110-112, Centre Universitaire, 91405 Orsay, France
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-XI, 94270 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Tomasz Zaremba
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Bât. 110-112, Centre Universitaire, 91405 Orsay, France
- Inserm, U612, Bât. 110-112, Centre Universitaire, 91405 Orsay, France
- Present Address: AstraZeneca Pharma Poland Sp. z o.o.ul., Postępu 18, 02-676 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Laurence Vaslin
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Bât. 110-112, Centre Universitaire, 91405 Orsay, France
- Inserm, U612, Bât. 110-112, Centre Universitaire, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Denis Biard
- Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, DSV-iMETI-SEPIA, 92265 Fontenay Aux Roses, France
| | - Fabrice P. Cordelières
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Bât. 110-112, Centre Universitaire, 91405 Orsay, France
- CNRS, UMR3348, Bât. 110-112, Centre Universitaire, 91405 Orsay, France
- Plateforme IBiSA d’Imagerie Cellulaire et Tissulaire, Institut Curie, Bât. 110-112, Centre Universitaire, 91405 Orsay, France
- Present Address: Pôle d’imagerie photonique, Institut François Magendie, Bordeaux Imaging Center, UMS 3420 CNRS-Université de Bordeaux-US4 INSERM, 146 Rue Léo-Saignat, 33077 Bordeaux, France
| | - Frédérique Mégnin-Chanet
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Bât. 110-112, Centre Universitaire, 91405 Orsay, France
- Inserm, U612, Bât. 110-112, Centre Universitaire, 91405 Orsay, France
- Present Address: Inserm U1030, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus Grand Paris, 114 rue Edouard-Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Vincent Favaudon
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Bât. 110-112, Centre Universitaire, 91405 Orsay, France
- Inserm, U612, Bât. 110-112, Centre Universitaire, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Marie Fernet
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Bât. 110-112, Centre Universitaire, 91405 Orsay, France
- Inserm, U612, Bât. 110-112, Centre Universitaire, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Vincent Pennaneach
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Bât. 110-112, Centre Universitaire, 91405 Orsay, France
- Inserm, U612, Bât. 110-112, Centre Universitaire, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Janet Hall
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Bât. 110-112, Centre Universitaire, 91405 Orsay, France
- Inserm, U612, Bât. 110-112, Centre Universitaire, 91405 Orsay, France
- Inserm U612, Institut Curie-Recherche, Bât. 110-112, Centre Universitaire, 91405 Orsay, France
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Coyle JP, Mayo-Perez A, Bourgeois M, Johnson G, Morris S, Harbison RD. The assessment of an in-vitro model for evaluating the role of PARP in ethanol-mediated hepatotoxicity. Int J Crit Illn Inj Sci 2015; 5:9-16. [PMID: 25810958 PMCID: PMC4366843 DOI: 10.4103/2229-5151.152300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
This investigation aims to assess whether the hepatocellular carcinoma cell line, HepG2, is an appropriate model to assess the role of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) during acute ethanol toxicosis. HepG2 cells were dosed with graded concentrations of ethanol, ranging from 100 mM to 800 mM, for 6 hours to assess PARP activity induction, while another parallel experiment examined cellular damage via medium aspartate aminotransferase activity and cellular viability via MTT reduction. Aspartate aminotransferase activity was significantly elevated at 600 mM ethanol (FOLD; P < 0.01), with further increases at the 800 mM dose (1.43 fold; P < 0.001), compared to controls. Cellular viability was not significantly decreased compared to controls among all dose groups. PARP activity measured in total cell lysates showed a significant decreasing trend with respect to ethanol dose, reaching statistical significance at the 100 mM dose group (P < 0.05). Paradoxically, exposure to 50 μM etoposide (Positive apoptosis-inducing control) did not demonstrate significant PARP activity ablation. When analyzing PARP activity observation temporally, a significant correlation (R(2) =0.5314) was observed between activity and assay sequence. Overall, a clear HepG2 insensitivity to ethanol was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayme P Coyle
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Public Health, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - A Mayo-Perez
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - M Bourgeois
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Public Health, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - G Johnson
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Public Health, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - S Morris
- College of Nursing, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - R D Harbison
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Public Health, Tampa, Florida, USA
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Poly(ADP-ribosyl) glycohydrolase prevents the accumulation of unusual replication structures during unperturbed S phase. Mol Cell Biol 2014; 35:856-65. [PMID: 25535335 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01077-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation (PAR) has been implicated in various aspects of the cellular response to DNA damage and genome stability. Although 17 human poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) genes have been identified, a single poly(ADP-ribosyl) glycohydrolase (PARG) mediates PAR degradation. Here we investigated the role of PARG in the replication of human chromosomes. We show that PARG depletion affects cell proliferation and DNA synthesis, leading to replication-coupled H2AX phosphorylation. Furthermore, PARG depletion or inhibition per se slows down individual replication forks similarly to mild chemotherapeutic treatment. Electron microscopic analysis of replication intermediates reveals marked accumulation of reversed forks and single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) gaps in unperturbed PARG-defective cells. Intriguingly, while we found no physical evidence for chromosomal breakage, PARG-defective cells displayed both ataxia-telangiectasia-mutated (ATM) and ataxia-Rad3-related (ATR) activation, as well as chromatin recruitment of standard double-strand-break-repair factors, such as 53BP1 and RAD51. Overall, these data prove PAR degradation to be essential to promote resumption of replication at endogenous and exogenous lesions, preventing idle recruitment of repair factors to remodeled replication forks. Furthermore, they suggest that fork remodeling and restarting are surprisingly frequent in unperturbed cells and provide a molecular rationale to explore PARG inhibition in cancer chemotherapy.
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Szczesny B, Brunyanszki A, Olah G, Mitra S, Szabo C. Opposing roles of mitochondrial and nuclear PARP1 in the regulation of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA integrity: implications for the regulation of mitochondrial function. Nucleic Acids Res 2014; 42:13161-73. [PMID: 25378300 PMCID: PMC4245951 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gku1089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The positive role of PARP1 in regulation of various nuclear DNA transactions is well established. Although a mitochondrial localization of PARP1 has been suggested, its role in the maintenance of the mitochondrial DNA is currently unknown. Here we investigated the role of PARP1 in the repair of the mitochondrial DNA in the baseline and oxidative stress conditions. We used wild-type A549 cells or cells depleted of PARP1. Our data show that intra-mitochondrial PARP1 interacts with a key mitochondrial-specific DNA base excision repair (BER) enzymes, namely EXOG and DNA polymerase gamma (Polγ), which under oxidative stress become poly(ADP-ribose)lated (PARylated). Interaction between mitochondrial BER enzymes was significantly affected in the presence of PARP1. Moreover, the repair of the oxidative-induced damage to the mitochondrial DNA in PARP1-depleted cells was found to be more robust compared to control counterpart. In addition, mitochondrial biogenesis was enhanced in PARP1-depleted cells, including mitochondrial DNA copy number and mitochondrial membrane potential. This observation was further confirmed by analysis of lung tissue isolated from WT and PARP1 KO mice. In summary, we conclude that mitochondrial PARP1, in opposite to nuclear PARP1, exerts a negative effect on several mitochondrial-specific transactions including the repair of the mitochondrial DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz Szczesny
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Attila Brunyanszki
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Gabor Olah
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Sankar Mitra
- Radiation Oncology and Cancer Center, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Csaba Szabo
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
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Robaszkiewicz A, Valkó Z, Kovács K, Hegedűs C, Bakondi E, Bai P, Virág L. The role of p38 signaling and poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation-induced metabolic collapse in the osteogenic differentiation-coupled cell death pathway. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 76:69-79. [PMID: 25078118 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Revised: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Osteogenic differentiation is a multistep process regulated by a diverse set of morphogenic and transcription factors. Previously we identified endogenous hydrogen peroxide-induced poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP1) activation as a mediator of osteodifferentiation and associated cell death. Here we set out to investigate whether or not activation of PARP1 is dependent on DNA breaks and how PARP1 mediates cell death during osteodifferentiation of mesenchymal stem cells and SAOS-2 cells. Here we show that the MAP kinases p38, JNK, and ERK1/2 become activated during the differentiation process. However, only p38 activation depended both on hydrogen peroxide production and on PARP1 activation as the hydrogen peroxide decomposing enzyme catalase, the PARP inhibitor PJ34, and the silencing of PARP1 suppressed p38 activation. Inhibition of p38 suppressed cell death and inhibited osteogenic differentiation (calcium deposition, alkaline phosphatase activity, and marker gene expression) providing further support for the close coupling of osteodifferentiation and cell death. Metabolic collapse appears to be central in the hydrogen peroxide-PARP1-p38 pathway as silencing PARP1 or inhibition of p38 prevented differentiation-associated loss of cellular NAD, inhibition of mitochondrial respiration, and glycolytic activity. We also provide evidence that endogenous hydrogen peroxide produced by the differentiating cells is sufficient to cause detectable DNA breakage. Moreover, p38 translocates from the cytoplasm to the nucleus where it interacts and colocalizes with PARP1 as detected by immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence, respectively. In summary, hydrogen peroxide-induced PARP1 activation leads to p38 activation and this pathway is required both for the successful completion of the differentiation process and for the associated cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Robaszkiewicz
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary; Department of Environmental Pollution Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Poland
| | - Zsuzsanna Valkó
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Katalin Kovács
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary; MTA-DE Cell Biology and Signaling Research Group, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Csaba Hegedűs
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Edina Bakondi
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Péter Bai
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary; MTA-DE Cell Biology and Signaling Research Group, Debrecen, Hungary; Research Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary; MTA-DE Lendület Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism Research Group, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - László Virág
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary; MTA-DE Cell Biology and Signaling Research Group, Debrecen, Hungary.
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Martínez-Fernández de la Cámara C, Olivares-González L, Hervás D, Salom D, Millán JM, Rodrigo R. Infliximab reduces Zaprinast-induced retinal degeneration in cultures of porcine retina. J Neuroinflammation 2014; 11:172. [PMID: 25301432 PMCID: PMC4200228 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-014-0172-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background cGMP-degrading phosphodiesterase 6 (PDE6) mutations cause around 4 to 5% of retinitis pigmentosa (RP), a rare form of retinal dystrophy. Growing evidence suggests that inflammation is involved in the progression of RP. The aims of this study were to corroborate the presence of high TNFα concentration in the eyes of RP patients and to evaluate whether the blockade of TNFα with Infliximab, a monoclonal anti-TNFα antibody, prevented retinal degeneration induced by PDE6 inhibition in cultures of porcine retina. Methods Aqueous humor from 30 patients with RP and 13 healthy controls were used to quantify the inflammatory mediators IL-6, TNFα, IL-1β, IL-10 by a multiplex enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) system. Retinal explants from pig were exposed to Zaprinast, a PDE6 inhibitor, for 24 hours in the absence or the presence of Infliximab. Cell death was evaluated by TUNEL assay. The number and distribution of caspase-3 positive cells, indirect poly(ADP)ribose polymerase (PARP) activation and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) content were visualized by immunolabeling. Antioxidant total capacity, nitrites and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) formation were determined to evaluate antioxidant-oxidant status. Results IL-6 and TNFα concentrations were higher in the aqueous humor of RP patients than in controls. Infliximab prevented retinal degeneration, as judging by the reduced presence of TUNEL-positive cells, the reduction of caspase-3 activation and also reduction of glial activation, in an ex vivo model of porcine retina. Additionally, Infliximab partially reduced oxidative stress in retinal explants exposed to Zaprinast. Conclusions Inflammatory mediators IL-6 and TNFα were elevated in the aqueous humor of RP patients corroborating previous studies suggesting sustained chronic inflammation. Our study suggests that TNFα is playing an important role in cell death in an ex vivo model of retinal degeneration by activating different cell pathways at different cell layers of the retina that should be further studied. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-014-0172-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Gaun V, Patchen B, Volovetz J, Zhen AW, Andreev A, Pollastri MP, Fraenkel PG. A chemical screen identifies small molecules that regulate hepcidin expression. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2014; 53:231-40. [PMID: 24998898 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2014.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Revised: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hepcidin, a peptide hormone produced in the liver, decreases intestinal iron absorption and macrophage iron release via effects on ferroportin. Bone morphogenic protein and Stat3 signaling regulate Hepcidin's transcription. Hepcidin is a potential drug target for patients with iron overload syndromes because its levels are inappropriately low in these individuals. To generate a tool for identifying small molecules that modulate Hepcidin expression, we stably transfected human hepatocytes (HepG2) cells with a reporter construct containing 2.7kb of the human Hepcidin promoter upstream of a firefly reporter gene. We used high throughput methods to screen 10,169 chemicals in duplicate for their effect on Hepcidin expression and cell viability. Regulators were identified as chemicals that caused a change >3 standard deviations above or >1 standard deviation below the mean of the other chemicals (z-score >3 or <1), while not adversely affecting cell viability, quantified by fluorescence assay. Following validation assays, we identified 16 chemicals in a broad range of functional classes that promote Hepcidin expression. All of the chemicals identified increased expression of bone morphogenic protein-dependent and/or Stat3-dependent genes, however none of them strongly increased phosphorylation of Smad1,5,8 or Stat3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Gaun
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, United States; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, United States
| | - Bonnie Patchen
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, United States; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, United States
| | - Josephine Volovetz
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, United States; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, United States
| | - Aileen W Zhen
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, United States; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, United States
| | - Aleksandr Andreev
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, United States; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, United States
| | - Michael P Pollastri
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, 417 Egan Research Center, 120 Forsyth Street, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Paula G Fraenkel
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, United States; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, United States.
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Illuzzi G, Fouquerel E, Amé JC, Noll A, Rehmet K, Nasheuer HP, Dantzer F, Schreiber V. PARG is dispensable for recovery from transient replicative stress but required to prevent detrimental accumulation of poly(ADP-ribose) upon prolonged replicative stress. Nucleic Acids Res 2014; 42:7776-92. [PMID: 24906880 PMCID: PMC4081103 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gku505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation is involved in numerous bio-logical processes including DNA repair, transcription and cell death. Cellular levels of poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) are regulated by PAR polymerases (PARPs) and the degrading enzyme PAR glycohydrolase (PARG), controlling the cell fate decision between life and death in response to DNA damage. Replication stress is a source of DNA damage, leading to transient stalling of replication forks or to their collapse followed by the generation of double-strand breaks (DSB). The involvement of PARP-1 in replicative stress response has been described, whereas the consequences of a deregulated PAR catabolism are not yet well established. Here, we show that PARG-deprived cells showed an enhanced sensitivity to the replication inhibitor hydroxyurea. PARG is dispensable to recover from transient replicative stress but is necessary to avoid massive PAR production upon prolonged replicative stress, conditions leading to fork collapse and DSB. Extensive PAR accumulation impairs replication protein A association with collapsed forks resulting in compromised DSB repair via homologous recombination. Our results highlight the critical role of PARG in tightly controlling PAR levels produced upon genotoxic stress to prevent the detrimental effects of PAR over-accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuditta Illuzzi
- Biotechnology and Cell Signalling, UMR7242 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, IREBS, Laboratory of Excellence Medalis, Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, ESBS, 300 Blvd Sébastien Brant, CS 10413, 67412 Illkirch, France
| | - Elise Fouquerel
- Biotechnology and Cell Signalling, UMR7242 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, IREBS, Laboratory of Excellence Medalis, Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, ESBS, 300 Blvd Sébastien Brant, CS 10413, 67412 Illkirch, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Amé
- Biotechnology and Cell Signalling, UMR7242 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, IREBS, Laboratory of Excellence Medalis, Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, ESBS, 300 Blvd Sébastien Brant, CS 10413, 67412 Illkirch, France
| | - Aurélia Noll
- Biotechnology and Cell Signalling, UMR7242 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, IREBS, Laboratory of Excellence Medalis, Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, ESBS, 300 Blvd Sébastien Brant, CS 10413, 67412 Illkirch, France
| | - Kristina Rehmet
- Centre for Chromosome Biology, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Heinz-Peter Nasheuer
- Centre for Chromosome Biology, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Françoise Dantzer
- Biotechnology and Cell Signalling, UMR7242 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, IREBS, Laboratory of Excellence Medalis, Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, ESBS, 300 Blvd Sébastien Brant, CS 10413, 67412 Illkirch, France
| | - Valérie Schreiber
- Biotechnology and Cell Signalling, UMR7242 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, IREBS, Laboratory of Excellence Medalis, Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, ESBS, 300 Blvd Sébastien Brant, CS 10413, 67412 Illkirch, France
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Szántó M, Brunyánszki A, Márton J, Vámosi G, Nagy L, Fodor T, Kiss B, Virág L, Gergely P, Bai P. Deletion of PARP-2 induces hepatic cholesterol accumulation and decrease in HDL levels. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2013; 1842:594-602. [PMID: 24365238 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Revised: 12/07/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-2 (PARP-2) is acknowledged as a DNA repair enzyme. However, recent investigations have attributed unique roles to PARP-2 in metabolic regulation in the liver. We assessed changes in hepatic lipid homeostasis upon the deletion of PARP-2 and found that cholesterol levels were higher in PARP-2(-/-) mice as compared to wild-type littermates. To uncover the molecular background, we analyzed changes in steady-state mRNA levels upon the knockdown of PARP-2 in HepG2 cells and in murine liver that revealed higher expression of sterol-regulatory element binding protein (SREBP)-1 dependent genes. We demonstrated that PARP-2 is a suppressor of the SREBP1 promoter, and the suppression of the SREBP1 gene depends on the enzymatic activation of PARP-2. Consequently, the knockdown of PARP-2 enhances SREBP1 expression that in turn induces the genes driven by SREBP1 culminating in higher hepatic cholesterol content. We did not detect hypercholesterolemia, higher fecal cholesterol content or increase in serum LDL, although serum HDL levels decreased in the PARP-2(-/-) mice. In cells and mice where PARP-2 was deleted we observed decreased ABCA1 mRNA and protein expression that is probably linked to lower HDL levels. In our current study we show that PARP-2 impacts on hepatic and systemic cholesterol homeostasis. Furthermore, the depletion of PARP-2 leads to lower HDL levels which represent a risk factor to cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdolna Szántó
- MTA-DE Cell Biology and Signaling Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Attila Brunyánszki
- MTA-DE Cell Biology and Signaling Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Judit Márton
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - György Vámosi
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Lilla Nagy
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tamás Fodor
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Borbála Kiss
- Department of Dermatology, Medical and Health Science Center, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - László Virág
- MTA-DE Cell Biology and Signaling Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Pál Gergely
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Péter Bai
- MTA-DE Cell Biology and Signaling Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
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ADP-ribosyl-acceptor hydrolase 3 regulates poly (ADP-ribose) degradation and cell death during oxidative stress. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:18964-9. [PMID: 24191052 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1312783110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly (ADP ribose) (PAR) formation catalyzed by PAR polymerase 1 in response to genotoxic stress mediates cell death due to necrosis and apoptosis. PAR glycohydrolase (PARG) has been thought to be the only enzyme responsible for hydrolysis of PAR in vivo. However, we show an alternative PAR-degradation pathway, resulting from action of ADP ribosyl-acceptor hydrolase (ARH) 3. PARG and ARH3, acting in tandem, regulate nuclear and cytoplasmic PAR degradation following hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) exposure. PAR is responsible for induction of parthanatos, a mechanism for caspase-independent cell death, triggered by apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) release from mitochondria and its translocation to the nucleus, where it initiates DNA cleavage. PARG, by generating protein-free PAR from poly-ADP ribosylated protein, makes PAR translocation possible. A protective effect of ARH3 results from its lowering of PAR levels in the nucleus and the cytoplasm, thereby preventing release of AIF from mitochondria and its accumulation in the nucleus. Thus, PARG release of PAR attached to nuclear proteins, followed by ARH3 cleavage of PAR, is essential in regulating PAR-dependent AIF release from mitochondria and parthanatos.
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Abstract
Arthropod borne flaviviral diseases are a major public health concern in the tropics. However, the majority of cases are associated with Dengue virus (DENV), Yellow Fever virus (YFV), West Nile virus (WNV) and Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infections. Despite their profound clinical and economic impact among large sections of the population there is a lack of effective treatment against these diseases. A large number of plants are available in nature, which may act as a source for lead molecules against various diseases including arthropod borne flaviviral infections. In this review we discuss various crude extracts as well as purified compounds from natural sources with promising anti-DENV, YFV, WNV and CHIKV activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Abubakr
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi - 835215, India
| | - Subhash C Mandal
- Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy Research Laboratory, Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata –700032, India
| | - Sugato Banerjee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi - 835215, India
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Decreasing P-selectin and ICAM-1 via activating Akt: a possible mechanism by which PARG inhibits adhesion of mouse colorectal carcinoma CT26 cells to platelets. Cancer Gene Ther 2013; 20:487-92. [PMID: 23949281 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2013.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Revised: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Poly (ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG), which was discovered during studies on DNA damage study and in inflammation research, is an attractive target protein in current cancer research. The enzymatic hydrolysis of poly (ADP-ribose) (PAR) has not been clarified in the regulation of cancer. The purpose of this study was to understand the relationship between PARG and the adhesion of colorectal carcinoma CT26 cells to platelets. PARG was silenced by short hairpin RNA (shRNA) transfection in CT26 cells. A fluorescence method was used to identify adhesion of CT26 cells to platelets and the expression of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP)-1, p-Akt, nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB), P-selectin and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) was analyzed by western blot in various treated groups and control groups. The results were as follows: (a) PARG silencing led to inhibition of adhesion of CT26 cells to platelets, whereas an inhibitor of p-Akt boosted adhesion of PARG-short hairpin RNA interference (shRNAi) CT26 cells to platelets; (b) a PARP-1 inhibitor depressed the expression of P-selectin and ICAM-1 in CT26 cells; (c) PARG silencing increased phosphorylation of Akt and decreased expression of PARP-1, NF-κB, ICAM-1 and P-selectin in CT26 cells; and (d) a p-Akt inhibitor intensified expression of NF-κB, ICAM-1 and P-selectin in PARG-shRNAi CT26 cells accordingly. These results showed the effectiveness of knockout of PARG in inhibiting adhesion of CT26 cells to platelets and its connection with the phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase/Akt pathway.
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Cobley JN, Sakellariou GK, Murray S, Waldron S, Gregson W, Burniston JG, Morton JP, Iwanejko LA, Close GL. Lifelong endurance training attenuates age-related genotoxic stress in human skeletal muscle. LONGEVITY & HEALTHSPAN 2013; 2:11. [PMID: 24472304 PMCID: PMC3922955 DOI: 10.1186/2046-2395-2-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of the present study was to determine the influence of age and habitual activity level, at rest and following a single bout of high-intensity exercise, on the levels of three proteins poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1), cleaved-PARP-1 and poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG), involved in the DNA repair and cell death responses to stress and genotoxic insults. Muscle biopsies were obtained from the vastus lateralis of young trained (22 ± 3 years, n = 6), young untrained (24 ± 4 years, n = 6), old trained (64 ± 3 years, n = 6) and old untrained (65 ± 6 years, n = 6) healthy males before, immediately after and three days following a high-intensity interval exercise bout. RESULTS PARP-1, which catalyzes poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation of proteins and DNA in response to a range of intrinsic and extrinsic stresses, was increased at baseline in old trained and old untrained compared with young trained and young untrained participants (P ≤ 0.05). Following exercise, PARP-1 levels remained unchanged in young trained participants, in contrast to old trained and old untrained where levels decreased and young untrained where levels increased (P ≤ 0.05). Interestingly, baseline levels of the cleaved PARP-1, a marker of apoptosis, and PARG, responsible for polymer degradation, were both significantly elevated in old untrained compared with old trained, young trained and young untrained (P ≤ 0.05). Despite this baseline difference in PARG, there was no change in any group following exercise. There was a non-significant statistical trend (P = 0.072) towards increased cleaved-PARP-1 expression post-exercise in younger but not old persons, regardless of training status. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, these results show that exercise slows the progression towards a chronically stressed state but has no impact on the age-related attenuated response to acute exercise. Our findings provide valuable insight into how habitual exercise training could protect skeletal muscle from chronic damage to macromolecules and may reduce sarcopenia in older people.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Graeme L Close
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK.
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Barkauskaite E, Jankevicius G, Ladurner AG, Ahel I, Timinszky G. The recognition and removal of cellular poly(ADP-ribose) signals. FEBS J 2013; 280:3491-507. [PMID: 23711178 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Revised: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation is involved in the regulation of a variety of cellular pathways, including, but not limited to, transcription, chromatin, DNA damage and other stress signalling. Similar to other tightly regulated post-translational modifications, poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation employs 'writers', 'readers' and 'erasers' to confer regulatory functions. The generation of poly(ADP-ribose) is catalyzed by poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase enzymes, which use NAD(+) as a cofactor to sequentially transfer ADP-ribose units generating long polymers, which, in turn, can affect protein function or serve as a recruitment platform for additional factors. Historically, research has focused on poly(ADP-ribose) generation pathways, with knowledge about PAR recognition and degradation lagging behind. Over recent years, several discoveries have significantly furthered our understanding of poly(ADP-ribose) recognition and, even more so, of poly(ADP-ribose) degradation. In this review, we summarize current knowledge about the protein modules recognizing poly(ADP-ribose) and discuss the newest developments on the complete reversibility of poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Barkauskaite
- Cancer Research UK, Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Vilchez Larrea SC, Schlesinger M, Kevorkian ML, Flawiá MM, Alonso GD, Fernández Villamil SH. Host cell poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase is crucial for Trypanosoma cruzi infection cycle. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67356. [PMID: 23776710 PMCID: PMC3680488 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi, etiological agent of Chagas’ disease, has a complex life cycle which involves the invasion of mammalian host cells, differentiation and intracellular replication. Here we report the first insights into the biological role of a poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase in a trypanosomatid (TcPARG). In silico analysis of the TcPARG gene pointed out the conservation of key residues involved in the catalytic process and, by Western blot, we demonstrated that it is expressed in a life stage-dependant manner. Indirect immunofluorescence assays and electron microscopy using an anti-TcPARG antibody showed that this enzyme is localized in the nucleus independently of the presence of DNA damage or cell cycle stage. The addition of poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase inhibitors ADP-HPD (adenosine diphosphate (hydroxymethyl) pyrrolidinediol) or DEA (6,9-diamino-2-ethoxyacridine lactate monohydrate) to the culture media, both at a 1 µM concentration, reduced in vitro epimastigote growth by 35% and 37% respectively, when compared to control cultures. We also showed that ADP-HPD 1 µM can lead to an alteration in the progression of the cell cycle in hydroxyurea synchronized cultures of T. cruzi epimastigotes. Outstandingly, here we demonstrate that the lack of poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase activity in Vero and A549 host cells, achieved by chemical inhibition or iRNA, produces the reduction of the percentage of infected cells as well as the number of amastigotes per cell and trypomastigotes released, leading to a nearly complete abrogation of the infection process. We conclude that both, T. cruzi and the host, poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase activities are important players in the life cycle of Trypanosoma cruzi, emerging as a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of Chagas’ disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salomé C. Vilchez Larrea
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular “Dr. Héctor N. Torres”, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariana Schlesinger
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular “Dr. Héctor N. Torres”, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María L. Kevorkian
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular “Dr. Héctor N. Torres”, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mirtha M. Flawiá
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular “Dr. Héctor N. Torres”, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Guillermo D. Alonso
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular “Dr. Héctor N. Torres”, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Silvia H. Fernández Villamil
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular “Dr. Héctor N. Torres”, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- * E-mail:
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Erdélyi K, Pacher P, Virág L, Szabó C. Role of poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation in a 'two-hit' model of hypoxia and oxidative stress in human A549 epithelial cells in vitro. Int J Mol Med 2013; 32:339-46. [PMID: 23722590 PMCID: PMC3776717 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2013.1397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A preceding hypoxic insult can sensitize the cells or the organism to a subsequent, second insult. The aim of the present study was to investigate the molecular mechanism of this phenomenon (often termed ‘two-hit’ injury paradigm), in an in vitro model of hypoxia/oxidative stress injury in A549 epithelial cells, with special emphasis on the role of the nuclear enzyme poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) in the process. Pre-exposure of the cells to 24 h hypoxia significantly reduced intracellular glutathione (GSH) levels, reduced mitochondrial activity and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels. However pre-exposure to hypoxia failed to induce any change in PARP-1 expression and activation, DNA single-strand breaks or plasma membrane integrity. Pre-exposure to hypoxia markedly increased the sensitivity of the cells to subsequent oxidative stress-induced DNA damage. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) induced a concentration-dependent increase in DNA breakage, PARP activation, depletion of intracellular ATP, inhibition of mitochondrial activity and two distinct parameters that quantify the breakdown of plasma membrane integrity (propidium iodide uptake or lactate dehydrogenase release). PARP-1 activation played a significant role in the H2O2-induced cell death response because PARP activation, depletion of intracellular ATP, inhibition of mitochondrial activity, and the breakdown of plasma membrane integrity were attenuated in cells with permanently silenced PARP-1. Based on measurement of the endogenous antioxidant GSH, we hypothesized that the mechanism of hypoxia-mediated enhancement of H2O2 involves depletion of the GSH during the hypoxic period, which renders the cells more sensitive to a subsequent DNA single-strand break elicited by H2O2. DNA strand breakage then activates PARP-1, leading to the inhibition of mitochondrial function, depletion of ATP and cell necrosis. PARP-1 deficiency protects against the cytotoxicity, to a lesser degree, by protecting against GSH depletion during the hypoxic period, and, to a larger degree, by maintaining mitochondrial function and preserving intracellular ATP levels during the subsequent oxidative stress period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katalin Erdélyi
- Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-1102, USA
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50
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Radak Z, Zhao Z, Koltai E, Ohno H, Atalay M. Oxygen consumption and usage during physical exercise: the balance between oxidative stress and ROS-dependent adaptive signaling. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 18:1208-46. [PMID: 22978553 PMCID: PMC3579386 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2011.4498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 386] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The complexity of human DNA has been affected by aerobic metabolism, including endurance exercise and oxygen toxicity. Aerobic endurance exercise could play an important role in the evolution of Homo sapiens, and oxygen was not important just for survival, but it was crucial to redox-mediated adaptation. The metabolic challenge during physical exercise results in an elevated generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that are important modulators of muscle contraction, antioxidant protection, and oxidative damage repair, which at moderate levels generate physiological responses. Several factors of mitochondrial biogenesis, such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α), mitogen-activated protein kinase, and SIRT1, are modulated by exercise-associated changes in the redox milieu. PGC-1α activation could result in decreased oxidative challenge, either by upregulation of antioxidant enzymes and/or by an increased number of mitochondria that allows lower levels of respiratory activity for the same degree of ATP generation. Endogenous thiol antioxidants glutathione and thioredoxin are modulated with high oxygen consumption and ROS generation during physical exercise, controlling cellular function through redox-sensitive signaling and protein-protein interactions. Endurance exercise-related angiogenesis, up to a significant degree, is regulated by ROS-mediated activation of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α. Moreover, the exercise-associated ROS production could be important to DNA methylation and post-translation modifications of histone residues, which create heritable adaptive conditions based on epigenetic features of chromosomes. Accumulating data indicate that exercise with moderate intensity has systemic and complex health-promoting effects, which undoubtedly involve regulation of redox homeostasis and signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsolt Radak
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Science, Institute of Sport Science, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
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