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Burgess SG, Paul NR, Richards MW, Ault JR, Askenatzis L, Claydon SG, Corbyn R, Machesky LM, Bayliss R. A nanobody inhibitor of Fascin-1 actin-bundling activity and filopodia formation. Open Biol 2024; 14:230376. [PMID: 38503329 PMCID: PMC10960945 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.230376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Fascin-1-mediated actin-bundling activity is central to the generation of plasma membrane protrusions required for cell migration. Dysregulated formation of cellular protrusions is observed in metastatic cancers, where they are required for increased invasiveness, and is often correlated with increased Fascin-1 abundance. Therefore, there is interest in generating therapeutic Fascin-1 inhibitors. We present the identification of Nb 3E11, a nanobody inhibitor of Fascin-1 actin-bundling activity and filopodia formation. The crystal structure of the Fascin-1/Nb 3E11 complex reveals the structural mechanism of inhibition. Nb 3E11 occludes an actin-binding site on the third β-trefoil domain of Fascin-1 that is currently not targeted by chemical inhibitors. Binding of Nb 3E11 to Fascin-1 induces a conformational change in the adjacent domains to stabilize Fascin-1 in an inhibitory state similar to that adopted in the presence of small-molecule inhibitors. Nb 3E11 could be used as a tool inhibitor molecule to aid in the development of Fascin-1 targeted therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selena G. Burgess
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Nikki R. Paul
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Mark W. Richards
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - James R. Ault
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Laurie Askenatzis
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Sophie G. Claydon
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Ryan Corbyn
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Laura M. Machesky
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Richard Bayliss
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
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2
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Lawson CD, Peel S, Jayo A, Corrigan A, Iyer P, Baxter Dalrymple M, Marsh RJ, Cox S, Van Audenhove I, Gettemans J, Parsons M. Nuclear fascin regulates cancer cell survival. eLife 2022; 11:79283. [PMID: 36039640 PMCID: PMC9427113 DOI: 10.7554/elife.79283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fascin is an important regulator of F-actin bundling leading to enhanced filopodia assembly. Fascin is also overexpressed in most solid tumours where it supports invasion through control of F-actin structures at the periphery and nuclear envelope. Recently, fascin has been identified in the nucleus of a broad range of cell types but the contributions of nuclear fascin to cancer cell behaviour remain unknown. Here, we demonstrate that fascin bundles F-actin within the nucleus to support chromatin organisation and efficient DDR. Fascin associates directly with phosphorylated Histone H3 leading to regulated levels of nuclear fascin to support these phenotypes. Forcing nuclear fascin accumulation through the expression of nuclear-targeted fascin-specific nanobodies or inhibition of Histone H3 kinases results in enhanced and sustained nuclear F-actin bundling leading to reduced invasion, viability, and nuclear fascin-specific/driven apoptosis. These findings represent an additional important route through which fascin can support tumourigenesis and provide insight into potential pathways for targeted fascin-dependent cancer cell killing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Campbell D Lawson
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King’s College London, Guy’s Campus
| | - Samantha Peel
- Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca (United Kingdom)
| | - Asier Jayo
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King’s College London, Guy’s Campus
| | - Adam Corrigan
- Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca (United Kingdom)
| | - Preeti Iyer
- Molecular AI, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca (Sweden)
| | | | - Richard J Marsh
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King’s College London, Guy’s Campus
| | - Susan Cox
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King’s College London, Guy’s Campus
| | - Isabel Van Audenhove
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University
| | - Jan Gettemans
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University
| | - Maddy Parsons
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King’s College London, Guy’s Campus
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3
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O'Shea JM, Goutou A, Brydon J, Sethna CR, Wood CW, Greiss S. Generation of Photocaged Nanobodies for Intracellular Applications in an Animal Using Genetic Code Expansion and Computationally Guided Protein Engineering. Chembiochem 2022; 23:e202200321. [PMID: 35731601 PMCID: PMC9542635 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Nanobodies are becoming increasingly popular as tools for manipulating and visualising proteins in vivo. The ability to control nanobody/antigen interactions using light could provide precise spatiotemporal control over protein function. We develop a general approach to engineer photo-activatable nanobodies using photocaged amino acids that are introduced into the target binding interface by genetic code expansion. Guided by computational alanine scanning and molecular dynamics simulations, we tune nanobody/target binding affinity to eliminate binding before uncaging. Upon photo-activation using 365 nm light, binding is restored. We use this approach to generate improved photocaged variants of two anti-GFP nanobodies that function robustly when directly expressed in a complex intracellular environment together with their antigen. We apply them to control subcellular protein localisation in the nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans. Our approach applies predictions derived from computational modelling directly in a living animal and demonstrates the importance of accounting for in vivo effects on protein-protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack M. O'Shea
- Centre for Discovery Brain SciencesUniversity of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building George SquareEdinburghEH8 9XDUK
| | - Angeliki Goutou
- Centre for Discovery Brain SciencesUniversity of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building George SquareEdinburghEH8 9XDUK
| | - Jack Brydon
- MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular MedicineUniversity of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital Crewe Road SouthEdinburghEH4 2XRUK
| | - Cyrus R. Sethna
- Centre for Discovery Brain SciencesUniversity of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building George SquareEdinburghEH8 9XDUK
| | - Christopher W. Wood
- Institute of Quantitative Biology, Biochemistry and BiotechnologyUniversity of Edinburgh, Roger Land Building King's BuildingsEdinburghEH9 3JQUK
| | - Sebastian Greiss
- Centre for Discovery Brain SciencesUniversity of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building George SquareEdinburghEH8 9XDUK
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4
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Zhang N, Gao Y, Bian Q, Wang Q, Shi Y, Zhao Z, Yu H. The role of fascin-1 in the pathogenesis, diagnosis and management of respiratory related cancers. Front Oncol 2022; 12:948110. [PMID: 36033434 PMCID: PMC9404296 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.948110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cancer statistics report that respiratory related cancers such as lung, laryngeal, oral and nasopharyngeal cancers account for a large proportion of tumors, and tumor metastasis remains the major reason for patient death. The metastasis of tumor cells requires actin cytoskeleton remodeling, in which fascin-1 plays an important role. Fascin-1 can cross-link F-actin microfilaments into bundles and form finger-like cell protrusions. Some studies have shown that fascin-1 is overexpressed in human tumors and is associated with tumor growth, migration and invasion. The role of fascin-1 in respiratory related cancers is not very clear. The main purpose of this study was to provide an updated literature review on the role of fascin-1 in the pathogenesis, diagnosis and management of respiratory related cancers. These studies suggested that fascin-1 can serve as an emerging biomarker and potential therapeutic target, and has attracted widespread attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naibin Zhang
- Department of biochemistry, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Yankun Gao
- Department of biochemistry, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Qiang Bian
- Collaborative Innovation Center, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
- Department of Pathophysiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Qianqian Wang
- Department of biochemistry, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Ying Shi
- Department of biochemistry, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Zhankui Zhao
- The Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Honglian Yu
- Department of biochemistry, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
- *Correspondence: Honglian Yu,
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5
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D'Agostino S, Mazzega E, Praček K, Piccinin S, Pivetta F, Armellin M, Fortuna S, Maestro R, de Marco A. Interference of p53:Twist1 interaction through competing nanobodies. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 194:24-31. [PMID: 34863830 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.11.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Twist1 promote the bypass of p53 response by interacting with p53 and facilitating its MDM2-mediated degradation. We reasoned that reagents able to interfere with the p53:Twist1 complex might alleviate Twist1 inhibitory effect over p53, thus representing potential therapeutic tools in p53 wild type tumors. From a pre-immune library of llama nanobodies (VHH), we isolated binders targeting the p53 C-terminal region (p53-CTD) involved in the interaction with Twist1 by using recombinant Twist1 as an epitope-specific competitor during elution. Positive hits were validated by proving their capacity to immunoprecipitate p53 and to inhibit Twist1:p53 binding in vitro. Molecular modeling confirmed a preferential docking of positive hits with p53-CTD. D11 VHH activity was validated in human cell models, succeeded in immunoprecipitating endogenous p53 and, similarly to Twist1 knock-down, interfered with p53 turnover, p53 phosphorylation at Serine 392 and affected cell viability. Despite the limited functional effect determined by D11 expression in target cells, our results provide the proof of principle that nanobodies ectopically expressed within a cell, have the capacity to target the assembly of the pro-tumorigenic Twist1:p53 complex. These results disclose novel tools for dissecting p53 biology and lay down the grounds for the development of innovative targeted therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena D'Agostino
- Unit of Oncogenetics and Functional Oncogenomics, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO Aviano) IRCCS, National Cancer Institute, Via Gallini 2, 33081 Aviano, PN, Italy
| | - Elisa Mazzega
- Lab of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Nova Gorica, Vipavska cesta 13, 5000 Rožna Dolina, Nova Gorica, Slovenia
| | - Katja Praček
- Lab of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Nova Gorica, Vipavska cesta 13, 5000 Rožna Dolina, Nova Gorica, Slovenia; Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Sara Piccinin
- Unit of Oncogenetics and Functional Oncogenomics, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO Aviano) IRCCS, National Cancer Institute, Via Gallini 2, 33081 Aviano, PN, Italy
| | - Flavia Pivetta
- Unit of Oncogenetics and Functional Oncogenomics, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO Aviano) IRCCS, National Cancer Institute, Via Gallini 2, 33081 Aviano, PN, Italy
| | - Michela Armellin
- Unit of Oncogenetics and Functional Oncogenomics, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO Aviano) IRCCS, National Cancer Institute, Via Gallini 2, 33081 Aviano, PN, Italy
| | - Sara Fortuna
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Roberta Maestro
- Unit of Oncogenetics and Functional Oncogenomics, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO Aviano) IRCCS, National Cancer Institute, Via Gallini 2, 33081 Aviano, PN, Italy
| | - Ario de Marco
- Lab of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Nova Gorica, Vipavska cesta 13, 5000 Rožna Dolina, Nova Gorica, Slovenia.
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Wagner TR, Rothbauer U. Nanobodies - Little helpers unravelling intracellular signaling. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 176:46-61. [PMID: 34536541 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The identification of diagnostic and therapeutic targets requires a comprehensive understanding of cellular processes, for which advanced technologies in biomedical research are needed. The emergence of nanobodies (Nbs) derived from antibody fragments of camelid heavy chain-only antibodies as intracellular research tools offers new possibilities to study and modulate target antigens in living cells. Here we summarize this rapidly changing field, beginning with a brief introduction of Nbs, followed by an overview of how target-specific Nbs can be generated, and introduce the selection of intrabodies as research tools. Intrabodies, by definition, are intracellular functional Nbs that target ectopic or endogenous intracellular antigens within living cells. Such binders can be applied in various formats, e.g. as chromobodies for live cell microscopy or as biosensors to decipher complex intracellular signaling pathways. In addition, protein knockouts can be achieved by target-specific Nbs, while modulating Nbs have the potential as future therapeutics. The development of fine-tunable and switchable Nb-based systems that simultaneously provide spatial and temporal control has recently taken the application of these binders to the next level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa R Wagner
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany; NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Rothbauer
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany; NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, Reutlingen, Germany; Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC2180) "Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies", Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany.
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7
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Gupta I, Vranic S, Al-Thawadi H, Al Moustafa AE. Fascin in Gynecological Cancers: An Update of the Literature. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13225760. [PMID: 34830909 PMCID: PMC8616296 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13225760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Fascin, an actin-binding protein, is upregulated in different types of human cancers. It is reportedly responsible for increasing the invasive and metastatic ability of cancer cells by reducing cell–cell adhesions. This review provides a brief overview of fascin and its interactions with other genes and oncoviruses to induce the onset and progression of cancer. Abstract Fascin is an actin-binding protein that is encoded by the FSCN1 gene (located on chromosome 7). It triggers membrane projections and stimulates cell motility in cancer cells. Fascin overexpression has been described in different types of human cancers in which its expression correlated with tumor growth, migration, invasion, and metastasis. Moreover, overexpression of fascin was found in oncovirus-infected cells, such as human papillomaviruses (HPVs) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), disrupting the cell–cell adhesion and enhancing cancer progression. Based on these findings, several studies reported fascin as a potential biomarker and a therapeutic target in various cancers. This review provides a brief overview of the FSCN1 role in various cancers with emphasis on gynecological malignancies. We also discuss fascin interactions with other genes and oncoviruses through which it might induce cancer development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishita Gupta
- Department of Basic Medical Science, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar; (I.G.); (S.V.); (H.A.-T.)
- Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Unit, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar
| | - Semir Vranic
- Department of Basic Medical Science, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar; (I.G.); (S.V.); (H.A.-T.)
- Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Unit, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar
| | - Hamda Al-Thawadi
- Department of Basic Medical Science, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar; (I.G.); (S.V.); (H.A.-T.)
- Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Unit, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar
| | - Ala-Eddin Al Moustafa
- Department of Basic Medical Science, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar; (I.G.); (S.V.); (H.A.-T.)
- Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Unit, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar
- Biomedical Research Centre, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +974-4403-7817
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8
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Gransagne M, Aymé G, Brier S, Chauveau-Le Friec G, Meriaux V, Nowakowski M, Dejardin F, Levallois S, Dias de Melo G, Donati F, Prot M, Brûlé S, Raynal B, Bellalou J, Goncalves P, Montagutelli X, Di Santo JP, Lazarini F, England P, Petres S, Escriou N, Lafaye P. Development of a highly specific and sensitive VHH-based sandwich immunoassay for the detection of the SARS-CoV-2 nucleoprotein. J Biol Chem 2021; 298:101290. [PMID: 34678315 PMCID: PMC8526496 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The current COVID-19 pandemic illustrates the importance of obtaining reliable methods for the rapid detection of SARS-CoV-2. A highly specific and sensitive diagnostic test able to differentiate the SARS-CoV-2 virus from common human coronaviruses is therefore needed. Coronavirus nucleoprotein (N) localizes to the cytoplasm and the nucleolus and is required for viral RNA synthesis. N is the most abundant coronavirus protein, so it is of utmost importance to develop specific antibodies for its detection. In this study, we developed a sandwich immunoassay to recognize the SARS-CoV-2 N protein. We immunized one alpaca with recombinant SARS-CoV-2 N and constructed a large single variable domain on heavy chain (VHH) antibody library. After phage display selection, seven VHHs recognizing the full N protein were identified by ELISA. These VHHs did not recognize the nucleoproteins of the four common human coronaviruses. Hydrogen Deuterium eXchange–Mass Spectrometry (HDX-MS) analysis also showed that these VHHs mainly targeted conformational epitopes in either the C-terminal or the N-terminal domains. All VHHs were able to recognize SARS-CoV-2 in infected cells or on infected hamster tissues. Moreover, the VHHs could detect the SARS variants B.1.17/alpha, B.1.351/beta, and P1/gamma. We propose that this sandwich immunoassay could be applied to specifically detect the SARS-CoV-2 N in human nasal swabs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gabriel Aymé
- Plateforme d'Ingénierie des Anticorps, C2RT, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3528, Paris, France
| | - Sébastien Brier
- Plateforme technologique de RMN biologique, C2RT, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3528, Paris, France
| | | | - Véronique Meriaux
- Plateforme d'Ingénierie des Anticorps, C2RT, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3528, Paris, France
| | - Mireille Nowakowski
- Plateforme Technologique Production et Purification de Protéines Recombinantes, C2RT, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3528, Paris, France
| | - François Dejardin
- Plateforme Technologique Production et Purification de Protéines Recombinantes, C2RT, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3528, Paris, France
| | - Sylvain Levallois
- Biology of Infection Unit, Institut Pasteur, Inserm U1117, Paris, France
| | | | - Flora Donati
- Molecular Genetics of RNA viruses, UMR 3569 CNRS, University of Paris, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; National Reference Center for Respiratory Viruses, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Matthieu Prot
- Evolutionary Genomics of RNA viruses, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Sébastien Brûlé
- Plateforme de Biophysique Moléculaire, C2RT, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3528, Paris, France
| | - Bertrand Raynal
- Plateforme de Biophysique Moléculaire, C2RT, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3528, Paris, France
| | - Jacques Bellalou
- Plateforme Technologique Production et Purification de Protéines Recombinantes, C2RT, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3528, Paris, France
| | - Pedro Goncalves
- Unité d'Immunité Innée, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; INSERM U1223, Paris, France
| | | | - James P Di Santo
- Unité d'Immunité Innée, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; INSERM U1223, Paris, France
| | - Françoise Lazarini
- Perception and Memory Unit, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3571, Paris, France
| | - Patrick England
- Plateforme de Biophysique Moléculaire, C2RT, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3528, Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Petres
- Plateforme Technologique Production et Purification de Protéines Recombinantes, C2RT, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3528, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Escriou
- Département de Santé Globale, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Lafaye
- Plateforme d'Ingénierie des Anticorps, C2RT, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3528, Paris, France.
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9
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Liu H, Zhang Y, Li L, Cao J, Guo Y, Wu Y, Gao W. Fascin actin-bundling protein 1 in human cancer: promising biomarker or therapeutic target? Mol Ther Oncolytics 2021; 20:240-264. [PMID: 33614909 PMCID: PMC7873579 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2020.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fascin actin-bundling protein 1 (FSCN1) is a highly conserved actin-bundling protein that cross links F-actin microfilaments into tight, parallel bundles. Elevated FSCN1 levels have been reported in many types of human cancers and have been correlated with aggressive clinical progression, poor prognosis, and survival outcomes. The overexpression of FSCN1 in cancer cells has been associated with tumor growth, migration, invasion, and metastasis. Currently, FSCN1 is recognized as a candidate biomarker for multiple cancer types and as a potential therapeutic target. The aim of this study was to provide a brief overview of the FSCN1 gene and protein structure and elucidate on its actin-bundling activity and physiological functions. The main focus was on the role of FSCN1 and its upregulatory mechanisms and significance in cancer cells. Up-to-date studies on FSCN1 as a novel biomarker and therapeutic target for human cancers are reviewed. It is shown that FSCN1 is an unusual biomarker and a potential therapeutic target for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongliang Liu
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Cancer, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, PR China
- Shanxi Province Clinical Medical Research Center for Precision Medicine of Head and Neck Cancer, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, PR China
- Department of Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, PR China
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, PR China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, PR China
- Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, PR China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, PR China
| | - Jimin Cao
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, PR China
- Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, PR China
| | - Yujia Guo
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Cancer, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, PR China
- Shanxi Province Clinical Medical Research Center for Precision Medicine of Head and Neck Cancer, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, PR China
| | - Yongyan Wu
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Cancer, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, PR China
- Shanxi Province Clinical Medical Research Center for Precision Medicine of Head and Neck Cancer, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, PR China
- Department of Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, PR China
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, PR China
| | - Wei Gao
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Cancer, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, PR China
- Shanxi Province Clinical Medical Research Center for Precision Medicine of Head and Neck Cancer, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, PR China
- Department of Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, PR China
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, PR China
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10
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Jayanthi B, Bachhav B, Wan Z, Martinez Legaspi S, Segatori L. A platform for post-translational spatiotemporal control of cellular proteins. Synth Biol (Oxf) 2021; 6:ysab002. [PMID: 33763602 PMCID: PMC7976946 DOI: 10.1093/synbio/ysab002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian cells process information through coordinated spatiotemporal regulation of proteins. Engineering cellular networks thus relies on efficient tools for regulating protein levels in specific subcellular compartments. To address the need to manipulate the extent and dynamics of protein localization, we developed a platform technology for the target-specific control of protein destination. This platform is based on bifunctional molecules comprising a target-specific nanobody and universal sequences determining target subcellular localization or degradation rate. We demonstrate that nanobody-mediated localization depends on the expression level of the target and the nanobody, and the extent of target subcellular localization can be regulated by combining multiple target-specific nanobodies with distinct localization or degradation sequences. We also show that this platform for nanobody-mediated target localization and degradation can be regulated transcriptionally and integrated within orthogonal genetic circuits to achieve the desired temporal control over spatial regulation of target proteins. The platform reported in this study provides an innovative tool to control protein subcellular localization, which will be useful to investigate protein function and regulate large synthetic gene circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianna Jayanthi
- Systems, Synthetic and Physical Biology Graduate Program, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Bhagyashree Bachhav
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Zengyi Wan
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Laura Segatori
- Systems, Synthetic and Physical Biology Graduate Program, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Biosciences, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
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11
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Wagner TR, Rothbauer U. Nanobodies Right in the Middle: Intrabodies as Toolbox to Visualize and Modulate Antigens in the Living Cell. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10121701. [PMID: 33371447 PMCID: PMC7767433 DOI: 10.3390/biom10121701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In biomedical research, there is an ongoing demand for new technologies to elucidate disease mechanisms and develop novel therapeutics. This requires comprehensive understanding of cellular processes and their pathophysiology based on reliable information on abundance, localization, post-translational modifications and dynamic interactions of cellular components. Traceable intracellular binding molecules provide new opportunities for real-time cellular diagnostics. Most prominently, intrabodies derived from antibody fragments of heavy-chain only antibodies of camelids (nanobodies) have emerged as highly versatile and attractive probes to study and manipulate antigens within the context of living cells. In this review, we provide an overview on the selection, delivery and usage of intrabodies to visualize and monitor cellular antigens in living cells and organisms. Additionally, we summarize recent advances in the development of intrabodies as cellular biosensors and their application to manipulate disease-related cellular processes. Finally, we highlight switchable intrabodies, which open entirely new possibilities for real-time cell-based diagnostics including live-cell imaging, target validation and generation of precisely controllable binding reagents for future therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa R. Wagner
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany;
- Natural and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Tuebingen, 72770 Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Rothbauer
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany;
- Natural and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Tuebingen, 72770 Reutlingen, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-7121-5153-0415; Fax: +49-7121-5153-0816
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12
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Soetens E, Ballegeer M, Saelens X. An Inside Job: Applications of Intracellular Single Domain Antibodies. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10121663. [PMID: 33322697 PMCID: PMC7764588 DOI: 10.3390/biom10121663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sera of camelid species contain a special kind of antibody that consists only of heavy chains. The variable antigen binding domain of these heavy chain antibodies can be expressed as a separate entity, called a single domain antibody that is characterized by its small size, high solubility and oftentimes exceptional stability. Because of this, most single domain antibodies fold correctly when expressed in the reducing environment of the cytoplasm, and thereby retain their antigen binding specificity. Single domain antibodies can thus be used to target a broad range of intracellular proteins. Such intracellular single domain antibodies are also known as intrabodies, and have proven to be highly useful tools for basic research by allowing visualization, disruption and even targeted degradation of intracellular proteins. Furthermore, intrabodies can be used to uncover prospective new therapeutic targets and have the potential to be applied in therapeutic settings in the future. In this review we provide a brief overview of recent advances in the field of intracellular single domain antibodies, focusing on their use as research tools and potential therapeutic applications. Special attention is given to the available methods that allow delivery of single domain antibodies into cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eline Soetens
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium; (E.S.); (M.B.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marlies Ballegeer
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium; (E.S.); (M.B.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Xavier Saelens
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium; (E.S.); (M.B.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Correspondence:
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13
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Gettemans J, De Dobbelaer B. Transforming nanobodies into high-precision tools for protein function analysis. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2020; 320:C195-C215. [PMID: 33264078 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00435.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Single-domain antibodies, derived from camelid heavy antibodies (nanobodies) or shark variable new antigen receptors, have attracted increasing attention in recent years due to their extremely versatile nature and the opportunities they offer for downstream modification. Discovered more than three decades ago, these 120-amino acid (∼15-kDa) antibody fragments are known to bind their target with high specificity and affinity. Key features of nanobodies that make them very attractive include their single-domain nature, small size, and affordable high-level expression in prokaryotes, and their cDNAs are routinely obtained in the process of their isolation. This facilitates and stimulates new experimental approaches. Hence, it allows researchers to formulate new answers to complex biomedical questions. Through elementary PCR-based technologies and chemical modification strategies, their primary structure can be altered almost at leisure while retaining their specificity and biological activity, transforming them into highly tailored tools that meet the increasing demands of current-day biomedical research. In this review, various aspects of camelid nanobodies are expounded, including intracellular delivery in recombinant format for manipulation of, i.e., cytoplasmic targets, their derivatization to improve nanobody orientation as a capturing device, approaches to reversibly bind their target, their potential as protein-silencing devices in cells, the development of strategies to transfer nanobodies through the blood-brain barrier and their application in CAR-T experimentation. We also discuss some of their disadvantages and conclude with future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Gettemans
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Brian De Dobbelaer
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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14
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de Beer MA, Giepmans BNG. Nanobody-Based Probes for Subcellular Protein Identification and Visualization. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:573278. [PMID: 33240044 PMCID: PMC7667270 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.573278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding how building blocks of life contribute to physiology is greatly aided by protein identification and cellular localization. The two main labeling approaches developed over the past decades are labeling with antibodies such as immunoglobulin G (IgGs) or use of genetically encoded tags such as fluorescent proteins. However, IgGs are large proteins (150 kDa), which limits penetration depth and uncertainty of target position caused by up to ∼25 nm distance of the label created by the chosen targeting approach. Additionally, IgGs cannot be easily recombinantly modulated and engineered as part of fusion proteins because they consist of multiple independent translated chains. In the last decade single domain antigen binding proteins are being explored in bioscience as a tool in revealing molecular identity and localization to overcome limitations by IgGs. These nanobodies have several potential benefits over routine applications. Because of their small size (15 kDa), nanobodies better penetrate during labeling procedures and improve resolution. Moreover, nanobodies cDNA can easily be fused with other cDNA. Multidomain proteins can thus be easily engineered consisting of domains for targeting (nanobodies) and visualization by fluorescence microscopy (fluorescent proteins) or electron microscopy (based on certain enzymes). Additional modules for e.g., purification are also easily added. These nanobody-based probes can be applied in cells for live-cell endogenous protein detection or may be purified prior to use on molecules, cells or tissues. Here, we present the current state of nanobody-based probes and their implementation in microscopy, including pitfalls and potential future opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marit A de Beer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Ben N G Giepmans
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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15
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Zhang C, Ötjengerdes RM, Roewe J, Mejias R, Marschall ALJ. Applying Antibodies Inside Cells: Principles and Recent Advances in Neurobiology, Virology and Oncology. BioDrugs 2020; 34:435-462. [PMID: 32301049 PMCID: PMC7391400 DOI: 10.1007/s40259-020-00419-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
To interfere with cell function, many scientists rely on methods that target DNA or RNA due to the ease with which they can be applied. Proteins are usually the final executors of function but are targeted only indirectly by these methods. Recent advances in targeted degradation of proteins based on proteolysis-targeting chimaeras (PROTACs), ubiquibodies, deGradFP (degrade Green Fluorescent Protein) and other approaches have demonstrated the potential of interfering directly at the protein level for research and therapy. Proteins can be targeted directly and very specifically by antibodies, but using antibodies inside cells has so far been considered to be challenging. However, it is possible to deliver antibodies or other proteins into the cytosol using standard laboratory equipment. Physical methods such as electroporation have been demonstrated to be efficient and validated thoroughly over time. The expression of intracellular antibodies (intrabodies) inside cells is another way to interfere with intracellular targets at the protein level. Methodological strategies to target the inside of cells with antibodies, including delivered antibodies and expressed antibodies, as well as applications in the research areas of neurobiology, viral infections and oncology, are reviewed here. Antibodies have already been used to interfere with a wide range of intracellular targets. Disease-related targets included proteins associated with neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease (α-synuclein), Alzheimer's disease (amyloid-β) or Huntington's disease (mutant huntingtin [mHtt]). The applications of intrabodies in the context of viral infections include targeting proteins associated with HIV (e.g. HIV1-TAT, Rev, Vif, gp41, gp120, gp160) and different oncoviruses such as human papillomavirus (HPV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and Epstein-Barr virus, and they have been used to interfere with various targets related to different processes in cancer, including oncogenic pathways, proliferation, cell cycle, apoptosis, metastasis, angiogenesis or neo-antigens (e.g. p53, human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 [HER2], signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 [STAT3], RAS-related RHO-GTPase B (RHOB), cortactin, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 [VEGFR2], Ras, Bcr-Abl). Interfering at the protein level allows questions to be addressed that may remain unanswered using alternative methods. This review addresses why direct targeting of proteins allows unique insights, what is currently feasible in vitro, and how this relates to potential therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congcong Zhang
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt/Mainz, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rina M Ötjengerdes
- Hannover Medical School (MHH), Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Julian Roewe
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Clinical Cooperation Unit (CCU) Neuroimmunology and Brain TumorImmunology (D170), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rebeca Mejias
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Andrea L J Marschall
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institute of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Brunswick, Germany.
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16
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Sokolik CG, Qassem N, Chill JH. The Disordered Cellular Multi-Tasker WIP and Its Protein-Protein Interactions: A Structural View. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10071084. [PMID: 32708183 PMCID: PMC7407642 DOI: 10.3390/biom10071084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
WASp-interacting protein (WIP), a regulator of actin cytoskeleton assembly and remodeling, is a cellular multi-tasker and a key member of a network of protein-protein interactions, with significant impact on health and disease. Here, we attempt to complement the well-established understanding of WIP function from cell biology studies, summarized in several reviews, with a structural description of WIP interactions, highlighting works that present a molecular view of WIP's protein-protein interactions. This provides a deeper understanding of the mechanisms by which WIP mediates its biological functions. The fully disordered WIP also serves as an intriguing example of how intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) exert their function. WIP consists of consecutive small functional domains and motifs that interact with a host of cellular partners, with a striking preponderance of proline-rich motif capable of interactions with several well-recognized binding partners; indeed, over 30% of the WIP primary structure are proline residues. We focus on the binding motifs and binding interfaces of three important WIP segments, the actin-binding N-terminal domain, the central domain that binds SH3 domains of various interaction partners, and the WASp-binding C-terminal domain. Beyond the obvious importance of a more fundamental understanding of the biology of this central cellular player, this approach carries an immediate and highly beneficial effect on drug-design efforts targeting WIP and its binding partners. These factors make the value of such structural studies, challenging as they are, readily apparent.
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17
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Hebbrecht T, Liu J, Zwaenepoel O, Boddin G, Van Leene C, Decoene K, Madder A, Braeckmans K, Gettemans J. Nanobody click chemistry for convenient site-specific fluorescent labelling, single step immunocytochemistry and delivery into living cells by photoporation and live cell imaging. N Biotechnol 2020; 59:33-43. [PMID: 32659511 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2020.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
While conventional antibodies have been an instrument of choice in immunocytochemistry for some time, their small counterparts known as nanobodies have been much less frequently used for this purpose. In this study we took advantage of the availability of nanobody cDNAs to site-specifically introduce a non-standard amino acid carrying an azide/alkyne moiety, allowing subsequent Cu(I)-catalyzed Azide-Alkyne Click Chemistry (CuAAC). This generated a fluorescently labelled nanobody that can be used in single step immunocytochemistry as compared to conventional two step immunocytochemistry. Two strategies were explored to label nanobodies with Alexa Fluor 488. The first involved enzymatic addition of an alkyne-containing peptide to nanobodies using sortase A, while the second consisted of incorporating para-azido phenylalanine at the nanobody C-terminus. Through these approaches, the fluorophore was covalently and site-specifically attached. It was demonstrated that cortactin and β-catenin, cytoskeletal and adherens junction proteins respectively, can be imaged in cells in this manner through single step immunocytochemistry. However, fixation and permeabilization of cells can alter native protein structure and form a dense cross-linked protein network, encumbering antibody binding. It was shown that photoporation prior to fixation not only allowed delivery of nanobodies into living cells, but also facilitated β-catenin nanobody Nb86 imaging of its target, which was not possible in fixed cells. Pharmacological inhibitors are lacking for many non-enzymatic proteins, and it is therefore expected that new biological information will be obtained through photoporation of fluorescent nanobodies, which allows the study of short term effects, independent of gene-dependent (intrabody) expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Hebbrecht
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent B-9000, Belgium
| | - Jing Liu
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent B-9000, Belgium
| | - Olivier Zwaenepoel
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent B-9000, Belgium
| | - Gaëlle Boddin
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent B-9000, Belgium
| | - Chloé Van Leene
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent B-9000, Belgium
| | - Klaas Decoene
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent B-9000, Belgium
| | - Annemieke Madder
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent B-9000, Belgium
| | - Kevin Braeckmans
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent B-9000, Belgium; Center for Advanced Light Microscopy, Ghent University, Ghent B-9000, Belgium
| | - Jan Gettemans
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent B-9000, Belgium.
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Shi S, Zheng HC, Zhang- ZG. Roles of Fascin mRNA expression in colorectal cancer: Meta-analysis and bioinformatics analysis. Mol Clin Oncol 2020; 13:119-128. [PMID: 32714534 PMCID: PMC7366232 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2020.2069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Fascin (encoded by FSCN1) is a globular actin cross-linking protein that is required for the formation of actin-based cell surface processes, which are critical for cell migration and cell-matrix adhesion. In the present study, a systematic meta-analysis and bioinformatics analysis was used to identify clinicopathological or prognostic parameters in patients with colorectal cancer. A total of 17 articles were included in the present study obtained from PubMed, Web of Science, Wanfang data, SinoMed and CNKI databases. Odd ratios (ORs) and the corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to estimate the prognostic significance of Fascin expression in patients with colorectal cancer, and the association between Fascin expression and clinicopathological factors. There was a significant correlation between high Fascin expression and poor overall survival rates in patients with colorectal cancer (OR=0.48; 95% CI, 0.38-0.60; P<0.000001). The meta-analysis showed that the expression of Fascin was significantly higher in colorectal cancer tissue compared with the normal mucosa (OR=0.13; 95% CI, 0.10-0.16; P<0.000001) and adenoma (OR=0.23; 95% CI, 0.15-0.34; P<0.000001). Fascin expression was also associated with depth of invasion (OR=0.31; 95% CI, 0.19-0.50; P<0.000001), lymph node metastasis (OR=3.07; 95% CI, 1.72-5.46; P=0.0001), Dukes stage (OR=0.14; 95% CI, 0.04-0.46; P=0.001), Tumor-Node-Metastasis stage (OR=0.38; 95% CI, 0.21-0.71; P=0.003) and dedifferentiation (OR=0.42; 95% CI, 0.19-0.94; P=0.04). According to the bioinformatics analyses, FSCN1 mRNA expression levels were higher in colorectal cancer and adenoma tissues compared with the normal tissues (P<0.05). According to TCGA, FSCN1 mRNA expression was associated with a less favorable prognosis in patients with colorectal cancer as an independent factor (P<0.05), and positively correlated with depth of invasion, microsatellite instability and low serum carcinoembryonic antigen levels in colorectal cancer. Taken together, the results of the present study suggested that Fascin expression is a potential marker of tumorigenesis, aggressiveness and poor prognosis in patients with colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Shi
- Department of Pathology, Cangzhou People's Hospital, Cangzhou, Hebei 061000, P.R. China
| | - Hua-Chuan Zheng
- Department of Pathology, Cangzhou People's Hospital, Cangzhou, Hebei 061000, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Gang Zhang-
- Department of Pathology, Cangzhou People's Hospital, Cangzhou, Hebei 061000, P.R. China
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Castellanos-Martínez R, Jiménez-Camacho KE, Schnoor M. Cortactin Expression in Hematopoietic Cells. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2020; 190:958-967. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2019.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Liu J, Hebbrecht T, Brans T, Parthoens E, Lippens S, Li C, De Keersmaecker H, De Vos WH, De Smedt SC, Boukherroub R, Gettemans J, Xiong R, Braeckmans K. Long-term live-cell microscopy with labeled nanobodies delivered by laser-induced photoporation. NANO RESEARCH 2020; 13:485-495. [PMID: 33154805 PMCID: PMC7116313 DOI: 10.1007/s12274-020-2633-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescence microscopy is the method of choice for studying intracellular dynamics. However, its success depends on the availability of specific and stable markers. A prominent example of markers that are rapidly gaining interest are nanobodies (Nbs, ~ 15 kDa), which can be functionalized with bright and photostable organic fluorophores. Due to their relatively small size and high specificity, Nbs offer great potential for high-quality long-term subcellular imaging, but suffer from the fact that they cannot spontaneously cross the plasma membrane of live cells. We have recently discovered that laser-induced photoporation is well suited to deliver extrinsic labels to living cells without compromising their viability. Being a laser-based technology, it is readily compatible with light microscopy and the typical cell recipients used for that. Spurred by these promising initial results, we demonstrate here for the first time successful long-term imaging of specific subcellular structures with labeled nanobodies in living cells. We illustrate this using Nbs that target GFP/YFP-protein constructs accessible in the cytoplasm, actin-bundling protein Fascin, and the histone H2A/H2B heterodimers. With an efficiency of more than 80% labeled cells and minimal toxicity (~ 2%), photoporation proved to be an excellent intracellular delivery method for Nbs. Time-lapse microscopy revealed that cell division rate and migration remained unaffected, confirming excellent cell viability and functionality. We conclude that laser-induced photoporation labeled Nbs can be easily delivered into living cells, laying the foundation for further development of a broad range of Nbs with intracellular targets as a toolbox for long-term live-cell microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ghent University, Ghent B-9000, Belgium
| | - Tim Hebbrecht
- Department of Biomolecular medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent B-9000, Belgium
| | - Toon Brans
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ghent University, Ghent B-9000, Belgium
| | - Eef Parthoens
- VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Ghent B-9000, Belgium
- VIB Bioimaging Core Ghent, VIB, Ghent B-9000, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent B-9000, Belgium
| | - Saskia Lippens
- VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Ghent B-9000, Belgium
- VIB Bioimaging Core Ghent, VIB, Ghent B-9000, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent B-9000, Belgium
| | - Chengnan Li
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, ISEN, Univ. Valenciennes, UMR 8520-IEMN, Lille F-59000, France
| | - Herlinde De Keersmaecker
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ghent University, Ghent B-9000, Belgium
- Centre for Advanced Light Microscopy, Ghent University, Ghent B-9000, Belgium
| | - Winnok H De Vos
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Stefaan C De Smedt
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ghent University, Ghent B-9000, Belgium
- Centre for Advanced Light Microscopy, Ghent University, Ghent B-9000, Belgium
| | - Rabah Boukherroub
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, ISEN, Univ. Valenciennes, UMR 8520-IEMN, Lille F-59000, France
| | - Jan Gettemans
- Department of Biomolecular medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent B-9000, Belgium
| | - Ranhua Xiong
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ghent University, Ghent B-9000, Belgium
| | - Kevin Braeckmans
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ghent University, Ghent B-9000, Belgium
- Centre for Advanced Light Microscopy, Ghent University, Ghent B-9000, Belgium
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21
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Röth S, Fulcher LJ, Sapkota GP. Advances in targeted degradation of endogenous proteins. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:2761-2777. [PMID: 31030225 PMCID: PMC6588652 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03112-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Protein silencing is often employed as a means to aid investigations in protein function and is increasingly desired as a therapeutic approach. Several types of protein silencing methodologies have been developed, including targeting the encoding genes, transcripts, the process of translation or the protein directly. Despite these advances, most silencing systems suffer from limitations. Silencing protein expression through genetic ablation, for example by CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing, is irreversible, time consuming and not always feasible. Similarly, RNA interference approaches warrant prolonged treatments, can lead to incomplete protein depletion and are often associated with off-target effects. Targeted proteolysis has the potential to overcome some of these limitations. The field of targeted proteolysis has witnessed the emergence of many methodologies aimed at targeting specific proteins for degradation in a spatio-temporal manner. In this review, we provide an appraisal of the different targeted proteolytic systems and discuss their applications in understanding protein function, as well as their potential in therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sascha Röth
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Luke J Fulcher
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Gopal P Sapkota
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK.
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22
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Beghein E, Devriese D, Van Hoey E, Gettemans J. Cortactin and fascin-1 regulate extracellular vesicle release by controlling endosomal trafficking or invadopodia formation and function. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15606. [PMID: 30353022 PMCID: PMC6199335 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33868-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cell-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) are increasingly being recognized as genuine invasive structures as they contribute to many aspects of invasion and metastasis. Unfortunately, the mechanisms underlying EV biogenesis or release are still poorly understood. Recent reports however indicate a role of the actin cytoskeleton in this process. In this study, we have exploited thoroughly characterized camelid nanobodies against actin binding proteins cortactin and fascin-1, a branched actin regulator and actin bundler, respectively, in order to assess their roles in EV biogenesis or release. Using this strategy, we demonstrate a role of the cortactin NTA and SH3 domains in EV release. Fascin-1 also regulates EV release, independently of its actin-bundling activity. We show a contribution of these protein domains in endosomal trafficking, a crucial step in EV biogenesis, and we confirm that EVs are preferentially released at invadopodia, the latter being actin-rich invasive cell protrusions in which cortactin and fascin-1 perform essential roles. Accordingly, EVs are enriched with invadopodial proteins such as the matrix metalloproteinase MT1-MMP and exert gelatinolytic activity. Based on our findings, we report that both cortactin and fascin-1 play key roles in EV release by regulating endosomal trafficking or invadopodia formation and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Els Beghein
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Campus Rommelaere, A. Baertsoenkaai 3, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Delphine Devriese
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Campus Rommelaere, A. Baertsoenkaai 3, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Evy Van Hoey
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Campus Rommelaere, A. Baertsoenkaai 3, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jan Gettemans
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Campus Rommelaere, A. Baertsoenkaai 3, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
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23
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Steels A, Verhelle A, Zwaenepoel O, Gettemans J. Intracellular displacement of p53 using transactivation domain (p53 TAD) specific nanobodies. MAbs 2018; 10:1045-1059. [PMID: 30111239 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2018.1502025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumor suppressor p53 is of crucial importance in the prevention of cellular transformation. In the presence of cellular stress signals, the negative feedback loop between p53 and Mdm2, its main negative regulator, is disrupted, which results in the activation and stabilization of p53. Via a complex interplay between both transcription-dependent and - independent functions of p53, the cell will go through transient cell cycle arrest, cellular senescence or apoptosis. However, it remains difficult to completely fathom the mechanisms behind p53 regulation and its responses, considering the presence of multiple layers involved in fine-tuning them. In order to take the next step forward, novel research tools are urgently needed. We have developed single-domain antibodies, also known as nanobodies, that specifically bind with the N-terminal transactivation domain of wild type p53, but that leave the function of p53 as a transcriptional transactivator intact. When the nanobodies are equipped with a mitochondrial-outer-membrane (MOM)-tag, we can capture p53 at the mitochondria. This nanobody-induced mitochondrial delocalization of p53 is, in specific cases, associated with a decrease in cell viability and with morphological changes in the mitochondria. These findings underpin the potential of nanobodies as bona fide research tools to explore protein function and to unravel their biochemical pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anneleen Steels
- a Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences , Ghent University , Ghent , Belgium
| | - Adriaan Verhelle
- a Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences , Ghent University , Ghent , Belgium
| | - Olivier Zwaenepoel
- a Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences , Ghent University , Ghent , Belgium
| | - Jan Gettemans
- a Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences , Ghent University , Ghent , Belgium
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24
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Hypoxia promotes breast cancer cell invasion through HIF-1α-mediated up-regulation of the invadopodial actin bundling protein CSRP2. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10191. [PMID: 29976963 PMCID: PMC6033879 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28637-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia is a common feature of solid tumours that promotes invasion and metastatic dissemination. Invadopodia are actin-rich membrane protrusions that direct extracellular matrix proteolysis and facilitate tumour cell invasion. Here, we show that CSRP2, an invadopodial actin bundling protein, is upregulated by hypoxia in various breast cancer cell lines, as well as in pre-clinical and clinical breast tumour specimens. We functionally characterized two hypoxia responsive elements within the proximal promoter of CSRP2 gene which are targeted by hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) and required for promoter transactivation in response to hypoxia. Remarkably, CSRP2 knockdown significantly inhibits hypoxia-stimulated invadopodium formation, ECM degradation and invasion in MDA-MB-231 cells, while CSRP2 forced expression was sufficient to enhance the invasive capacity of HIF-1α-depleted cells under hypoxia. In MCF-7 cells, CSRP2 upregulation was required for hypoxia-induced formation of invadopodium precursors that were unable to promote ECM degradation. Collectively, our data support that CSRP2 is a novel and direct cytoskeletal target of HIF-1 which facilitates hypoxia-induced breast cancer cell invasion by promoting invadopodia formation.
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25
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Bertier L, Hebbrecht T, Mettepenningen E, De Wit N, Zwaenepoel O, Verhelle A, Gettemans J. Nanobodies targeting cortactin proline rich, helical and actin binding regions downregulate invadopodium formation and matrix degradation in SCC-61 cancer cells. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 102:230-241. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.03.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 03/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
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26
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Gunnoo SB, Iyer A, Vannecke W, Decoene KW, Hebbrecht T, Gettemans J, Laga M, Loverix S, Lasters I, Madder A. Reviving old protecting group chemistry for site-selective peptide–protein conjugation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:11929-11932. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc06684a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Unprotected peptides equipped with property enhancing moieties and a Cys(Scm) residue can be site-selectively conjugated to proteins via crossed-disulfide formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smita B. Gunnoo
- OBCR Group
- Dept. of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry
- Ghent University
- Ghent
- Belgium
| | - Abhishek Iyer
- OBCR Group
- Dept. of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry
- Ghent University
- Ghent
- Belgium
| | - Willem Vannecke
- OBCR Group
- Dept. of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry
- Ghent University
- Ghent
- Belgium
| | - Klaas W. Decoene
- OBCR Group
- Dept. of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry
- Ghent University
- Ghent
- Belgium
| | - Tim Hebbrecht
- Nanobody Lab
- Dept. of Biochemistry
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences
- Ghent University
- Ghent
| | - Jan Gettemans
- Nanobody Lab
- Dept. of Biochemistry
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences
- Ghent University
- Ghent
| | | | | | | | - Annemieke Madder
- OBCR Group
- Dept. of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry
- Ghent University
- Ghent
- Belgium
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27
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Hoffmann C, Mao X, Dieterle M, Moreau F, Al Absi A, Steinmetz A, Oudin A, Berchem G, Janji B, Thomas C. CRP2, a new invadopodia actin bundling factor critically promotes breast cancer cell invasion and metastasis. Oncotarget 2017; 7:13688-705. [PMID: 26883198 PMCID: PMC4924671 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
A critical process underlying cancer metastasis is the acquisition by tumor cells of an invasive phenotype. At the subcellular level, invasion is facilitated by actin-rich protrusions termed invadopodia, which direct extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation. Here, we report the identification of a new cytoskeletal component of breast cancer cell invadopodia, namely cysteine-rich protein 2 (CRP2). We found that CRP2 was not or only weakly expressed in epithelial breast cancer cells whereas it was up-regulated in mesenchymal/invasive breast cancer cells. In addition, high expression of the CRP2 encoding gene CSRP2 was associated with significantly increased risk of metastasis in basal-like breast cancer patients. CRP2 knockdown significantly reduced the invasive potential of aggressive breast cancer cells, whereas it did not impair 2D cell migration. In keeping with this, CRP2-depleted breast cancer cells exhibited a reduced capacity to promote ECM degradation, and to secrete and express MMP-9, a matrix metalloproteinase repeatedly associated with cancer progression and metastasis. In turn, ectopic expression of CRP2 in weakly invasive cells was sufficient to stimulate cell invasion. Both GFP-fused and endogenous CRP2 localized to the extended actin core of invadopodia, a structure primarily made of actin bundles. Purified recombinant CRP2 autonomously crosslinked actin filaments into thick bundles, suggesting that CRP2 contributes to the formation/maintenance of the actin core. Finally, CRP2 depletion significantly reduced the incidence of lung metastatic lesions in two xenograft mouse models of breast cancer. Collectively, our data identify CRP2 as a new cytoskeletal component of invadopodia that critically promotes breast cancer cell invasion and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Hoffmann
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Xianqing Mao
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Monika Dieterle
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg, Luxembourg.,NorLux Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Flora Moreau
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Antoun Al Absi
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - André Steinmetz
- Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Anaïs Oudin
- NorLux Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Guy Berchem
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Bassam Janji
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Clément Thomas
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
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28
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Hebbrecht T, Van Audenhove I, Zwaenepoel O, Verhelle A, Gettemans J. VCA nanobodies target N-WASp to reduce invadopodium formation and functioning. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185076. [PMID: 28938008 PMCID: PMC5609757 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Invasive cancer cells develop small actin-based protrusions called invadopodia, which perform a primordial role in metastasis and extracellular matrix remodelling. Neural Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (N-WASp) is a scaffold protein which can directly bind to actin monomers and Arp2/3 and is a crucial player in the formation of an invadopodium precursor. Expression modulation has pointed to an important role for N-WASp in invadopodium formation but the role of its C-terminal VCA domain in this process remains unknown. In this study, we generated alpaca nanobodies against the N-WASp VCA domain and investigated if these nanobodies affect invadopodium formation. By using this approach, we were able to study functions of a selected functional/structural N-WASp protein domain in living cells, without requiring overexpression, dominant negative mutants or siRNAs which target the gene, and hence the entire protein. When expressed as intrabodies, the VCA nanobodies significantly reduced invadopodium formation in both MDA-MB-231 breast cancer and HNSCC61 head and neck squamous cancer cells. Furthermore, expression of distinct VCA Nbs (VCA Nb7 and VCA Nb14) in PC-3 prostate cancer cells resulted in reduced overall matrix degradation without affecting MMP9 secretion/activation or MT1-MMP localisation at invadopodial membranes. From these results, we conclude that we have generated nanobodies targeting N-WASp which reduce invadopodium formation and functioning, most likely via regulation of N-WASp—Arp2/3 complex interaction, indicating that this region of N-WASp plays an important role in these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Hebbrecht
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Rommelaere Campus, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Isabel Van Audenhove
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Rommelaere Campus, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Olivier Zwaenepoel
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Rommelaere Campus, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Adriaan Verhelle
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Rommelaere Campus, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jan Gettemans
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Rommelaere Campus, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- * E-mail:
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29
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Beghein E, Gettemans J. Nanobody Technology: A Versatile Toolkit for Microscopic Imaging, Protein-Protein Interaction Analysis, and Protein Function Exploration. Front Immunol 2017; 8:771. [PMID: 28725224 PMCID: PMC5495861 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last two decades, nanobodies or single-domain antibodies have found their way in research, diagnostics, and therapy. These antigen-binding fragments, derived from Camelid heavy chain only antibodies, possess remarkable characteristics that favor their use over conventional antibodies or fragments thereof, in selected areas of research. In this review, we assess the current status of nanobodies as research tools in diverse aspects of fundamental research. We discuss the use of nanobodies as detection reagents in fluorescence microscopy and focus on recent advances in super-resolution microscopy. Second, application of nanobody technology in investigating protein–protein interactions is reviewed, with emphasis on possible uses in mass spectrometry. Finally, we discuss the potential value of nanobodies in studying protein function, and we focus on their recently reported application in targeted protein degradation. Throughout the review, we highlight state-of-the-art engineering strategies that could expand nanobody versatility and we suggest future applications of the technology in the selected areas of fundamental research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Els Beghein
- Nanobody Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jan Gettemans
- Nanobody Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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30
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Jefferies MT, Pope CS, Kynaston HG, Clarke AR, Martin RM, Adams JC. Analysis of Fascin-1 in Relation to Gleason Risk Classification and Nuclear ETS-Related Gene Status of Human Prostate Carcinomas: An Immunohistochemical Study of Clinically Annotated Tumours From the Wales Cancer Bank. BIOMARKERS IN CANCER 2017; 9:1179299X17710944. [PMID: 28607544 PMCID: PMC5457026 DOI: 10.1177/1179299x17710944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Although prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing can identify early-stage prostate cancers, additional biomarkers are needed for risk stratification. In one study, high levels of the actin-bundling protein, fascin-1, were correlated with lethal-phase, hormone-refractory prostate cancer. Analyses of independent samples are needed to establish the value of fascin-1 as a possible biomarker. We examined fascin-1 by immunohistochemistry in tumour specimens from the Wales Cancer Bank in comparison with nuclear-located ETS-related gene (ERG), an emerging marker for aggressive prostate cancer. Fascin-1 was elevated in focal areas of a minority of tumours, yet fascin-1-positivity did not differentiate tumours of low-, intermediate-, or high-risk Gleason scores and did not correlate with PSA status or biochemical relapse after surgery. Stromal fascin-1 correlated with high Gleason score. Nuclear ERG was upregulated in tumours but not in stroma. The complexities of fascin-1 status indicate that fascin-1 is unlikely to provide a suitable biomarker for prediction of aggressive prostate cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T Jefferies
- European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Institute of Cancer & Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | | | - Howard G Kynaston
- Institute of Cancer & Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Alan R Clarke
- European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Richard M Martin
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Bristol Nutritional Biomedical Research Unit, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust and University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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31
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Böldicke T. Single domain antibodies for the knockdown of cytosolic and nuclear proteins. Protein Sci 2017; 26:925-945. [PMID: 28271570 PMCID: PMC5405437 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Single domain antibodies (sdAbs) from camels or sharks comprise only the variable heavy chain domain. Human sdAbs comprise the variable domain of the heavy chain (VH) or light chain (VL) and can be selected from human antibodies. SdAbs are stable, nonaggregating molecules in vitro and in vivo compared to complete antibodies and scFv fragments. They are excellent novel inhibitors of cytosolic/nuclear proteins because they are correctly folded inside the cytosol in contrast to scFv fragments. SdAbs are unique because of their excellent specificity and possibility to target posttranslational modifications such as phosphorylation sites, conformers or interaction regions of proteins that cannot be targeted with genetic knockout techniques and are impossible to knockdown with RNAi. The number of inhibiting cytosolic/nuclear sdAbs is increasing and usage of synthetic single pot single domain antibody libraries will boost the generation of these fascinating molecules without the need of immunization. The most frequently selected antigenic epitopes belong to viral and oncogenic proteins, followed by toxins, proteins of the nervous system as well as plant- and drosophila proteins. It is now possible to select functional sdAbs against virtually every cytosolic/nuclear protein and desired epitope. The development of new endosomal escape protein domains and cell-penetrating peptides for efficient transfection broaden the application of inhibiting sdAbs. Last but not least, the generation of relatively new cell-specific nanoparticles such as polymersomes and polyplexes carrying cytosolic/nuclear sdAb-DNA or -protein will pave the way to apply cytosolic/nuclear sdAbs for inhibition of viral infection and cancer in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Böldicke
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Structure and Function of ProteinsInhoffenstraße 7, D‐38124BraunschweigGermany
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32
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Al-Antary N, Farghaly H, Aboulkassim T, Yasmeen A, Akil N, Al Moustafa AE. Epstein-Barr virus and its association with Fascin expression in colorectal cancers in the Syrian population: A tissue microarray study. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2017; 13:1573-1578. [PMID: 28350509 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2017.1302046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common malignancy in both men and women worldwide. Colorectal carcinogenesis is a complex, multistep process involving environmental and lifestyle features as well as sequential genetic changes in addition to bacterial and viral infections. Viral infection has a proven role in the incidence of approximately 20% of human cancers including gastric malignancies. Accordingly, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) has been recently shown to be present in human gastric cancers, which could play an important role in the initiation and progression of these cancers. Therefore, this work explores the prevalence of EBV in 102 CRC tissues from the Syrian population using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and tissue microarray (TMA) analysis. We found that EBV is present in 37 (36.27%) of CRC samples. Additionally, the expression of LMP1 onco-protein of EBV was found to be correlated with Fascin expression/overexpression in the majority of CRC tissue samples, which are intermediate/high grade invasive carcinomas. Our data indicate that EBV is present in CRC and its presence is associated with more aggressive cancer phenotype. Consequently, future investigations are needed to expose the role of EBV in CRC initiation and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor Al-Antary
- a College of Medicine & Biomedical Research Centre , Qatar University , Doha , Qatar
| | | | - Tahar Aboulkassim
- c Segal Cancer Centre, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research of the Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital , McGill University , Montreal , QC , Canada
| | - Amber Yasmeen
- c Segal Cancer Centre, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research of the Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital , McGill University , Montreal , QC , Canada
| | - Nizar Akil
- d Department of Pathology , Gaziantep University , Gaziantep , Turkey.,e Oncology Department , McGill University , Montreal , QC , Canada
| | - Ala-Eddin Al Moustafa
- a College of Medicine & Biomedical Research Centre , Qatar University , Doha , Qatar.,e Oncology Department , McGill University , Montreal , QC , Canada.,f Syrian Research Cancer Centre of the Syrian Society against Cancer , Aleppo , Syria
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33
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Bertier L, Boucherie C, Zwaenepoel O, Vanloo B, Van Troys M, Van Audenhove I, Gettemans J. Inhibitory cortactin nanobodies delineate the role of NTA- and SH3-domain-specific functions during invadopodium formation and cancer cell invasion. FASEB J 2017; 31:2460-2476. [PMID: 28235780 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201600810rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cells exploit different strategies to escape from the primary tumor, gain access to the circulation, disseminate throughout the body, and form metastases, the leading cause of death by cancer. Invadopodia, proteolytically active plasma membrane extensions, are essential in this escape mechanism. Cortactin is involved in every phase of invadopodia formation, and its overexpression is associated with increased invadopodia formation, extracellular matrix degradation, and cancer cell invasion. To analyze endogenous cortactin domain function in these processes, we characterized the effects of nanobodies that are specific for the N-terminal acidic domain of cortactin and expected to target small epitopes within this domain. These nanobodies inhibit cortactin-mediated actin-related protein (Arp)2/3 activation, and, after their intracellular expression in cancer cells, decrease invadopodia formation, extracellular matrix degradation, and cancer cell invasion. In addition, one of the nanobodies affects Arp2/3 interaction and invadopodium stability, and a nanobody targeting the Src homology 3 domain of cortactin enabled comparison of 2 functional regions in invadopodium formation or stability. Given their common and distinct effects, we validate cortactin nanobodies as an instrument to selectively block and study distinct domains within a protein with unprecedented precision, aiding rational future generation of protein domain-selective therapeutic compounds.-Bertier, L., Boucherie, C., Zwaenepoel, O., Vanloo, B., Van Troys, M., Van Audenhove, I., Gettemans, J. Inhibitory cortactin nanobodies delineate the role of NTA- and SH3-domain-specific functions during invadopodium formation and cancer cell invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Bertier
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University-Campus Rommelaere, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ciska Boucherie
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University-Campus Rommelaere, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Olivier Zwaenepoel
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University-Campus Rommelaere, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Berlinda Vanloo
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University-Campus Rommelaere, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marleen Van Troys
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University-Campus Rommelaere, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Isabel Van Audenhove
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University-Campus Rommelaere, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jan Gettemans
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University-Campus Rommelaere, Ghent, Belgium
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34
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The Tax-Inducible Actin-Bundling Protein Fascin Is Crucial for Release and Cell-to-Cell Transmission of Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 (HTLV-1). PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005916. [PMID: 27776189 PMCID: PMC5077169 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The delta-retrovirus Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) preferentially infects CD4+ T-cells via cell-to-cell transmission. Viruses are transmitted by polarized budding and by transfer of viral biofilms at the virological synapse (VS). Formation of the VS requires the viral Tax protein and polarization of the host cytoskeleton, however, molecular mechanisms of HTLV-1 cell-to-cell transmission remain incompletely understood. Recently, we could show Tax-dependent upregulation of the actin-bundling protein Fascin (FSCN-1) in HTLV-1-infected T-cells. Here, we report that Fascin contributes to HTLV-1 transmission. Using single-cycle replication-dependent HTLV-1 reporter vectors, we found that repression of endogenous Fascin by short hairpin RNAs and by Fascin-specific nanobodies impaired gag p19 release and cell-to-cell transmission in 293T cells. In Jurkat T-cells, Tax-induced Fascin expression enhanced virus release and Fascin-dependently augmented cell-to-cell transmission to Raji/CD4+ B-cells. Repression of Fascin in HTLV-1-infected T-cells diminished virus release and gag p19 transfer to co-cultured T-cells. Spotting the mechanism, flow cytometry and automatic image analysis showed that Tax-induced T-cell conjugate formation occurred Fascin-independently. However, adhesion of HTLV-1-infected MT-2 cells in co-culture with Jurkat T-cells was reduced upon knockdown of Fascin, suggesting that Fascin contributes to dissemination of infected T-cells. Imaging of chronically infected MS-9 T-cells in co-culture with Jurkat T-cells revealed that Fascin’s localization at tight cell-cell contacts is accompanied by gag polarization suggesting that Fascin directly affects the distribution of gag to budding sites, and therefore, indirectly viral transmission. In detail, we found gag clusters that are interspersed with Fascin clusters, suggesting that Fascin makes room for gag in viral biofilms. Moreover, we observed short, Fascin-containing membrane extensions surrounding gag clusters and clutching uninfected T-cells. Finally, we detected Fascin and gag in long-distance cellular protrusions. Taken together, we show for the first time that HTLV-1 usurps the host cell factor Fascin to foster virus release and cell-to-cell transmission. Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is the only human retrovirus causing cancer and is transmitted via breast feeding, sexual intercourse, and cell-containing blood products. Efficient infection of CD4+ T-cells occurs via polarized budding of virions or via cell surface transfer of viral biofilms at a tight, specialized cell-cell contact, the virological synapse (VS). The viral protein Tax and polarization of the host cell cytoskeleton are crucial for formation of the VS, however, only little is known about the link between Tax and remodeling of the cytoskeleton to foster viral spread. The actin-bundling protein Fascin has evolved as a therapeutic target in several types of cancer. Here, we show that Fascin is also crucial for release and transmission of the tumorvirus HTLV-1. Since Fascin is a transcriptional target gene of Tax in T-cells, our work provides a link between Tax’s activity and virus transmission. Visualization of cell-cell contacts between infected and uninfected T-cells suggests a role of Fascin in viral transmission potentially by facilitating the transport of viral proteins to budding sites. Thus, Fascin is not only crucial for metastasis of tumors, but also for transmission of HTLV-1 and is a new cellular target to counteract HTLV-1.
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Beghein E, Van Audenhove I, Zwaenepoel O, Verhelle A, De Ganck A, Gettemans J. A new survivin tracer tracks, delocalizes and captures endogenous survivin at different subcellular locations and in distinct organelles. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31177. [PMID: 27514728 PMCID: PMC4981888 DOI: 10.1038/srep31177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Survivin, the smallest member of the inhibitor of apoptosis protein family, plays a central role during mitosis and exerts a cytoprotective function. Survivin is highly expressed in most cancer types and contributes to multiple facets of carcinogenesis. The molecular mechanisms underlying its highly diverse functions need to be extensively explored, which is crucial for rational design of future personalized therapeutics. In this study, we have generated an alpaca survivin nanobody (SVVNb8) that binds with low nanomolar affinity to its target. When expressed as an intrabody in HeLa cells, SVVNb8 faithfully tracks survivin during different phases of mitosis without interfering with survivin function. Furthermore, coupling SVVNb8 with a subcellular delocalization tag efficiently redirects endogenous survivin towards the nucleus, the cytoplasm, peroxisomes and even to the intermembrane space of mitochondria where it presumably interacts with resident mitochondrial survivin. Based on our findings, we believe that SVVNb8 is an excellent instrument to further elucidate survivin biology and topography, and can serve as a model system to investigate mitochondrial and peroxisomal (survivin) protein import.
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Affiliation(s)
- Els Beghein
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Campus Rommelaere, A. Baertsoenkaai 3, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Isabel Van Audenhove
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Campus Rommelaere, A. Baertsoenkaai 3, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Olivier Zwaenepoel
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Campus Rommelaere, A. Baertsoenkaai 3, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Adriaan Verhelle
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Campus Rommelaere, A. Baertsoenkaai 3, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ariane De Ganck
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Campus Rommelaere, A. Baertsoenkaai 3, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jan Gettemans
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Campus Rommelaere, A. Baertsoenkaai 3, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Sui X, Zhu J, Tang H, Wang C, Zhou J, Han W, Wang X, Fang Y, Xu Y, Li D, Chen R, Ma J, Jing Z, Gu X, Pan H, He C. p53 controls colorectal cancer cell invasion by inhibiting the NF-κB-mediated activation of Fascin. Oncotarget 2016; 6:22869-79. [PMID: 26362504 PMCID: PMC4673205 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
p53 mutation is known to contribute to cancer progression. Fascin is an actin-bundling protein and has been recently identified to promote cancer cell migration and invasion through its role in formation of cellular protrusions such as filopodia and invadopodia. However, the relationship between p53 and Fascin is not understood. Here, we have found a new link between them. In colorectal adenocarcinomas, p53 mutation correlated with high NF-κB, Fascin and low E-cadherin expression. Moreover, this expression profile was shown to contribute to poor overall survival in patients with colorectal cancer. Wild-type p53 could inhibit NF-κB activity that repressed the expression of Fascin and cancer cell invasiveness. In contrast, in p53-deficient primary cultured cells, NF-κB activity was enhanced and then activation of NF-κB increased the expression of Fascin. In further analysis, we showed that NF-κB was a key determinant for p53 deletion-stimulated Fascin expression. Inhibition of NF-κB /p65 expression by pharmacological compound or p65 siRNA suppressed Fascin activity in p53-deficient cells. Moreover, restoration of p53 expression decreased the activation of Fascin through suppression of the NF-κB pathway. Taken together, these data suggest that a negative-feedback loop exists, whereby p53 can suppress colorectal cancer cell invasion by inhibiting the NF-κB-mediated activation of Fascin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinbing Sui
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Biomedical Research Center and Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jing Zhu
- Biomedical Research Center and Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Department of Colorectal Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Haimei Tang
- Biomedical Research Center and Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chan Wang
- Biomedical Research Center and Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jichun Zhou
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Weidong Han
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Biomedical Research Center and Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xian Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Biomedical Research Center and Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yong Fang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yinghua Xu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Da Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Rui Chen
- Biomedical Research Center and Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Junhong Ma
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Nankai Hospital, Nankai District, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhao Jing
- Biomedical Research Center and Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xidong Gu
- Department of Breast Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hongming Pan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Biomedical Research Center and Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chao He
- Biomedical Research Center and Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Department of Colorectal Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Aramaki S, Mayanagi K, Jin M, Aoyama K, Yasunaga T. Filopodia formation by crosslinking of F-actin with fascin in two different binding manners. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2016; 73:365-74. [PMID: 27169557 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Filopodia are finger-like protrusions at the leading edge of migrating cells that play a crucial antennal function during cell motility. It is known that actin filaments are bundled hexagonally and provide rigidity to filopodia by virtue of fascin, which plays a central role in actin filament bundling. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying their formation remain unclear. Here, we observed the filopodia of intact whole cells fixed by rapid freezing and revealed their three-dimensional structure by cryo-electron tomography and image processing; the actin filament bundling structure by fascin was clarified at high resolution under physiological conditions. It was found that actin filaments in vivo were more numerous than in bundles reconstructed in vitro, and each filopodial actin filament had limited variability in helical twisting. In addition, statistical analysis of actin filament bundles unveiled their detailed architecture. In filopodia, actin filaments had highly ordered structures, and the shift between cross-links of each adjacent actin filament was approximately 2.7 nm, similar to the monomer repeat of actin filaments. We then proposed a plausible actin-fascin cross-link model at the amino acid level and identified three fascin binding sites on two adjacent actin filaments: one filament bound fascin at two discrete, widely separated regions and the other bound fascin in a single small region. We propose that these two different binding modalities should confer rigid bundles that retain flexibility and dynamic performance. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Aramaki
- Department of Bioscience and Bioinformatics, Kyushu Institute of Technology, 680-4 Kawazu, Iizuka, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kouta Mayanagi
- Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Mingyue Jin
- Graduate School of Faculty of Medicine, Osaka City University, 1-4-3 Asahi-Machi, Abeno-Ku, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Aoyama
- Application Laboratory, FEI Company Japan Ltd, 2-13-34 Konan, Minato-Ku, Tokyo, Japan.,Research Center for Ultra-High Voltage Electron Microscopy, Osaka University, 7-1, Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takuo Yasunaga
- Department of Bioscience and Bioinformatics, Kyushu Institute of Technology, 680-4 Kawazu, Iizuka, Fukuoka, Japan
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Van Audenhove I, Gettemans J. Nanobodies as Versatile Tools to Understand, Diagnose, Visualize and Treat Cancer. EBioMedicine 2016; 8:40-48. [PMID: 27428417 PMCID: PMC4919472 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Since their discovery, nanobodies have been used extensively in the fields of research, diagnostics and therapy. These antigen binding fragments, originating from Camelid heavy-chain antibodies, possess unusual hallmarks in terms of (small) size, stability, solubility and specificity, hence allowing cost-effective production and sometimes outperforming monoclonal antibodies. In this review, we evaluate the current status of nanobodies to study, diagnose, visualize or inhibit cancer-specific proteins and processes. Nanobodies are highly adaptable tools for cancer research as they enable specific modulation of targets, enzymatic and non-enzymatic proteins alike. Molecular imaging studies benefit from the rapid, homogeneous tumor accumulation of nanobodies and their fast blood clearance, permitting previously unattainable fast tumor visualization. Moreover, they are endowed with considerable therapeutic potential as inhibitors of receptor-ligand pairs and deliverers of drugs or drug-loaded nanoparticles towards tumors. More in vivo and clinical studies are however eagerly awaited to unleash their full potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Van Audenhove
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Jan Gettemans
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Belgium.
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39
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Van Audenhove I, Denert M, Boucherie C, Pieters L, Cornelissen M, Gettemans J. Fascin Rigidity and L-plastin Flexibility Cooperate in Cancer Cell Invadopodia and Filopodia. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:9148-60. [PMID: 26945069 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.706937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Invadopodia and filopodia are dynamic, actin-based protrusions contributing to cancer cell migration, invasion, and metastasis. The force of actin bundles is essential for their protrusive activity. The bundling protein fascin is known to play a role in both invadopodia and filopodia. As it is more and more acknowledged that functionally related proteins cooperate, it is unlikely that only fascin bundles actin in these protrusions. Another interesting candidate is L-plastin, normally expressed in hematopoietic cells, but considered a common marker of many cancer types. We identified L-plastin as a new component of invadopodia, where it contributes to degradation and invasiveness. By means of specific, high-affinity nanobodies inhibiting bundling of fascin or L-plastin, we further unraveled their cooperative mode of action. We show that the bundlers cannot compensate for each other due to strikingly different bundling characteristics: L-plastin bundles are much thinner and less tightly packed. Composite bundles adopt an intermediate phenotype, with fascin delivering the rigidity and strength for protrusive force and structural stability, whereas L-plastin accounts for the flexibility needed for elongation. Consistent with this, elevated L-plastin expression promotes elongation and reduces protrusion density in cells with relatively lower L-plastin than fascin levels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Leen Pieters
- Basic Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Maria Cornelissen
- Basic Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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40
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Van Audenhove I, Gettemans J. Use of Nanobodies to Localize Endogenous Cytoskeletal Proteins and to Determine Their Contribution to Cancer Cell Invasion by Using an ECM Degradation Assay. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1365:225-41. [PMID: 26498788 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3124-8_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
There are numerous ways to study actin cytoskeletal structures, and thereby identify the underlying mechanisms of organization and their regulating proteins. Traditional approaches make use of protein overexpression or siRNA. However to study or modulate resident endogenous proteins, complementary methods are required. Since the discovery of nanobodies in 1993, they have proven to represent interesting tools in a variety of applications due to their high affinity, solubility, and stability. Especially their intracellular functionality makes them ideally suited for the study of actin cytoskeletal regulation. Here we provide a protocol to clone nanobody cDNAs in frame with an EGFP or mCherry fluorescent tag. We explain how to transfect this fusion protein in eukaryotic (cancer) cells and how to perform immunofluorescence. This allows microscopic analysis of endogenous (cytoskeletal) proteins and gives insight into their endogenous localization. Moreover, we outline an extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation assay as an application of the general protocol. By seeding cells onto a fluorescently labeled gelatin matrix, degradation can be quantified by means of a matrix degradation index. This assay demonstrates the contribution of a protein during cancer cell invasiveness in vitro and the potential of a nanobody to inhibit this degradation through modulation of its target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Van Audenhove
- Nanobody Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Albert Baertsoenkaai 3, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jan Gettemans
- Nanobody Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Albert Baertsoenkaai 3, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
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41
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Ma Y, Machesky LM. Fascin1 in carcinomas: Its regulation and prognostic value. Int J Cancer 2015; 137:2534-44. [PMID: 25302416 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Previous cell biological studies demonstrate that the actin bundling protein fascin1 regulates cell motility, migration and invasion. Human studies demonstrate that fascin1 is upregulated in many epithelial cancers. This review gives a brief overview of the role of fascin1 in cell migration and invasion, but focuses mainly on the regulation and clinical relevance of fascin1 in epithelial cancers. Here, we propose fascin1 as a potent prognostic biomarker for breast, colorectal, esophageal cancers and head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. Fascin1 may also be an attractive drug target against these carcinomas in the future, but more studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafeng Ma
- School of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Medical Oncology Group, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, NSW2170, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Laura M Machesky
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow, G61 1BD, Scotland, United Kingdom
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42
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Simiczyjew A, Mazur AJ, Ampe C, Malicka-Błaszkiewicz M, van Troys M, Nowak D. Active invadopodia of mesenchymally migrating cancer cells contain both β and γ cytoplasmic actin isoforms. Exp Cell Res 2015; 339:206-19. [PMID: 26548725 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Invadopodia are actin-rich protrusions formed by mesenchymally migrating cancer cells. They are mainly composed of actin, actin-associated proteins, integrins and proteins of signaling machineries. These protrusions display focalized proteolytic activity towards the extracellular matrix. It is well known that polymerized (F-)actin is present in these structures, but the nature of the actin isoform has not been studied before. We here show that both cytoplasmic actin isoforms, β- and γ-actin, are present in the invadopodia of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells cultured on a 2D-surface, where they colocalize with the invadopodial marker cortactin. Invadopodial structures formed by the cells in a 3D-collagen matrix also contain β- and γ-actin. We demonstrate this using isoform-specific antibodies and expression of fluorescently-tagged actin isoforms. Additionally, using simultaneous expression of differentially tagged β- and γ-actin in cells, we show that the actin isoforms are present together in a single invadopodium. Cells with an increased level of β- or γ-actin, display a similar increase in the number and size of invadopodia in comparison to control cells. Moreover, increasing the level of either actin isoforms also increases invasion velocity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Simiczyjew
- Department of Cell Pathology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Antonina Joanna Mazur
- Department of Cell Pathology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Christophe Ampe
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Albert Baertsoenkaai 3, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Maria Malicka-Błaszkiewicz
- Department of Cell Pathology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Marleen van Troys
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Albert Baertsoenkaai 3, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dorota Nowak
- Department of Cell Pathology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland
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Fascin actin bundling controls podosome turnover and disassembly while cortactin is involved in podosome assembly by its SH3 domain in THP-1 macrophages and dendritic cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2015; 1853:940-52. [PMID: 25601713 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Revised: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Podosomes are dynamic degrading devices present in myeloid cells among other cell types. They consist of an actin core with associated regulators, surrounded by an adhesive ring. Both fascin and cortactin are known constituents but the role of fascin actin bundling is still unclear and cortactin research rather focuses on its homologue hematopoietic lineage cell-specific protein-1 (HS1). A fascin nanobody (FASNb5) that inhibits actin bundling and a cortactin nanobody (CORNb2) specifically targeting its Src-homology 3 (SH3) domain were used as unique tools to study the function of these regulators in podosome dynamics in both THP-1 macrophages and dendritic cells (DC). Upon intracellular FASNb5 expression, the few podosomes present were aberrantly stable, long-living and large, suggesting a role for fascin actin bundling in podosome turnover and disassembly. Fascin modulates this by balancing the equilibrium between branched and bundled actin networks. In the presence of CORNb2, the few podosomes formed show disrupted structures but their dynamics were unaffected. This suggests a role of the cortactin SH3 domain in podosome assembly. Remarkably, both nanobody-induced podosome-losses were compensated for by focal adhesion structures. Furthermore, matrix degradation capacities were altered and migratory phenotypes were lost. In conclusion, the cortactin SH3 domain contributes to podosome assembly while fascin actin bundling is a master regulator of podosome disassembly in THP-1 macrophages and DC.
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Havrylov S, Park M. MS/MS-based strategies for proteomic profiling of invasive cell structures. Proteomics 2014; 15:272-86. [PMID: 25303514 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201400220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Revised: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Acquired capacity of cancer cells to penetrate through the extracellular matrix of surrounding tissues is a prerequisite for tumour metastatic spread - the main source of cancer-associated mortality. Through combined efforts of many research groups, we are beginning to understand that the ability of cells to invade through the extracellular matrix is a multi-faceted phenomenon supported by variety of specialised protrusive cellular structures, primarily pseudopodia, invadopodia and podosomes. Additionally, secreted extracellular vesicles are being increasingly recognised as important mediators of invasive cell phenotypes and therefore may be considered bona fide invasive cell structures. Dissection of the molecular makings underlying biogenesis and function of all of these structures is crucial to identify novel targets for specific anti-metastatic therapies. Rapid advances and growing accessibility of MS/MS-based protein identification made this family of techniques a suitable and appropriate choice for proteomic profiling of invasive cell structures. In this review, we provide a summary of current progress in the characterisation of protein composition and topology of protein interaction networks of pseudopodia, invadopodia, podosomes and extracellular vesicles, as well as outline challenges and perspectives of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serhiy Havrylov
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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45
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Adams JC. Fascin-1 as a biomarker and prospective therapeutic target in colorectal cancer. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2014; 15:41-8. [DOI: 10.1586/14737159.2015.976557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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46
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Bethuyne J, De Gieter S, Zwaenepoel O, Garcia-Pino A, Durinck K, Verhelle A, Hassanzadeh-Ghassabeh G, Speleman F, Loris R, Gettemans J. A nanobody modulates the p53 transcriptional program without perturbing its functional architecture. Nucleic Acids Res 2014; 42:12928-38. [PMID: 25324313 PMCID: PMC4227789 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gku962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The p53 transcription factor plays an important role in genome integrity. To perform this task, p53 regulates the transcription of genes promoting various cellular outcomes including cell cycle arrest, apoptosis or senescence. The precise regulation of this activity remains elusive as numerous mechanisms, e.g. posttranslational modifications of p53 and (non-)covalent p53 binding partners, influence the p53 transcriptional program. We developed a novel, non-invasive tool to manipulate endogenous p53. Nanobodies (Nb), raised against the DNA-binding domain of p53, allow us to distinctively target both wild type and mutant p53 with great specificity. Nb3 preferentially binds ‘structural’ mutant p53, i.e. R175H and R282W, while a second but distinct nanobody, Nb139, binds both mutant and wild type p53. The co-crystal structure of the p53 DNA-binding domain in complex with Nb139 (1.9 Å resolution) reveals that Nb139 binds opposite the DNA-binding surface. Furthermore, we demonstrate that Nb139 does not disturb the functional architecture of the p53 DNA-binding domain using conformation-specific p53 antibody immunoprecipitations, glutaraldehyde crosslinking assays and chromatin immunoprecipitation. Functionally, the binding of Nb139 to p53 allows us to perturb the transactivation of p53 target genes. We propose that reduced recruitment of transcriptional co-activators or modulation of selected post-transcriptional modifications account for these observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Bethuyne
- Nanobody Lab, Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, Albert Baertsoenkaai 3, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Steven De Gieter
- Structural Biology Brussels, Department of Biotechnology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel and Structural Biology Research Center, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB), Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussel, Belgium
| | - Olivier Zwaenepoel
- Nanobody Lab, Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, Albert Baertsoenkaai 3, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Abel Garcia-Pino
- Structural Biology Brussels, Department of Biotechnology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel and Structural Biology Research Center, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB), Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussel, Belgium
| | - Kaat Durinck
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Adriaan Verhelle
- Nanobody Lab, Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, Albert Baertsoenkaai 3, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Frank Speleman
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Remy Loris
- Structural Biology Brussels, Department of Biotechnology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel and Structural Biology Research Center, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB), Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussel, Belgium
| | - Jan Gettemans
- Nanobody Lab, Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, Albert Baertsoenkaai 3, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Trendowski M. Exploiting the cytoskeletal filaments of neoplastic cells to potentiate a novel therapeutic approach. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2014; 1846:599-616. [PMID: 25286320 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2014.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2014] [Revised: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Although cytoskeletal-directed agents have been a mainstay in chemotherapeutic protocols due to their ability to readily interfere with the rapid mitotic progression of neoplastic cells, they are all microtubule-based drugs, and there has yet to be any microfilament- or intermediate filament-directed agents approved for clinical use. There are many inherent differences between the cytoskeletal networks of malignant and normal cells, providing an ideal target to attain preferential damage. Further, numerous microfilament-directed agents, and an intermediate filament-directed agent of particular interest (withaferin A) have demonstrated in vitro and in vivo efficacy, suggesting that cytoskeletal filaments may be exploited to supplement chemotherapeutic approaches currently used in the clinical setting. Therefore, this review is intended to expose academics and clinicians to the tremendous variety of cytoskeletal filament-directed agents that are currently available for further chemotherapeutic evaluation. The mechanisms by which microfilament directed- and intermediate filament-directed agents damage malignant cells are discussed in detail in order to establish how the drugs can be used in combination with each other, or with currently approved chemotherapeutic agents to generate a substantial synergistic attack, potentially establishing a new paradigm of chemotherapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Trendowski
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, 107 College Place, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA.
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García E, Machesky LM, Jones GE, Antón IM. WIP is necessary for matrix invasion by breast cancer cells. Eur J Cell Biol 2014; 93:413-23. [PMID: 25169059 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2014.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Revised: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Actin filament assembly and reorganisation during cell migration and invasion into extracellular matrices is a well-documented phenomenon. Among actin-binding proteins regulating its polymerisation, the members of the WASP (Wiskott Aldrich Syndrome Protein) family are generally thought to play the most significant role in supporting cell invasiveness. In situ, cytosolic N-WASP (neural WASP) is associated with a partner protein termed WIP (WASP Interacting Protein) that is bound to the N-terminal domain of N-WASP. Despite much effort, rather little is known about the role of WIP in regulating N-WASP and consequent actin-filament assembly. Even less is known about the function of WIP within the specialised cell adhesion and attachment structures known as podosomes and invadopodia. In particular, whilst the interaction of WIP with known participants in the development and maturation of invadopodia such as N-WASP, the Arp2/3 complex and cortactin has been described, little is known concerning the direct contribution of WIP to invadopodia and its potential role as a regulator of cancer cell invasion. In this report, we use 2D and 3D culture systems to describe the role played by WIP in modulating the morphology and invasiveness of metastatic breast cancer cells in vitro, as well as its effect on the process of mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET) seen in these cells. We demonstrate that WIP is necessary for invadopodium formation and matrix degradation by basal breast cancer cells, but not sufficient to induce invasiveness in luminal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther García
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Campus UAM Cantoblanco, Darwin 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Laura M Machesky
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, Scotland, UK.
| | - Gareth E Jones
- Randall Division of Cell & Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK.
| | - Inés M Antón
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Campus UAM Cantoblanco, Darwin 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
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Chaperone nanobodies protect gelsolin against MT1-MMP degradation and alleviate amyloid burden in the gelsolin amyloidosis mouse model. Mol Ther 2014; 22:1768-78. [PMID: 25023329 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2014.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Gelsolin amyloidosis is an autosomal dominant incurable disease caused by a point mutation in the GSN gene (G654A/T), specifically affecting secreted plasma gelsolin. Incorrect folding of the mutant (D187N/Y) second gelsolin domain leads to a pathological proteolytic cascade. D187N/Y gelsolin is first cleaved by furin in the trans-Golgi network, generating a 68 kDa fragment (C68). Upon secretion, C68 is cleaved by MT1-MMP-like proteases in the extracellular matrix, releasing 8 kDa and 5 kDa amyloidogenic peptides which aggregate in multiple tissues and cause disease-associated symptoms. We developed nanobodies that recognize the C68 fragment, but not native wild type gelsolin, and used these as molecular chaperones to mitigate gelsolin amyloid buildup in a mouse model that recapitulates the proteolytic cascade. We identified gelsolin nanobodies that potently reduce C68 proteolysis by MT1-MMP in vitro. Converting these nanobodies into an albumin-binding format drastically increased their serum half-life in mice, rendering them suitable for intraperitoneal injection. A 12-week treatment schedule of heterozygote D187N gelsolin transgenic mice with recombinant bispecific gelsolin-albumin nanobody significantly decreased gelsolin buildup in the endomysium and concomitantly improved muscle contractile properties. These findings demonstrate that nanobodies may be of considerable value in the treatment of gelsolin amyloidosis and related diseases.
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