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Pavlović B, Tomić S, Đokić J, Vasilijić S, Vučević D, Lukić J, Gruden-Movsesijan A, Ilić N, Marković M, Čolić M. Fast dendritic cells matured with Poly (I:C) may acquire tolerogenic properties. Cytotherapy 2015; 17:1763-76. [PMID: 26455276 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS Because of the labor-intensive and time-consuming conventional protocols for the generation of dendritic cells (DCs) as the most promising tools for anti-cancer therapy that enable the induction of a T-helper (Th)1-mediated anti-tumor immune response, the use of short-term protocols has been proposed. However, data on the applicability of such protocols in cancer immunotherapy are quite limited. METHODS We compared the phenotypic and functional capability of fast DCs (fDCs) differentiated for 24 h and then matured for 48 h with Poly (I:C), a strong Th1-promoting agent, with donor-matched conventional DCs (cDCs) differentiated for 5 days and matured likewise. RESULTS Of 12 donors tested, we identified seven whose monocytes failed to develop into immunogenic DCs through the use of fDC protocol, on the basis of incomplete downregulation of CD14, low expression of CD1a and macrophage-like morphology. Such fDCs have significantly lower expression of CD83, CD86, CCR7 and CD40, weaker allo-stimulatory Th1- and Th17-polarizing capacity caused by poor production of interleukin (IL)-12p70 and IL-23 and high production of IL-10, and prominent Th2-polarizing capacity, compared with donor-matched cDCs. Furthermore, such fDCs had tolerogenic properties as judged by higher expression of indolamine dioxigenase-3, IDO-1 and IL-1β and induction of a higher percentage of CD4(+)CD25(+)FoxP3(+) T cells. These findings correlated with increased transforming growth factor (TGF)-β production by fDC-primed CD3(+)T cells and their stronger anti-proliferative capacity. CONCLUSIONS We emphasize that although fDCs could probably be applied as an alternative to cDCs for cancer therapy, the fDC protocol should not be applied to donors whose DCs acquire tolerogenic capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bojan Pavlović
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sergej Tomić
- Medical Faculty of the Military Medical Academy, University of Defence, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Đokić
- Medical Faculty of the Military Medical Academy, University of Defence, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Saša Vasilijić
- Institute for Medical Research, Military Medical Academy, University of Defence, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dragana Vučević
- Institute for Medical Research, Military Medical Academy, University of Defence, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jovanka Lukić
- Institute for Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, Laboratory for Molecular Microbiology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Nataša Ilić
- Institute for the Application of Nuclear Energy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milan Marković
- Medical Faculty of the Military Medical Academy, University of Defence, Belgrade, Serbia; Medical Faculty, University of Niš, Niš, Serbia
| | - Miodrag Čolić
- Medical Faculty of the Military Medical Academy, University of Defence, Belgrade, Serbia; Medical Faculty, University of Niš, Niš, Serbia.
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The dual nature of interleukin-10 in pemphigus vulgaris. Cytokine 2014; 73:335-41. [PMID: 25464924 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Revised: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The immunomodulatory cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10) plays beneficial but also potentially detrimental roles in inflammation, infection, and autoimmunity. Recent studies suggest a regulatory role for IL-10-expressing B cells in the autoimmune blistering disease pemphigus vulgaris. Here we review the studies on IL-10 in pemphigus vulgaris and discuss the potential pathophysiological significance of these findings in comparison to prior studies of IL-10 in other human conditions. A better understanding of the complex roles of IL-10 in immune regulation may improve our understanding of pemphigus pathogenesis and treatment.
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3
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Roncarolo MG, Gregori S, Battaglia M, Bacchetta R, Fleischhauer K, Levings MK. Interleukin-10-secreting type 1 regulatory T cells in rodents and humans. Immunol Rev 2006; 212:28-50. [PMID: 16903904 DOI: 10.1111/j.0105-2896.2006.00420.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 872] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-10 (IL-10)-secreting T regulatory type 1 (Tr1) cells are defined by their specific cytokine production profile, which includes the secretion of high levels of IL-10 and transforming growth factor-beta(TGF-beta), and by their ability to suppress antigen-specific effector T-cell responses via a cytokine-dependent mechanism. In contrast to the naturally occurring CD4+ CD25+ T regulatory cells (Tregs) that emerge directly from the thymus, Tr1 cells are induced by antigen stimulation via an IL-10-dependent process in vitro and in vivo. Specialized IL-10-producing dendritic cells, such as those in an immature state or those modulated by tolerogenic stimuli, play a key role in this process. We propose to use the term Tr1 cells for all IL-10-producing T-cell populations that are induced by IL-10 and have regulatory activity. The full biological characterization of Tr1 cells has been hampered by the difficulty in generating these cells in vitro and by the lack of specific marker molecules. However, it is clear that Tr1 cells play a key role in regulating adaptive immune responses both in mice and in humans. Further work to delineate the specific molecular signature of Tr1 cells, to determine their relationship with CD4+ CD25+ Tregs, and to elucidate their respective role in maintaining peripheral tolerance is crucial to advance our knowledge on this Treg subset. Furthermore, results from clinical protocols using Tr1 cells to modulate immune responses in vivo in autoimmunity, transplantation, and chronic inflammatory diseases will undoubtedly prove the biological relevance of these cells in immunotolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Grazia Roncarolo
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene therapy (HSR-TIGET), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
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Kitagawa T, Iwazawa T, Robbins PD, Lotze MT, Tahara H. Advantages and limitations of particle-mediated transfection (gene gun) in cancer immuno-gene therapy using IL-10, IL-12 or B7-1 in murine tumor models. J Gene Med 2003; 5:958-65. [PMID: 14601133 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have shown that particle-mediated transfection (PMT; gene gun) is an efficient method of non-viral gene transfer. We have examined the advantages and limitations of PMT in cancer immuno-gene therapy using IL-10, IL-12 or B7-1, all of which have been shown to be effective in murine tumor models using retroviral vectors. METHODS Murine cell lines (MCA205, MCA207, NIH-3T3) were treated with in vitro PMT, liposome-mediated transfection (LMT) or retroviral transfection. In vivo PMT was also examined for in vivo experiments using C57BL/6. RESULTS Transfection efficiency and cytokine expression of PMT were similar to those of LMT, another non-viral approach, in culture when murine adherent cells were used. Tumor establishment of MCA205 was suppressed when they were transfected with the mIL-12 and/or mB7-1 gene using PMT in vitro. In a treatment of established tumor, vaccination with tumor cells transfected with an IL-12 gene suppressed tumor growth, whereas a B7-1 gene was not effective. When an IL-10 gene was used to supply a high level of expression for antitumor effects, neither in vitro nor in vivo PMT could suppress even tumor establishment. These failures appear to be caused by the characteristics of PMT which allows high, but transient, expression of transfected genes. CONCLUSIONS Particle-mediated transfection is a useful non-viral transfection method in a system which does not require high-level gene expression for a prolonged time of period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Kitagawa
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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5
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Lieberman LA, Hunter CA. Regulatory pathways involved in the infection-induced production of IFN-gamma by NK cells. Microbes Infect 2002; 4:1531-8. [PMID: 12505525 DOI: 10.1016/s1286-4579(02)00036-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The production of interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) by natural killer (NK) cells provides an innate mechanism of resistance to many intracellular pathogens. These events are regulated by multiple cytokines and transcription factors which have both positive and negative effects. This article reviews the role of cytokines, as well as costimulatory and signaling pathways, involved in NK cell responses associated with resistance to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda A Lieberman
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rosenthal Bldg Room 226, 3800 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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6
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Estrada RB, Nagore E, Sanmartín O, Sevila A, Guillén C, Escudero M, O’Connor JE, Dasi F, Fenollosa B. Estudio del patrón de citocinas (Th1/Th2) producido por linfocitos T periféricos y del existente en tejido tumoral de pacientes con melanoma en diferentes estadios. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0001-7310(02)79214-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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7
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Jiang H, Wynn C, Pan F, Ebbs A, Erickson LM, Kobayashi M. Tacrolimus and cyclosporine differ in their capacity to overcome ongoing allograft rejection as a result of their differential abilities to inhibit interleukin-10 production. Transplantation 2002; 73:1808-17. [PMID: 12085006 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-200206150-00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accumulated evidence from clinical transplantation has suggested that tacrolimus-based treatment can reverse ongoing allograft rejection in patients treated with cyclosporine (CsA)-based immunosuppression, even when a high dose of antirejection rescue therapy has failed. This evidence prompted us to investigate whether these two compounds, which share an in vitro mechanism, would differ in their abilities to regulate in situ cellular and molecular events during ongoing allograft rejection. METHODS The equivalent effective doses of tacrolimus (3.2 mg/kg/day) and CsA (10 mg/kg/day), when administered orally to Lewis rats for 10 days (day 0-9), were predetermined and defined as the ability of the drug to induce a similar survival of Brown Norway rat heart allografts with an equal suppression of intragraft interleukin (IL)-2 mRNA expression. To investigate the ability of each drug to rescue ongoing allograft rejection, Lewis recipients of Brown Norway rat heart grafts were left untreated for the first 5 days after transplantation. Tacrolimus or CsA was then administered at the equivalent effective dose for 10 days (days 5-14). Heart grafts and blood samples, harvested on days 3, 5, 7, and 10, were analyzed by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, ELISA, and immunohistology. RESULTS Ongoing allograft rejection was found to be rescued by tacrolimus but not by CsA at the equivalent dose (median survival time: untreated, 6 days; tacrolimus, 18 days; and CsA, 7 days). A significant suppression of local intragraft IL-10 mRNA expression and serum protein production along with a dramatic down-regulation of functional CD8+ T and NKR-P1a+ natural killer cell local infiltration by means of decreased of cytotoxic factor release, including granzyme B and perforin 1, was found to be associated with tacrolimus but not CsA treatment. However, both drugs inhibited other immune cells (CD4+ T cell, ED2+ macrophage) and cytokines (IL-1beta, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-12, interferon-gamma, transforming growth factor-beta, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha) at almost the same levels. The inability of CsA to overcome ongoing allograft rejection could be rescued by cotreating recipients with neutralizing anti-IL-10 antibody on day 5 and day 6 after transplantation: anti-IL-10 antibody alone did not show such an effect. CONCLUSIONS Inhibition of IL-10 production is a critical factor in the ability of tacrolimus to reverse ongoing allograft rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongsi Jiang
- Fujisawa Research Institute of America, Northwestern University Research Park, 1801 Maple Avenue, Evanston, IL 60201-3135, USA. hongsi_jiang@ fujisawa.com
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8
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Ortegel JW, Staren ED, Faber LP, Warren WH, Braun DP. Modulation of tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte cytolytic activity against human non-small cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer 2002; 36:17-25. [PMID: 11891029 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-5002(01)00472-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The cytokines expressed in tumor microenvironments are thought to be important mediators of both the host immune response and tumor survival. The source of these cytokines includes tumor cells, infiltrating leukocytes, fibroblasts, and other stromal elements. We previously reported that tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) from human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) express predominantly type 1 cytokines, which are known to enhance cell-mediated immunity. The purpose of this study is to assess the cytokine mRNA expression of human NSCLC primary cell lines and the capacity of the tumor-associated cytokines to modulate the development of TIL cytolytic activity against the autologous tumor. Cytokine mRNA expression was determined by RT-PCR and the capacity of TIL to kill autologous lung tumor cells was measured by the chromium-51 (51Cr) release assay. All NSCLC primary cell lines expressed mRNA for IL-4, IL-6, and transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGFbeta1), whereas IL-10 was expressed in only 1/7 cell lines. When added to TIL cultures stimulated with anti-CD3+IL-2, IL-4 and IL-10 enhanced and TGF-beta1 suppressed the development of TIL cytolytic activity against autologous tumor cells. The effects of IL-6 were inconsistent and for the group, were not statistically significant. These results demonstrate that human NSCLC cells express cytokines with the capacity to regulate the in situ anti-tumor immune response. However, the effects of tumor-derived cytokines varied qualitatively and quantitatively suggesting the balance between specific type 2 cytokines or TGF-beta1 within tumor microenvironments may influence prognosis or response to immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Ortegel
- Department of Immunology/Microbiology, Rush-Presbyterian-St. Luke's Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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9
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Verheyen J, Bonig H, Banning U, Shin DI, Mauz-Körholz C, Körholz D. Co-operation of IL-1 and IL-2 on T-cell activation in mononuclear cell cultures. Immunol Invest 2001; 30:289-302. [PMID: 11777281 DOI: 10.1081/imm-100108164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
In search of an optimized anti-cancer immunotherapy, the combination of IL-2 and IL-1 has been tried. In an in-vitro LAK model, this cytokine cocktail seemed to be quite promising. In our in-vitro model of IL-2 induced T-cell activation we have therefore investigated the co-operation of these two potent immunostimulators. Mononuclear cells were stimulated with CD3 activating antibody in the presence of different cytokines and blocking or neutralizing antibodies. Cytokine concentrations were detected in the supernatants with ELISA. Intracellular IFN-gamma and IL-4 in the different T-cell subsets was measured by flow cytometry. IL-1 and IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) were up-regulated by IL-2, this was achieved independently of IL-12 or CD40/CD40L interaction. As a negative feedback mechanism, IL-1beta induced its natural antagonist, IL-1Ra. Both endogenous and exogenous IL-10 suppressed IL-1beta and induced IL-1Ra, thus markedly decreased the amount of functional IL-1. The combination of IL-2 and IL-1beta lead to a mildly increased Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) secretion (+20%, p < 0.05), however, this appeared to be the result of an increased IFN-gamma production per secreting cell, rather than of an increased recruitment of non-secreting cells. Similarly, IL-6 was also induced in an additive fashion (+30%, p < 0.05). For both cytokines, this effect could be significantly augmented by neutralizing IL-1Ra. Concentrations of IL-2 induced IL-10 and soluble Fas ligand (sFasL) were not affected by IL-1beta. We were thus able to demonstrate that IL-1 relays its activity through different pathways than IL-2. Furthermore, we could show that the potentially synergistic action of IL-2 and IL-1 was hindered by the simultaneous induction of signficant amounts of IL-1Ra. From the latter findings we conclude that the combination of IL-2 and IL-1 for cytokine-induced anti-tumor activity may not, but a combination of IL-2 and anti-IL-1Ra might prove beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Verheyen
- Heinrich-Heine University, Center of Child Health, Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Düsseldorf, Germany
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10
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Abstract
Interleukin-10 (IL-10), first recognized for its ability to inhibit activation and effector function of T cells, monocytes, and macrophages, is a multifunctional cytokine with diverse effects on most hemopoietic cell types. The principal routine function of IL-10 appears to be to limit and ultimately terminate inflammatory responses. In addition to these activities, IL-10 regulates growth and/or differentiation of B cells, NK cells, cytotoxic and helper T cells, mast cells, granulocytes, dendritic cells, keratinocytes, and endothelial cells. IL-10 plays a key role in differentiation and function of a newly appreciated type of T cell, the T regulatory cell, which may figure prominently in control of immune responses and tolerance in vivo. Uniquely among hemopoietic cytokines, IL-10 has closely related homologs in several virus genomes, which testify to its crucial role in regulating immune and inflammatory responses. This review highlights findings that have advanced our understanding of IL-10 and its receptor, as well as its in vivo function in health and disease.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Autoimmune Diseases/genetics
- Autoimmune Diseases/immunology
- Clinical Trials as Topic
- Clinical Trials, Phase II as Topic
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/immunology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Herpesviridae/physiology
- Humans
- Infections
- Inflammation
- Interleukin-10/genetics
- Interleukin-10/physiology
- Interleukin-10/therapeutic use
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/genetics
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/immunology
- Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, Inbred NZB
- Mice, Knockout
- Neoplasms/immunology
- Neutrophils/immunology
- Primates
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/physiology
- Receptors, Interleukin/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin/physiology
- Receptors, Interleukin-10
- Signal Transduction
- Transcription Factors/physiology
- Transcription, Genetic
- Viral Proteins/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- K W Moore
- Department of Molecular Biology, DNAX Research Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology Inc., Palo Alto, California 94304, USA.
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11
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Abstract
Interleukin-10 (IL-10), first recognized for its ability to inhibit activation and effector function of T cells, monocytes, and macrophages, is a multifunctional cytokine with diverse effects on most hemopoietic cell types. The principal routine function of IL-10 appears to be to limit and ultimately terminate inflammatory responses. In addition to these activities, IL-10 regulates growth and/or differentiation of B cells, NK cells, cytotoxic and helper T cells, mast cells, granulocytes, dendritic cells, keratinocytes, and endothelial cells. IL-10 plays a key role in differentiation and function of a newly appreciated type of T cell, the T regulatory cell, which may figure prominently in control of immune responses and tolerance in vivo. Uniquely among hemopoietic cytokines, IL-10 has closely related homologs in several virus genomes, which testify to its crucial role in regulating immune and inflammatory responses. This review highlights findings that have advanced our understanding of IL-10 and its receptor, as well as its in vivo function in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin W. Moore
- Departments of Molecular Biology, DNAX Research Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology Inc., Palo Alto, California 94304
- Departments of Pharmacology, DNAX Research Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology Inc., Palo Alto, California 94304
- Departments of Immunology, DNAX Research Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology Inc., Palo Alto, California 94304;,
| | - Rene de Waal Malefyt
- Departments of Molecular Biology, DNAX Research Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology Inc., Palo Alto, California 94304
- Departments of Pharmacology, DNAX Research Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology Inc., Palo Alto, California 94304
- Departments of Immunology, DNAX Research Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology Inc., Palo Alto, California 94304;,
| | - Robert L. Coffman
- Departments of Molecular Biology, DNAX Research Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology Inc., Palo Alto, California 94304
- Departments of Pharmacology, DNAX Research Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology Inc., Palo Alto, California 94304
- Departments of Immunology, DNAX Research Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology Inc., Palo Alto, California 94304;,
| | - Anne O'Garra
- Departments of Molecular Biology, DNAX Research Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology Inc., Palo Alto, California 94304
- Departments of Pharmacology, DNAX Research Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology Inc., Palo Alto, California 94304
- Departments of Immunology, DNAX Research Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology Inc., Palo Alto, California 94304;,
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12
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Jiang H, Yang X, Soriano RN, Fujimura T, Krishnan K, Kobayashi M. Distinct patterns of cytokine gene suppression by the equivalent effective doses of cyclosporine and tacrolimus in rat heart allografts. Immunobiology 2000; 202:280-92. [PMID: 11045663 DOI: 10.1016/s0171-2985(00)80034-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In vitro studies of the mode of action of cyclosporine (CsA) and tacrolimus have indicated that both drugs produce immunosuppression by a quite similar cellular and molecular mechanism to block T cell receptor emanated transcriptional activation of interleukin(IL)-2 and other cytokine genes. Herein, we show that there are distinct patterns of cytokine gene expression in rat heart allografts under equivalent effective doses ("optimal dose") of CsA and tacrolimus. The optimal doses of CsA (10 mg/kg/day) and tacrolimus (3.2 mg/kg/day), which induce similar mean graft survival time (MST), were administered in LEW recipients with ACI heart grafts from day 0 after grafting until sacrifice. Heart grafts were harvested at days 3, 5, and 7. The expression of various cell surface markers, cytokines, and cytotoxic factors was determined by immunohistology and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RFT-PCR). Cell populations that stained positively in the heart tissues of allograft control increased through day 7 for CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes, NKR-Pla+ natural killer (NK) cells, and ED2+ macrophages. CsA and tacrolimus have comparable activity to block these cell local infiltrations. The mRNA levels of the majority of the factors were dramatically up-regulated in the allografts over time, peaking at day 5. The optimal doses of CsA and tacrolimus had similar inhibitory effects on Th1 type cytokine IL-2 and interferon [INF]-gamma), inflammatory cytokine (IL-1beta and tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-alpha), and cytotoxic factor (granzyme B and perforin) mRNA expression. However, the drugs had different effect on Th2 type cytokines (IL-4 and IL-10). Whereas IL-4 expression was not affected by tacrolimus and was enhanced by CsA, IL-10 expression was more significantly suppressed by tacrolimus than CsA. Differences in the suppression of Th2 type cytokine gene expression indicate that the in vivo molecular networks by which CsA and tacrolimus exert their full immunosuppressive activity are not necessarily the same.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Jiang
- Fujisawa Research Institute of America, Evanston Northwestern Healthcare, Northwestern University/Evanston Research Park, IL 60201, USA.
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13
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Li W, Fu F, Lu L, Narula SK, Fung JJ, Thomson AW, Qian S. Differential effects of exogenous interleukin-10 on cardiac allograft survival: inhibition of rejection by recipient pretreatment reflects impaired host accessory cell function. Transplantation 1999; 68:1402-9. [PMID: 10573082 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-199911150-00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There have been conflicting reports of the influence of exogenous mammalian interleukin (IL)-10 on immune reactivity. These findings may reflect the pleiotropic effects of IL-10 on the functions of antigen-presenting cells and immune effector cells. The purpose of this study was to extend observations of the influence of the cytokine on organ allograft survival and to investigate its effects on the function of accessory and immune effector cells in a mouse cardiac transplant model. METHODS C3H (H2k) recipients of heterotopic vascularized B10 (H-2b) heart allografts were treated with recombinant (r) mouse IL-10 over a wide range of doses (0.2-200 microg/day), either before the transplant (days -3, -2, -1), peri-operatively (days -1, 0, 1), or after the transplant (days 0-6). Anti-donor cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity of host spleen and graft-infiltrating cells, and circulating complement-dependent cytotoxic antibody titers were determined by isotope release assays. Mixed leukocyte reactions were used to determine the influence of IL-10 on the function of antigen-presenting cells and allogeneic responder T cells. RESULTS Recipient pre-transplant administration of IL-10 (days -3, -2, -1) prolonged graft survival at all doses tested. Donor pretreatment with IL-10 (25 microg/day; days -3, -2, -1) was also effective, but less. A pre-transplant or perioperative course of IL-10, however, did not significantly affect the immunosuppressive action of tacrolimus given on days 0-6. If given only after the transplant, IL-10 either had no effect on graft survival or (at high dosage) accelerated rejection and prevented the immunosuppressive effect of cyclosporine. Pretransplant treatment of graft recipients with IL-10 reduced splenic anti-donor cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity and the incidence of graft-infiltrating CD8+ cells. There was no significant effect on circulating alloantibody titers. MLR assays revealed that preincubation of responder cells, but not stimulator spleen cells with IL-10, inhibited T cell proliferation, whereas addition of IL-10 after the start of culture modestly enhanced proliferation. Preincubation of purified T responders with IL-10 showed no inhibitory effect. CONCLUSION The modest and opposing effects of exogenous IL-10 on organ allograft survival are dependent on timing and dosage. Recipient pretreatment prolongs graft survival. This finding, together with the MLR results, suggest that IL-10 inhibits the function of host immune accessory cells and that the direct pathway of alloantigen presentation may be less susceptible to inhibition by IL-10.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Li
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute and Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
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14
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Abstract
Previous studies have shown that IL-10 inhibits the accessory cell functions required for production of IFN-gamma by T cells and NK cells. Our results show that although IL-10 did not induce the production of IFN-gamma by NK cells, it did enhance the ability of IL-18 to stimulate NK cell production of IFN-gamma. In addition, IL-10 augmented NK cell proliferation and cytotoxic activity when combined with IL-18. However, IL-10 did not affect the ability of IL-12 to stimulate NK cells to produce IFN-gamma or proliferate, but there was an additive effect with IL-12 to increase NK cell cytotoxic activity. Interestingly, the type I IFN, whose receptors (R) are related to the IL-10R, also enhanced the effects of IL-18 on NK cell production of IFN-gamma and NK cell cytotoxicity. The ability of IL-10 to elevate the production of IFN-gamma appeared to be specific for NK cells since IL-10 had no effect on the production of IFN-gamma by Th1 clones stimulated with IL-18 or IL-12 in the presence of a monoclonal antibody specific for CD3. These latter results correlated with lower mRNA levels for the alpha and beta chains of the IL-10R in Th1 cells than observed in NK cells. Thus, the ability of IL-10 and IL-18 to up-regulate NK cell function, but not Th1 cell activity, appears to be based on expression of the IL-10R.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Cai
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6008, USA
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15
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Book AA, Fielding KE, Kundu N, Wilson MA, Fulton AM, Laterra J. IL-10 gene transfer to intracranial 9L glioma: tumor inhibition and cooperation with IL-2. J Neuroimmunol 1998; 92:50-9. [PMID: 9916879 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(98)00172-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
This study examines the effects of interleukin-10 (IL-10) and combination IL-10 + IL-2 gene transfer on experimental brain tumor growth in vivo. 9L gliosarcoma cells were engineered to stably express murine IL-10 (9L-IL-10 cells) and implanted subcutaneously or to the caudate/putamen of syngeneic rats. The growth of tumors expressing IL-10 was substantially reduced compared to that of control tumors (p < 0.05). Intracranial tumors expressing IL-10 and IL-2 were established by co-implanting 9L-IL-10 cells with endothelial cells engineered to express IL-2. At 14 days post-implantation, tumors expressing IL-10 + IL-2 were 99% smaller than control-transfected tumors (p < 0.0001). This extent of anti-tumor effect could not be achieved by expression of IL-10 or IL-2 alone within tumors. Neither IL-10 nor a combination of IL-10 + IL-2 gene delivery inhibited tumor growth in severe combined immunodeficient (SCID-Beige) mice (p > 0.05). Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that IL-10 + IL-2 gene delivery markedly increased T-cell infiltration within the striatum ipsilateral to tumor cell implantation. These findings establish that IL-10 expression, particularly in combination with IL-2 expression, can have significant immune-dependent anti-tumor actions within intracranial gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Book
- Department of Neuroscience, The Johns Jopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Kundu N, Fulton AM. Interleukin-10 inhibits tumor metastasis, downregulates MHC class I, and enhances NK lysis. Cell Immunol 1997; 180:55-61. [PMID: 9316639 DOI: 10.1006/cimm.1997.1176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
We have engineered highly aggressive murine mammary tumor cell line 410.4 to express interleukin-10 (IL-10) and compared the behavior in vivo of these cells to parental 410.4 and 410.4 transfected with the control plasmid (410.4-neo). Transplantation of parental 410.4 and 410.4-neo tumor cells to syngeneic mice resulted in progressive growth and death from pulmonary metastases. In contrast, both subcutaneous growth and metastatic disease were completely inhibited by IL-10 expression. We had shown previously that the antimetastatic activity of IL-10 is expressed in T-cell-deficient mice but is lost when NK activity is suppressed. This study confirms that IL-10 is dependent on NK activity, since no therapeutic effect is seen in C.B-17/IcrCrl-SCID/Beige mice which lack T, B, and NK cell function. We compared the sensitivity to NK lysis of four IL-10-expressing clones with 410.4 and 410.4-neo and found that IL-10 expression resulted in enhanced NK lysis of all four clones. Furthermore, IL-10 expression was correlated with decreased surface expression of MHC class I Kd, Ld, and Dd. Pretreatment of IL-10-expressing cell lines with IFN-gamma reversed the class I downregulation and reduced the sensitivity of these cells to NK lysis. Taken together, these studies in vitro and in vivo are consistent with a mechanism by which IL-10 expression downregulates class I expression, leading to enhanced NK lysis of tumor cells, resulting in control of metastatic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Kundu
- Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore 21201, USA
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Qian S, Li W, Li Y, Fu F, Lu L, Fung JJ, Thomson AW. Systemic administration of cellular interleukin-10 can exacerbate cardiac allograft rejection in mice. Transplantation 1996; 62:1709-14. [PMID: 8990348 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-199612270-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Cellular interleukin-10 (cIL-10) has been shown to inhibit cytokine production by T helper type 1 (Th1) cells by blocking antigen presenting cell function. This activity has suggested that IL-10 might be useful in the treatment of transplant rejection. Stimulatory effects of IL-10 however, have also been observed both on T and B cell differentiation. In this study, we examined the influence of recombinant (r) mouse (m) IL-10 on heterotopic vascularized heart allograft survival in the B10(H2b)-->C3H(H2k) strain combination that crosses both major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and non-MHC-histocompatibility antigen (non-MHC-HA) barriers. The influence of IL-10 was also examined in the B10.BR (H2k)--> C3H combination with disparity at only non-MHC-HA loci. Postoperative intraperitoneal administration of IL-10 (100 microg/d, days 0-6) significantly accelerated heart graft rejection both in the B10-->C3H (mean survival time [MST] 7.8+/-0.2 days; control MST 10.6+/-0.6 days; P<0.05) and the B10.BR-->C3H combination (MST 14.3+/-0.5 days; control MST 77.7+/-14.4 days). Ex vivo IL-10 perfusion of donor hearts for either 15 min or 2 hr did not affect subsequent graft survival. Immunologic monitoring of transplanted mice revealed that IL-10 treatment (100 microg/d, i.p., days 0-6) increased both the circulating complement-dependent cytotoxic (CDC) antibody titer and splenic anti-donor cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) activity measured up to 3 weeks posttransplant. These findings indicate that post transplant systemic administration of cIL-10 can promote vascularized allograft rejection, and that this may reflect stimulation both of B and T cell alloimmune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Qian
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute and Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
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