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Kim HS, Choi WG, Lee SK, Lee UH, Kim MS. A Rare Case of Primary Cutaneous Basaloid Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Finger. Acta Derm Venereol 2024; 104:adv24071. [PMID: 38312077 PMCID: PMC10854226 DOI: 10.2340/actadv.v104.24071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Abstract is missing (Short communication)
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Sung Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Inje University Sanggye Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Won Gyu Choi
- Department of Dermatology, Inje University Sanggye Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Soo-Kyung Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Inje University Sanggye Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Un Ha Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Inje University Sanggye Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Myoung Shin Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Inje University Sanggye Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
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2
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Mink JN, Khalmurzaev O, Pryalukhin A, Geppert CI, Lohse S, Bende K, Lobo J, Henrique R, Loertzer H, Steffens J, Jerónimo C, Wunderlich H, Heinzelbecker J, Bohle RM, Stöckle M, Matveev V, Hartmann A, Junker K. Evaluation of Prognostic Parameters to Identify Aggressive Penile Carcinomas. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:4748. [PMID: 37835442 PMCID: PMC10571727 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15194748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Advanced penile carcinoma is characterized by poor prognosis. Most data on prognostic factors are based on small study cohorts, and even meta-analyses are limited in patient numbers. Therefore, there is still a lack of evidence for clinical decisions. In addition, the most recent TNM classification is questionable; in line with previous studies, we found that it has not improved prognosis estimation. METHODS We evaluated 297 patients from Germany, Russia, and Portugal. Tissue samples from 233 patients were re-analyzed by two experienced pathologists. HPV status, p16, and histopathological parameters were evaluated for all patients. RESULTS Advanced lymph node metastases (N2, N3) were highly significantly associated with reductions in metastasis-free (MFS), cancer-specific (CS), and overall survival (OS) rates (p = <0.001), while lymphovascular invasion was a significant parameter for reduced CS and OS (p = 0.005; p = 0.007). Concerning the primary tumor stage, a significant difference in MFS was found only between pT1b and pT1a (p = 0.017), whereas CS and OS did not significantly differ between T categories. In patients without lymph node metastasis at the time of primary diagnosis, lymphovascular invasion was a significant prognostic parameter for lower MFS (p = 0.032). Histological subtypes differed in prognosis, with the worst outcome in basaloid carcinomas, but without statistical significance. HPV status was not associated with prognosis, either in the total cohort or in the usual type alone. CONCLUSION Lymphatic involvement has the highest impact on prognosis in penile cancer, whereas HPV status alone is not suitable as a prognostic parameter. The pT1b stage, which includes grading, as well as lymphovascular and perineural invasion in the T stage, seems questionable; a revision of the TNM classification is therefore required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Niklas Mink
- Department of Urology and Paediatric Urology, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany (M.S.)
| | - Oybek Khalmurzaev
- Department of Urology and Paediatric Urology, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany (M.S.)
- Department of Urology, Federal State Budgetary Institution “N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology”, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow 115478, Russia
| | - Alexey Pryalukhin
- Institute of Pathology, Saarland University Medical Centre, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Lohse
- Institute of Virology, Saarland University, 66123 Homburg, Germany
| | - Kristof Bende
- Institute of Pathology, University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - João Lobo
- Department of Pathology and Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group—Research Center, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto/Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center Raquel Seruca, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, 4050-513 Porto, Portugal; (J.L.); (R.H.)
| | - Rui Henrique
- Department of Pathology and Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group—Research Center, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto/Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center Raquel Seruca, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, 4050-513 Porto, Portugal; (J.L.); (R.H.)
| | - Hagen Loertzer
- Clinic of Urology and Paediatric Urology, Westpfalz-Klinikum, 67655 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Joachim Steffens
- Department of Urology and Paediatric Urology, St. Antonius Hospital, 52249 Eschweiler, Germany
| | - Carmen Jerónimo
- Department of Pathology and Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group—Research Center, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto/Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center Raquel Seruca, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, 4050-513 Porto, Portugal; (J.L.); (R.H.)
| | - Heiko Wunderlich
- Clinic of Urology and Paediatric Urology, St. Georg Klinikum, 99817 Eisenach, Germany
| | - Julia Heinzelbecker
- Department of Urology and Paediatric Urology, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany (M.S.)
| | - Rainer M. Bohle
- Institute of Pathology, Saarland University Medical Centre, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Michael Stöckle
- Department of Urology and Paediatric Urology, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany (M.S.)
| | - Vsevolod Matveev
- Department of Urology, Federal State Budgetary Institution “N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology”, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow 115478, Russia
| | - Arndt Hartmann
- Institute of Pathology, University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Kerstin Junker
- Department of Urology and Paediatric Urology, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany (M.S.)
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Moch H, Amin MB, Berney DM, Compérat EM, Gill AJ, Hartmann A, Menon S, Raspollini MR, Rubin MA, Srigley JR, Hoon Tan P, Tickoo SK, Tsuzuki T, Turajlic S, Cree I, Netto GJ. The 2022 World Health Organization Classification of Tumours of the Urinary System and Male Genital Organs-Part A: Renal, Penile, and Testicular Tumours. Eur Urol 2022; 82:458-468. [PMID: 35853783 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2022.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 91.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The fifth edition of the World Health Organization (WHO) classification of urogenital tumours (WHO "Blue Book"), published in 2022, contains significant revisions. This review summarises the most relevant changes for renal, penile, and testicular tumours. In keeping with other volumes in the fifth edition series, the WHO classification of urogenital tumours follows a hierarchical classification and lists tumours by site, category, family, and type. The section "essential and desirable diagnostic criteria" included in the WHO fifth edition represents morphologic diagnostic criteria, combined with immunohistochemistry and relevant molecular tests. The global introduction of massive parallel sequencing will result in a diagnostic shift from morphology to molecular analyses. Therefore, a molecular-driven renal tumour classification has been introduced, taking recent discoveries in renal tumour genomics into account. Such novel molecularly defined epithelial renal tumours include SMARCB1-deficient medullary renal cell carcinoma (RCC), TFEB-altered RCC, Alk-rearranged RCC, and ELOC-mutated RCC. Eosinophilic solid and cystic RCC is a novel morphologically defined RCC entity. The diverse morphologic patterns of penile squamous cell carcinomas are grouped as human papillomavirus (HPV) associated and HPV independent, and there is an attempt to simplify the morphologic classification. A new chapter with tumours of the scrotum has been introduced. The main nomenclature of testicular tumours is retained, including the use of the term "germ cell neoplasia in situ" (GCNIS) for the preneoplastic lesion of most germ cell tumours and division from those not derived from GCNIS. Nomenclature changes include replacement of the term "primitive neuroectodermal tumour" by "embryonic neuroectodermal tumour" to separate these tumours clearly from Ewing sarcoma. The term "carcinoid" has been changed to "neuroendocrine tumour", with most examples in the testis now classified as "prepubertal type testicular neuroendocrine tumour".
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger Moch
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital Zuerich and University of Zuerich, Zuerich, Switzerland.
| | - Mahul B Amin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA; Department of Urology, USC Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Daniel M Berney
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK; Department of Cellular Pathology, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Eva M Compérat
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, General Hospital of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anthony J Gill
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; NSW Health Pathology, Department of Anatomical Pathology and Pathology Group Kolling Institute of Medical Research Royal North Shore Hospital St Leonards, Sydney, Australia
| | - Arndt Hartmann
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Santosh Menon
- Tata Memorial Centre, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Maria R Raspollini
- Histopathology and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital Careggi, Florence, Italy
| | - Mark A Rubin
- Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), Bern Center for Precision Medicine (BCPM), University of Bern and Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - John R Srigley
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Puay Hoon Tan
- Division of Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Satish K Tickoo
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Toyonori Tsuzuki
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Aichi Medical University Hospital, Nagakut, Japan
| | - Samra Turajlic
- The Francis Crick Institute and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Ian Cree
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), World Health Organization, Lyon, France
| | - George J Netto
- Heersink School of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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4
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Chaux A, Sanchez DF, Fernández-Nestosa MJ, Cañete-Portillo S, Rodríguez IM, Giannico GA, Cubilla AL. The dual pathogenesis of penile neoplasia: The heterogeneous morphology of human papillomavirus-related tumors. Asian J Urol 2022; 9:349-358. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajur.2022.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Jia L, Deng FM, Kong MX, Wu CL, Yang XJ. Common Diagnostic Challenges and Pitfalls in Genitourinary Organs, With Emphasis on Immunohistochemical and Molecular Updates. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2021; 145:1387-1404. [PMID: 34673910 DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2021-0107-ra] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT.— Lesions in the genitourinary (GU) organs, both benign and malignant, can demonstrate overlapping morphology, and practicing surgical pathologists should be aware of these potential pitfalls and consider a broad differential diagnosis for each specific type of lesion involving the GU organs. The following summary of the contents presented at the 6th Annual Chinese American Pathologists Association (CAPA) Diagnostic Course (October 10-11, 2020), supplemented with relevant literature review, exemplifies the common diagnostic challenges and pitfalls for mass lesions of the GU system of adults, including adrenal gland, with emphasis on immunohistochemical and molecular updates when relevant. OBJECTIVE.— To describe the common mass lesions in the GU system of adults, including adrenal gland, with emphasis on the diagnostic challenges and pitfalls that may arise in the pathologic assessment, and to highlight immunohistochemical workups and emerging molecular findings when relevant. DATA SOURCES.— The contents presented at the course and literature search comprise our data sources. CONCLUSIONS.— The diagnostic challenges and pitfalls that arise in the pathologic assessment of the mass lesions in the GU system of adults, including adrenal gland, are common. We summarize the contents presented at the course, supplemented with relevant literature review, and hope to provide a diagnostic framework to evaluate these lesions in routine clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwei Jia
- From the Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (Jia)
| | - Fang-Ming Deng
- the Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York City (Deng)
| | - Max X Kong
- Northern California Kaiser, Kaiser Sacramento Medical Center, Sacramento (Kong)
| | - Chin-Lee Wu
- the Department of Pathology and Urology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Wu)
| | - Ximing J Yang
- the Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois (Yang)
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6
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Medeiros-Fonseca B, Cubilla A, Brito H, Martins T, Medeiros R, Oliveira P, Gil da Costa RM. Experimental Models for Studying HPV-Positive and HPV-Negative Penile Cancer: New Tools for An Old Disease. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13030460. [PMID: 33530343 PMCID: PMC7865362 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13030460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Penile cancer is an uncommon and understudied malignancy that is most commonly diagnosed in developing countries. Therapeutic advances have been slow, in part due to the lack of in vitro and in vivo models for testing new drugs before performing clinical trials. Recently, this difficulty has been partly overcome and multiple new pre-clinical models were reported. These important developments will help develop new therapies for penile cancer patients. The present review summarizes and discusses the available data concerning the pre-clinical models of penile cancer and their uses. Comparisons are drawn between different models, allowing researchers to choose the most adequate setting for their experiments. The remaining gaps in this array of penile cancer models are also discussed, in particular the lack of models for studying metastatic disease and cell lines representing tumors associated with human papillomavirus. Abstract Penile cancer is an uncommon malignancy that occurs most frequently in developing countries. Two pathways for penile carcinogenesis are currently recognized: one driven by human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and another HPV-independent route, associated with chronic inflammation. Progress on the clinical management of this disease has been slow, partly due to the lack of preclinical models for translational research. However, exciting recent developments are changing this landscape, with new in vitro and in vivo models becoming available. These include mouse models for HPV+ and HPV− penile cancer and multiple cell lines representing HPV− lesions. The present review addresses these new advances, summarizing available models, comparing their characteristics and potential uses and discussing areas that require further improvement. Recent breakthroughs achieved using these models are also discussed, particularly those developments pertaining to HPV-driven cancer. Two key aspects that still require improvement are the establishment of cell lines that can represent HPV+ penile carcinomas and the development of mouse models to study metastatic disease. Overall, the growing array of in vitro and in vivo models for penile cancer provides new and useful tools for researchers in the field and is expected to accelerate pre-clinical research on this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Medeiros-Fonseca
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, UTAD, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (B.M.-F.); (T.M.); (P.O.)
| | - Antonio Cubilla
- Instituto de Patología e Investigación and Universidad Nacional de Asunción, Asunción, Paraguay;
| | - Haissa Brito
- Maranhão Tumour and DNA Biobank (BTMA), Post-graduate Programme in Adult Health (PPGSAD), Federal University of Maranhão (UFMA), São Luís 65080-805, Brazil;
| | - Tânia Martins
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, UTAD, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (B.M.-F.); (T.M.); (P.O.)
- Veterinary Sciences Department, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, UTAD, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Rui Medeiros
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, CI-IPOP, IPO-Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal;
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- Virology Service, IPO-Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
- Biomedicine Research Center (CEBIMED), Faculty of Health Sciences, Fernando Pessoa University, 4249-004 Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula Oliveira
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, UTAD, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (B.M.-F.); (T.M.); (P.O.)
- Veterinary Sciences Department, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, UTAD, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Rui M. Gil da Costa
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, UTAD, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (B.M.-F.); (T.M.); (P.O.)
- Maranhão Tumour and DNA Biobank (BTMA), Post-graduate Programme in Adult Health (PPGSAD), Federal University of Maranhão (UFMA), São Luís 65080-805, Brazil;
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, CI-IPOP, IPO-Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal;
- Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy (LEPABE), Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-9132728000
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7
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Medeiros-Fonseca B, Mestre VF, Estêvão D, Sánchez DF, Cañete-Portillo S, Fernández-Nestosa MJ, Casaca F, Silva S, Brito H, Félix A, Medeiros R, Colaço B, Oliveira PA, Bastos MM, Nelson PS, Vakar-Lopez F, Gaivão I, Brito L, Lopes C, Cubilla AL, Gil da Costa RM. HPV16 induces penile intraepithelial neoplasia and squamous cell carcinoma in transgenic mice: first mouse model for HPV-related penile cancer. J Pathol 2020; 251:411-419. [PMID: 32488868 DOI: 10.1002/path.5475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Penile cancer is an under-studied disease that occurs more commonly in developing countries and 30-50% of cases show high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. Therapeutic advances are slow, largely due to the absence of animal models for translational research. Here, we report the first mouse model for HPV-related penile cancer. Ten-week-old mice expressing all the HPV16 early genes under control of the cytokeratin 14 (Krt14) gene promoter and matched wild-type controls were exposed topically to dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) or vehicle for 16 weeks. At 30 weeks of age, mice were sacrificed for histological analysis. Expression of Ki67, cytokeratin 14, and of the HPV16 oncogenes E6 and E7 was confirmed using immunohistochemistry and quantitative PCR, respectively. HPV16-transgenic mice developed intraepithelial lesions including condylomas and penile intraepithelial neoplasia (PeIN). Lesions expressed cytokeratin 14 and the HPV16 oncogenes E6 and E7 and showed deregulated cell proliferation, demonstrated by Ki67-positive supra-basal cells. HPV16-transgenic mice exposed to DMBA showed increased PeIN incidence and squamous cell carcinoma. Malignant lesions showed varied histological features closely resembling those of HPV-associated human penile cancers. Wild-type mice showed no malignant or pre-malignant lesions even when exposed to DMBA. These observations provide the first experimental evidence to support the etiological role of HPV16 in penile carcinogenesis. Importantly, this is the first mouse model to recapitulate key steps of HPV-related penile carcinogenesis and to reproduce morphological and molecular features of human penile cancer, providing a unique in vivo tool for studying its biology and advancing basic and translational research. © 2020 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Verónica F Mestre
- CITAB, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Diogo Estêvão
- Grupo de Oncologia Molecular e Patologia Viral, CI-IPOP, IPO-Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Diego F Sánchez
- Instituto de Patología e Investigación and Universidad Nacional de Asunción, Asunción, Paraguay
| | - Sofía Cañete-Portillo
- Instituto de Patología e Investigación and Universidad Nacional de Asunción, Asunción, Paraguay
| | | | - Fátima Casaca
- Botelho Moniz Análises Clínicas (BMAC), Porto, Portugal
| | - Sandra Silva
- Botelho Moniz Análises Clínicas (BMAC), Porto, Portugal
| | - Haissa Brito
- Biobanco de Tumores e DNA do Maranhão, PPGSAD, Universidade Federal do Maranhão (UFMA), São Luís, Brazil
| | - Ana Félix
- Nova Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Serviço de Anatomia Patológica, IPO-Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Rui Medeiros
- Grupo de Oncologia Molecular e Patologia Viral, CI-IPOP, IPO-Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Serviço de Virologia, IPO-Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Liga Portuguesa Contra o Cancro - Núcleo Regional do Norte, Porto, Portugal.,CEBIMED, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Fernando Pessoa, Porto, Portugal
| | - Bruno Colaço
- CITAB, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal.,Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Paula A Oliveira
- CITAB, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal.,Departamento de Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal
| | | | - Peter S Nelson
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.,University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Funda Vakar-Lopez
- LEPABE, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Isabel Gaivão
- CECAV and Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Luciane Brito
- Biobanco de Tumores e DNA do Maranhão, PPGSAD, Universidade Federal do Maranhão (UFMA), São Luís, Brazil
| | - Carlos Lopes
- Botelho Moniz Análises Clínicas (BMAC), Porto, Portugal.,Grupo de Patologia Experimental, Ci-IPOP, IPO-Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Departamento de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular, ICBAS, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Antonio L Cubilla
- Instituto de Patología e Investigación and Universidad Nacional de Asunción, Asunción, Paraguay
| | - Rui M Gil da Costa
- CITAB, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal.,Grupo de Oncologia Molecular e Patologia Viral, CI-IPOP, IPO-Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Biobanco de Tumores e DNA do Maranhão, PPGSAD, Universidade Federal do Maranhão (UFMA), São Luís, Brazil.,LEPABE, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
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8
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Sanchez DF, Fernandez-Nestosa MJ, Cañete-Portillo S, Cubilla AL. Evolving insights into penile cancer pathology and the eighth edition of the AJCC TNM staging system. Urol Oncol 2020; 40:215-222. [PMID: 33008752 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2020.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The majority of penile malignant tumors are squamous cell carcinomas. They are pathologically defined as epithelial neoplasms originating in the squamous cells of the inner mucosal lining of the glans, coronal sulcus or foreskin. Tumor location and site of origin is preferentially in glans (70%) followed by foreskin (25%) and coronal sulcus (5%). Despite the variable geographic distribution, pathological features of penile carcinomas in areas of high- and low-risk are similar. Penile tumors are morphologically heterogeneous. A major advance, based on biological, etiological and prognostic factors, is the 2016 WHO classification separating epithelial penile neoplasia, precancerous and invasive, in non-HPV and HPV-related.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego F Sanchez
- Instituto de Patología e Investigación, Asunción, Paraguay; School of Medicine, National University of Asuncion, San Lorenzo, Paraguay
| | - Maria Jose Fernandez-Nestosa
- Instituto de Patología e Investigación, Asunción, Paraguay; Polytechnic School, National University of Asunción, San Lorenzo, Paraguay
| | | | - Antonio L Cubilla
- Instituto de Patología e Investigación, Asunción, Paraguay; School of Medicine, National University of Asuncion, San Lorenzo, Paraguay.
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9
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Chu C, Chen K, Tan X, Lu J, Yang Y, Zhang Y, Yao K, Cao Y. Prevalence of human papillomavirus and implication on survival in Chinese penile cancer. Virchows Arch 2020; 477:667-675. [PMID: 32430598 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-020-02831-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We assessed the prevalence of HPV DNA in a large series of Chinese penile cancer and examine its association with the histological subtype, p16INK4a expression, and prognosis. We pathologically categorized 226 invasive penile squamous cell carcinomas and assessed HPV genotyping by real-time PCR and p16INK4a immunohistochemistry. The results were correlated with histopathological and clinical parameters and disease-specific survival (DSS). HPV DNA was detected in 32.7% (74/226) of penile cancer cases. The most frequent genotype was HPV 16 (64/74, 86.5%), followed by HPV 18 (6/74, 8.1%). Fifty-nine (26.1%) cases were positive for the p16INK4a expression, and p16INK4a expression had a sensitivity of 56.8% (95% CI, 45.2-68.3%) and a specificity of 88.8% (95% CI, 83.8-93.9%) for defining HPV status. HPV DNA (P = 0.019), p16INK4a (P = 0.038), age (P = 0.018), grade of differentiation (P = 0.001), lymph nodes (P < 0.001), T stage (P < 0.001), M stage (P < 0.001), and lymphovascular invasion (LVI, P = 0.001) were prognostic factors for DSS. HPV-positivity (HR 0.334; 95% CI, 0.158-0.705, P = 0.004) was still a significant prognostic factor for DSS in the multivariate Cox regression model. HPV DNA was observed in one third of Chinese penile carcinoma cases. The p16INK4a expression can indicate high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV). HPV-positive penile tumors confer a survival benefit over HPV-negative tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengbiao Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Keming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingliang Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiangli Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanzhong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - YiJun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yun Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
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10
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Cubilla AL, Velazquez EF, Amin MB, Epstein J, Berney DM, Corbishley CM. The World Health Organisation 2016 classification of penile carcinomas: a review and update from the International Society of Urological Pathology expert-driven recommendations. Histopathology 2018; 72:893-904. [PMID: 29105175 DOI: 10.1111/his.13429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) held an expert-driven penile cancer conference in Boston in March 2015, which focused on the new World Health Organisation (WHO) classification of penile cancer: human papillomavirus (HPV)-related tumours and histological grading. The conference was preceded by an online survey of the ISUP members, and the results were used to initiate discussions. Because of the rarity of penile tumours, this was not a consensus but an expert-driven conference aimed at assisting pathologists who do not see these tumours on a regular basis. After a justification for the novel separation of penile squamous cell carcinomas into HPV-related and non-HPV-related-carcinomas, the histological classification of penile carcinoma was proposed; this system was also accepted subsequently by the WHO for subtyping of penile carcinomas (2016). A description of HPV-related neoplasms, which may be recognised by their histological features, was presented, and p16 was recommended as a surrogate indicator of HPV. A three-tier grading system was recommended for penile squamous carcinomas; this was also adopted by the WHO (2016). Many of the distinctive histological subtypes of squamous cell carcinoma of the penis are associated with distinct grades, based on the squamous cell carcinoma subtype histological features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio L Cubilla
- Instituto de Patología e Investigación and Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, Asunción, Paraguay
| | | | - Mahul B Amin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Sciences, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Jonathan Epstein
- Departments of Pathology, Urology, and Oncology, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Daniel M Berney
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, St Bartholomew's Hospital, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Cathy M Corbishley
- Department of Cellular Pathology, St George's Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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11
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Torbrand C, Håkansson U, Ehrnström R, Liedberg F. Diagnosing Distal Urethral Carcinomas in Men Might Be Only the Tip of the Iceberg. Clin Genitourin Cancer 2017; 15:e1131-e1135. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clgc.2017.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/09/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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12
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Tada T, Honma R, Imai JI, Saze Z, Kogure M, Marubashi S, Tasaki K, Unakami M, Ezaki J, Tamura H, Nishikawa A, Hashimoto Y, Waguri S, Watanabe S, Gotoh M. A novel gene expression scoring system for accurate diagnosis of basaloid squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus. Int J Oncol 2017; 51:877-886. [PMID: 28731134 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2017.4075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Basaloid squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus (BSCE) is a rare variant of squamous cell carcinoma that is difficult to distinguish from other carcinomas by preoperative endoscopic biopsy because of its histological varieties. Accurate diagnosis is essential for adequate treatment, and the methods proposed so far (e.g., immunohistochemical staining) have limitations. In this study, we tried to identify the characteristic bundles of gene expression in BSCE using comprehensive gene expression analysis (CGEA). Subsequently, we constructed a gene expression scoring system for the proper diagnosis of BSCE. Fifty-seven surgical specimens, including seven BSCEs, obtained from 30 patients who underwent esophagectomy were used for constructing the scoring system. Three hundred and twelve biopsy specimens, including eight BSCEs, obtained from 80 patients and 20 commercially available formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) specimens diagnosed as esophageal cancer, including 13 BSCEs, were used for validation. After our original mathematical extraction algorithm, 75 genes were extracted to distinguish BSCE from non-BSCE. The cumulative converted values (gene expression score) of the respective 75 genes from each specimen were obtained and lined up in ascending order to assess the optimal gene expression cut-off score for a definitive diagnosis of BSCE. The validation of this scoring system showed high prediction of the biopsy specimens [area under the curve (AUC)=0.981; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.952‑1.000] and the commercially available FFPE specimens (AUC=0.901; 95% CI: 0.750-1.000). In conclusion, using CGEA in a gene expression scoring system helps in differentiating BSCE from non-BSCE with high accuracy and may contribute in improving BSCE treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Tada
- Department of Regenerative Surgery, Fukushima Medical University, School of Medicine, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Reiko Honma
- Nippon Gene Co., Ltd., Chiyoda, Tokyo 101-0054, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Imai
- Translational Research Center, Fukushima Medical University, School of Medicine, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Zenichiro Saze
- Department of Regenerative Surgery, Fukushima Medical University, School of Medicine, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Michihiko Kogure
- Department of Regenerative Surgery, Fukushima Medical University, School of Medicine, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Shigeru Marubashi
- Department of Regenerative Surgery, Fukushima Medical University, School of Medicine, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Tasaki
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Fukushima Medical University, School of Medicine, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | | | - Junji Ezaki
- Translational Research Center, Fukushima Medical University, School of Medicine, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Hirosumi Tamura
- Translational Research Center, Fukushima Medical University, School of Medicine, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | | | - Yuko Hashimoto
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Fukushima Medical University, School of Medicine, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Satoshi Waguri
- Translational Research Center, Fukushima Medical University, School of Medicine, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Shinya Watanabe
- Translational Research Center, Fukushima Medical University, School of Medicine, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Mitsukazu Gotoh
- Department of Regenerative Surgery, Fukushima Medical University, School of Medicine, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
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13
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Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Review of the Eighth Edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer Staging Guidelines, Prognostic Factors, and Histopathologic Variants. Adv Anat Pathol 2017; 24:171-194. [PMID: 28590951 DOI: 10.1097/pap.0000000000000157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma is the second most common form of nonmelanoma skin cancer after basal cell carcinoma and accounts for the majority of nonmelanoma skin cancer-related deaths. In 2017, the American Joint Committee on Cancer revised the staging guidelines of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma to reflect recent evidence concerning high-risk clinicopathologic features. This update reviews the literature on prognostic features and staging, including the eighth edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer Staging Manual. A wide range of histopathologic variants of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma exists, several of which are associated with aggressive behavior. A review of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma variants, emphasizing diagnostic pitfalls, immuhistochemical findings and prognostic significance, is included. Of note, the eighth edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer Staging Manual refers to squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck only.
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14
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Alvarado-Cabrero I, Sanchez DF, Piedras D, Rodriguez-Gómez A, Rodriguez IM, Fernandez-Nestosa MJ, Hernández-Toriz N, Cubilla AL. The variable morphological spectrum of penile basaloid carcinomas: differential diagnosis, prognostic factors and outcome report in 27 cases classified as classic and mixed variants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1186/s41241-017-0010-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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15
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Erbersdobler A. Pathologic Evaluation and Reporting of Carcinoma of the Penis. Clin Genitourin Cancer 2016; 15:192-195. [PMID: 27594553 DOI: 10.1016/j.clgc.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Carcinoma of the penis is a rare tumor in the United States and in western European countries. Clinical management has become more complex in recent years, because organ-preserving strategies are being favored. Furthermore, our understanding of the pathogenesis of this malignancy has grown considerably. As a result of these developments, the demands on the pathology reports of surgical specimens from the penis have increased. There are also some peculiarities with the current World Health Organization and TNM classification systems of penile cancer as compared with other tumor entities. This review outlines the most relevant aspects that have to be considered in the pathologic handling and typing of penile carcinoma.
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16
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Moch H, Cubilla AL, Humphrey PA, Reuter VE, Ulbright TM. The 2016 WHO Classification of Tumours of the Urinary System and Male Genital Organs-Part A: Renal, Penile, and Testicular Tumours. Eur Urol 2016; 70:93-105. [PMID: 26935559 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2016.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1841] [Impact Index Per Article: 230.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The fourth edition of the World Health Organization (WHO) classification of urogenital tumours (WHO "blue book"), published in 2016, contains significant revisions. These revisions were performed after consideration by a large international group of pathologists with special expertise in this area. A subgroup of these persons met at the WHO Consensus Conference in Zurich, Switzerland, in 2015 to finalize the revisions. This review summarizes the most significant differences between the newly published classification and the prior version for renal, penile, and testicular tumours. Newly recognized epithelial renal tumours are hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell carcinoma (RCC) syndrome-associated RCC, succinate dehydrogenase-deficient RCC, tubulocystic RCC, acquired cystic disease-associated RCC, and clear cell papillary RCC. The WHO/International Society of Urological Pathology renal tumour grading system was recommended, and the definition of renal papillary adenoma was modified. The new WHO classification of penile squamous cell carcinomas is based on the presence of human papillomavirus and defines histologic subtypes accordingly. Germ cell neoplasia in situ (GCNIS) of the testis is the WHO-recommended term for precursor lesions of invasive germ cell tumours, and testicular germ cell tumours are now separated into two fundamentally different groups: those derived from GCNIS and those unrelated to GCNIS. Spermatocytic seminoma has been designated as a spermatocytic tumour and placed within the group of non-GCNIS-related tumours in the 2016 WHO classification. PATIENT SUMMARY The 2016 World Health Organization (WHO) classification contains new renal tumour entities. The classification of penile squamous cell carcinomas is based on the presence of human papillomavirus. Germ cell neoplasia in situ of the testis is the WHO-recommended term for precursor lesions of invasive germ cell tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger Moch
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Antonio L Cubilla
- Instituto de Patología e Investigación, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, San Lorenzo, Paraguay
| | - Peter A Humphrey
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Victor E Reuter
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Thomas M Ulbright
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University Health Partners, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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17
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Martínez-Girón R, Martínez-Torre S, Mosquera-Martínez AJ. Basaloid squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix: Cytological and histological features. Diagn Cytopathol 2015; 43:993-5. [DOI: 10.1002/dc.23364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Revised: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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18
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Downes MR. Review of in situ and invasive penile squamous cell carcinoma and associated non-neoplastic dermatological conditions. J Clin Pathol 2015; 68:333-40. [PMID: 25883161 DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2015-202911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Penile carcinoma is a rare genitourinary malignancy in North America and Europe with highest rates recorded in South America, Africa and Asia. Recent classifications have refined the terminology used in classifying intraepithelial/in situ lesions and additionally newer entities have been recognised in the invasive category. While increasing recognition of a bimodal pathway of penile carcinogenesis has facilitated understanding and classification of these tumours, handling and subtyping of penile malignancies presents a challenge to the reporting pathologist, in part due to their rarity. This article reviews the terminology and classification of in situ and invasive carcinomas and their relationship to human papilloma virus status. In addition, associated non-neoplastic dermatological conditions of relevance and appropriate ancillary investigations will be addressed.
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19
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Sanchez DF, Cañete S, Fernández-Nestosa MJ, Lezcano C, Rodríguez I, Barreto J, Alvarado-Cabrero I, Cubilla AL. HPV- and non-HPV-related subtypes of penile squamous cell carcinoma (SCC): Morphological features and differential diagnosis according to the new WHO classification (2015). Semin Diagn Pathol 2015; 32:198-221. [DOI: 10.1053/j.semdp.2014.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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20
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Sanchez DF, Soares F, Alvarado-Cabrero I, Cañete S, Fernández-Nestosa MJ, Rodríguez IM, Barreto J, Cubilla AL. Pathological factors, behavior, and histological prognostic risk groups in subtypes of penile squamous cell carcinomas (SCC). Semin Diagn Pathol 2015; 32:222-31. [DOI: 10.1053/j.semdp.2014.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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21
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Human papillomavirus infection and immunohistochemical p16INK4a expression as predictors of outcome in penile squamous cell carcinomas. Hum Pathol 2015; 46:532-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2014.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Revised: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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22
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23
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Webb DV, Mentrikoski MJ, Verduin L, Brill LB, Wick MR. Basal cell carcinoma vs basaloid squamous cell carcinoma of the skin: an immunohistochemical reappraisal. Ann Diagn Pathol 2015; 19:70-5. [PMID: 25702956 DOI: 10.1016/j.anndiagpath.2015.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Typical cutaneous basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) are morphologically dissimilar. It is well known, however, that poorly differentiated SCC may assume a basaloid phenotype, complicating the histologic distinction between these 2 neoplasms. Selected immunohistochemical stains have been used in the past to aid in that differential diagnosis. In the current study, additional markers were evaluated to determine whether they would be helpful in that regard. Twenty-nine cases of metatypical (squamoid) BCC (MBCC) and 25 examples of basaloid SCC (BSCC) were studied using the antibodies Ber-EP4 and MOC-31 as well as a plant lectin preparation from Ulex europaeus I (UEA-1). The resulting immunostains were interpreted independently by 3 pathologists, and the results showed that MBCCs demonstrated strong and diffuse staining for Ber-EP4 (25/29) and MOC-31 (29/29). In contrast, BSCCs tended to be only sporadically reactive for both markers (4/25 and 1/25 cases, respectively). Labeling for UEA-1 was observed in almost all BSCCs (24/25), but only 6 of 29 cases of MBCC showed limited, focal staining with that lectin. These data suggest that MOC-31 is a useful marker in the specified differential diagnosis, especially when used together with UEA-1.
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MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/chemistry
- Biomarkers, Tumor/chemistry
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Basal Cell/diagnosis
- Carcinoma, Basal Cell/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Basal Cell/pathology
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/diagnosis
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology
- Diagnosis, Differential
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry/methods
- Skin Neoplasms/diagnosis
- Skin Neoplasms/metabolism
- Skin Neoplasms/pathology
- Ulex/chemistry
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Affiliation(s)
- David V Webb
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia Medical Center, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Mark J Mentrikoski
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia Medical Center, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Lindsey Verduin
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia Medical Center, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Louis B Brill
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia Medical Center, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Mark R Wick
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia Medical Center, Charlottesville, VA.
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24
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Corbishley CM, Rajab RM, Watkin NA. Clinicopathological features of carcinoma of the distal penile urethra. Semin Diagn Pathol 2014; 32:238-44. [PMID: 25656527 DOI: 10.1053/j.semdp.2014.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Distal urethral carcinomas are very rare and are similar in their pathology and behaviour to tumours of the glans penis and foreskin. Similarly they are associated with penile intraepithelial neoplasia (PeIN) of both differentiated and undifferentiated types. Current management is mainly surgical, but increasingly involves specialist penile-preserving techniques. Handling and dissection of the specimens is broadly the same as other primary penile tumours. The prognosis of distal urethral lesions is believed to be worse than penile tumours and better than prostatic urethral tumours, but the evidence is sparse. The staging system for urethral tumours does not distinguish between proximal and distal, apart from prostatic urethra, and has led to much confusion in the literature. Although the subtypes of tumours seen in the distal urethra are the same as those on the glans and foreskin, there is an increased proportion of basaloid squamous carcinoma and malignant melanoma whereas the majority of tumours seen in the proximal and prostatic urethra are of urothelial origin. In future, distal urethral tumours should be separately designated with site-specific staging/TNM and reporting system and pathologically classified in the same way as penile and foreskin tumours. Ultimately, this will improve the quality of data and produce evidence to inform management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine M Corbishley
- Department of Cellular Pathology, St George׳s Healthcare NHS Trust, Blackshaw Road, Tooting SW17 0QT, London, UK.
| | - Ramzi M Rajab
- Department of Cellular Pathology, St George׳s Healthcare NHS Trust, Blackshaw Road, Tooting SW17 0QT, London, UK
| | - Nicholas A Watkin
- Department of Urology St George׳s Healthcare NHS Trust, Tooting, London, UK
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25
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Shimizu A, Kato M, Takeuchi Y, Sano T, Kaira K, Uezato H, Ishikawa O. Detection of human papillomavirus (
HPV
) in patients with squamous cell carcinoma and the clinical characteristics of
HPV
‐positive cases. Br J Dermatol 2014; 171:779-85. [DOI: 10.1111/bjd.13234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Shimizu
- Department of Dermatology Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine 3‐39‐22 Showa‐machi Maebashi Gunma371‐8511 Japan
| | - M. Kato
- Department of Dermatology Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine 3‐39‐22 Showa‐machi Maebashi Gunma371‐8511 Japan
| | - Y. Takeuchi
- Department of Dermatology Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine 3‐39‐22 Showa‐machi Maebashi Gunma371‐8511 Japan
| | - T. Sano
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine 3‐39‐22 Showa‐machi Maebashi Gunma371‐8511 Japan
| | - K. Kaira
- Department of Oncology Clinical Development Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine 3‐39‐22 Showa‐machi Maebashi Gunma371‐8511 Japan
| | - H. Uezato
- Department of Dermatology Graduate School of Medicine University of the Ryukyus 207 Uehara Nishihara Okinawa 903‐0215 Japan
| | - O. Ishikawa
- Department of Dermatology Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine 3‐39‐22 Showa‐machi Maebashi Gunma371‐8511 Japan
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26
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Brougham NDL, Tan ST. The incidence and risk factors of metastasis for cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma--implications on the T-classification system. J Surg Oncol 2014; 110:876-82. [PMID: 25088537 DOI: 10.1002/jso.23731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) constitutes the most common cancer capable of metastasis. While the latest version of the American Joint Committee on Cancer guidelines represents a significant step forward in accurate staging of cSCC, several proven independent risk factors remain excluded. We review the current literature on the incidence and proven independent risk factors of metastasis for cSCC and proposes their full inclusion in the staging system for primary lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas D L Brougham
- Gillies McIndoe Research Institute, Maxillofacial and Burns Unit, Wellington, New Zealand; Wellington Regional Plastic, Maxillofacial and Burns Unit, Wellington, New Zealand
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27
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Manipadam MT, Bhagat SK, Gopalakrishnan G, Kekre NS, Chacko NK, Prasanna S. Warty carcinoma of the penis: A clinicopathological study from South India. Indian J Urol 2013; 29:282-7. [PMID: 24235788 PMCID: PMC3822342 DOI: 10.4103/0970-1591.120106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims: There are few studies on the pathology of warty carcinoma (WC) of the penis and these have been from South America. Penile cancers are not uncommon in India. We reviewed the frequency of subtypes of penile squamous carcinoma (SC) and the pathological features and outcome of WC when compared to squamous carcinoma-not otherwise specified (SC-NOS). We also compared the clinicopathological features of WC in our series with those published earlier. Materials and Methods: We studied 103 cases of penile cancers over 6 years. Cases were classified into different subtypes according to established histologic criteria. Clinicopathologic features were studied in detail and compared among the different subtypes, especially between WC and SC-NOS. The patients were followed-up and disease free survival in months was noted. Results: SC-NOS constituted 75.7% of all penile cancer cases in our series. The frequency of other subtypes was WC: 9.7%, verrucous: 3.9%, basaloid type and papillary type: 0.97% each, and mixed types 8.7%. The average tumor size and depth of invasion did not differ significantly between the two subtypes. Frequency of lymphovascular emboli and percentage of lymph node metastasis in WC (30 and 10%) were lesser than in SC-NOS (49.37 and 26.58%), respectively. There were no recurrences after partial penectomy in the WC subtype. In the SC-NOS type, three cases had recurrence after partial/total penectomy. Conclusion: Warty carcinoma constitutes nearly 10% of all penile squamous cell cancers. These patients seem to have a less aggressive behavior than SC-NOS.
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28
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Zvrko E, Knežević V, Golubović M. BASALOID SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA OF THE LARYNX: A CASE REPORT. ACTA MEDICA MEDIANAE 2013. [DOI: 10.5633/amm.2013.0106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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29
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Rachel JR, Kumar NS, Jain NK. Basaloid squamous cell carcinoma of retromolar trigone: A case report with review of literature. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol 2013; 15:192-6. [PMID: 22529579 PMCID: PMC3329705 DOI: 10.4103/0973-029x.84495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Basaloid squamous cell carcinoma (BSCC) is a rare distinct histologic variant of squamous - cell carcinoma of the head and neck region. BSCC is more aggressive and has a poorer prognosis, although histologically, it is associated with squamous cell carcinoma and squamous atypia. The usual site of occurrence for BSCC is the upper aerodigestive tract, floor of the mouth and base of the tongue. This is a case report of an unusual case of BSCC of retromolar trigone, which is quite rare.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Rachel
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Vinayaka Mission's Sankarachariyar Dental College and Hospital, Ariyanoor, Salem, India
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Chaux A, Cubilla AL. Advances in the pathology of penile carcinomas. Hum Pathol 2012; 43:771-89. [PMID: 22595011 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2012.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2011] [Revised: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/25/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of penile cancer varies from country to country, with the highest figures reported for countries in Africa, South America, and Asia and lowest in the United States and Europe. Causes of this variation are not clear, but they are thought to be related to human papillomavirus infection, smoking, lack of circumcision, chronic inflammation, and poor genital hygiene. Most penile tumors are squamous cell carcinomas, and a variegated spectrum of distinct morphologies is currently recognized. Each one of these subtypes has distinctive pathologic and clinical features. About half of penile carcinomas are usual squamous cell carcinomas, and the rest corresponds to verrucous, warty, basaloid, warty-basaloid, papillary, pseudohyperplastic, pseudoglandular, adenosquamous, sarcomatoid, and cuniculatum carcinomas. Previous studies have found a consistent association of tumor cell morphology and human papillomavirus presence in penile carcinomas. Those tumors composed of small- to intermediate-sized, basaloid ("blue") cells are often human papillomavirus positive, whereas human papillomavirus prevalence is lower in tumors showing large, keratinizing, maturing eosinophilic ("pink") cells. Human papillomavirus-related tumors affect younger patients, whereas human papillomavirus-unrelated tumors are seen in older patients with phimosis, lichen sclerosus, or squamous hyperplasia. This morphologic distinctiveness is also observed in penile intraepithelial neoplasia. The specific aim of this review is to provide a detailed discussion on the macroscopic and microscopic features of all major subtypes of penile cancer. We also discuss the role of pathologic features in the prognosis of penile cancer, the characteristics of penile precursor lesions, and the use of immunohistochemistry for the diagnosis of invasive and precursor lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alcides Chaux
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
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32
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Chaux A, Cubilla AL. Diagnostic problems in precancerous lesions and invasive carcinomas of the penis. Semin Diagn Pathol 2012; 29:72-82. [DOI: 10.1053/j.semdp.2011.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Bonerandi JJ, Beauvillain C, Caquant L, Chassagne JF, Chaussade V, Clavère P, Desouches C, Garnier F, Grolleau JL, Grossin M, Jourdain A, Lemonnier JY, Maillard H, Ortonne N, Rio E, Simon E, Sei JF, Grob JJ, Martin L. Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma and precursor lesions. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2012; 25 Suppl 5:1-51. [PMID: 22070399 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-3083.2011.04296.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J J Bonerandi
- Department of Dermatology, La Timone University Hospital, Marseille, France
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35
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Ferrándiz-Pulido C, de Torres I, García-Patos V. [Penile squamous cell carcinoma]. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2012; 103:478-87. [PMID: 22261674 DOI: 10.1016/j.ad.2011.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2011] [Revised: 07/10/2011] [Accepted: 08/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Penile squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is uncommon in Europe, where it accounts for approximately 0.7% of all malignant tumors in men. The main risk factors are poor hygiene, lack of circumcision, human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, and certain chronic inflammatory skin diseases. HPV infection is detected in 70% to 100% of all penile in situ SCCs and in 30% to 50% of invasive forms of the disease, mainly basaloid and warty SCCs. In situ tumors can be treated conservatively, but close monitoring is essential as they become invasive in between 1% and 30% of cases. The treatment of choice for penile SCC is surgery. Inguinal lymph node irradiation is no longer recommended as a prophylactic measure, and it appears that selective lymph node biopsy might be useful for reducing the morbidity associated with prophylactic inguinal lymph node dissection. Survival is directly related to lymph node involvement. Improving our knowledge of underlying molecular changes and their associated genotypes will open up new therapeutic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Ferrándiz-Pulido
- Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, España.
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36
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Turner B, Henderson S. Penile cancer: an update. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF UROLOGICAL NURSING 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-771x.2011.01126.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Mehrotra R, Sharma N, Umudum H, Ceyhan K, Rezanko T. The role of cytopathology in diagnosing HPV induced oropharyngeal lesions. Diagn Cytopathol 2011; 40:839-43. [PMID: 21698782 DOI: 10.1002/dc.21756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2011] [Accepted: 05/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
HPV detection in fine needle aspirates from suspected head and neck metastasis may be useful in clinching the diagnosis of HPV related oral squamous cell carcinoma. Ascertaining the HPV status of a particular tumor on cytological specimens could be useful for prognostication as HPV-related tumors appear to have a better prognosis and clinical outcome. The various techniques of detection are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Mehrotra
- Department of Pathology, Moti Lal Nehru Medical College, 16/2 Lowther Road, Allahabad, India.
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38
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Basaloid squamous cell carcinoma of the skin. J Am Acad Dermatol 2011; 64:144-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2010.02.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2009] [Revised: 02/17/2010] [Accepted: 02/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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39
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Reis AADS, Paula LBD, Paula AAPD, Saddi VA, Cruz ADD. [Clinico-epidemiological aspects associated with penile cancer]. CIENCIA & SAUDE COLETIVA 2010; 15 Suppl 1:1105-11. [PMID: 20640268 DOI: 10.1590/s1413-81232010000700018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2007] [Accepted: 12/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The general objective of this article is to review the current literature regarding the epidemiology, biological behavior and risk factors for penile cancer development, such as HPV infection. Phimosis and chronic irritation related to poor hygiene are commonly associated with penile cancer, whereas neonatal circumcision reduces the relative risk for the disease. There is strong evidence that HPV types 16 and 18 are associated with penile carcinoma in as many as 50% of cases. Patients with penile lesions should undergo physical examination, which is often sufficient to diagnose and to define tumor stagging, as well as contributes to decision-making regarding therapeutical approaches and case management.
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Defty CL, Segen J, Carter JJ, Ahmed I, Carr RA. Basaloid squamous cell carcinoma with 'monster' cells: a mimic of pleomorphic basal cell carcinoma. J Cutan Pathol 2010; 38:354-6. [PMID: 21039745 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0560.2010.01627.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Pleomorphic giant or 'monster' cells represent a well-recognized yet uncommon finding associated with basal cell carcinoma (BCC), usually of nodular type. We present a case of basaloid squamous cell carcinoma (basaloid SCC) with 'monster' cells that closely mimicked those described in pleomorphic nodular BCC. Clinically, the lesion presented as a fleshy, hyperkeratotic nodule in an 82-year-old woman. Histopathology revealed a basaloid lesion with lobulated borders and focal retraction artifact but a lack of prominent palisading or stromal mucin. There were areas of necrosis and small foci of keratinization. Striking bizarre monstrous pleomorphic nuclei were widely scattered throughout the lesion. Ber-EP4 immunohistochemistry proved to be negative and epithelial membrane antigen (EMA) expression was moderate to strong in 70% of the basaloid epithelium. Monster cells have not previously been highlighted in cutaneous SCC or in its uncommon cutaneous basaloid variant. The prognostic significance of monster cells is unknown but, given the relative paucity of keratinization in basaloid SCC, these lesions should probably be regarded as poorly differentiated. We have not previously encountered an SCC that so closely resembles nodular BCC with pleomorphic monster cells and believe that this is the first such report in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare L Defty
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals of Coventry & Warwickshire NHS Trust, Clifford Bridge Road, Coventry, UK
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41
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Developments in the Pathology of Penile Squamous Cell Carcinomas. Urology 2010; 76:S7-S14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2010.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2010] [Revised: 02/08/2010] [Accepted: 02/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Crispen PL, Mydlo JH. Penile Intraepithelial Neoplasia and Other Premalignant Lesions of the Penis. Urol Clin North Am 2010; 37:335-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ucl.2010.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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44
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Senba M, Mori N, Fujita S, Jutavijittum P, Yousukh A, Toriyama K, Wada A. Relationship among human papillomavirus infection, p16(INK4a), p53 and NF-κB activation in penile cancer from northern Thailand. Oncol Lett 2010; 1:599-603. [PMID: 22966350 DOI: 10.3892/ol_00000106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2010] [Accepted: 04/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) E6 and E7 oncoproteins are essential factors for HPV oncogenesis. These E6 and E7 gene products play a central role in the induction of malignant transformation by interacting with several cellular regulatory proteins such as p16(INK4a), p53 and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB). In the present study, conducted in northern Thailand, HPV-DNA was detected in penile cancer cases using an in situ hybridization procedure and p16(INK4a), p53 and NF-κB were detected by immunohistochemistry. Using the cell cycle regulatory proteins p16(INK4a) (61.5%) and p53 (71.8%), it was found that of the 51 cases, 39 (76.5%) were HPV-DNA-positive in penile cancer. On the other hand, 25% p16(INK4a) and 75% p53, respectively, were found in HPV-negative cases. Prevalence of HPV infection (76.5%) was shown in penile cancer cases in northern Thailand. No difference was found between HPV-positive and HPV-negative cases with respect to the presence of the cell cycle regulatory protein p53. On the other hand, p16(INK4a) was found to be different between HPV-positive and HPV-negative cases. Inactivation of tumor suppressor genes, such as p16(INK4a) and p53, to genetic instability, cell immortalization, accumulation of mutations and cancer formation, with or without HPV and irrespective of HPV infection, is therefore suggested. Of the 39 HPV-positive cases, 35 (89.7%) were NF-κB-positive in the nucleus, 29 (74.4%) in the cytoplasm and 37 (94.9%) in the nucleus and/or cytoplasm. NF-κB was detected in 4 (33.3%) of the 12 HPV-negative cases. Therefore, we propose that penile cancer cases with HPV infection are more likely to activate NF-κB than those without HPV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masachika Senba
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523
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45
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Warty-basaloid carcinoma: clinicopathological features of a distinctive penile neoplasm. Report of 45 cases. Mod Pathol 2010; 23:896-904. [PMID: 20305615 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2010.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Most penile cancers are squamous cell carcinomas, but there are several subtypes with different clinicopathologic, viral, and outcome features. We are presenting 45 cases of a distinctive morphological variant of penile squamous cell carcinoma composed of mixed features of warty and basaloid carcinomas. This tumor was earlier recognized in a recent viral study and showed a high association with human papillomavirus infection. However, clinicopathologic features are not well known. In this multi-institutional study, patients' mean age was 62 years. Most tumors (64%) invaded multiple anatomical compartments, including glans, coronal sulcus, and, especially, inner foreskin mucosa. Tumor size ranged from 2 to 12 cm (mean 5.5 cm). Three morphological patterns were recognized: (1) the most common, observed in two-thirds of the cases was that of a typical condylomatous tumor on surface and basaloid features in deep infiltrative nests; (2) in 15% of the cases, there were non-papillomatous invasive carcinoma nests with mixed basaloid and warty features; and (3) unusually, predominantly papillomatous. Invasion of penile erectile tissues was frequent, either corpus spongiosum or cavernosum (47% each). Tumors limited to lamina propria were rare. Most tumors were of high grade (89%). Vascular and perineural invasion were found in about one-half and one-quarter of cases, respectively. Associated penile intraepithelial neoplasia was identified in 19 cases and mostly showed basaloid, warty-basaloid, or warty features. Inguinal nodal metastases were found in 11/21 patients with groin dissections. Invasion of corpora cavernosa, high histological grade, and presence of vascular/perineural invasion were more prevalent in metastatic cases. In 21 patients followed, the cancer-specific mortality rate was 33% with a mean survival time of 2.8 years. Warty-basaloid carcinomas are morphologically distinctive human papillomavirus-related penile neoplasms that, such as basaloid carcinomas, are biologically more aggressive than typical warty carcinoma from which they should be distinguished.
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Velazquez EF, Amin MB, Epstein JI, Grignon DJ, Humphrey PA, Pettaway CA, Renshaw AA, Reuter VE, Srigley JR, Cubilla AL. Protocol for the Examination of Specimens From Patients With Carcinoma of the Penis. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2010; 134:923-9. [DOI: 10.5858/134.6.923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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47
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Senba M, Mori N, Wada A, Fujita S, Yasunami M, Irie S, Hayashi T, Igawa T, Kanetake H, Takahara O, Toriyama K. Human papillomavirus genotypes in penile cancers from Japanese patients and HPV-induced NF-κB activation. Oncol Lett 2010; 1:267-272. [PMID: 22966292 DOI: 10.3892/ol_00000047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2009] [Accepted: 11/27/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The causal relationship between chronic inflammation and cancer is widely accepted. Numerous investigations have identified nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) as an important modulator in driving chronic inflammation to cancer. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of human papillomavirus (HPV) in penile cancer in Japanese patients and whether NF-κB is subsequently overexpressed in penile cancer. Thirty-four specimens of penile tissue (16 malignant and 18 benign cases) were examined to determine the association of HPV infection. An in situ hybridization (ISH) method was used to detect and localize HPV-DNA. A sensitive HPV polymerase chain reaction (PCR) procedure was used for the detection of HPV-DNA, and DNA sequencing was used to identify the HPV genotype. HPV-DNA was detected in 37.5 and 75% of cases of penile cancer, using ISH and PCR, respectively. Our efforts to detect HPV genotypes were unsuccessful as HPV-DNA could not be extracted from these materials. Using ISH, a prevalence of 68.2% of HPV infection was found in penile cancer in Kenyan patients in east Africa. In the present study, all 9 HPV-positive cases, (100%) were NF-κB-positive in the nucleus and/or cytoplasm. In contrast, of the 25 HPV-negative cases, 15 (60%) were NF-κB-positive in the nucleus and/or cytoplasm. Therefore, ISH is a method which is able to prove infection of a large quantity of HPV more effectively when compared with PCR. Thus, a large quantity of HPV infection leads to the activity of NF-κB. The most prevalent genotype was the HPV-22 found in 83.3% of the penile cancer cases. In addition, HPV-11 was found in 81.8% of the non-cancer cases. For cases with a high level of infection, the activity of NF-κB increased compared with those with a low level of HPV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masachika Senba
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523
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48
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The Basaloid Cell is the Best Tissue Marker for Human Papillomavirus in Invasive Penile Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Study of 202 Cases From Paraguay. Am J Surg Pathol 2010; 34:104-14. [DOI: 10.1097/pas.0b013e3181c76a49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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49
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Kayes OJ, Loddo M, Patel N, Patel P, Minhas S, Ambler G, Freeman A, Wollenschlaeger A, Ralph DJ, Stoeber K, Williams GH. DNA replication licensing factors and aneuploidy are linked to tumor cell cycle state and clinical outcome in penile carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15:7335-44. [PMID: 19920109 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-09-0882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The DNA replication licensing machinery is integral to the control of proliferation, differentiation, and maintenance of genomic stability in human cells. We have analyzed replication licensing factors (RLF), together with DNA ploidy status, to investigate their role in progression of penile squamous cell carcinoma and to assess their utility as novel prognostic tools. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN In a cohort of 141 patients, we linked protein expression profiles of the standard proliferation marker Ki67 and the RLFs Mcm2 and geminin to clinicopathologic variables, ploidy status, and clinical outcome. RESULTS Increased Ki67, Mcm2, and geminin levels were each significantly associated with arrested tumor differentiation (P < 0.0001) and aneuploidy (P < or = 0.01). Accelerated cell cycle progression was linked to increasing tumor size, stage, and depth of invasion. Aneuploid tumors significantly correlated with tumor grade (P < 0.0001). Biomarker expression and DNA ploidy status were significant predictors of locoregional disease progression [Mcm2 (P = 0.02), geminin (P = 0.02), Ki67 (P = 0.03), and aneuploidy (P = 0.03)] in univariate analysis. Importantly, aneuploidy was a strong independent prognosticator for overall survival (hazard ratio, 4.19; 95% confidence interval, 1.17-14.95; P = 0.03). Used in conjunction with conventional pathologic information, multiparameter analysis of these variables can stratify patients into low- or high-risk groups for disease progression (Harrell's c-index = 0.88). CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that RLFs and tumor aneuploidy may be used as an adjunct to conventional prognostic indicators, identifying men at high risk of disease progression. Our results also identify the DNA replication initiation pathway as a potentially attractive therapeutic target in penile squamous cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver J Kayes
- Department of Pathology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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50
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Carcinome épidermoïde cutané (carcinome spinocellulaire) : Recommandations de pratique clinique pour la prise en charge diagnostique et thérapeutique Argumentaire - Mai 2009. Ann Dermatol Venereol 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s0151-9638(09)75172-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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