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Dashti P, Lewallen EA, Gordon JAR, Montecino MA, Davie JR, Stein GS, van Leeuwen JPTM, van der Eerden BCJ, van Wijnen AJ. Epigenetic regulators controlling osteogenic lineage commitment and bone formation. Bone 2024; 181:117043. [PMID: 38341164 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2024.117043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Bone formation and homeostasis are controlled by environmental factors and endocrine regulatory cues that initiate intracellular signaling pathways capable of modulating gene expression in the nucleus. Bone-related gene expression is controlled by nucleosome-based chromatin architecture that limits the accessibility of lineage-specific gene regulatory DNA sequences and sequence-specific transcription factors. From a developmental perspective, bone-specific gene expression must be suppressed during the early stages of embryogenesis to prevent the premature mineralization of skeletal elements during fetal growth in utero. Hence, bone formation is initially inhibited by gene suppressive epigenetic regulators, while other epigenetic regulators actively support osteoblast differentiation. Prominent epigenetic regulators that stimulate or attenuate osteogenesis include lysine methyl transferases (e.g., EZH2, SMYD2, SUV420H2), lysine deacetylases (e.g., HDAC1, HDAC3, HDAC4, HDAC7, SIRT1, SIRT3), arginine methyl transferases (e.g., PRMT1, PRMT4/CARM1, PRMT5), dioxygenases (e.g., TET2), bromodomain proteins (e.g., BRD2, BRD4) and chromodomain proteins (e.g., CBX1, CBX2, CBX5). This narrative review provides a broad overview of the covalent modifications of DNA and histone proteins that involve hundreds of enzymes that add, read, or delete these epigenetic modifications that are relevant for self-renewal and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells, skeletal stem cells and osteoblasts during osteogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Dashti
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Eric A Lewallen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hampton University, Hampton, VA, USA
| | | | - Martin A Montecino
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile; Millennium Institute Center for Genome Regulation (CRG), Santiago, Chile
| | - James R Davie
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0J9, Canada; CancerCare Manitoba Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0V9, Canada.
| | - Gary S Stein
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | | | - Bram C J van der Eerden
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
| | - Andre J van Wijnen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Department of Biochemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.
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Daneshian Y, Lewallen EA, Badreldin AA, Dietz AB, Stein GS, Cool SM, Ryoo HM, Cho YD, van Wijnen AJ. Fundamentals and Translational Applications of Stem Cells and Biomaterials in Dental, Oral and Craniofacial Regenerative Medicine. Crit Rev Eukaryot Gene Expr 2024; 34:37-60. [PMID: 38912962 DOI: 10.1615/critreveukaryotgeneexpr.2024053036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Regenerative dental medicine continuously expands to improve treatments for prevalent clinical problems in dental and oral medicine. Stem cell based translational opportunities include regenerative therapies for tooth restoration, root canal therapy, and inflammatory processes (e.g., periodontitis). The potential of regenerative approaches relies on the biological properties of dental stem cells. These and other multipotent somatic mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) types can in principle be applied as either autologous or allogeneic sources in dental procedures. Dental stem cells have distinct developmental origins and biological markers that determine their translational utility. Dental regenerative medicine is supported by mechanistic knowledge of the molecular pathways that regulate dental stem cell growth and differentiation. Cell fate determination and lineage progression of dental stem cells is regulated by multiple cell signaling pathways (e.g., WNTs, BMPs) and epigenetic mechanisms, including DNA modifications, histone modifications, and non-coding RNAs (e.g., miRNAs and lncRNAs). This review also considers a broad range of novel approaches in which stem cells are applied in combination with biopolymers, ceramics, and composite materials, as well as small molecules (agonistic or anti-agonistic ligands) and natural compounds. Materials that mimic the microenvironment of the stem cell niche are also presented. Promising concepts in bone and dental tissue engineering continue to drive innovation in dental and non-dental restorative procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasaman Daneshian
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, United States of America
| | - Eric A Lewallen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hampton University, Hampton, VA, USA
| | - Amr A Badreldin
- Laboratory of Molecular Signaling, Division of Oral and Systemic Health Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Allan B Dietz
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Gary S Stein
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT 05405; University of Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT 05405
| | - Simon M Cool
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Hyun-Mo Ryoo
- School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, 28 Yeonkun-dong, Chongro-gu Seoul, 110-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Dan Cho
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University and Seoul National University Dental Hospital, 101 Daehak‑no, Jongno‑gu, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Andre J van Wijnen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
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Dashti P, Thaler R, Hawse JR, Galvan ML, van der Eerden BJ, van Wijnen AJ, Dudakovic A. G-protein coupled receptor 5C (GPRC5C) is required for osteoblast differentiation and responds to EZH2 inhibition and multiple osteogenic signals. Bone 2023; 176:116866. [PMID: 37558192 PMCID: PMC10962865 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2023.116866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Osteoblast differentiation is epigenetically suppressed by the H3K27 methyltransferase EZH2, and induced by the morphogen BMP2 and transcription factor RUNX2. These factors also regulate distinct G protein coupled receptors (GPRCs; e.g., PTH1R, GPR30/GPER1). Because GPRCs transduce many physiological stimuli, we examined whether BMP2 or EZH2 inhibition (i.e., GSK126) regulates other GPRC genes in osteoblasts. RNA-seq screening of >400 mouse GPRC-related genes showed that many GPRCs are downregulated during osteogenic differentiation. The orphan receptor GPRC5C, along with a small subset of other GPRCs, is induced by BMP2 or GSK126 during Vitamin C dependent osteoblast differentiation, but not by all-trans retinoic acid. ChIP-seq analysis revealed that GSK126 reduces H3K27me3 levels at the GPRC5C gene locus in differentiating MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts, consistent with enhanced GPRC5C mRNA expression. Loss of function analyses revealed that shRNA-mediated depletion of GPRC5C decreases expression of bone markers (e.g., BGLAP and IBSP) and mineral deposition in response to BMP2 or GSK126. GPRC5C mRNA was found to be reduced in the osteopenic bones of KLF10 null mice which have compromised BMP2 signaling. GPRC5C mRNA is induced by the bone-anabolic activity of 17β-estradiol in trabecular but not cortical bone following ovariectomy. Collectively, these findings suggest that GPRC5C protein is a key node in a pro-osteogenic axis that is normally suppressed by EZH2-mediated H3K27me3 marks and induced during osteoblast differentiation by GSK126, BMP2, and/or 17β-estradiol. Because GPRC5C protein is an understudied orphan receptor required for osteoblast differentiation, identification of ligands that induce GPRC5C signaling may support therapeutic strategies to mitigate bone-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Dashti
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Roman Thaler
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - John R Hawse
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - M Lizeth Galvan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Bram J van der Eerden
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Andre J van Wijnen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Biochemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.
| | - Amel Dudakovic
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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Carrasco ME, Thaler R, Nardocci G, Dudakovic A, van Wijnen AJ. Inhibition of Ezh2 redistributes bivalent domains within transcriptional regulators associated with WNT and Hedgehog pathways in osteoblasts. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105155. [PMID: 37572850 PMCID: PMC10506106 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Bivalent epigenomic regulatory domains containing both activating histone 3 lysine 4 (H3K4me3) and repressive lysine 27 (H3K27me3) trimethylation are associated with key developmental genes. These bivalent domains repress transcription in the absence of differentiation signals but maintain regulatory genes in a poised state to allow for timely activation. Previous studies demonstrated that enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (Ezh2), a histone 3 lysine 27 (H3K27) methyltransferase, suppresses osteogenic differentiation and that inhibition of Ezh2 enhances commitment of osteoblast progenitors in vitro and bone formation in vivo. Here, we examined the mechanistic effects of Tazemetostat (EPZ6438), an Food and Drug Administration approved Ezh2 inhibitor for epithelioid sarcoma treatment, because this drug could potentially be repurposed to stimulate osteogenesis for clinical indications. We find that Tazemetostat reduces H3K27me3 marks in bivalent domains in enhancers required for bone formation and stimulates maturation of MC3T3 preosteoblasts. Furthermore, Tazemetostat activates bivalent genes associated with the Wingless/integrated (WNT), adenylyl cyclase (cAMP), and Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathways based on transcriptomic (RNA-seq) and epigenomic (chromatin immunoprecipitation [ChIP]-seq) data. Functional analyses using selective pathway inhibitors and silencing RNAs demonstrate that the WNT and Hh pathways modulate osteogenic differentiation after Ezh2 inhibition. Strikingly, we show that loss of the Hh-responsive transcriptional regulator Gli1, but not Gli2, synergizes with Tazemetostat to accelerate osteoblast differentiation. These studies establish epigenetic cooperativity of Ezh2, Hh-Gli1 signaling, and bivalent regulatory genes in suppressing osteogenesis. Our findings may have important translational ramifications for anabolic applications requiring bone mass accrual and/or reversal of bone loss.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roman Thaler
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Gino Nardocci
- Program in Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics, Faculty of Medicine, Center for Biomedical Research and Innovation (CIIB), Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile; IMPACT, Center of Interventional Medicine for Precision and Advanced Cellular Therapy, Santiago, Chile
| | - Amel Dudakovic
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
| | - Andre J van Wijnen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA.
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Ma Z, Chen L, Wang Y, Zhang S, Zheng J, Luo Y, Wang C, Zeng H, Xue L, Tan Z, Wang D. Novel insights of EZH2-mediated epigenetic modifications in degenerative musculoskeletal diseases. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 90:102034. [PMID: 37597667 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.102034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
Degenerative musculoskeletal diseases (Osteoporosis, Osteoarthritis, Degenerative Spinal Disease and Sarcopenia) are pathological conditions that affect the function and pain of tissues such as bone, cartilage, and muscles, and are closely associated with ageing and long-term degeneration. Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), an important epigenetic regulator, regulates gene expression mainly through the PRC2-dependent trimethylation of histone H3 at lysine 27 (H3K27me3). Increasing evidence suggests that EZH2 is involved in several biological processes closely related to degenerative musculoskeletal diseases, such as osteogenic-adipogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, osteoclast activation, chondrocyte functional status, and satellite cell proliferation and differentiation, mainly through epigenetic regulation (H3K27me3). Therefore, the synthesis and elucidation of the role of EZH2 in degenerative musculoskeletal diseases have attracted increasing attention. In addition, although EZH2 inhibitors have been approved for clinical use, whether they can be repurposed for the treatment of degenerative musculoskeletal diseases needs to be considered. Here, we reviewed the role of EZH2 in the development of degenerative musculoskeletal diseases and brought forward prospects of its pharmacological inhibitors in the improvement of the treatment of the diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zetao Ma
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518036, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518036, People's Republic of China; Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515031, People's Republic of China
| | - Yushun Wang
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518036, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518036, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianrui Zheng
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518036, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhong Luo
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518036, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518036, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Zeng
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518036, People's Republic of China
| | - Lixiang Xue
- Center of Basic Medical Research, Institute of Medical Innovation and Research, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhen Tan
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518036, People's Republic of China.
| | - Deli Wang
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518036, People's Republic of China.
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Li Y, Hu M, Xie J, Li S, Dai L. Dysregulation of histone modifications in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells during skeletal ageing: roles and therapeutic prospects. Stem Cell Res Ther 2023; 14:166. [PMID: 37357311 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-023-03393-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-associated bone diseases such as osteoporosis (OP) are common in the elderly due to skeletal ageing. The process of skeletal ageing can be accelerated by reduced proliferation and osteogenesis of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs). Senescence of BM-MSCs is a main driver of age-associated bone diseases, and the fate of BM-MSCs is tightly regulated by histone modifications, such as methylation and acetylation. Dysregulation of histone modifications in BM-MSCs may activate the genes related to the pathogenesis of skeletal ageing and age-associated bone diseases. Here we summarize the histone methylation and acetylation marks and their regulatory enzymes that affect BM-MSC self-renewal, differentiation and senescence. This review not only describes the critical roles of histone marks in modulating BM-MSC functions, but also underlines the potential of epigenetic enzymes as targets for treating age-associated bone diseases. In the future, more effective therapeutic approaches based on these epigenetic targets will be developed and will benefit elderly individuals with bone diseases, such as OP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujue Li
- General Practice Ward/International Medical Center Ward, General Practice Medical Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Mingxing Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jinwei Xie
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Shuangqing Li
- General Practice Ward/International Medical Center Ward, General Practice Medical Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Lunzhi Dai
- General Practice Ward/International Medical Center Ward, General Practice Medical Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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Smith N, Shirazi S, Cakouros D, Gronthos S. Impact of Environmental and Epigenetic Changes on Mesenchymal Stem Cells during Aging. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076499. [PMID: 37047469 PMCID: PMC10095074 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Many crucial epigenetic changes occur during early skeletal development and throughout life due to aging, disease and are heavily influenced by an individual’s lifestyle. Epigenetics is the study of heritable changes in gene expression as the result of changes in the environment without any mutation in the underlying DNA sequence. The epigenetic profiles of cells are dynamic and mediated by different mechanisms, including histone modifications, non-coding RNA-associated gene silencing and DNA methylation. Given the underlining role of dysfunctional mesenchymal tissues in common age-related skeletal diseases such as osteoporosis and osteoarthritis, investigations into skeletal stem cells or mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) and their functional deregulation during aging has been of great interest and how this is mediated by an evolving epigenetic landscape. The present review describes the recent findings in epigenetic changes of MSCs that effect growth and cell fate determination in the context of aging, diet, exercise and bone-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Smith
- Mesenchymal Stem Cell Laboratory, School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
- Precision Medicine Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | - Suzanna Shirazi
- Mesenchymal Stem Cell Laboratory, School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
- Precision Medicine Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | - Dimitrios Cakouros
- Mesenchymal Stem Cell Laboratory, School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
- Precision Medicine Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
- Correspondence: (D.C.); (S.G.); Tel.: +61-8-8128-4395 (S.G.)
| | - Stan Gronthos
- Mesenchymal Stem Cell Laboratory, School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
- Precision Medicine Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
- Correspondence: (D.C.); (S.G.); Tel.: +61-8-8128-4395 (S.G.)
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Dudakovic A, Jerez S, Deosthale PJ, Denbeigh JM, Paradise CR, Gluscevic M, Zan P, Begun DL, Camilleri ET, Pichurin O, Khani F, Thaler R, Lian JB, Stein GS, Westendorf JJ, Plotkin LI, van Wijnen AJ. MicroRNA-101a enhances trabecular bone accrual in male mice. Sci Rep 2022; 12:13361. [PMID: 35922466 PMCID: PMC9349183 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-17579-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
High-throughput microRNA sequencing was performed during differentiation of MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts to develop working hypotheses for specific microRNAs that control osteogenesis. The expression data show that miR-101a, which targets the mRNAs for the epigenetic enzyme Ezh2 and many other proteins, is highly upregulated during osteoblast differentiation and robustly expressed in mouse calvaria. Transient elevation of miR-101a suppresses Ezh2 levels, reduces tri-methylation of lysine 27 in histone 3 (H3K27me3; a heterochromatic mark catalyzed by Ezh2), and accelerates mineralization of MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts. We also examined skeletal phenotypes of an inducible miR-101a transgene under direct control of doxycycline administration. Experimental controls and mir-101a over-expressing mice were exposed to doxycycline in utero and postnatally (up to 8 weeks of age) to maximize penetrance of skeletal phenotypes. Male mice that over-express miR-101a have increased total body weight and longer femora. MicroCT analysis indicate that these mice have increased trabecular bone volume fraction, trabecular number and trabecular thickness with reduced trabecular spacing as compared to controls. Histomorphometric analysis demonstrates a significant reduction in osteoid volume to bone volume and osteoid surface to bone surface. Remarkably, while female mice also exhibit a significant increase in bone length, no significant changes were noted by microCT (trabecular bone parameters) and histomorphometry (osteoid parameters). Hence, miR-101a upregulation during osteoblast maturation and the concomitant reduction in Ezh2 mediated H3K27me3 levels may contribute to the enhanced trabecular bone parameters in male mice. However, the sex-specific effect of miR-101a indicates that more intricate epigenetic mechanisms mediate physiological control of bone formation and homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amel Dudakovic
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
| | - Sofia Jerez
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Padmini J Deosthale
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology & Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Janet M Denbeigh
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Christopher R Paradise
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Martina Gluscevic
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Pengfei Zan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dana L Begun
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Oksana Pichurin
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Farzaneh Khani
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Roman Thaler
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jane B Lian
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Gary S Stein
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Jennifer J Westendorf
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Lilian I Plotkin
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology & Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
- Richard L Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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Adegoke O, Ojo OO, Ozoh OB, Akinkugbe AO, Odeniyi IA, Bello BT, Agabi OP, Okubadejo NU. The impact of sex on blood pressure and anthropometry trajectories from early adulthood in a Nigerian population: insights into women's cardiovascular disease risk across the lifespan. BMC Womens Health 2022; 22:303. [PMID: 35869545 PMCID: PMC9306031 DOI: 10.1186/s12905-022-01888-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sex disparities in blood pressure and anthropometry may account for differences in cardiovascular (CV) risk burden with advancing age; modulated by ethnic variability. We explored trajectories of blood pressures (BPs) and anthropometric indices with age on the basis of sex in an urban Nigerian population. METHODS We conducted a secondary analysis on data from 5135 participants (aged 16-92 years; 2671(52%) females) from our population-based cross-sectional study of BP profiles. We utilized the WHO STEPS and standardized methods for documenting BPs, body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC). Data was analyzed using Analysis of variance (ANOVA), Spearman correlation analysis and mean difference in variables (with 95% confidence interval). We explored the influence of age and sex on BP profiles and specific anthropometric indices using generalized regression analysis. RESULTS In those aged 15-44 years, males had significantly higher systolic BP (SBP) and pulse pressure (PP). However, mean SBP and PP rose more steeply in females from 25 to 34 years, intersected with that of males from 45 to 54 years and remained consistently higher. Difference in mean BPs (95% Confidence Interval) (comparing < and > 45 years) was higher in females compared to males for SBP (17.4 (15.8 to 19.0) v. 9.2 (7.7 to 10.7), DBP (9.0 (7.9 to 10.1) v. 7.8 (6.7 to 8.9)), and PP (8.4 (7.3 to 9.5) v. 1.4 (0.3 to 2.5)). Females had significantly higher BMI and WC across all age groups (p < 0.001). Age more significantly correlated with BPs, BMI and WC in females. Interaction models revealed that SBP was significantly predicted by age category in females from (15-54 years), while DBP was only significantly predicted by age in the 15-34-year category (p < 0.01). BMI and WC were significantly predicted by age only in the 25-34-year category in females, (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Our population demonstrates sex disparity in trajectories of SBP, PP, BMI and WC with age; with steeper rise in females. There is a need to focus on CV risk reduction in females, starting before, or during early adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluseyi Adegoke
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Idi-Araba, PMB 12003, Lagos State, Nigeria.
- Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Idi-Araba, Lagos State, Nigeria.
| | - Oluwadamilola O Ojo
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Idi-Araba, PMB 12003, Lagos State, Nigeria
- Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Idi-Araba, Lagos State, Nigeria
| | - Obianuju B Ozoh
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Idi-Araba, PMB 12003, Lagos State, Nigeria
- Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Idi-Araba, Lagos State, Nigeria
| | - Ayesha O Akinkugbe
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Idi-Araba, PMB 12003, Lagos State, Nigeria
- Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Idi-Araba, Lagos State, Nigeria
| | - Ifedayo A Odeniyi
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Idi-Araba, PMB 12003, Lagos State, Nigeria
- Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Idi-Araba, Lagos State, Nigeria
| | - Babawale T Bello
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Idi-Araba, PMB 12003, Lagos State, Nigeria
- Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Idi-Araba, Lagos State, Nigeria
| | - Osigwe P Agabi
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Idi-Araba, PMB 12003, Lagos State, Nigeria
- Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Idi-Araba, Lagos State, Nigeria
| | - Njideka U Okubadejo
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Idi-Araba, PMB 12003, Lagos State, Nigeria
- Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Idi-Araba, Lagos State, Nigeria
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10
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Rummukainen P, Tarkkonen K, Dudakovic A, Al-Majidi R, Nieminen-Pihala V, Valensisi C, Hawkins RD, van Wijnen AJ, Kiviranta R. Lysine-Specific Demethylase 1 (LSD1) epigenetically controls osteoblast differentiation. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0265027. [PMID: 35255108 PMCID: PMC8901060 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0265027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic mechanisms regulate osteogenic lineage differentiation of mesenchymal stromal cells. Histone methylation is controlled by multiple lysine demethylases and is an important step in controlling local chromatin structure and gene expression. Here, we show that the lysine-specific histone demethylase Kdm1A/Lsd1 is abundantly expressed in osteoblasts and that its suppression impairs osteoblast differentiation and bone nodule formation in vitro. Although Lsd1 knockdown did not affect global H3K4 methylation levels, genome-wide ChIP-Seq analysis revealed high levels of Lsd1 at gene promoters and its binding was associated with di- and tri-methylation of histone 3 at lysine 4 (H3K4me2 and H3K4me3). Lsd1 binding sites in osteoblastic cells were enriched for the Runx2 consensus motif suggesting a functional link between the two proteins. Importantly, inhibition of Lsd1 activity decreased osteoblast activity in vivo. In support, mesenchymal-targeted knockdown of Lsd1 led to decreased osteoblast activity and disrupted primary spongiosa ossification and reorganization in vivo. Together, our studies demonstrate that Lsd1 occupies Runx2-binding cites at H3K4me2 and H3K4me3 and its activity is required for proper bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kati Tarkkonen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Amel Dudakovic
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America
| | - Rana Al-Majidi
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Cristina Valensisi
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - R. David Hawkins
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Andre J. van Wijnen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AJW); (RK)
| | - Riku Kiviranta
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Endocrinology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- * E-mail: (AJW); (RK)
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11
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Zhang Y, Ling L, Ajay D/O Ajayakumar A, Eio YM, van Wijnen AJ, Nurcombe V, Cool SM. FGFR2 accommodates osteogenic cell fate determination in human mesenchymal stem cells. Gene 2022; 818:146199. [PMID: 35093449 PMCID: PMC9256080 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.146199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The multilineage differentiation potential of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) underpins their clinical utility for tissue regeneration. Control of such cell-fate decisions is tightly regulated by different growth factors/cytokines and their cognate receptors. Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are among such factors critical for osteogenesis. However, how FGF receptors (FGFRs) help to orchestrate osteogenic progression remains to be fully elucidated. Here, we studied the protein levels of FGFRs during osteogenesis in human adult bone marrow-derived MSCs and discovered a positive correlation between FGFR2 expression and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, an early marker of osteogenesis. Through RNA interference studies, we confirmed the role of FGFR2 in promoting the osteogenic differentiation of hMSCs. Knockdown of FGFR2 resulted in downregulation of pro-osteogenic genes and upregulation of pro-adipogenic genes and adipogenic commitment. Moreover, under osteogenic induction, FGFR2 knockdown resulted in upregulation of Enhancer of Zeste Homolog 2 (EZH2), an epigenetic enzyme that regulates MSC lineage commitment and suppresses osteogenesis. Lastly, we show that serial-passaged hMSCs have reduced FGFR2 expression and impaired osteogenic potential. Our study suggests that FGFR2 is critical for mediating osteogenic fate by regulating the balance of osteo-adipogenic lineage commitment. Therefore, examining FGFR2 levels during serial-passaging of hMSCs may prove useful for monitoring their multipotency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 138673, Singapore
| | - Ling Ling
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 138648, Singapore
| | - Arya Ajay D/O Ajayakumar
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 138673, Singapore
| | - Yating Michelle Eio
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 138673, Singapore
| | - Andre J van Wijnen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Victor Nurcombe
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 138648, Singapore; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University-Imperial College London, 636921, Singapore
| | - Simon M Cool
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 138673, Singapore; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 119288, Singapore.
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12
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Zheng ZY, Jiang T, Huang ZF, Chu B, Gu J, Zhao X, Liu H, Fan J, Yu LP, Jiang SH, Li Q, Hu LP, Kong FQ, Zhang L, Chen Q, Chen J, Zhang HW, Yin GY, Zhao SJ. Fatty acids derived from apoptotic chondrocytes fuel macrophages FAO through MSR1 for facilitating BMSCs osteogenic differentiation. Redox Biol 2022; 53:102326. [PMID: 35525025 PMCID: PMC9093016 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2022.102326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The nonunion following a fracture is associated with severe patient morbidity and economic consequences. Currently, accumulating studies are focusing on the importance of macrophages during fracture repair. However, details regarding the process by which macrophages facilitate endochondral ossification (EO) are largely unknown. In this study, we present evidence that apoptotic chondrocytes (ACs) are not inert corpses awaiting removal, but positively modulate the osteoinductive ability of macrophages. In vivo experiments revealed that fatty acid (FA) metabolic processes up-regulated following EO. In vitro studies further uncovered that FAs derived from ACs are taken up by macrophages mainly through macrophage scavenger receptor 1 (MSR1). Then, our functional experiments confirmed that these exogenous FAs subsequently activate peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα), which further facilitates lipid droplets generation and fatty acid oxidation (FAO). Mechanistically, elevated FAO is involved in up-regulating the osteoinductive effect by generating BMP7 and NAD+/SIRT1/EZH2 axis epigenetically controls BMP7 expression in macrophages cultured with ACs culture medium. Our findings advanced the concept that ACs could promote bone regeneration by regulating metabolic and function reprogram in macrophages and identified macrophage MSR1 represents a valuable target for fracture treatments.
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13
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Paradise CR, Galvan ML, Pichurin O, Jerez S, Kubrova E, Dehghani SS, Carrasco ME, Thaler R, Larson AN, van Wijnen AJ, Dudakovic A. Brd4 is required for chondrocyte differentiation and endochondral ossification. Bone 2022; 154:116234. [PMID: 34700039 PMCID: PMC9014208 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2021.116234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Differentiation of multi-potent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) is directed by the activities of lineage-specific transcription factors and co-factors. A subset of these proteins controls the accessibility of chromatin by recruiting histone acetyl transferases or deacetylases that regulate acetylation of the N-termini of H3 and H4 histone proteins. Bromodomain (BRD) proteins recognize these acetylation marks and recruit the RNA pol II containing transcriptional machinery. Our previous studies have shown that Brd4 is required for osteoblast differentiation in vitro. Here, we investigated the role of Brd4 on endochondral ossification in C57BL/6 mice and chondrogenic differentiation in cell culture models. Conditional loss of Brd4 in the mesenchyme (Brd4 cKO, Brd4fl/fl: Prrx1-Cre) yields smaller mice that exhibit alteration in endochondral ossification. Importantly, abnormal growth plate morphology and delayed long bone formation is observed in juvenile Brd4 cKO mice. One week old Brd4 cKO mice have reduced proliferative and hypertrophic zones within the physis and exhibit a delay in the formation of the secondary ossification center. At the cellular level, Brd4 function is required for chondrogenic differentiation and maturation of both ATDC5 cells and immature mouse articular chondrocytes. Mechanistically, Brd4 loss suppresses Sox9 levels and reduces expression of Sox9 and Runx2 responsive endochondral genes (e.g., Col2a1, Acan, Mmp13 and Sp7/Osx). Collectively, our results indicate that Brd4 is a key epigenetic regulator required for normal chondrogenesis and endochondral ossification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R Paradise
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Center for Regenerative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - M Lizeth Galvan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Oksana Pichurin
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Sofia Jerez
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Eva Kubrova
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | | | - Roman Thaler
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - A Noelle Larson
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Andre J van Wijnen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
| | - Amel Dudakovic
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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14
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Cao X, He W, Rong K, Xu S, Chen Z, Liang Y, Han S, Zhou Y, Yang X, Ma H, Qin A, Zhao J. DZNep promotes mouse bone defect healing via enhancing both osteogenesis and osteoclastogenesis. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:605. [PMID: 34930462 PMCID: PMC8686256 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-021-02670-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) is a novel oncogene that can specifically trimethylate the histone H3 lysine 27 (H3K27me3) to transcriptionally inhibit the expression of downstream tumor-suppressing genes. As a small molecular inhibitor of EZH2, 3-Deazaneplanocin (DZNep) has been widely studied due to the role of tumor suppression. With the roles of epigenetic regulation of bone cells emerged in past decades, the property and molecular mechanism of DZNep on enhancing osteogenesis had been reported and attracted a great deal of attention recently. This study aims to elucidate the role of DZNep on EZH2-H3K27me3 axis and downstream factors during both osteoclasts and osteoblasts formation and the therapeutic possibility of DZNep on bone defect healing. Methods Bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs) cells were cultured, and their responsiveness to DZNep was evaluated by cell counting kit-8, TRAP staining assay, bone resorption assay, podosome actin belt. Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSC) were cultured and their responsiveness to DZNep was evaluated by cell counting kit-8, ALP and AR staining assay. The expression of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), Wnt signaling pathway was determined by qPCR and western blotting. Mouse bone defect models were created, rescued by DZNep injection, and the effectiveness was evaluated by X-ray and micro-CT and histological staining. Results Consistent with the previous study that DZNep enhances osteogenesis via Wnt family member 1(Wnt1), Wnt6, and Wnt10a, our results showed that DZNep also promotes osteoblasts differentiation and mineralization through the EZH2-H3K27me3-Wnt4 axis. Furthermore, we identified that DZNep promoted the receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclast formation via facilitating the phosphorylation of IKKα/β, IκB, and subsequently NF-κB nuclear translocation, which credit to the EZH2-H3K27me3-Foxc1 axis. More importantly, the enhanced osteogenesis and osteoclastogenesis result in accelerated mice bone defect healing in vivo. Conclusion DZNep targeting EZH2-H3K27me3 axis facilitated the healing of mice bone defect via simultaneously enhancing osteoclastic bone resorption and promoting osteoblastic bone formation. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13287-021-02670-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiankun Cao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopedic Implants, Department of Orthopaedics Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 639, Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenxin He
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopedic Implants, Department of Orthopaedics Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 639, Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, People's Republic of China
| | - Kewei Rong
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopedic Implants, Department of Orthopaedics Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 639, Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, People's Republic of China
| | - Shenggui Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Mindong Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Fuan, 355000, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiqian Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopedic Implants, Department of Orthopaedics Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 639, Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuwei Liang
- Department of Orthopedics, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuai Han
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, GuangxiASEAN Collaborative Innovation Center for Major Disease Prevention and Treatment, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yifan Zhou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopedic Implants, Department of Orthopaedics Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 639, Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopedic Implants, Department of Orthopaedics Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 639, Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Ma
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopedic Implants, Department of Orthopaedics Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 639, Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, People's Republic of China.
| | - An Qin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopedic Implants, Department of Orthopaedics Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 639, Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jie Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopedic Implants, Department of Orthopaedics Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 639, Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, People's Republic of China.
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15
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Liu Z, Jia Y, Guo Y, Wang H, Fu R. Role of EZH2 in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and immune-cancer interactions. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2021; 169:103547. [PMID: 34843930 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2021.103547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, methylation modification has been determined to be vital for the biological regulation of normal cells, tumor cells, and tumor microenvironment immune cells. Enhancer of zeste homology 2 (EZH2), a component of the Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2), catalyzes the trimethylation of the downstream gene in the tri-methylates histone three lysine 27 (H3K27me3) position, which causes chromatin pyknosis, and thus, silences the expression of related genes. In this paper, we reviewed the role of EZH2 in regulating bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell differentiation and the immune cell function in tumor microenvironment, summarized all types of existing EZH2 inhibitors and the main clinical trials, and proposed relevant ideas for potential clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyun Liu
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Street, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, PR China.
| | - Yue Jia
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Street, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, PR China.
| | - Yixuan Guo
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Street, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, PR China.
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Street, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, PR China.
| | - Rong Fu
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Street, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, PR China.
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16
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Paradise CR, De La Vega RE, Galvan ML, Carrasco ME, Thaler R, van Wijnen AJ, Dudakovic A. Brd4 Inactivation Increases Adenoviral Delivery of BMP2 for Paracrine Stimulation of Osteogenic Differentiation as a Gene Therapeutic Concept to Enhance Bone Healing. JBMR Plus 2021; 5:e10520. [PMID: 34693189 PMCID: PMC8520065 DOI: 10.1002/jbm4.10520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bromodomain (BRD) proteins are histone code interpreters that recognize acetylated lysines and link the dynamic state of chromatin with the transcriptional machinery. Here, we demonstrate that ablation of the Brd4 gene in primary mouse bone marrow–derived mesenchymal stem cells via a conditional Brd4fl/fl allele suppresses osteogenic lineage commitment. Remarkably, loss of Brd4 function also enhances expression of genes in engineered adenoviral vectors, including Cre recombinase and green fluorescent protein (GFP). Similarly, vector‐based expression of BMP2 mRNA and protein levels are enhanced upon Brd4 depletion in cells transduced with an adenoviral vector that expresses BMP2 (Ad‐BMP2). Importantly, Brd4 depletion in MC3T3‐E1 and human adipose‐derived mesenchymal stem cells (AMSCs) transduced with Ad‐BMP2 enhances osteogenic differentiation of naïve MC3T3‐E1 cells via paracrine mechanisms based on transwell and conditioned medium studies. Our studies indicate that Brd4 depletion enhances adenoviral transgene expression in mammalian cells, which can be leveraged as a therapeutic strategy to improve viral vector‐based gene therapies. © 2021 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R Paradise
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery Mayo Clinic Rochester MN USA.,Center for Regenerative Medicine Mayo Clinic Rochester MN USA
| | - Rodolfo E De La Vega
- Musculosketal Gene Therapy Research Laboratory, Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center Mayo Clinic Rochester MN USA.,Department cBITE, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine Maastricht University Maastricht The Netherlands.,Department IBE, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine Maastricht University Maastricht The Netherlands
| | - M Lizeth Galvan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery Mayo Clinic Rochester MN USA
| | | | - Roman Thaler
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery Mayo Clinic Rochester MN USA
| | - Andre J van Wijnen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery Mayo Clinic Rochester MN USA.,Center for Regenerative Medicine Mayo Clinic Rochester MN USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Mayo Clinic Rochester MN USA
| | - Amel Dudakovic
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery Mayo Clinic Rochester MN USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Mayo Clinic Rochester MN USA
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17
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Galvan ML, Paradise CR, Kubrova E, Jerez S, Khani F, Thaler R, Dudakovic A, van Wijnen AJ. Multiple pharmacological inhibitors targeting the epigenetic suppressor enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (Ezh2) accelerate osteoblast differentiation. Bone 2021; 150:115993. [PMID: 33940225 PMCID: PMC8217219 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2021.115993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal development and bone formation are regulated by epigenetic mechanisms that either repress or enhance osteogenic commitment of mesenchymal stromal/stem cells and osteoblasts. The transcriptional suppressive trimethylation of histone 3 lysine 27 (H3K27me3) hinders differentiation of pre-committed osteoblasts. Osteoblast maturation can be stimulated by genetic loss of the H3K27 methyltransferase Ezh2 which can also be mimicked pharmacologically using the classical Ezh2 inhibitor GSK126. Identification of other Ezh2 inhibitors (iEzh2) that enhance osteogenic potential would increase chemical options for developing new bone stimulatory compounds. In this study, we examined a panel of iEzh2s and show that all eight inhibitors we tested are capable of accelerating osteoblast differentiation to different degrees at concentrations that are well below cytotoxic concentrations. Inhibition of Ezh2 is commensurate with loss of cellular H3K27me3 levels while forced expression of Ezh2 reverses the effect of Ezh2 suppression. Reduced Ezh2 function by siRNA depletion of Ezh2 mRNA and protein levels also stimulates osteoblastogenesis, consistent with the specificity of iEzh2 to target the active site of Ezh2. Diminished Ezh2 levels preempt the effects of iEzh2s on H3K27me3. GSK126, EPZ-6438 and siRNA depletion of Ezh2 each are effective in reducing H3K27me3 levels. However, EPZ-6438 is more potent than GSK126 in stimulating osteoblastogenesis, as reflected by increased extracellular matrix mineralization. Collectively, our data indicate that Ezh2 inhibitors properly target Ezh2 consistent with their biochemical affinities. The range of compounds capable of promoting osteogenesis presented in this study offers the opportunity to develop diverse bone anabolic strategies for distinct clinical scenarios, including spine fusion, non-union of bone and dental implant enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lizeth Galvan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
| | - Christopher R Paradise
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Center for Regenerative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Eva Kubrova
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
| | - Sofia Jerez
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
| | - Farzaneh Khani
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Roman Thaler
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
| | - Amel Dudakovic
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
| | - Andre J van Wijnen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Center for Regenerative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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18
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He W, Cao X, Rong K, Chen X, Han S, Qin A. Combination of AZD3463 and DZNep Prevents Bone Metastasis of Breast Cancer by Suppressing Akt Signaling. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:652071. [PMID: 34122074 PMCID: PMC8193724 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.652071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteolysis resulting from osteoclast overactivation is one of the severe complications of breast cancer metastasis to the bone. Previous studies reported that the anti-cancer agent DZNep induces cancer cell apoptosis by activating Akt signaling. However, the effect of DZNep on breast cancer bone metastasis is unknown. We previously found that DZNep enhances osteoclast differentiation by activating Akt. Therefore, we explored the use of the anti-cancer agent AZD3463 (an Akt inhibitor) along with DZNep, as AZD3463 can act as an anti-cancer agent and can also potentially ameliorate bone erosion. We evaluated osteoclast and breast cancer cell phenotypes and Akt signaling in vitro by treating cells with DZNep and AZD3463. Furthermore, we developed a breast cancer bone metastasis animal model in mouse tibiae to further determine their combined effects in vivo. Treatment of osteoclast precursor cells with DZNep alone increased osteoclast differentiation, bone resorption, and expression of osteoclast-specific genes. These effects were ameliorated by AZD3463. The combination of DZNep and AZD3463 inhibited breast cancer cell proliferation, colony formation, migration, and invasion. Finally, intraperitoneal injection of DZNep and AZD3463 ameliorated tumor progression and protected against bone loss. In summary, DZNep combined with AZD3463 prevented skeletal complications and inhibited breast cancer progression by suppressing Akt signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxin He
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiankun Cao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Kewei Rong
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaojun Chen
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuai Han
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - An Qin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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19
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Pal D, Riester SM, Hasan B, Tufa SF, Dudakovic A, Keene DR, van Wijnen AJ, Schweitzer R. Ezh2 Is Essential for Patterning of Multiple Musculoskeletal Tissues but Dispensable for Tendon Differentiation. Stem Cells Dev 2021; 30:601-609. [PMID: 33757300 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2020.0209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
An efficient musculoskeletal system depends on the precise assembly and coordinated growth and function of muscles, skeleton, and tendons. However, the mechanisms that drive integrated musculoskeletal development and coordinated growth and differentiation of each of these tissues are still being uncovered. Epigenetic modifiers have emerged as critical regulators of cell fate differentiation, but so far almost nothing is known about their roles in tendon biology. Previous studies have shown that epigenetic modifications driven by Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), a major histone methyltransferase, have significant roles in vertebrate development including skeletal patterning and bone formation. We now find that targeting Ezh2 through the limb mesenchyme also has significant effects on tendon and muscle patterning, likely reflecting the essential roles of early mesenchymal cues mediated by Ezh2 for coordinated patterning and development of all tissues of the musculoskeletal system. Conversely, loss of Ezh2 in the tendon cells did not disrupt overall tendon structure or collagen organization suggesting that tendon differentiation and maturation are independent of Ezh2 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepanwita Pal
- Research Division, Shriners Hospital for Children, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Scott M Riester
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Bashar Hasan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Sara F Tufa
- Research Division, Shriners Hospital for Children, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Amel Dudakovic
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Douglas R Keene
- Research Division, Shriners Hospital for Children, Portland, Oregon, USA.,Department of Orthopedics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, USA
| | - Andre J van Wijnen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Center for Regenerative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Ronen Schweitzer
- Research Division, Shriners Hospital for Children, Portland, Oregon, USA.,Department of Orthopedics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, USA
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20
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Donsante S, Palmisano B, Serafini M, Robey PG, Corsi A, Riminucci M. From Stem Cells to Bone-Forming Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22083989. [PMID: 33924333 PMCID: PMC8070464 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22083989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone formation starts near the end of the embryonic stage of development and continues throughout life during bone modeling and growth, remodeling, and when needed, regeneration. Bone-forming cells, traditionally termed osteoblasts, produce, assemble, and control the mineralization of the type I collagen-enriched bone matrix while participating in the regulation of other cell processes, such as osteoclastogenesis, and metabolic activities, such as phosphate homeostasis. Osteoblasts are generated by different cohorts of skeletal stem cells that arise from different embryonic specifications, which operate in the pre-natal and/or adult skeleton under the control of multiple regulators. In this review, we briefly define the cellular identity and function of osteoblasts and discuss the main populations of osteoprogenitor cells identified to date. We also provide examples of long-known and recently recognized regulatory pathways and mechanisms involved in the specification of the osteogenic lineage, as assessed by studies on mice models and human genetic skeletal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Donsante
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina 324, 00161 Rome, Italy; (S.D.); (B.P.); (A.C.)
- Centro Ricerca M. Tettamanti, Clinica Pediatrica, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Ospedale San Gerardo, 20900 Monza, Italy;
| | - Biagio Palmisano
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina 324, 00161 Rome, Italy; (S.D.); (B.P.); (A.C.)
| | - Marta Serafini
- Centro Ricerca M. Tettamanti, Clinica Pediatrica, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Ospedale San Gerardo, 20900 Monza, Italy;
| | - Pamela G. Robey
- Skeletal Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
| | - Alessandro Corsi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina 324, 00161 Rome, Italy; (S.D.); (B.P.); (A.C.)
| | - Mara Riminucci
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina 324, 00161 Rome, Italy; (S.D.); (B.P.); (A.C.)
- Correspondence:
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21
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van Wijnen AJ, Bagheri L, Badreldin AA, Larson AN, Dudakovic A, Thaler R, Paradise CR, Wu Z. Biological functions of chromobox (CBX) proteins in stem cell self-renewal, lineage-commitment, cancer and development. Bone 2021; 143:115659. [PMID: 32979540 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Epigenetic regulatory proteins support mammalian development, cancer, aging and tissue repair by controlling many cellular processes including stem cell self-renewal, lineage-commitment and senescence in both skeletal and non-skeletal tissues. We review here our knowledge of epigenetic regulatory protein complexes that support the formation of inaccessible heterochromatin and suppress expression of cell and tissue-type specific biomarkers during development. Maintenance and formation of heterochromatin critically depends on epigenetic regulators that recognize histone 3 lysine trimethylation at residues K9 and K27 (respectively, H3K9me3 and H3K27me3), which represent transcriptionally suppressive epigenetic marks. Three chromobox proteins (i.e., CBX1, CBX3 or CBX5) associated with the heterochromatin protein 1 (HP1) complex are methyl readers that interpret H3K9me3 marks which are mediated by H3K9 methyltransferases (i.e., SUV39H1 or SUV39H2). Other chromobox proteins (i.e., CBX2, CBX4, CBX6, CBX7 and CBX8) recognize H3K27me3, which is deposited by Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2; a complex containing SUZ12, EED, RBAP46/48 and the methyl transferases EZH1 or EZH2). This second set of CBX proteins resides in PRC1, which has many subunits including other polycomb group factors (PCGF1, PCGF2, PCGF3, PCGF4, PCGF5, PCGF6), human polyhomeotic homologs (HPH1, HPH2, HPH3) and E3-ubiquitin ligases (RING1 or RING2). The latter enzymes catalyze the subsequent mono-ubiquitination of lysine 119 in H2A (H2AK119ub). We discuss biological, cellular and molecular functions of CBX proteins and their physiological and pathological activities in non-skeletal cells and tissues in anticipation of new discoveries on novel roles for CBX proteins in bone formation and skeletal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre J van Wijnen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America; Center for Regenerative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America.
| | - Leila Bagheri
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America.
| | - Amr A Badreldin
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America.
| | - A Noelle Larson
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America.
| | - Amel Dudakovic
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America.
| | - Roman Thaler
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America.
| | - Christopher R Paradise
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America; Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America
| | - Zhong Wu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America
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22
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Cheng M, Zhou Q. Targeting EZH2 Ameliorates the LPS-Inhibited PDLSC Osteogenesis via Wnt/β-Catenin Pathway. Cells Tissues Organs 2021; 209:227-235. [PMID: 33461200 DOI: 10.1159/000511702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
As a histone methyltransferase, enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), suppresses osteoblast maturation and is involved in inflammation. However, the role of EZH2 in human periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) under inflammation still needs to be further investigated. This study aimed to identify the underlying mechanisms and explore the function of EZH2 in PDLSC osteogenesis under inflammation. PDLSCs were treated with sh-EZH2, DZNep or DKK1 under inflammation. The alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, alizarin red staining, and osteogenesis-related protein levels were analyzed. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation restrained osteogenic differentiation. Under inflammation, the upregulation of EZH2 suppressed the expression of osteogenic markers, including osteocalcin, runt-related transcription factor 2, and bone morphogenetic protein-2, the activity of ALP, and the accumulation of mineralization through the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. EZH2 knockdown inhibited the levels of proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α. These results suggested that LPS-induced overexpression of EZH2 suppressed PDLSC osteogenesis under inflammatory conditions through the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. These findings give new insights into the physiological differentiation and pathological inflammation of PDLSC osteogenesis, and provide an underlying therapeutic target for periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mosha Cheng
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China,
| | - Qing Zhou
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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23
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Badreldin AA, Bagheri L, Zhang B, Larson AN, van Wijnen AJ. Relative mRNA and protein stability of epigenetic regulators in musculoskeletal cell culture models. Gene 2021; 766:145032. [PMID: 32771387 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2020.145032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Control of gene expression by epigenetic regulators is fundamental to tissue development and homeostasis. Loss-of-function (LOF) studies using siRNAs for epigenetic regulators require that RNA interference rapidly reduces the cellular levels of the corresponding mRNAs and/or proteins. The most abundant chromatin structural proteins (i.e., the core histones H2A, H2B, H3 and H4) have relatively long half-lives and do not turn over rapidly, although their mRNAs are labile. The question arises whether epigenetic regulatory enzymes (e.g., Ezh2) or proteins that interact with histones via selective modifications (e.g., Cbx1 to Cbx8, Brd4) are stable or unstable. Therefore, we performed classical α-amanitin and cycloheximide inhibition assays that block, respectively, mRNA transcription and protein translation in mouse MC3T3 osteoblasts, ATDC5 chondrocytes and C2C12 myoblasts. We find that mRNA levels of Cbx proteins and Ezh2 were significantly depleted after 24 hrs, while their corresponding proteins remained relatively stable. As positive control, the half-life of the labile cyclin D1 protein was found to be less than 1 hr. Our study suggests that histone code readers and writers are relatively stable chromatin-related proteins, which is consistent with their long-term activities in maintaining chromatin organization and phenotype identity. These findings have conceptual ramifications for the interpretation of RNAi experiments that reduce the mRNA but not protein levels of epiregulatory proteins. We propose that siRNAs for at least some epigenetic regulatory proteins may exert their biological effects by blocking translation and new protein synthesis rather than by decreasing pre-existing protein pools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amr A Badreldin
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
| | - Leila Bagheri
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
| | - Bangke Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - A Noelle Larson
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
| | - Andre J van Wijnen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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24
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Chakraborty S, Sinha S, Sengupta A. Emerging trends in chromatin remodeler plasticity in mesenchymal stromal cell function. FASEB J 2020; 35:e21234. [PMID: 33337557 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202002232r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidences highlight importance of epigenetic regulation and their integration with transcriptional and cell signaling machinery in determining tissue resident adult pluripotent mesenchymal stem/stromal cell (MSC) activity, lineage commitment, and multicellular development. Histone modifying enzymes and large multi-subunit chromatin remodeling complexes and their cell type-specific plasticity remain the central defining features of gene regulation and establishment of tissue identity. Modulation of transcription factor expression gradient ex vivo and concomitant flexibility of higher order chromatin architecture in response to signaling cues are exciting approaches to regulate MSC activity and tissue rejuvenation. Being an important constituent of the adult bone marrow microenvironment/niche, pathophysiological perturbation in MSC homeostasis also causes impaired hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell function in a non-cell autonomous mechanism. In addition, pluripotent MSCs can function as immune regulatory cells, and they reside at the crossroad of innate and adaptive immune response pathways. Research in the past few years suggest that MSCs/stromal fibroblasts significantly contribute to the establishment of immunosuppressive microenvironment in shaping antitumor immunity. Therefore, it is important to understand mesenchymal stromal epigenome and transcriptional regulation to leverage its applications in regenerative medicine, epigenetic memory-guided trained immunity, immune-metabolic rewiring, and precision immune reprogramming. In this review, we highlight the latest developments and prospects in chromatin biology in determining MSC function in the context of lineage commitment and immunomodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayan Chakraborty
- Stem Cell & Leukemia Laboratory, Cancer Biology & Inflammatory Disorder Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India.,Translational Research Unit of Excellence (TRUE), Kolkata, India
| | - Sayantani Sinha
- Stem Cell & Leukemia Laboratory, Cancer Biology & Inflammatory Disorder Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India.,Translational Research Unit of Excellence (TRUE), Kolkata, India
| | - Amitava Sengupta
- Stem Cell & Leukemia Laboratory, Cancer Biology & Inflammatory Disorder Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India.,Translational Research Unit of Excellence (TRUE), Kolkata, India
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25
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Chai Y, Su J, Hong W, Zhu R, Cheng C, Wang L, Zhang X, Yu B. Antenatal Corticosteroid Therapy Attenuates Angiogenesis Through Inhibiting Osteoclastogenesis in Young Mice. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:601188. [PMID: 33384997 PMCID: PMC7769874 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.601188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antenatal corticosteroid therapy (ACT) has been shown to reduce morbidity and mortality rates in preterm delivery, but the fetus is more likely to face the risk of low bone mineralization and low fetal linear growth. However, the mechanism of ACT inducing low bone mineralization remains largely unknown. Pre-osteoclasts, which play an important role in angiogenesis and osteogenesis, are specifically regulating type H vessels (CD31hiEmcnhi) and vessel formation by secreting platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB). We find that the number of pre-osteoclasts and POC-secreted PDGF-BB is dramatically decreased in ACT mice, contributing to the reduction in type H vessels and bone mineralization during the mouse offspring. Quantitative analyses of micro-computed tomography show that the ACT mice have a significant reduction in the mass of trabecular bone relative to the control group. Mononuclear pre-osteoclasts in trabecular bone decreased in ACT mice, which leads to the amount of PDGF-BB reduced and attenuates type H vessel formation. After sorting the Rank+ osteoclast precursors using flow cytometry, we show that the enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (Ezh2) expression is decreased in Rank+ osteoclast precursors in ACT mice. Consistent with the flow data, by using small molecule Ezh2 inhibitor GSK126, we prove that Ezh2 is required for osteoclast differentiation. Downregulating the expression of Ezh2 in osteoclast precursors would reduce PDGF-BB production. Conditioned medium from osteoclast precursor cultures treated with GSK126 inhibited endothelial tube formation, whereas conditioned medium from vehicle group stimulated endothelial tube formation. These results indicate Ezh2 expression of osteoclast precursors is suppressed after ACT, which reduced the pre-osteoclast number and PDGF-BB secretion, thus inhibiting type H vessel formation and ACT-associated low bone mineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Chai
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Cartilage Regenerative Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianwen Su
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Cartilage Regenerative Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weisheng Hong
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Cartilage Regenerative Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Runjiu Zhu
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Cartilage Regenerative Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Caiyu Cheng
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Cartilage Regenerative Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Cartilage Regenerative Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xianrong Zhang
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Cartilage Regenerative Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bin Yu
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Cartilage Regenerative Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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26
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Pribadi C, Camp E, Cakouros D, Anderson P, Glackin C, Gronthos S. Pharmacological targeting of KDM6A and KDM6B, as a novel therapeutic strategy for treating craniosynostosis in Saethre-Chotzen syndrome. Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 11:529. [PMID: 33298158 PMCID: PMC7726873 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-020-02051-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND During development, excessive osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal progenitor cells (MPC) within the cranial sutures can lead to premature suture fusion or craniosynostosis, leading to craniofacial and cognitive issues. Saethre-Chotzen syndrome (SCS) is a common form of craniosynostosis, caused by TWIST-1 gene mutations. Currently, the only treatment option for craniosynostosis involves multiple invasive cranial surgeries, which can lead to serious complications. METHODS The present study utilized Twist-1 haploinsufficient (Twist-1del/+) mice as SCS mouse model to investigate the inhibition of Kdm6a and Kdm6b activity using the pharmacological inhibitor, GSK-J4, on calvarial cell osteogenic potential. RESULTS This study showed that the histone methyltransferase EZH2, an osteogenesis inhibitor, is downregulated in calvarial cells derived from Twist-1del/+ mice, whereas the counter histone demethylases, Kdm6a and Kdm6b, known promoters of osteogenesis, were upregulated. In vitro studies confirmed that siRNA-mediated inhibition of Kdm6a and Kdm6b expression suppressed osteogenic differentiation of Twist-1del/+ calvarial cells. Moreover, pharmacological targeting of Kdm6a and Kdm6b activity, with the inhibitor, GSK-J4, caused a dose-dependent suppression of osteogenic differentiation by Twist-1del/+ calvarial cells in vitro and reduced mineralized bone formation in Twist-1del/+ calvarial explant cultures. Chromatin immunoprecipitation and Western blot analyses found that GSK-J4 treatment elevated the levels of the Kdm6a and Kdm6b epigenetic target, the repressive mark of tri-methylated lysine 27 on histone 3, on osteogenic genes leading to repression of Runx2 and Alkaline Phosphatase expression. Pre-clinical in vivo studies showed that local administration of GSK-J4 to the calvaria of Twist-1del/+ mice prevented premature suture fusion and kept the sutures open up to postnatal day 20. CONCLUSION The inhibition of Kdm6a and Kdm6b activity by GSK-J4 could be used as a potential non-invasive therapeutic strategy for preventing craniosynostosis in children with SCS. Pharmacological targeting of Kdm6a/b activity can alleviate craniosynostosis in Saethre-Chotzen syndrome. Aberrant osteogenesis by Twist-1 mutant cranial suture mesenchymal progenitor cells occurs via deregulation of epigenetic modifiers Ezh2 and Kdm6a/Kdm6b. Suppression of Kdm6a- and Kdm6b-mediated osteogenesis with GSK-J4 inhibitor can prevent prefusion of cranial sutures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Pribadi
- Mesenchymal Stem Cell Laboratory, Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Precision Medicine Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Esther Camp
- Mesenchymal Stem Cell Laboratory, Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Precision Medicine Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Dimitrios Cakouros
- Mesenchymal Stem Cell Laboratory, Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Precision Medicine Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Peter Anderson
- Precision Medicine Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Adelaide Craniofacial Unit, Women and Children Hospital, North Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Carlotta Glackin
- Molecular Medicine and Neurosciences, City of Hope National Medical Center and Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Stan Gronthos
- Mesenchymal Stem Cell Laboratory, Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia. .,Precision Medicine Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
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27
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Varlet E, Ovejero S, Martinez AM, Cavalli G, Moreaux J. Role of Polycomb Complexes in Normal and Malignant Plasma Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218047. [PMID: 33126754 PMCID: PMC7662980 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasma cells (PC) are the main effectors of adaptive immunity, responsible for producing antibodies to defend the body against pathogens. They are the result of a complex highly regulated cell differentiation process, taking place in several anatomical locations and involving unique genetic events. Pathologically, PC can undergo tumorigenesis and cause a group of diseases known as plasma cell dyscrasias, including multiple myeloma (MM). MM is a severe disease with poor prognosis that is characterized by the accumulation of malignant PC within the bone marrow, as well as high clinical and molecular heterogeneity. MM patients frequently develop resistance to treatment, leading to relapse. Polycomb group (PcG) proteins are epigenetic regulators involved in cell fate and carcinogenesis. The emerging roles of PcG in PC differentiation and myelomagenesis position them as potential therapeutic targets in MM. Here, we focus on the roles of PcG proteins in normal and malignant plasma cells, as well as their therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Varlet
- Institute of Human Genetics, UMR 9002 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, 34396 Montpellier, France; (E.V.); (S.O.); (A.-M.M.); (G.C.)
| | - Sara Ovejero
- Institute of Human Genetics, UMR 9002 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, 34396 Montpellier, France; (E.V.); (S.O.); (A.-M.M.); (G.C.)
- Department of Biological Hematology, CHU Montpellier, 34295 Montpellier, France
| | - Anne-Marie Martinez
- Institute of Human Genetics, UMR 9002 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, 34396 Montpellier, France; (E.V.); (S.O.); (A.-M.M.); (G.C.)
| | - Giacomo Cavalli
- Institute of Human Genetics, UMR 9002 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, 34396 Montpellier, France; (E.V.); (S.O.); (A.-M.M.); (G.C.)
| | - Jerome Moreaux
- Institute of Human Genetics, UMR 9002 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, 34396 Montpellier, France; (E.V.); (S.O.); (A.-M.M.); (G.C.)
- Department of Biological Hematology, CHU Montpellier, 34295 Montpellier, France
- UFR Medicine, University of Montpellier, 34003 Montpellier, France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), 75005 Paris, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-04-6733-7903
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28
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Liu Q, Zhuang Y, Ouyang N, Yu H. Cytochalasin D Promotes Osteogenic Differentiation of MC3T3-E1 Cells via p38-MAPK Signaling Pathway. Curr Mol Med 2020; 20:79-88. [PMID: 31589123 DOI: 10.2174/1566524019666191007104816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bone defect caused by trauma, tumor resection, infection or congenital malformation is a common clinical disease. Bone tissue engineering is regarded as a promising way of bone defect reconstruction. Thus, agents that can promote osteogenesis have received great attention. Cytochalasin D (Cyto D), a metabolite derived from molds, proves to be able to modify actin, reorganize cytoskeleton, and then promote the osteogenic differentiation. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to explore the effect and mechanism of Cyto D on osteogenic differentiation of mouse pre-osteoblast MC3T3-E1 cells. METHODS The optimum concentration of Cyto D was explored. The osteogenic differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells induced by Cyto D was assessed by alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining, Alizarin Red S (ARS) staining, western blotting and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). In addition, a specific pathway inhibitor was utilized to explore whether MAPK pathways were involved in this process. RESULTS The results showed that the optimized concentration of action was 10-2µg/ml. The expression of Runx2, OCN and OSX was up-regulated by the supplement of Cyto D. ALP activity, calcium deposition, and phosphorylation level of p38 protein were also improved. Inhibition of the pathway significantly reduced the activation of p38, and the expression of osteogenic-related genes. CONCLUSION Cyto D can promote the osteogenic differentiation of MC3T3 cells via the p38-MAPK signaling pathway, but not the ERK1/2 or JNK, and it is a potential agent to improve the osteogenesis of MC3T3 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingcheng Liu
- Department of Oral and Cranio-maxillofacial Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Yu Zhuang
- Department of Oral and Cranio-maxillofacial Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Ningjuan Ouyang
- Department of Orthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Hongbo Yu
- Department of Oral and Cranio-maxillofacial Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai 200011, China
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Although many signalling pathways have been discovered to be essential in mesenchymal stem/stromal (MSC) differentiation, it has become increasingly clear in recent years that epigenetic regulation of gene transcription is a vital component of lineage determination, encompassing diet, lifestyle and parental influences on bone, fat and cartilage development. RECENT FINDINGS This review discusses how specific enzymes that modify histone methylation and acetylation or DNA methylation orchestrate the differentiation programs in lineage determination of MSC and the epigenetic changes that facilitate development of bone related diseases such as osteoporosis. The review also describes how environmental factors such as mechanical loading influence the epigenetic signatures of MSC, and how the use of chemical agents or small peptides can regulate epigenetic drift in MSC populations during ageing and disease. Epigenetic regulation of MSC lineage commitment is controlled through changes in enzyme activity, which modifies DNA and histone residues leading to alterations in chromatin structure. The co-ordinated epigenetic regulation of transcriptional activation and repression act to mediate skeletal tissue homeostasis, where deregulation of this process can lead to bone loss during ageing or osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Cakouros
- Mesenchymal Stem Cell Laboratory, Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Precision Medicine Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Stan Gronthos
- Mesenchymal Stem Cell Laboratory, Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
- Precision Medicine Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
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30
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Nanjappa MK, Mesa AM, Medrano TI, Jefferson WN, DeMayo FJ, Williams CJ, Lydon JP, Levin ER, Cooke PS. The histone methyltransferase EZH2 is required for normal uterine development and function in mice†. Biol Reprod 2020; 101:306-317. [PMID: 31201420 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioz097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) is a rate-limiting catalytic subunit of a histone methyltransferase, polycomb repressive complex, which silences gene activity through the repressive histone mark H3K27me3. EZH2 is critical for epigenetic effects of early estrogen treatment, and may be involved in uterine development and pathologies. We investigated EZH2 expression, regulation, and its role in uterine development/function. Uterine epithelial EZH2 expression was associated with proliferation and was high neonatally then declined by weaning. Pre-weaning uterine EZH2 expression was comparable in wild-type and estrogen receptor 1 knockout mice, showing neonatal EZH2 expression is ESR1 independent. Epithelial EZH2 was upregulated by 17β-estradiol (E2) and inhibited by progesterone in adult uteri from ovariectomized mice. To investigate the uterine role of EZH2, we developed a EZH2 conditional knockout (Ezh2cKO) mouse using a cre recombinase driven by the progesterone receptor (Pgr) promoter that produced Ezh2cKO mice lacking EZH2 in Pgr-expressing tissues (e.g. uterus, mammary glands). In Ezh2cKO uteri, EZH2 was deleted neonatally. These uteri had reduced H3K27me3, were larger than WT, and showed adult cystic endometrial hyperplasia. Ovary-independent uterine epithelial proliferation and increased numbers of highly proliferative uterine glands were seen in adult Ezh2cKO mice. Female Ezh2cKO mice were initially subfertile, and then became infertile by 9 months. Mammary gland development in Ezh2cKO mice was inhibited. In summary, uterine EZH2 expression is developmentally and hormonally regulated, and its loss causes aberrant uterine epithelial proliferation, uterine hypertrophy, and cystic endometrial hyperplasia, indicating a critical role in uterine development and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjunatha K Nanjappa
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Ana M Mesa
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Theresa I Medrano
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Wendy N Jefferson
- Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Francesco J DeMayo
- Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Carmen J Williams
- Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - John P Lydon
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ellis R Levin
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California, USA.,Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Long Beach, Long Beach, California, USA
| | - Paul S Cooke
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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31
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Dudakovic A, Samsonraj RM, Paradise CR, Galeano-Garces C, Mol MO, Galeano-Garces D, Zan P, Galvan ML, Hevesi M, Pichurin O, Thaler R, Begun DL, Kloen P, Karperien M, Larson AN, Westendorf JJ, Cool SM, van Wijnen AJ. Inhibition of the epigenetic suppressor EZH2 primes osteogenic differentiation mediated by BMP2. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:7877-7893. [PMID: 32332097 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.011685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone-stimulatory therapeutics include bone morphogenetic proteins (e.g. BMP2), parathyroid hormone, and antibody-based suppression of WNT antagonists. Inhibition of the epigenetic enzyme enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) is both bone anabolic and osteoprotective. EZH2 inhibition stimulates key components of bone-stimulatory signaling pathways, including the BMP2 signaling cascade. Because of high costs and adverse effects associated with BMP2 use, here we investigated whether BMP2 dosing can be reduced by co-treatment with EZH2 inhibitors. Co-administration of BMP2 with the EZH2 inhibitor GSK126 enhanced differentiation of murine (MC3T3) osteoblasts, reflected by increased alkaline phosphatase activity, Alizarin Red staining, and expression of bone-related marker genes (e.g. Bglap and Phospho1). Strikingly, co-treatment with BMP2 (10 ng/ml) and GSK126 (5 μm) was synergistic and was as effective as 50 ng/ml BMP2 at inducing MC3T3 osteoblastogenesis. Similarly, the BMP2-GSK126 co-treatment stimulated osteogenic differentiation of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem/stromal cells, reflected by induction of key osteogenic markers (e.g. Osterix/SP7 and IBSP). A combination of BMP2 (300 ng local) and GSK126 (5 μg local and 5 days of 50 mg/kg systemic) yielded more consistent bone healing than single treatments with either compound in a mouse calvarial critical-sized defect model according to results from μCT, histomorphometry, and surgical grading of qualitative X-rays. We conclude that EZH2 inhibition facilitates BMP2-mediated induction of osteogenic differentiation of progenitor cells and maturation of committed osteoblasts. We propose that epigenetic priming, coupled with bone anabolic agents, enhances osteogenesis and could be leveraged in therapeutic strategies to improve bone mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amel Dudakovic
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Christopher R Paradise
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Center for Regenerative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Merel O Mol
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Pengfei Zan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - M Lizeth Galvan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Mario Hevesi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Oksana Pichurin
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Roman Thaler
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Dana L Begun
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Peter Kloen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Karperien
- Department of Developmental BioEngineering, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - A Noelle Larson
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jennifer J Westendorf
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Simon M Cool
- Glycotherapeutics Group, Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Andre J van Wijnen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA .,Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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32
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Sinha S, Biswas M, Chatterjee SS, Kumar S, Sengupta A. Pbrm1 Steers Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Osteolineage Differentiation by Integrating PBAF-Dependent Chromatin Remodeling and BMP/TGF-β Signaling. Cell Rep 2020; 31:107570. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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33
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Sui BD, Zheng CX, Li M, Jin Y, Hu CH. Epigenetic Regulation of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Homeostasis. Trends Cell Biol 2020; 30:97-116. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2019.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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34
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Adamik J, Pulugulla SH, Zhang P, Sun Q, Lontos K, Macar DA, Auron PE, Galson DL. EZH2 Supports Osteoclast Differentiation and Bone Resorption Via Epigenetic and Cytoplasmic Targets. J Bone Miner Res 2020; 35:181-195. [PMID: 31487061 PMCID: PMC7402427 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 08/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Key osteoclast (OCL) regulatory gene promoters in bone marrow-derived monocytes harbor bivalent histone modifications that combine activating Histone 3 lysine 4 tri-methyl (H3K4me3) and repressive H3K27me3 marks, which upon RANKL stimulation resolve into repressive or activating architecture. Enhancer of zeste homologue 2 (EZH2) is the histone methyltransferase component of the polycomb repressive complex 2, which catalyzes H3K27me3 modifications. Immunofluorescence microscopy reveals that EZH2 localization during murine osteoclastogenesis is dynamically regulated. Using EZH2 knockdown and small molecule EZH2 inhibitor GSK126, we show that EZH2 plays a critical epigenetic role in OCL precursors (OCLp) during the first 24 hours of RANKL activation. RANKL triggers EZH2 translocation into the nucleus where it represses OCL-negative regulators MafB, Irf8, and Arg1. Consistent with its cytoplasmic localization in OCLp, EZH2 methyltransferase activity is required during early RANKL signaling for phosphorylation of AKT, resulting in downstream activation of the mTOR complex, which is essential for induction of OCL differentiation. Inhibition of RANKL-induced pmTOR-pS6RP signaling by GSK126 altered the translation ratio of the C/EBPβ-LAP and C/EBPβ-LIP isoforms and reduced nuclear translocation of the inhibitory C/EBPβ-LIP, which is necessary for transcriptional repression of the OCL negative-regulatory transcription factor MafB. EZH2 in multinucleated OCL is primarily cytoplasmic and mature OCL cultured on bone segments in the presence of GSK126 exhibit defective cytoskeletal architecture and reduced resorptive activity. Here we present new evidence that EZH2 plays epigenetic and cytoplasmic roles during OCL differentiation by suppressing MafB transcription and regulating early phases of PI3K-AKT-mTOR-mediated RANKL signaling, respectively. Consistent with its cytoplasmic localization, EZH2 is required for cytoskeletal dynamics during resorption by mature OCL. Thus, EZH2 exhibits complex roles in supporting osteoclast differentiation and function. © 2019 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juraj Adamik
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Sree H Pulugulla
- Department of Biological Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Quanhong Sun
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Konstantinos Lontos
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - David A Macar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Philip E Auron
- Department of Biological Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Deborah L Galson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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35
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The emerging role of IMD 0354 on bone homeostasis by suppressing osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption, but without affecting bone formation. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:654. [PMID: 31506437 PMCID: PMC6737093 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1914-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Osteoporosis is caused by an imbalance between bone formation and bone resorption. Receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) promotes the activity and differentiation of osteoclasts via activating the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways. IMD 0354 is a selective molecular inhibitor of inhibitor of NF-κB kinase subunit beta (IKKβ) and effective for treatment of acute and subacute inflammatory diseases through the suppression of NF-κB activation. However, the effect of IMD 0354 on bone homeostasis is unknown. In this study, we demonstrated that IMD 0354 significantly attenuated ovariectomy-induced bone loss and inhibited osteoclastogenesis in mice, whereas bone formation was not affected. Additionally, IMD 0354 dramatically inhibited osteoclast differentiation and function induced by RANKL and macrophage colony-stimulating factor in bone marrow monocytes as verified by tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining as well as bone resorption assay in vitro. Subsequently, we found that activation of NF-κB signaling and the ERK/c-Fos axis were blunted during osteoclast formation induced by RANKL. Transcription factors nuclear factor of activated T cells c1 (NFATc1) and c-Fos were suppressed with the decreased expression of osteoclast-related genes by IMD 0354. Our findings suggest that IMD 0354 could be a potential preventive and therapeutic drug for osteoporosis.
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36
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Wijnen AJ, Westendorf JJ. Epigenetics as a New Frontier in Orthopedic Regenerative Medicine and Oncology. J Orthop Res 2019; 37:1465-1474. [PMID: 30977555 PMCID: PMC6588446 DOI: 10.1002/jor.24305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal regenerative medicine aims to repair or regenerate skeletal tissues using pharmacotherapies, cell-based treatments, and/or surgical interventions. The field is guided by biological principles active during development, wound healing, aging, and carcinogenesis. Skeletal development and tissue maintenance in adults represent highly intricate biological processes that require continuous adjustments in the expression of cell type-specific genes that generate, remodel, and repair the skeletal extracellular matrix. Errors in these processes can facilitate musculoskeletal disease including cancers or injury. The fundamental molecular mechanisms by which cell type-specific patterns in gene expression are established and retained during successive mitotic divisions require epigenetic control, which we review here. We focus on epigenetic regulatory proteins that control the mammalian epigenome at the level of chromatin with emphasis on proteins that are amenable to drug intervention to mitigate skeletal tissue degeneration (e.g., osteoarthritis and osteoporosis). We highlight recent findings on a number of druggable epigenetic regulators, including DNA methyltransferases (e.g., DNMT1, DNMT3A, and DNMT3B) and hydroxylases (e.g., TET1, TET2, and TET3), histone methyltransferases (e.g., EZH1, EZH2, and DOT1L) as well as histone deacetylases (e.g., HDAC3, HDAC4, and HDAC7) and histone acetyl readers (e.g., BRD4) in relation to the development of bone or cartilage regenerative drug therapies. We also review how histone mutations lead to epigenomic catastrophe and cause musculoskeletal tumors. The combined body of molecular and genetic studies focusing on epigenetic regulators indicates that these proteins are critical for normal skeletogenesis and viable candidate drug targets for short-term local pharmacological strategies to mitigate musculoskeletal tissue degeneration. © 2019 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 37:1465-1474, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre J. Wijnen
- Department of Orthopedic SurgeryMayo Clinic200 First Street SW Rochester Minnesota
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37
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Chen J, Chen X, Yao J, Li M, Yang X. The combination of Decitabine and EPZ-6438 effectively facilitate adipogenic differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cell-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 516:307-312. [PMID: 31256938 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.06.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
As a novel type of mesenchymal stem cell, induced pluripotent stem cell-derived mesenchymal stem cells (iPMSCs) have huge potential for cell therapy. iPMSCs exhibited the typical characteristics of MSCs, whereas the tri-lineage differentiation potential is limited, especially the adipogenic propensity. Here, to reveal the molecular mechanism we carried out the epigenetic comparisons between the iPMSCs and the bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) and embryonic stem cell-derived mesenchymal stem cells (EMSCs). We found that the iPMSCs was significantly higher than the BMSCs in terms of genome-wide DNA methylation. Meanwhile, the adipogenic gene PPARγ promoter region existed hypermethylation. In addition, compared with EMSCs and BMSCs, iPMSCs had significant differences in the histones epigenetic modification of methylation and acetylation, especially high levels of histone 27 lysine trimethylation (H3K27me3). Furthermore, the epigenetic modifiers Decitabine and EPZ6438 effectively upregulated the gene expression of PPARγ and promoted the adipogenic differentiation of iPMSCs via chromatin remodeling. Taken together, our findings set new metrics to the applications for improving the efficiency and the therapeutic potential of iPMSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Chen
- The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350108, PR China
| | - Xuan Chen
- Fujian Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, 350001, PR China
| | - Jianfeng Yao
- Quanzhou Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital, Quanzhou, 362000, PR China
| | - Ming Li
- The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350108, PR China
| | - Xiaoyu Yang
- The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350108, PR China; Fuzhou Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital, Fuzhou, 350005, PR China.
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38
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Adamik J, Roodman GD, Galson DL. Epigenetic-Based Mechanisms of Osteoblast Suppression in Multiple Myeloma Bone Disease. JBMR Plus 2019; 3:e10183. [PMID: 30918921 PMCID: PMC6419609 DOI: 10.1002/jbm4.10183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2018] [Revised: 12/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) bone disease is characterized by the development of osteolytic lesions, which cause severe complications affecting the morbidity, mortality, and treatment of myeloma patients. Myeloma tumors seeded within the bone microenvironment promote hyperactivation of osteoclasts and suppression of osteoblast differentiation. Because of this prolonged suppression of bone marrow stromal cells’ (BMSCs) differentiation into functioning osteoblasts, bone lesions in patients persist even in the absence of active disease. Current antiresorptive therapy provides insufficient bone anabolic effects to reliably repair MM lesions. It has become widely accepted that myeloma‐exposed BMSCs have an altered phenotype with pro‐inflammatory, immune‐modulatory, anti‐osteogenic, and pro‐adipogenic properties. In this review, we focus on the role of epigenetic‐based modalities in the establishment and maintenance of myeloma‐induced suppression of osteogenic commitment of BMSCs. We will focus on recent studies demonstrating the involvement of chromatin‐modifying enzymes in transcriptional repression of osteogenic genes in MM‐BMSCs. We will further address the epigenetic plasticity in the differentiation commitment of osteoprogenitor cells and assess the involvement of chromatin modifiers in MSC‐lineage switching from osteogenic to adipogenic in the context of the inflammatory myeloma microenvironment. Lastly, we will discuss the potential of employing small molecule epigenetic inhibitors currently used in the MM research as therapeutics and bone anabolic agents in the prevention or repair of osteolytic lesions in MM. © 2019 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juraj Adamik
- Department of Medicine Division of Hematology/Oncology, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, The McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh PA USA
| | - G David Roodman
- Department of Medicine Division of Hematology-Oncology Indiana University Indianapolis IN USA.,Richard L Roudebush VA Medical Center Indianapolis IN USA
| | - Deborah L Galson
- Department of Medicine Division of Hematology/Oncology, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, The McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh PA USA
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39
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Cakouros D, Hemming S, Gronthos K, Liu R, Zannettino A, Shi S, Gronthos S. Specific functions of TET1 and TET2 in regulating mesenchymal cell lineage determination. Epigenetics Chromatin 2019; 12:3. [PMID: 30606231 PMCID: PMC6317244 DOI: 10.1186/s13072-018-0247-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The 5 hydroxymethylation (5hmC) mark and TET DNA dioxygenases play a pivotal role in embryonic stem cell differentiation and animal development. However, very little is known about TET enzymes in lineage determination of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (BMSC). We examined the function of all three TET DNA dioxygenases, responsible for DNA hydroxymethylation, in human BMSC cell osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation. Results We used siRNA knockdown and retroviral mediated enforced expression of TET molecules and discovered TET1 to be a repressor of both osteogenesis and adipogenesis. TET1 was found to recruit the co-repressor proteins, SIN3A and the histone lysine methyltransferase, EZH2 to osteogenic genes. Conversely, TET2 was found to be a promoter of both osteogenesis and adipogenesis. The data showed that TET2 was directly responsible for 5hmC levels on osteogenic and adipogenic lineage-associated genes, whereas TET1 also played a role in this process. Interestingly, TET3 showed no functional effect in BMSC osteo-/adipogenic differentiation. Finally, in a mouse model of ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis, the numbers of clonogenic BMSC were dramatically diminished corresponding to lower trabecular bone volume and reduced levels of TET1, TET2 and 5hmC. Conclusion The present study has discovered an epigenetic mechanism mediated through changes in DNA hydroxymethylation status regulating the activation of key genes involved in the lineage determination of skeletal stem cells, which may have implications in BMSC function during normal bone regulation. Targeting TET molecules or their downstream targets may offer new therapeutic strategies to help prevent bone loss and repair following trauma or disease. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13072-018-0247-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Cakouros
- Mesenchymal Stem Cell Laboratory, Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia.,South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Sarah Hemming
- Mesenchymal Stem Cell Laboratory, Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia.,South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Kahlia Gronthos
- Mesenchymal Stem Cell Laboratory, Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia.,South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Renjing Liu
- Agnes Ginges Laboratory for Diseases of the Aorta, Centenary Institute for Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2042, Australia
| | - Andrew Zannettino
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia.,Multiple Myeloma Laboratory, Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Songtao Shi
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Stan Gronthos
- Mesenchymal Stem Cell Laboratory, Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia. .,South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia.
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40
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Camilleri ET, Dudakovic A, Riester SM, Galeano-Garces C, Paradise CR, Bradley EW, McGee-Lawrence ME, Im HJ, Karperien M, Krych AJ, Westendorf JJ, Larson AN, van Wijnen AJ. Loss of histone methyltransferase Ezh2 stimulates an osteogenic transcriptional program in chondrocytes but does not affect cartilage development. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:19001-19011. [PMID: 30327434 PMCID: PMC6295726 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.003909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Ezh2 is a histone methyltransferase that suppresses osteoblast maturation and skeletal development. We evaluated the role of Ezh2 in chondrocyte lineage differentiation and endochondral ossification. Ezh2 was genetically inactivated in the mesenchymal, osteoblastic, and chondrocytic lineages in mice using the Prrx1-Cre, Osx1-Cre, and Col2a1-Cre drivers, respectively. WT and conditional knockout mice were phenotypically assessed by gross morphology, histology, and micro-CT imaging. Ezh2-deficient chondrocytes in micromass culture models were evaluated using RNA-Seq, histologic evaluation, and Western blotting. Aged mice with Ezh2 deficiency were also evaluated for premature development of osteoarthritis using radiographic analysis. Ezh2 deficiency in murine chondrocytes reduced bone density at 4 weeks of age but caused no other gross developmental effects. Knockdown of Ezh2 in chondrocyte micromass cultures resulted in a global reduction in trimethylation of histone 3 lysine 27 (H3K27me3) and altered differentiation in vitro RNA-Seq analysis revealed enrichment of an osteogenic gene expression profile in Ezh2-deficient chondrocytes. Joint development proceeded normally in the absence of Ezh2 in chondrocytes without inducing excessive hypertrophy or premature osteoarthritis in vivo In summary, loss of Ezh2 reduced H3K27me3 levels, increased the expression of osteogenic genes in chondrocytes, and resulted in a transient post-natal bone phenotype. Remarkably, Ezh2 activity is dispensable for normal chondrocyte maturation and endochondral ossification in vivo, even though it appears to have a critical role during early stages of mesenchymal lineage commitment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Christopher R Paradise
- From the Departments of Orthopedic Surgery
- Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, and
| | | | - Meghan E McGee-Lawrence
- the Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia 30912
| | - Hee-Jeong Im
- the Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612, and
| | - Marcel Karperien
- the Department of Developmental BioEngineering, University of Twente, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
| | | | - Jennifer J Westendorf
- From the Departments of Orthopedic Surgery
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55901
| | | | - Andre J van Wijnen
- From the Departments of Orthopedic Surgery,
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55901
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41
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Kim H, Langohr IM, Faisal M, McNulty M, Thorn C, Kim J. Ablation of Ezh2 in neural crest cells leads to aberrant enteric nervous system development in mice. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0203391. [PMID: 30169530 PMCID: PMC6118393 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In the current study, we examined the role of Ezh2 as an epigenetic modifier for the enteric neural crest cell development through H3K27me3. Ezh2 conditional null mice were viable up to birth, but died within the first hour of life. In addition to craniofacial defects, Ezh2 conditional null mice displayed reduced number of ganglion cells in the enteric nervous system. RT-PCR and ChIP assays indicated aberrant up-regulation of Zic1, Pax3, and Sox10 and loss of H3K27me3 marks in the promoter regions of these genes in the myenteric plexus. Overall, these results suggest that Ezh2 is an important epigenetic modifier for the enteric neural crest cell development through repression of Zic1, Pax3, and Sox10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Ingeborg M. Langohr
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Mohammad Faisal
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Margaret McNulty
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Caitlin Thorn
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Joomyeong Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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42
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Imagawa E, Albuquerque EVA, Isidor B, Mitsuhashi S, Mizuguchi T, Miyatake S, Takata A, Miyake N, Boguszewski MCS, Boguszewski CL, Lerario AM, Funari MA, Jorge AAL, Matsumoto N. Novel SUZ12 mutations in Weaver-like syndrome. Clin Genet 2018; 94:461-466. [PMID: 30019515 DOI: 10.1111/cge.13415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
SUZ12 is a core component of polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) along with EZH2 and EED. Recently, germline mutations in the SUZ12, EZH2 and EED genes have been reported in Weaver syndrome (WS) or Weaver-like syndrome, suggesting a functional link between PRC2 deficits and WS. However, only one case of a SUZ12 mutation presenting with Weaver-like syndrome has been reported. Here, we report a missense and a frameshift mutation in SUZ12 (c.1797A>C; p.Gln599His and c.844_845del; p.Ala282Glnfs*7), both of which are novel, in two individuals. Their clinical features included postnatal overgrowth, increased bifrontal diameter, large ears, round face, horizontal chin crease and skeletal anomalies, but did not fulfill the WS diagnostic criteria. These data provide strong evidence that SUZ12 mutations cause Weaver-like syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eri Imagawa
- Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Edoarda V A Albuquerque
- Unidade de Endocrinologia Genetica (LIM25), Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bertrand Isidor
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Hôpital Hôtel-Dieu, Nantes, France
| | - Satomi Mitsuhashi
- Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Takeshi Mizuguchi
- Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Satoko Miyatake
- Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Atsushi Takata
- Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Noriko Miyake
- Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | | | - César L Boguszewski
- Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrine Division (SEMPR), Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Antonio M Lerario
- Unidade de Endocrinologia Genetica (LIM25), Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Mariana A Funari
- Laboratorio de Hormonios e Genetica Molecular (LIM/42), Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexander A L Jorge
- Unidade de Endocrinologia Genetica (LIM25), Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Naomichi Matsumoto
- Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
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43
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Prokopuk L, Stringer JM, White CR, Vossen RHAM, White SJ, Cohen ASA, Gibson WT, Western PS. Loss of maternal EED results in postnatal overgrowth. Clin Epigenetics 2018; 10:95. [PMID: 30005706 PMCID: PMC6045828 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-018-0526-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Investigating how epigenetic information is transmitted through the mammalian germline is the key to understanding how this information impacts on health and disease susceptibility in offspring. EED is essential for regulating the repressive histone modification, histone 3 lysine 27 tri-methylation (H3K27me3) at many developmental genes. RESULTS In this study, we used oocyte-specific Zp3-Cre recombinase (Zp3Cre) to delete Eed specifically in mouse growing oocytes, permitting the study of EED function in oocytes and the impact of depleting EED in oocytes on outcomes in offspring. As EED deletion occurred only in growing oocytes and females were mated to normal wild type males, this model allowed the study of oocyte programming without confounding factors such as altered in utero environment. Loss of EED from growing oocytes resulted in a significant overgrowth phenotype that persisted into adult life. Significantly, this involved increased adiposity (total fat) and bone mineral density in offspring. Similar overgrowth occurs in humans with Cohen-Gibson (OMIM 617561) and Weaver (OMIM 277590) syndromes, that result from de novo germline mutations in EED or its co-factor EZH2, respectively. Consistent with a role for EZH2 in human oocytes, we demonstrate that de novo germline mutations in EZH2 occurred in the maternal germline in some cases of Weaver syndrome. However, deletion of Ezh2 in mouse oocytes resulted in a distinct phenotype compared to that resulting from oocyte-specific deletion of Eed. CONCLUSIONS This study provides novel evidence that altering EED-dependent oocyte programming leads to compromised offspring growth and development in the next generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lexie Prokopuk
- Centre for Reproductive Health, Hudson Institute of Medical Research and Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3168, Australia
| | - Jessica M Stringer
- Centre for Reproductive Health, Hudson Institute of Medical Research and Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3168, Australia.,Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Craig R White
- Centre for Geometric Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Rolf H A M Vossen
- Leiden Genome Technology Centre, Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Stefan J White
- Leiden Genome Technology Centre, Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Ana S A Cohen
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia and British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - William T Gibson
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia and British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Patrick S Western
- Centre for Reproductive Health, Hudson Institute of Medical Research and Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3168, Australia.
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44
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Dudakovic A, Camilleri ET, Paradise CR, Samsonraj RM, Gluscevic M, Paggi CA, Begun DL, Khani F, Pichurin O, Ahmed FS, Elsayed R, Elsalanty M, McGee-Lawrence ME, Karperien M, Riester SM, Thaler R, Westendorf JJ, van Wijnen AJ. Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 ( Ezh2) controls bone formation and cell cycle progression during osteogenesis in mice. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:12894-12907. [PMID: 29899112 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.002983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic mechanisms control skeletal development and osteoblast differentiation. Pharmacological inhibition of the histone 3 Lys-27 (H3K27) methyltransferase enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) in WT mice enhances osteogenesis and stimulates bone formation. However, conditional genetic loss of Ezh2 early in the mesenchymal lineage (i.e. through excision via Prrx1 promoter-driven Cre) causes skeletal abnormalities due to patterning defects. Here, we addressed the key question of whether Ezh2 controls osteoblastogenesis at later developmental stages beyond patterning. We show that Ezh2 loss in committed pre-osteoblasts by Cre expression via the osterix/Sp7 promoter yields phenotypically normal mice. These Ezh2 conditional knock-out mice (Ezh2 cKO) have normal skull bones, clavicles, and long bones but exhibit increased bone marrow adiposity and reduced male body weight. Remarkably, in vivo Ezh2 loss results in a low trabecular bone phenotype in young mice as measured by micro-computed tomography and histomorphometry. Thus, Ezh2 affects bone formation stage-dependently. We further show that Ezh2 loss in bone marrow-derived mesenchymal cells suppresses osteogenic differentiation and impedes cell cycle progression as reflected by decreased metabolic activity, reduced cell numbers, and changes in cell cycle distribution and in expression of cell cycle markers. RNA-Seq analysis of Ezh2 cKO calvaria revealed that the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor Cdkn2a is the most prominent cell cycle target of Ezh2 Hence, genetic loss of Ezh2 in mouse pre-osteoblasts inhibits osteogenesis in part by inducing cell cycle changes. Our results suggest that Ezh2 serves a bifunctional role during bone formation by suppressing osteogenic lineage commitment while simultaneously facilitating proliferative expansion of osteoprogenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amel Dudakovic
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Emily T Camilleri
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Christopher R Paradise
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905; Center for Regenerative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | | | - Martina Gluscevic
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Carlo Alberto Paggi
- Department of Developmental BioEngineering, University of Twente, 7522 NB Enschede, Netherlands
| | - Dana L Begun
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Farzaneh Khani
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Oksana Pichurin
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Farah S Ahmed
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Ranya Elsayed
- Department of Oral Biology, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia 30912
| | | | - Meghan E McGee-Lawrence
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia 30912; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia 30912
| | - Marcel Karperien
- Department of Developmental BioEngineering, University of Twente, 7522 NB Enschede, Netherlands
| | - Scott M Riester
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Roman Thaler
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Jennifer J Westendorf
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Andre J van Wijnen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905.
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45
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Gao B, Lin X, Jing H, Fan J, Ji C, Jie Q, Zheng C, Wang D, Xu X, Hu Y, Lu W, Luo Z, Yang L. Local delivery of tetramethylpyrazine eliminates the senescent phenotype of bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells and creates an anti-inflammatory and angiogenic environment in aging mice. Aging Cell 2018; 17:e12741. [PMID: 29488314 PMCID: PMC5946084 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging drives the accumulation of senescent cells (SnCs) including stem/progenitor cells in bone marrow, which contributes to aging‐related bone degenerative pathologies. Local elimination of SnCs has been shown as potential treatment for degenerative diseases. As LepR+ mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells (MSPCs) in bone marrow are the major population for forming bone/cartilage and maintaining HSCs niche, whether local elimination of senescent LepR+MSPCs delays aging‐related pathologies and improves local microenvironment need to be well defined. In this study, we performed local delivery of tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) in bone marrow of aging mice, which previously showed to be used for the prevention and treatment of glucocorticoid‐induced osteoporosis (GIOP). We found the increased accumulation of senescent LepR+MSPCs in bone marrow of aging mice, and TMP significantly inhibited the cell senescent phenotype via modulating Ezh2‐H3k27me3. Most importantly, local delivery of TMP improved bone marrow microenvironment and maintained bone homeostasis in aging mice by increasing metabolic and anti‐inflammatory responses, inducing H‐type vessel formation, and maintaining HSCs niche. These findings provide evidence on the mechanisms, characteristics and functions of local elimination of SnCs in bone marrow, as well as the use of TMP as a potential treatment to ameliorate human age‐related skeletal diseases and to promote healthy lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Gao
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery; Xijing Hospital; Fourth Military Medical University; Xi'an China
| | - Xisheng Lin
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery; Xijing Hospital; Fourth Military Medical University; Xi'an China
| | - Huan Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases; Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology; Fourth Military Medical University; Xi'an China
| | - Jing Fan
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery; Xijing Hospital; Fourth Military Medical University; Xi'an China
| | - Chenchen Ji
- Department of Neurosurgery; Xijing Hospital; Fourth Military Medical University; Xi'an China
| | - Qiang Jie
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery; Hong-Hui Hospital; Xi'an Jiaotong University; College of Medicine; Xi'an China
| | - Chao Zheng
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery; Xijing Hospital; Fourth Military Medical University; Xi'an China
| | - Di Wang
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery; Xijing Hospital; Fourth Military Medical University; Xi'an China
| | - Xiaolong Xu
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery; Xijing Hospital; Fourth Military Medical University; Xi'an China
| | - Yaqian Hu
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery; Xijing Hospital; Fourth Military Medical University; Xi'an China
| | - Weiguang Lu
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery; Xijing Hospital; Fourth Military Medical University; Xi'an China
| | - Zhuojing Luo
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery; Xijing Hospital; Fourth Military Medical University; Xi'an China
| | - Liu Yang
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery; Xijing Hospital; Fourth Military Medical University; Xi'an China
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46
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Xin F, Smith LM, Susiarjo M, Bartolomei MS, Jepsen KJ. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals, epigenetics, and skeletal system dysfunction: exploration of links using bisphenol A as a model system. ENVIRONMENTAL EPIGENETICS 2018; 4:dvy002. [PMID: 29732168 PMCID: PMC5920333 DOI: 10.1093/eep/dvy002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Early life exposures to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) have been associated with physiological changes of endocrine-sensitive tissues throughout postnatal life. Although hormones play a critical role in skeletal growth and maintenance, the effects of prenatal EDC exposure on adult bone health are not well understood. Moreover, studies assessing skeletal changes across multiple generations are limited. In this article, we present previously unpublished data demonstrating dose-, sex-, and generation-specific changes in bone morphology and function in adult mice developmentally exposed to the model estrogenic EDC bisphenol A (BPA) at doses of 10 μg (lower dose) or 10 mg per kg bw/d (upper dose) throughout gestation and lactation. We show that F1 generation adult males, but not females, developmentally exposed to bisphenol A exhibit dose-dependent reductions in outer bone size resulting in compromised bone stiffness and strength. These structural alterations and weaker bone phenotypes in the F1 generation did not persist in the F2 generation. Instead, F2 generation males exhibited greater bone strength. The underlying mechanisms driving the EDC-induced physiological changes remain to be determined. We discuss potential molecular changes that could contribute to the EDC-induced skeletal effects, with an emphasis on epigenetic dysregulation. Furthermore, we assess the necessity of intact sex steroid receptors to mediate these effects. Expanding future assessments of EDC-induced effects to the skeleton may provide much needed insight into one of the many health effects of these chemicals and aid in regulatory decision making regarding exposure of vulnerable populations to these chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances Xin
- Epigenetics Institute, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Lauren M Smith
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Martha Susiarjo
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY14642, USA
| | - Marisa S Bartolomei
- Epigenetics Institute, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Karl J Jepsen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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47
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Samsonraj RM, Dudakovic A, Manzar B, Sen B, Dietz AB, Cool SM, Rubin J, van Wijnen AJ. Osteogenic Stimulation of Human Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Using a Fungal Metabolite That Suppresses the Polycomb Group Protein EZH2. Stem Cells Transl Med 2017; 7:197-209. [PMID: 29280310 PMCID: PMC5788881 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.17-0086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Strategies for musculoskeletal tissue regeneration apply adult mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) that can be sourced from bone marrow- and lipo-aspirates. Adipose tissue-derived MSCs are more easily harvested in the large quantities required for skeletal tissue-engineering approaches, but are generally considered to be less osteogenic than bone marrow MSCs. Therefore, we tested a new molecular strategy to improve their osteogenic lineage-differentiation potential using the fungal metabolite cytochalasin D (CytoD). We show that CytoD, which may function by redistributing the intracellular location of β-actin (ACTB), is a potent osteogenic stimulant as reflected by significant increases in alkaline phosphatase activity, extracellular matrix mineralization, and osteoblast-related gene expression (e.g., RUNX2, ALPL, SPARC, and TGFB3). RNA sequencing analyses of MSCs revealed that acute CytoD treatment (24 hours) stimulates a broad program of osteogenic biomarkers and epigenetic regulators. CytoD decreases mRNA and protein levels of the Polycomb chromatin regulator Enhancer of Zeste Homolog 2 (EZH2), which controls heterochromatin formation by mediating trimethylation of histone 3 lysine 27 (H3K27me3). Reduced EZH2 expression decreases cellular H3K27me3 marks indicating a global reduction in heterochromatin. We conclude that CytoD is an effective osteogenic stimulant that mechanistically functions by blocking both cytoplasmic actin polymerization and gene-suppressive epigenetic mechanisms required for the acquisition of the osteogenic phenotype in adipose tissue-derived MSCs. This finding supports the use of CytoD in advancing the osteogenic potential of MSCs in skeletal regenerative strategies. Stem Cells Translational Medicine 2018;7:197-209.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amel Dudakovic
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Bushra Manzar
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Buer Sen
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Allan B Dietz
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Simon M Cool
- Glycotherapeutics Group, Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Janet Rubin
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Andre J van Wijnen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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48
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Suri T, Dixit A. The phenotype of EZH2
haploinsufficiency-1.2-Mb deletion at 7q36.1 in a child with tall stature and intellectual disability. Am J Med Genet A 2017; 173:2731-2735. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.38356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tanay Suri
- GKT Medical School; Guy's Hospital Campus; London UK
| | - Abhijit Dixit
- Department of Clinical Genetics; City Campus; Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust; Nottingham UK
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49
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Dudakovic A, van Wijnen AJ. Epigenetic Control of Osteoblast Differentiation by Enhancer of Zeste Homolog 2 (EZH2). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s40610-017-0064-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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