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Zhang S, Chen K, Liu H, Jing C, Zhang X, Qu C, Yu S. PMEL as a Prognostic Biomarker and Negatively Associated With Immune Infiltration in Skin Cutaneous Melanoma (SKCM). J Immunother 2021; 44:214-223. [PMID: 34028390 PMCID: PMC8225232 DOI: 10.1097/cji.0000000000000374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Premelanosome protein (PMEL) is crucial for the formation of melanosomal fibrils through the transition from stage I to stage II melanosomes. It was used as a target antigen in some adoptive T-cell therapy of melanoma. The correlation of PMEL to prognosis and immune cell infiltration level are unknown in melanoma. The PMEL expression was evaluated via Tumor Immune Estimation Resource, Oncomine and Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis (GEPIA). We also evaluate the influence of PMEL on overall survival via GEPIA, PrognoScan, and immunohistochemistry in human tissue microarray. The correlation between PMEL expression level and immune cell or gene markers of immune infiltration level was explored on Tumor Immune Estimation Resource and GEPIA. PMEL expression was significantly higher in skin cutaneous melanoma (SKCM) and SKCM-metastasis in comparison with the other cancers. In SKCM, PMEL expression in high levels was associated with poor overall survival. In both SKCM and SKCM-metastasis patients, PMEL expression is negatively correlated with the infiltration cells of CD8+ T cells, macrophages, and neutrophils. Programmed cell-death protein 1 just showed response rates ranging from 20% to 40% in patients with melanoma, so it is critical to discover a new therapeutic target. PMEL is negatively associated with immune cell infiltration and can be as a negative prognosis marker or new immunotherapy target in SKCM and SKCM-metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Immunology Department, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | | | | | | | - Chunfeng Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Immunology Department, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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2
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Reustle A, Di Marco M, Meyerhoff C, Nelde A, Walz JS, Winter S, Kandabarau S, Büttner F, Haag M, Backert L, Kowalewski DJ, Rausch S, Hennenlotter J, Stühler V, Scharpf M, Fend F, Stenzl A, Rammensee HG, Bedke J, Stevanović S, Schwab M, Schaeffeler E. Integrative -omics and HLA-ligandomics analysis to identify novel drug targets for ccRCC immunotherapy. Genome Med 2020; 12:32. [PMID: 32228647 PMCID: PMC7106651 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-020-00731-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the dominant subtype of renal cancer. With currently available therapies, cure of advanced and metastatic ccRCC is achieved only in rare cases. Here, we developed a workflow integrating different -omics technologies to identify ccRCC-specific HLA-presented peptides as potential drug targets for ccRCC immunotherapy. Methods We analyzed HLA-presented peptides by MS-based ligandomics of 55 ccRCC tumors (cohort 1), paired non-tumor renal tissues, and 158 benign tissues from other organs. Pathways enriched in ccRCC compared to its cell type of origin were identified by transcriptome and gene set enrichment analyses in 51 tumor tissues of the same cohort. To retrieve a list of candidate targets with involvement in ccRCC pathogenesis, ccRCC-specific pathway genes were intersected with the source genes of tumor-exclusive peptides. The candidates were validated in an independent cohort from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA KIRC, n = 452). DNA methylation (TCGA KIRC, n = 273), somatic mutations (TCGA KIRC, n = 392), and gene ontology (GO) and correlations with tumor metabolites (cohort 1, n = 30) and immune-oncological markers (cohort 1, n = 37) were analyzed to characterize regulatory and functional involvements. CD8+ T cell priming assays were used to identify immunogenic peptides. The candidate gene EGLN3 was functionally investigated in cell culture. Results A total of 34,226 HLA class I- and 19,325 class II-presented peptides were identified in ccRCC tissue, of which 443 class I and 203 class II peptides were ccRCC-specific and presented in ≥ 3 tumors. One hundred eighty-five of the 499 corresponding source genes were involved in pathways activated by ccRCC tumors. After validation in the independent cohort from TCGA, 113 final candidate genes remained. Candidates were involved in extracellular matrix organization, hypoxic signaling, immune processes, and others. Nine of the 12 peptides assessed by immunogenicity analysis were able to activate naïve CD8+ T cells, including peptides derived from EGLN3. Functional analysis of EGLN3 revealed possible tumor-promoting functions. Conclusions Integration of HLA ligandomics, transcriptomics, genetic, and epigenetic data leads to the identification of novel functionally relevant therapeutic targets for ccRCC immunotherapy. Validation of the identified targets is recommended to expand the treatment landscape of ccRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Reustle
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany.,University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Moreno Di Marco
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Carolin Meyerhoff
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany.,University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Annika Nelde
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.,Clinical Collaboration Unit Translational Immunology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Juliane S Walz
- Clinical Collaboration Unit Translational Immunology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.,iFIT Cluster of Excellence (EXC 2180) "Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies", University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Winter
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany.,University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Siahei Kandabarau
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany.,University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Florian Büttner
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany.,University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Mathias Haag
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany.,University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Linus Backert
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Daniel J Kowalewski
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Steffen Rausch
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Jörg Hennenlotter
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Viktoria Stühler
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Marcus Scharpf
- Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Falko Fend
- Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Arnulf Stenzl
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Rammensee
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.,iFIT Cluster of Excellence (EXC 2180) "Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies", University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Jens Bedke
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Stevanović
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.,iFIT Cluster of Excellence (EXC 2180) "Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies", University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Matthias Schwab
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany. .,University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany. .,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany. .,iFIT Cluster of Excellence (EXC 2180) "Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies", University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany. .,Departments of Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Elke Schaeffeler
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany.,University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.,iFIT Cluster of Excellence (EXC 2180) "Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies", University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
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3
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Carretero-Iglesia L, Couturaud B, Baumgaertner P, Schmidt J, Maby-El Hajjami H, Speiser DE, Hebeisen M, Rufer N. High Peptide Dose Vaccination Promotes the Early Selection of Tumor Antigen-Specific CD8 T-Cells of Enhanced Functional Competence. Front Immunol 2020; 10:3016. [PMID: 31969886 PMCID: PMC6960191 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.03016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
CD8 T-cell response efficiency critically depends on the TCR binding strength to peptide-MHC, i.e., the TCR binding avidity. A current challenge in onco-immunology lies in the evaluation of vaccine protocols selecting for tumor-specific T-cells of highest avidity, offering maximal immune protection against tumor cells and clinical benefit. Here, we investigated the impact of peptide and CpG/adjuvant doses on the quality of vaccine-induced CD8 T-cells in relation to binding avidity and functional responses in treated melanoma patients. Using TCR-pMHC binding avidity measurements combined to phenotype and functional assays, we performed a comprehensive study on representative tumor antigen-specific CD8 T-cell clones (n = 454) from seven patients vaccinated with different doses of Melan-A/ELA peptide (0.1 mg vs. 0.5 mg) and CpG-B adjuvant (1–1.3 mg vs. 2.6 mg). Vaccination with high peptide dose favored the early and strong in vivo expansion and differentiation of Melan-A-specific CD8 T-cells. Consistently, T-cell clones generated from those patients showed increased TCR binding avidity (i.e., slow off-rates and CD8 binding independency) readily after 4 monthly vaccine injections (4v). In contrast, the use of low peptide or high CpG-B doses required 8 monthly vaccine injections (8v) for the enrichment of anti-tumor T-cells with high TCR binding avidity and low CD8 binding dependency. Importantly, the CD8 binding-independent vaccine-induced CD8 T-cells displayed enhanced functional avidity, reaching a plateau of maximal function. Thus, T-cell functional potency following peptide/CpG/IFA vaccination may not be further improved beyond a certain TCR binding avidity limit. Our results also indicate that while high peptide dose vaccination induced the early selection of Melan-A-specific CD8 T-cells of increased functional competence, continued serial vaccinations also promoted such high-avidity T-cells. Overall, the systematic assessment of T-cell binding avidity may contribute to optimize vaccine design for improving clinical efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Carretero-Iglesia
- Department of Oncology UNIL CHUV, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Couturaud
- Department of Oncology UNIL CHUV, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Petra Baumgaertner
- Department of Oncology UNIL CHUV, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Julien Schmidt
- Department of Oncology UNIL CHUV, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Hélène Maby-El Hajjami
- Department of Oncology UNIL CHUV, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Daniel E Speiser
- Department of Oncology UNIL CHUV, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michael Hebeisen
- Department of Oncology UNIL CHUV, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nathalie Rufer
- Department of Oncology UNIL CHUV, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Curran MA, Glisson BS. New Hope for Therapeutic Cancer Vaccines in the Era of Immune Checkpoint Modulation. Annu Rev Med 2019; 70:409-424. [PMID: 30379596 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-med-050217-121900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The driver and passenger mutations accumulated in the process of malignant transformation offer an adequate spectrum of immune visible alterations to the cellular proteome and resulting peptidome to render these cancers targetable-and, in theory, rejectable-by the host T cell immune response. In addition, cancers often overexpress tissue-specific and developmental antigens to which immune tolerance is incomplete. Sometimes, virally transferred oncogenes drive malignant transformation and remain expressed throughout the cancer. Despite this state of antigenic sufficiency, cancer grows progressively and overcomes all efforts of the host immune system to contain it. While therapeutic cancer vaccination can mobilize high frequencies of tumor-specific T cells, these responses remain subject to intratumoral attenuation. Antibody modulation of T cell function through checkpoint blockade or costimulatory activation can restore survival, proliferation, and effector function to these tumor-infiltrating T cells and convert otherwise subtherapeutic vaccines into potentially curative cancer immunotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Curran
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77054, USA; .,University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Houston, Texas 77054, USA
| | - Bonnie S Glisson
- Department of Thoracic Head and Neck Medical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Combination epidermal growth factor receptor variant III peptide-pulsed dendritic cell vaccine with miR-326 results in enhanced killing on EGFRvIII-positive cells. Oncotarget 2018; 8:26256-26268. [PMID: 28412740 PMCID: PMC5432254 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The mutant Type III variant of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFRvIII) is present in approximately one-third of glioblastoma (GBM) patients. It is never found in normal tissues; therefore, it represents a candidate target for GBM immunotherapy. PEPvIII, a peptide sequence from EGFRvIII, was designed to represent a target of glioma and is presented by MHC I/II complexes. Dendritic cells (DCs) have great potential to sensitize CD4+ T and CD8+ T cells to precisely target and eradicate GBM. Here, we show that PEPvIII could be loaded by DCs and presented to T lymphocytes, especially PEPvIII-specific CTLs, to precisely kill U87-EGFRvIII cells. In addition to inhibiting proliferation and inducing the apoptosis of U87-EGFRvIII cells, miR-326 also reduced the expression of TGF-β1 in the tumour environment, resulting in improved efficacy of T cell activation and killing via suppressing the SMO/Gli2 axis, which at least partially reversed the immunosuppressive environment. Furthermore, combining the EGFRvIII-DC vaccine with miR-326 was more effective in killing U87-EGFRvIII cells compared with the administration of either one alone. This finding suggested that a DC-based vaccine combined with miR-326 may induce more powerful anti-tumour immunity against GBM cells that express a relevant antigen, which provides a promising approach for GBM immunotherapy.
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6
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Ghosh S, Sarkar M, Ghosh T, Guha I, Bhuniya A, Saha A, Dasgupta S, Barik S, Bose A, Baral R. Neem leaf glycoprotein generates superior tumor specific central memory CD8+ T cells than cyclophosphamide that averts post-surgery solid sarcoma recurrence. Vaccine 2017; 35:4421-4429. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.05.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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7
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Sharif S, Shahid M, Mushtaq M, Akram S, Rashid A. Wild Mushrooms: A Potential Source of Nutritional and Antioxidant Attributes with Acceptable Toxicity. Prev Nutr Food Sci 2017; 22:124-130. [PMID: 28702429 PMCID: PMC5503421 DOI: 10.3746/pnf.2017.22.2.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper describes in detail proximate composition, nutritional profile, phytochemical constituents, antioxidant activities, antimicrobial potential, and antihemolytic activity (towards human erythrocytes) of various fractions of wild Ganoderma lucidum. Proximate analysis established that wild G. lucidum comprises about 87.02±5.45% of moisture, and the remaining part is a rich source of proteins (8.59±0.37%), crude fiber (54.21±1.2%), and carbohydrate (35.16%) with smaller fat content (3.33 %). Similarly, phytochemical screening revealed the presence of flavonoids (217.51±0.30 mg/g), ascorbic acid (116±7.32 mg/g), phenolics (360.72±34.07 mg/g), β-carotenes (0.42±0.04 μg/g), and lycopene (0.05±0.00 μg/g). Extracts of wild G. lucidum in various solvents provided first line protection against Escherichia coli and Pasteurella multocida in the order of ethyl acetate> ethanol> methanol> n-hexane> water. Furthermore, aqueous and methanolic extracts of wild G. lucidum were found to be safe towards human erythrocytes. Overall, wild mushroom (G. lucidum) was found to be a good source of dietary supplements, antimicrobial and antioxidant agents in the pursuance of its commercial utilization in food and pharmaceutical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumaira Sharif
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Shahid
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Mushtaq
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Sumia Akram
- Department of Chemistry, Kinnaird College for Women University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Ayoub Rashid
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
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Rapid and Continued T-Cell Differentiation into Long-term Effector and Memory Stem Cells in Vaccinated Melanoma Patients. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 23:3285-3296. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-1708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 10/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Abstract
The past several years can be considered a renaissance era in the treatment of metastatic melanoma. Following a 30-year stretch in which oncologists barely put a dent in a very grim overall survival (OS) rate for these patients, things have rapidly changed course with the recent approval of three new melanoma drugs by the FDA. Both oncogene-targeted therapy and immune checkpoint blockade approaches have shown remarkable efficacy in a subset of melanoma patients and have clearly been game-changers in terms of clinical impact. However, most patients still succumb to their disease, and thus, there remains an urgent need to improve upon current therapies. Fortunately, innovations in molecular medicine have led to many silent gains that have greatly increased our understanding of the nature of cancer biology as well as the complex interactions between tumors and the immune system. They have also allowed for the first time a detailed understanding of an individual patient's cancer at the genomic and proteomic level. This information is now starting to be employed at all stages of cancer treatment, including diagnosis, choice of drug therapy, treatment monitoring, and analysis of resistance mechanisms upon recurrence. This new era of personalized medicine will foreseeably lead to paradigm shifts in immunotherapeutic treatment approaches such as individualized cancer vaccines and adoptive transfer of genetically modified T cells. Advances in xenograft technology will also allow for the testing of drug combinations using in vivo models, a truly necessary development as the number of new drugs needing to be tested is predicted to skyrocket in the coming years. This chapter will provide an overview of recent technological developments in cancer research, and how they are expected to impact future diagnosis, monitoring, and development of novel treatments for metastatic melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Patrick Hwu
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Gregory Lizée
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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Legat A, Maby-El Hajjami H, Baumgaertner P, Cagnon L, Abed Maillard S, Geldhof C, Iancu EM, Lebon L, Guillaume P, Dojcinovic D, Michielin O, Romano E, Berthod G, Rimoldi D, Triebel F, Luescher I, Rufer N, Speiser DE. Vaccination with LAG-3Ig (IMP321) and Peptides Induces Specific CD4 and CD8 T-Cell Responses in Metastatic Melanoma Patients—Report of a Phase I/IIa Clinical Trial. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 22:1330-40. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-1212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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11
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Göthert JR, Eisele L, Klein-Hitpass L, Weber S, Zesewitz ML, Sellmann L, Röth A, Pircher H, Dührsen U, Dürig J. Expanded CD8+ T cells of murine and human CLL are driven into a senescent KLRG1+ effector memory phenotype. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2013; 62:1697-1709. [PMID: 24022692 PMCID: PMC11029347 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-013-1473-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Altered numbers and functions of T cells have previously been demonstrated in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) patients. However, dynamics and specific T-cell subset alterations have not been studied in great detail. Therefore, we studied CLL blood lymphocyte subsets of individual patients in a longitudinal manner. Dynamic expansions of blood CD4 + and CD8 + T-cell numbers were consistently associated with a progressively increasing CLL leukemic compartment. Interestingly, the T-cell subset expansion over time was more pronounced in CD38 + CLL. Additionally, we performed gene expression profiling of CD3 + T cells of CLL patients and normal donors. Using gene set enrichment analysis, we found significant enrichment of genes with higher expression in CLL T cells within CD8+ effector memory and terminal effector T-cell gene signatures. In agreement with these data, we observed a marked expansion of phenotypic CD8 + effector memory T cells in CLL by flow cytometry. Moreover, we observed that increments of CD8 + effector memory T cells in human CLL and also mouse CLL (Eμ-TCL1 model) were due to an expansion of the inhibitory killer cell lectin-like receptor G1 (KLRG1) expressing cellular subset. Furthermore, higher plasma levels of the natural KLRG1 ligand E-cadherin were detected in CLL patients compared to normal donor controls. The predominance of KLRG1+ expression within CD8+ T cells in conjunction with increased systemic soluble E-cadherin might significantly contribute to CLL immune dysfunction and might additionally represent an important component of the CLL microenvironment.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cadherins/genetics
- Cadherins/immunology
- Cadherins/metabolism
- Cell Membrane/immunology
- Cell Membrane/metabolism
- Cell Proliferation
- Female
- Flow Cytometry
- Humans
- Immunologic Memory/genetics
- Immunologic Memory/immunology
- Immunophenotyping
- Lectins, C-Type/genetics
- Lectins, C-Type/immunology
- Lectins, C-Type/metabolism
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/immunology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Mice, Transgenic
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
- Phenotype
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/immunology
- Receptors, Immunologic/metabolism
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/cytology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- Trans-Activators/genetics
- Trans-Activators/immunology
- Trans-Activators/metabolism
- Transcriptome/genetics
- Transcriptome/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Rudolf Göthert
- Department of Hematology, West German Cancer Center (WTZ), University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Lewin Eisele
- Department of Hematology, West German Cancer Center (WTZ), University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | | | - Stefanie Weber
- Department of Hematology, West German Cancer Center (WTZ), University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Marie-Louise Zesewitz
- Department of Hematology, West German Cancer Center (WTZ), University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Ludger Sellmann
- Department of Hematology, West German Cancer Center (WTZ), University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Alexander Röth
- Department of Hematology, West German Cancer Center (WTZ), University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Hanspeter Pircher
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Dührsen
- Department of Hematology, West German Cancer Center (WTZ), University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Jan Dürig
- Department of Hematology, West German Cancer Center (WTZ), University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45147 Essen, Germany
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Bae J, Smith R, Daley J, Mimura N, Tai YT, Anderson KC, Munshi NC. Myeloma-specific multiple peptides able to generate cytotoxic T lymphocytes: a potential therapeutic application in multiple myeloma and other plasma cell disorders. Clin Cancer Res 2012; 18:4850-60. [PMID: 22753586 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-11-2776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The efficacy of peptide vaccines may be enhanced by stimulating immune cells with multiple peptides derived from distinct tumor-associated antigens. We have evaluated the heteroclitic XBP1-US(184-192) (YISPWILAV), heteroclitic XBP1-SP(367-375) (YLFPQLISV), native CD138(260-268) (GLVGLIFAV), and native CS1(239-247) (SLFVLGLFL) peptides, which have strong HLA-A2 affinity and immunogenicity in combination, for their ability to elicit multiple myeloma antigen-specific responses. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Multipeptide-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (MP-CTL) were generated by the stimulation of CD3(+) T lymphocytes from HLA-A2(+) individuals with either autologous mature dendritic cells or T2 cells pulsed with a cocktail of these four peptides. RESULTS The peptide cocktail did not compromise tumor antigen-specific activity of CTLs. MP-CTLs displayed increased total, effector memory (CCR7(-)CD45RO(+)), and activated (CD69(+)) CD3(+)CD8(+) T lymphocytes. In addition, MP-CTL showed IFN-γ production, cell proliferation, and cytotoxicity against HLA-A2(+) multiple myeloma cells, including cells of HLA-A2(+) patients with multiple myeloma. Importantly, MP-CTLs showed specific responses in functional assays to each relevant peptide but not to an irrelevant HLA-A2-specific CMV pp65 (NLVPMVATV) peptide. CONCLUSIONS These results highlight the potential therapeutic application of vaccination with a cocktail of HLA-A2-specific peptides to induce CTLs with a broad spectrum of immune responses against multiple myeloma antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jooeun Bae
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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13
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Lövgren T, Baumgaertner P, Wieckowski S, Devêvre E, Guillaume P, Luescher I, Rufer N, Speiser DE. Enhanced cytotoxicity and decreased CD8 dependence of human cancer-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes after vaccination with low peptide dose. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2012; 61:817-26. [PMID: 22080404 PMCID: PMC11029156 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-011-1140-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2011] [Accepted: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In mice, vaccination with high peptide doses generates higher frequencies of specific CD8+ T cells, but with lower avidity compared to vaccination with lower peptide doses. To investigate the impact of peptide dose on CD8+ T cell responses in humans, melanoma patients were vaccinated with 0.1 or 0.5 mg Melan-A/MART-1 peptide, mixed with CpG 7909 and Incomplete Freund's adjuvant. Neither the kinetics nor the amplitude of the Melan-A-specific CD8+ T cell responses differed between the two vaccination groups. Also, CD8+ T cell differentiation and cytokine production ex vivo were similar in the two groups. Interestingly, after low peptide dose vaccination, Melan-A-specific CD8+ T cells showed enhanced degranulation upon peptide stimulation, as assessed by CD107a upregulation and perforin release ex vivo. In accordance, CD8+ T cell clones derived from low peptide dose-vaccinated patients showed significantly increased degranulation and stronger cytotoxicity. In parallel, Melan-A-specific CD8+ T cells and clones from low peptide dose-vaccinated patients expressed lower CD8 levels, despite similar or even stronger binding to tetramers. Furthermore, CD8+ T cell clones from low peptide dose-vaccinated patients bound CD8 binding-deficient tetramers more efficiently, suggesting that they may express higher affinity TCRs. We conclude that low peptide dose vaccination generated CD8+ T cell responses with stronger cytotoxicity and lower CD8 dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Lövgren
- Clinical Tumor Biology and Immunotherapy Unit, Ludwig Center of the University of Lausanne, Hôpital Orthopédique 05/1552, Av. Pierre-Decker 4, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Petra Baumgaertner
- Clinical Tumor Biology and Immunotherapy Unit, Ludwig Center of the University of Lausanne, Hôpital Orthopédique 05/1552, Av. Pierre-Decker 4, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sébastien Wieckowski
- University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Estelle Devêvre
- Clinical Tumor Biology and Immunotherapy Unit, Ludwig Center of the University of Lausanne, Hôpital Orthopédique 05/1552, Av. Pierre-Decker 4, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Guillaume
- Clinical Tumor Biology and Immunotherapy Unit, Ludwig Center of the University of Lausanne, Hôpital Orthopédique 05/1552, Av. Pierre-Decker 4, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Immanuel Luescher
- Clinical Tumor Biology and Immunotherapy Unit, Ludwig Center of the University of Lausanne, Hôpital Orthopédique 05/1552, Av. Pierre-Decker 4, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nathalie Rufer
- Clinical Tumor Biology and Immunotherapy Unit, Ludwig Center of the University of Lausanne, Hôpital Orthopédique 05/1552, Av. Pierre-Decker 4, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
- University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Daniel E. Speiser
- Clinical Tumor Biology and Immunotherapy Unit, Ludwig Center of the University of Lausanne, Hôpital Orthopédique 05/1552, Av. Pierre-Decker 4, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Karande P, Mitragotri S. Transcutaneous immunization: an overview of advantages, disease targets, vaccines, and delivery technologies. Annu Rev Chem Biomol Eng 2012; 1:175-201. [PMID: 22432578 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-073009-100948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Skin is an immunologically active tissue composed of specialized cells and agents that capture and process antigens to confer immune protection. Transcutaneous immunization takes advantage of the skin immune network by inducing a protective immune response against topically applied antigens. This mode of vaccination presents a novel and attractive approach for needle-free immunization that is safe, noninvasive, and overcomes many of the limitations associated with needle-based administrations. In this review we will discuss the developments in the field of transcutaneous immunization in the past decade with special emphasis on disease targets and vaccine delivery technologies. We will also briefly discuss the challenges that need to be overcome to translate early laboratory successes in transcutaneous immunization into the development of effective clinical prophylactics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Karande
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA.
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15
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Slingluff CL. The present and future of peptide vaccines for cancer: single or multiple, long or short, alone or in combination? Cancer J 2011; 17:343-50. [PMID: 21952285 PMCID: PMC3204371 DOI: 10.1097/ppo.0b013e318233e5b2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Peptide vaccines incorporate one or more short or long amino acid sequences as tumor antigens, combined with a vaccine adjuvant. Thus, they fall broadly into the category of defined antigen vaccines, along with vaccines using protein, protein subunits, DNA, or RNA. They remain one of the most immunogenic approaches, based on measures of T-cell response in the blood or in draining lymph nodes. However, existing peptide vaccines have had limited success at inducing clinical tumor regressions, despite reliable induction of T-cell responses. Several new developments offer promise for improving peptide vaccines, including use of long peptides, optimization of adjuvants including toll-like receptor agonists, and combination with systemic therapies that may reduce tumor-associated immune dysfunction, such as blockade of PD-1/PD-L1 interactions. To apply these new approaches optimally, it will be critical to study their effects in the context of defined antigens, for which peptide vaccines are optimal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig L Slingluff
- Human Immune Therapy Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA.
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16
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Limited transplantation of antigen-expressing hematopoietic stem cells induces long-lasting cytotoxic T cell responses. PLoS One 2011; 6:e16897. [PMID: 21379572 PMCID: PMC3040734 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2010] [Accepted: 01/04/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Harnessing the ability of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) to recognize and eradicate tumor or pathogen-infected cells is a critical goal of modern immune-based therapies. Although multiple immunization strategies efficiently induce high levels of antigen-specific CTLs, the initial increase is typically followed by a rapid contraction phase resulting in a sharp decline in the frequency of functional CTLs. We describe a novel approach to immunotherapy based on a transplantation of low numbers of antigen-expressing hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) following nonmyeloablative or partially myeloablative conditioning. Continuous antigen presentation by a limited number of differentiated transgenic hematopoietic cells results in an induction and prolonged maintenance of fully functional effector T cell responses in a mouse model. Recipient animals display high levels of antigen-specific CTLs four months following transplantation in contrast to dendritic cell-immunized animals in which the response typically declines at 4–6 weeks post-immunization. Majority of HSC-induced antigen-specific CD8+ T cells display central memory phenotype, efficiently kill target cells in vivo, and protect recipients against tumor growth in a preventive setting. Furthermore, we confirm previously published observation that high level engraftment of antigen-expressing HSCs following myeloablative conditioning results in tolerance and an absence of specific cytotoxic activity in vivo. In conclusion, the data presented here supports potential application of immunization by limited transplantation of antigen-expressing HSCs for the prevention and treatment of cancer and therapeutic immunization of chronic infectious diseases such as HIV-1/AIDS.
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Guillaume P, Baumgaertner P, Neff L, Rufer N, Wettstein P, Speiser DE, Luescher IF. Novel soluble HLA-A2/MELAN-A complexes selectively stain a differentiation defective subpopulation of CD8+ T cells in patients with melanoma. Int J Cancer 2010; 127:910-23. [PMID: 19998338 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Multimeric MHC I-peptide complexes containing phycoerythrin-streptavidin are widely used to detect and investigate antigen-specific CD8+ (and CD4+) T cells. Because such reagents are heterogeneous, we compared their binding characteristics with those of monodisperse dimeric, tetrameric and octameric complexes containing linkers of variable length and flexibility on Melan-A-specific CD8+ T cell clones and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from HLA-A*0201(+) melanoma patients. Striking binding differences were observed for different defined A2/Melan-A(26-35) complexes on T cells depending on their differentiation stage. In particular, short dimeric but not octameric A2/Melan-A(26-35) complexes selectively and avidly stained incompletely differentiated effector-memory T cells clones and populations expressing CD27 and CD28 and low levels of cytolytic mediators (granzymes and perforin). This subpopulation was found in PBMC from all six melanoma patients analyzed and proliferated on peptide stimulation with only modest phenotypic changes. By contrast influenza matrix(58-66) -specific CD8+ PBMC from nine HLA-A*0201(+) healthy donors were efficiently stained by A2/Flu matrix(58-61) multimers, but not dimer and upon peptide stimulation proliferated and differentiated from memory into effector T cells. Thus PBMC from melanoma patients contain a differentiation defective sub-population of Melan-A-specific CD8+ T cells that can be selectively and efficiently stained by short dimeric A2/Melan- A(26-35) complexes, which makes them directly accessible for longitudinal monitoring and further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Guillaume
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
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18
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Mishra S, Sinha S. Immunoinformatics and modeling perspective of T cell epitope-based cancer immunotherapy: a holistic picture. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2010; 27:293-306. [PMID: 19795913 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2009.10507317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy is fast gaining global attention with its unique position as a potential therapy showing promise in cancer prevention and cure. It utilizes the natural system of immunity as opposed to chemotherapy and radiotherapy that utilize chemical drugs and radiation, respectively. Cancer immunotherapy essentially involves treatment and/or prevention with vaccines in the form of peptide vaccines (T and B cell epitopes), DNA vaccines and vaccination using whole tumor cells, dendritic cells, viral vectors, antibodies and adoptive transfer of T cells to harness the body's own immune system towards the targeting of cancer cells for destruction. Given the time, cost and labor involved in the vaccine discovery and development, researchers have evinced interest in the novel field of immunoinformatics to cut down the escalation of these critical resources. Immunoinformatics is a relatively new buzzword in the scientific circuit that is showing its potential and delivering on its promise in expediting the development of effective cancer immunotherapeutic agents. This review attempts to present a holistic picture of our race against cancer and time using the science and technology of immunoinformatics and molecular modeling in T cell epitope-based cancer immunotherapy. It also attempts to showcase some problem areas as well as novel ones waiting to be explored where development of novel immunoinformatics tools and simulations in the context of cancer immunotherapy would be highly welcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema Mishra
- National Institute of Biologicals, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, A-32 Sector 62, Noida, U. P., India.
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19
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Jandus C, Speiser D, Romero P. Recent advances and hurdles in melanoma immunotherapy. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2009; 22:711-23. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-148x.2009.00634.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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20
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Vaccination of Melanoma Patients With Melan-A/Mart-1 Peptide and Klebsiella Outer Membrane Protein P40 as an Adjuvant. J Immunother 2009; 32:875-83. [DOI: 10.1097/cji.0b013e3181b56ad9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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21
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Oble DA, Loewe R, Yu P, Mihm MC. Focus on TILs: prognostic significance of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes in human melanoma. CANCER IMMUNITY 2009; 9:3. [PMID: 19338264 PMCID: PMC2935762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Tumors contain variable numbers of lymphocytes, referred to as tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs). In melanoma, the intensity of this lymphocytic infiltrate is believed to correlate with outcome, though there is some debate about the applicability of this finding for all melanomas. Much research has gone into classifying TILs with respect to antigen receptor structure and the antigen to which melanoma-specific T cells react. However, these studies for the most part did not immunophenotype TILs, and recent data has revealed that the composition of tumoral lymphocytes is not homogenous, but rather represents varying contributions from many lymphocytic subsets. Furthermore, the function of TILs is often compromised as a result of the accumulation of immunoregulatory cells and various tumor escape mechanisms. These recent insights stress the need to collect more data on the composition and function of TIL infiltrates before definitive conclusions about the prognostic significance of TILs can be drawn. Advances in immunology have also facilitated the development of immunotherapeutic strategies, examples of which will be discussed with a special emphasis on blocking antibodies against CTLA-4, which are prototypical immunotherapeutic agents. This flurry of novel "biological" therapies will undoubtedly complicate our already incomplete understanding of TIL immunobiology as each of these agents has the potential to uniquely distort the series of immunological events which normally occur in untreated melanoma. Therefore, considerable research is needed to better elucidate the function and prognostic significance of TILs in both untreated melanoma and tumors treated with "biological" therapy.
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MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/metabolism
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- CTLA-4 Antigen
- Cytokines/immunology
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/immunology
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/metabolism
- Humans
- Immunologic Factors/immunology
- Immunologic Factors/metabolism
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/immunology
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/metabolism
- Melanoma/drug therapy
- Melanoma/immunology
- Melanoma/metabolism
- Prognosis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Skin Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Skin Neoplasms/immunology
- Skin Neoplasms/metabolism
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Darryl A. Oble
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts
General Hospital, Harvard Medical School55
Fruit Street, Warren 827Boston, MA 02114USA
- Department of Medicine, Section of Dermatology,
University of Chicago5841 S. Maryland Avenue, MC
5067Chicago, IL 60637USA
| | - Robert Loewe
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts
General Hospital, Harvard Medical School55
Fruit Street, Warren 827Boston, MA 02114USA
| | - Ping Yu
- Department of Medicine, Section of Dermatology,
University of Chicago5841 S. Maryland Avenue, MC
5067Chicago, IL 60637USA
| | - Martin C. Mihm
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts
General Hospital, Harvard Medical School55
Fruit Street, Warren 827Boston, MA 02114USA
- Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts
General Hospital, Harvard Medical School50
Staniford Street, Suite 200Boston, MA 02114USA
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22
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Skoberne M, Yewdall A, Bahjat KS, Godefroy E, Lauer P, Lemmens E, Liu W, Luckett W, Leong M, Dubensky TW, Brockstedt DG, Bhardwaj N. KBMA Listeria monocytogenes is an effective vector for DC-mediated induction of antitumor immunity. J Clin Invest 2008; 118:3990-4001. [PMID: 19033668 PMCID: PMC2579623 DOI: 10.1172/jci31350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2006] [Accepted: 10/01/2008] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccine strategies that utilize human DCs to enhance antitumor immunity have yet to realize their full potential. Approaches that optimally target a spectrum of antigens to DCs are urgently needed. Here we report the development of a platform for loading DCs with antigen. It is based on killed but metabolically active (KBMA) recombinant Listeria monocytogenes and facilitates both antigen delivery and maturation of human DCs. Highly attenuated KBMA L. monocytogenes were engineered to express an epitope of the melanoma-associated antigen MelanA/Mart-1 that is recognized by human CD8+ T cells when presented by the MHC class I molecule HLA-A*0201. The engineered KBMA L. monocytogenes induced human DC upregulation of costimulatory molecules and secretion of pro-Th1 cytokines and type I interferons, leading to effective priming of Mart-1-specific human CD8+ T cells and lysis of patient-derived melanoma cells. KBMA L. monocytogenes expressing full-length NY-ESO-1 protein, another melanoma-associated antigen, delivered the antigen for presentation by MHC class I and class II molecules independent of the MHC haplotype of the DC donor. A mouse therapeutic tumor model was used to show that KBMA L. monocytogenes efficiently targeted APCs in vivo to induce protective antitumor responses. Together, our data demonstrate that KBMA L. monocytogenes may be a powerful platform that can both deliver recombinant antigen to DCs for presentation and provide a potent DC-maturation stimulus, making it a potential cancer vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojca Skoberne
- Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.
Anza Therapeutics, Concord, California, USA
| | - Alice Yewdall
- Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.
Anza Therapeutics, Concord, California, USA
| | - Keith S. Bahjat
- Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.
Anza Therapeutics, Concord, California, USA
| | - Emmanuelle Godefroy
- Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.
Anza Therapeutics, Concord, California, USA
| | - Peter Lauer
- Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.
Anza Therapeutics, Concord, California, USA
| | - Edward Lemmens
- Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.
Anza Therapeutics, Concord, California, USA
| | - Weiqun Liu
- Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.
Anza Therapeutics, Concord, California, USA
| | - Will Luckett
- Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.
Anza Therapeutics, Concord, California, USA
| | - Meredith Leong
- Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.
Anza Therapeutics, Concord, California, USA
| | - Thomas W. Dubensky
- Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.
Anza Therapeutics, Concord, California, USA
| | - Dirk G. Brockstedt
- Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.
Anza Therapeutics, Concord, California, USA
| | - Nina Bhardwaj
- Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.
Anza Therapeutics, Concord, California, USA
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23
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Walker EB, Haley D, Petrausch U, Floyd K, Miller W, Sanjuan N, Alvord G, Fox BA, Urba WJ. Phenotype and functional characterization of long-term gp100-specific memory CD8+ T cells in disease-free melanoma patients before and after boosting immunization. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14:5270-83. [PMID: 18698047 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-08-0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Effective cancer vaccines must both drive a strong CTL response and sustain long-term memory T cells capable of rapid recall responses to tumor antigens. We sought to characterize the phenotype and function of gp100 peptide-specific memory CD8+ T cells in melanoma patients after primary gp100(209-2M) immunization and assess the anamnestic response to boosting immunization. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Eight-color flow cytometry analysis of gp100-specific CD8+ T cells was done on peripheral blood mononuclear cells collected shortly after the primary vaccine regimen, 12 to 24 months after primary vaccination, and after boosting immunization. The anamnestic response was assessed by comparing the frequency of circulating gp100-specific T cells before and after boosting. Gp100 peptide-induced in vitro functional avidity and proliferation responses and melanoma-stimulated T-cell CD107 mobilization were compared for cells from all three time points for multiple patients. RESULTS The frequency of circulating gp100-specific memory CD8+ T cells was comparable with cytomegalovirus-specific and FLU-specific T cells in the same patients, and the cells exhibited anamnestic proliferation after boosting. Their phenotypes were not unique, and individual patients exhibited one of two distinct phenotype signatures that were homologous to either cytomegalovirus-specific or FLU-specific memory T cells. Gp100-specific memory T cells showed some properties of competent memory T cells, such as heightened in vitro peptide-stimulated proliferation and increase in central memory (TCM) differentiation when compared with T-cell responses measured after the primary vaccine regimen. However, they did not acquire enhanced functional avidity usually associated with competent memory T-cell maturation. CONCLUSIONS Although vaccination with class I-restricted melanoma peptides alone can break tolerance to self-tumor antigens, it did not induce fully competent memory CD8+ T cells--even in disease-free patients. Data presented suggest other vaccine strategies will be required to induce functionally robust long-term memory T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin B Walker
- Robert W. Franz Cancer Research Center, Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, Oregon 97213, USA.
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24
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Priming and boosting determinants on the antibody response to an Epidermal Growth Factor-based cancer vaccine. Vaccine 2008; 26:4647-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2008] [Revised: 06/23/2008] [Accepted: 07/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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25
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Abstract
Current treatment of malignant melanoma exemplifies not only the need for translational research but also many of the challenges of moving from bench to bedside. Melanoma remains unique among solid tumors in that its treatment primarily is surgical. Radiation is of limited benefit, and chemotherapy has been disappointing in both the adjuvant and metastatic settings. This leaves clinicians with few options for reducing the chance of recurrence after surgery and for treating unresectable disease. With this in mind, there has been a fervent attempt to identify novel approaches to melanoma therapy and translate them into clinical use.
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26
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Booster vaccination of cancer patients with MAGE-A3 protein reveals long-term immunological memory or tolerance depending on priming. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:1650-5. [PMID: 18216244 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0707140104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously reported results of a phase II trial in which recombinant MAGE-A3 protein was administered with or without adjuvant AS02B to 18 non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients after tumor resection. We found that the presence of adjuvant was essential for the development of humoral and cellular responses against selected MAGE-A3 epitopes. In our current study, 14 patients that still had no evidence of disease up to 3 years after vaccination with MAGE-A3 protein with or without adjuvant received an additional four doses of MAGE-A3 protein with adjuvant AS02B. After just one boost injection, six of seven patients originally vaccinated with MAGE-A3 protein plus adjuvant reached again their peak antibody titers against MAGE-A3 attained during the first vaccination. All seven patients subsequently developed even stronger antibody responses. Furthermore, booster vaccination widened the spectrum of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells against various new and known MAGE-A3 epitopes. In contrast, only two of seven patients originally vaccinated with MAGE-A3 protein alone developed high-titer antibodies to MAGE-A3, and all these patients showed very limited CD4(+) and no CD8(+) T cell reactivity, despite now receiving antigen in the presence of adjuvant. Our results underscore the importance of appropriate antigen priming using an adjuvant for generating persistent B and T cell memory and allowing typical booster responses with reimmunization. In contrast, absence of adjuvant at priming compromises further immunization attempts. These data provide an immunological rationale for vaccine design in light of recently reported favorable clinical responses in NSCLC patients after vaccination with MAGE-A3 protein plus adjuvant AS02B.
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27
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Slingluff CL, Petroni GR, Chianese-Bullock KA, Smolkin ME, Hibbitts S, Murphy C, Johansen N, Grosh WW, Yamshchikov GV, Neese PY, Patterson JW, Fink R, Rehm PK. Immunologic and clinical outcomes of a randomized phase II trial of two multipeptide vaccines for melanoma in the adjuvant setting. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 13:6386-95. [PMID: 17975151 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-0486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Human melanoma cells express shared antigens recognized by CD8(+) T lymphocytes, the most common of which are melanocytic differentiation proteins and cancer-testis antigens. However, peptide vaccines for melanoma usually target only one or two MHC class I-associated peptide antigens. Because melanomas commonly evade immune recognition by selective antigen loss, optimization of melanoma vaccines may require development of more complex multipeptide vaccines. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN In a prospective randomized clinical trial, we have evaluated the safety and immunogenicity of a vaccine containing a mixture of 12 peptides from melanocytic differentiation proteins and cancer-testis antigens, designed for human leukocyte antigen types that represent 80% of the melanoma patient population. This was compared with a four-peptide vaccine with only melanocytic differentiation peptides. Immune responses were assessed in peripheral blood and in vaccine-draining lymph nodes. RESULTS These data show that (a) the 12-peptide mixture is immunogenic in all treated patients; (b) immunogenicity of individual peptides is maintained despite competition with additional peptides for binding to MHC molecules; (c) a broader and more robust immune response is induced by vaccination with the more complex 12-peptide mixture; and (d) clinical outcome in this peptide vaccine trial correlates with immune responses measured in the peripheral blood lymphocytes. CONCLUSIONS These data support continued investigation of complex multipeptide vaccines for melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig L Slingluff
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA.
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28
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Lizée G, Cantu MA, Hwu P. Less yin, more yang: confronting the barriers to cancer immunotherapy. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13:5250-5. [PMID: 17875752 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-1722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Clinical trials involving T cell-based immunotherapy for the treatment of human cancer have shown limited degrees of success. In cancer vaccine trials conducted at multiple centers worldwide, immunization has often resulted in the robust elicitation of T cells that specifically recognize antigens expressed on the surface of tumor cells. However, to date, objective clinical responses resulting from these approaches have remained relatively rare. By contrast, adoptive transfer of laboratory-expanded T cells into patients has had more success, producing impressive clinical regressions in a subset of advanced metastatic melanoma patients. The failure of activated T cells to consistently induce clinical responses in many other patients has pushed us toward a deeper understanding of natural immunoregulatory mechanisms that are directly responsible for diminishing tumor-specific T-cell activation, migration, and effector function in vivo. Such immunosuppressive factors likely evolved to prevent autoimmunity, but are frequently co-opted by tumors to evade tumor-specific immune responses. With this knowledge, it now becomes imperative to develop specific clinical interventions capable of eliminating tumor-specific immunosuppression, with the goal of shifting the balance to favor effector T-cell function and tumor cell killing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Lizée
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
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Powell DJ, Felipe-Silva A, Merino MJ, Ahmadzadeh M, Allen T, Levy C, White DE, Mavroukakis S, Kreitman RJ, Rosenberg SA, Pastan I. Administration of a CD25-directed immunotoxin, LMB-2, to patients with metastatic melanoma induces a selective partial reduction in regulatory T cells in vivo. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 179:4919-28. [PMID: 17878392 PMCID: PMC2134981 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.7.4919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
CD25+ CD4+ T regulatory (Treg) cells regulate peripheral self tolerance and possess the ability to suppress antitumor responses, which may in part explain the poor clinical response of cancer patients undergoing active immunization protocols. We have previously shown that in vitro incubation of human PBMC with LMB-2, a CD25-directed immunotoxin, significantly reduced CD25+ FOXP3+ CD4+ Treg cells without impairing the function of the remaining lymphocytes. In the current study, eight patients with metastatic melanoma were treated with LMB-2 followed by MART-1 and gp100-specific peptide vaccination. LMB-2 administration resulted in a preferential, transient reduction in mean circulating CD25+ CD4+ T cell number, from 83 +/- 16 cells/microl to a nadir of 17 +/- 5 cells/microl, a 79.1% reduction. FOXP3 analysis revealed a less robust depletion with mean FOXP3+ CD4+ Treg cell number decreasing from 74 +/- 15 cells/microl to 36 +/- 8 cells/microl, a 51.4% reduction. FOXP3+ CD4+ Treg cells that survived LMB-2-mediated cytotoxicity expressed little or no CD25. Similar to the peripheral blood, immunohistochemical analysis showed a 68.9% mean reduction in FOXP3+ CD4+ Treg cell frequency in evaluable lesions. Despite inducing a reduction in Treg cell numbers in vivo, LMB-2 therapy did not augment the immune response to cancer vaccination and no patient experienced an objective response or autoimmunity. These data demonstrate the capacity of a CD25-directed immunotoxin to selectively mediate a transient partial reduction in circulating and tumor-infiltrating Treg cells in vivo, and suggest that more comprehensive Treg cell elimination may be required to bolster antitumor responses in patients with metastatic melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Powell
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Malyguine A, Strobl S, Zaritskaya L, Baseler M, Shafer-Weaver K. New approaches for monitoring CTL activity in clinical trials. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2007; 601:273-84. [PMID: 17713015 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-72005-0_29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a modification of the ELISPOT assay that measures Granzyme B (GrB) release from cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). The GrB ELISPOT assay is a superior alternative to the 51Cr-release assay since it is significantly more sensitive and provides an estimation of cytotoxic effector cell frequency. Additionally, unlike the IFN-gamma ELISPOT assay, the GrB ELISPOT directly measures the release of a cytolytic protein. We report that the GrB ELISPOT can be utilized to measure ex vivo antigen-specific cytotoxicity of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from cancer patients vaccinated with a peptide-based cancer vaccine. We compare the reactivity of patients' PBMCs in the GrB ELISPOT, with reactivity in the tetramer, IFN-gamma ELISPOT and chromium (51Cr)-release assays. Differences in immune response over all assays tested were found between patients, and four response patterns were observed. Reactivity in the GrB ELISPOT was more closely associated with cytotoxicity in the 51Cr-release assay than the tetramer or IFN-gamma ELISPOT assays. We also optimized the GrB ELISPOT assay to directly measure immune responses against autologous primary tumor cells in vaccinated cancer patients. A perforin ELISPOT assay was also adapted to evaluate peptide-stimulated reactivity of PMBCs from vaccinated melanoma patients. Modifications of the ELISPOT assay described in this chapter allow a more comprehensive evaluation of low-frequency tumor-specific CTLs and their specific effector functions and can provide a valuable insight into immune responses in cancer vaccine trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anatoli Malyguine
- Applied and Developmental Research Support Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD, USA.
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Tuyaerts S, Aerts JL, Corthals J, Neyns B, Heirman C, Breckpot K, Thielemans K, Bonehill A. Current approaches in dendritic cell generation and future implications for cancer immunotherapy. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2007; 56:1513-37. [PMID: 17503040 PMCID: PMC11030932 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-007-0334-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2007] [Accepted: 04/17/2007] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of tumor-associated antigens, which are either selectively or preferentially expressed by tumors, together with an improved insight in dendritic cell biology illustrating their key function in the immune system, have provided a rationale to initiate dendritic cell-based cancer immunotherapy trials. Nevertheless, dendritic cell vaccination is in an early stage, as methods for preparing tumor antigen presenting dendritic cells and improving their immunostimulatory function are continuously being optimized. In addition, recent improvements in immunomonitoring have emphasized the need for careful design of this part of the trials. Still, valuable proofs-of-principle have been obtained, which favor the use of dendritic cells in subsequent, more standardized clinical trials. Here, we review the recent developments in clinical DC generation, antigen loading methods and immunomonitoring approaches for DC-based trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Tuyaerts
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Department of Physiology and Immunology, Medical School of the Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103/E, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Joeri L. Aerts
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Department of Physiology and Immunology, Medical School of the Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103/E, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jurgen Corthals
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Department of Physiology and Immunology, Medical School of the Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103/E, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bart Neyns
- Medical Oncology, Oncology Center, University Hospital Brussels, Free University Brussels, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Carlo Heirman
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Department of Physiology and Immunology, Medical School of the Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103/E, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Karine Breckpot
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Department of Physiology and Immunology, Medical School of the Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103/E, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Kris Thielemans
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Department of Physiology and Immunology, Medical School of the Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103/E, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Aude Bonehill
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Department of Physiology and Immunology, Medical School of the Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103/E, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
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Norian LA, Allen PM. Rapid maturation of effector T cells in tumors, but not lymphoid organs, during tumor regression. PLoS One 2007; 2:e821. [PMID: 17786193 PMCID: PMC1950566 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0000821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2007] [Accepted: 08/09/2007] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing the efficacy of adoptively transferred, tumor antigen specific T cells is a major goal of immunotherapy. Clearly, a more thorough understanding of the effector phase of T cell responses, within the tumor site itself, would be beneficial. To examine this issue, we adoptively transferred tumor antigen-specific effector T cells into tumor-bearing mice, then performed kinetic evaluations of their phenotype, function, and survival in tumors, draining lymph nodes (dLNs), and spleens during regression of murine fibrosarcomas. Effector function in tumors was quantitated through the use of a novel intratumoral cytolytic assay. This approach revealed dynamic changes in the phenotype, cytolytic capacity, and viability of tumor infiltrating effector T cells during the course of tumor regression. Over a period of days, T cells within tumors rapidly transitioned from a CD25(hi)/CD27(hi) to a CD25(low)/CD27(low) phenotype and displayed an increase in cytolytic capacity, indicative of effector maturation. Simultaneously, however, the viability of maturing T cells within tumors diminished. In contrast, transferred T cells trafficking through lymphoid organs were much more static, as they maintained a stable phenotype, robust cytolytic activity, and high viability. Therefore, there exists a marked phenotypic and functional divergence between tumor-infiltrating effector T cells and their counterparts in lymphoid organs. Our results indicate that the population of tumor-infiltrating T cells is unique in experiencing rapid effector maturation post-transfer, and suggest that strategies aimed at prolonging the survival of CD25(low)/CD27(low) full effectors, which displayed the highest levels of intratumoral cytolytic activity, should enhance the efficacy of T cell based tumor immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyse A Norian
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America.
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Meijer SL, Dols A, Jensen SM, Hu HM, Miller W, Walker E, Romero P, Fox BA, Urba WJ. Induction of Circulating Tumor-reactive CD8+ T Cells After Vaccination of Melanoma Patients With the gp100209-2M Peptide. J Immunother 2007; 30:533-43. [PMID: 17589294 DOI: 10.1097/cji.0b013e3180335b5e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Patients with stage I-III melanoma were vaccinated with the modified HLA-A2-binding gp100(209-2M)-peptide after complete surgical resection of their primary lesion and sentinel node biopsy. Cytoplasmic interferon-gamma production by freshly thawed peripheral blood mononuclear cells (direct ex vivo analysis) or by peripheral blood mononuclear cells subjected to 1 cycle of in vitro sensitization with peptide, interleukin-2, and interleukin-15 was measured following restimulation with the modified and native gp100 peptides, and also A2gp100 melanoma cell lines. Peptide-reactive and tumor-reactive T cells were detected in 79% and 66% of selected patients, respectively. Patients could be classified into 3 groups according to their vaccine-elicited T-cell responses. One group of patients responded only to the modified peptide used for immunization, whereas another group of patients reacted to both the modified and native gp100 peptides, but not to naturally processed gp100 antigen on melanoma cells. In the third group of patients, circulating CD8 T cells recognized A2gp100 melanoma cell lines and also both the modified and native peptides. T cells with a low functional avidity, which were capable of lysing tumor cells only if tumor cells were first pulsed by the exogenous administration of native gp100(209-217) peptide were identified in most patients. These results indicate that vaccination with a modified gp100 peptide induced a heterogeneous group of gp100-specific T cells with a spectrum of functional avidities; however, high avidity, tumor-reactive T cells were detected in the majority of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sybren L Meijer
- Robert W. Franz Cancer Research Center, Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Portland Medical Center, 4805 NE Glisan Street, Portland, OR 97213, USA
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Schlaphoff V, Klade CS, Jilma B, Jelovcan SB, Cornberg M, Tauber E, Manns MP, Wedemeyer H. Functional and phenotypic characterization of peptide-vaccine-induced HCV-specific CD8+ T cells in healthy individuals and chronic hepatitis C patients. Vaccine 2007; 25:6793-806. [PMID: 17686555 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2007] [Revised: 06/08/2007] [Accepted: 06/11/2007] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Only very limited information on phenotype and function of vaccine-induced CD8+ T cells is available for humans. We investigated hepatitis C virus-specific CD8+ T cells after vaccination with the HCV peptide-vaccine IC41 which includes 5 MHC-class I and 3 MHC class-II-restricted epitopes. In healthy subjects, IC41 induced both HCV-specific central memory as well as effector CD8+ T cells which rapidly expanded upon antigen exposure in vitro. IFNgamma production was dependent on formulation of the synthetic peptides with the adjuvant poly-l-arginine. In chronic HCV patients, the frequency of HCV-specific CD8+ T cells increased after vaccination with a decline of CD45RA-positive effector memory cells in some but not all patients. Thus, this study suggests that HCV-specific memory cells can be induced by peptide vaccination and that a reversion of functional impaired phenotypes by therapeutic vaccination is possible in chronic HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Schlaphoff
- Hannover Medical School, Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Carl-Neuberg Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
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Ahmadzadeh M, Antony PA, Rosenberg SA. IL-2 and IL-15 each mediate de novo induction of FOXP3 expression in human tumor antigen-specific CD8 T cells. J Immunother 2007; 30:294-302. [PMID: 17414320 PMCID: PMC2174606 DOI: 10.1097/cji.0b013e3180336787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Although FOXP3 is primarily expressed by regulatory CD4 T cells (Treg) in vivo, polyclonal activation of human CD8 T cells can result in the expression of FOXP3 in a fraction of CD8 T cells. However, the cellular lineage and mechanism of FOXP3 induction in CD8 T cells remain unclear. Here, we demonstrate that interleukin-2 (IL-2) induces FOXP3 expression in OKT3-stimulated or antigen-stimulated CD8 T cells, indicating that FOXP3 expression is neither limited to a unique subset of CD8 T cells nor dependent on the mode of T-cell receptor stimulation. In the absence of IL-2, antigen stimulation resulted in T-cell activation and acquisition of effector function without induction of FOXP3, indicating that acquisition of effector function is independent of induction of FOXP3 expression in CD8 T cells. Interestingly, IL-15, but not IL-7 or IL-21, also led to de novo induction of FOXP3 in antigen-specific CD8 T cells, suggesting that signaling by IL-2/IL-15Rbeta chain is pivotal for induction of FOXP3 in human CD8 T cells. These findings indicate that induction of FOXP3 is intrinsic to CD8 T cells that are activated in the presence of IL-2 or IL-15, and in vitro-induced expression of FOXP3 cannot be simply interpreted as an indicator of Treg activity or activation marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojgan Ahmadzadeh
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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36
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Appay V, Voelter V, Rufer N, Reynard S, Jandus C, Gasparini D, Lienard D, Speiser DE, Schneider P, Cerottini JC, Romero P, Leyvraz S. Combination of Transient Lymphodepletion With Busulfan and Fludarabine and Peptide Vaccination in a Phase I Clinical Trial for Patients With Advanced Melanoma. J Immunother 2007; 30:240-50. [PMID: 17471171 DOI: 10.1097/01.cji.0000211332.68643.98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Taking advantage of homeostatic mechanisms to boost tumor-specific cellular immunity is raising increasing interest in the development of therapeutic strategies in the treatment of melanoma. Here, we have explored the potential of combining homeostatic proliferation, after transient immunosuppression, and antigenic stimulation of Melan-A/Mart-1 specific CD8 T-cells. In an effort to develop protocols that could be readily applicable to the clinic, we have designed a phase I clinical trial, involving lymphodepleting chemotherapy with Busulfan and Fludarabine, reinfusion of Melan-A specific CD8 T-cell containing peripheral blood mononuclear cells (exempt of growth factors), and Melan-A peptide vaccination. Six patients with advanced melanoma were enrolled in this outpatient regimen that demonstrated good feasibility combined with low toxicity. Consistent depletion of lymphocytes with persistent increased CD4/CD8 ratios was induced, although the proportion of circulating CD4 regulatory T-cells remained mostly unchanged. The study of the immune reconstitution period showed a steady recovery of whole T-cell numbers overtime. However, expansion of Melan-A specific CD8 T-cells, as measured in peripheral blood, was mostly inconsistent, accompanied with marginal phenotypic changes, despite vaccination with Melan-A/Mart-1 peptide. On the clinical level, 1 patient presented a partial but objective antitumor response following the beginning of the protocol, even though a direct effect of Busulfan/Fludarabine cannot be completely ruled out. Overall, these data provide further ground for the development of immunotherapeutic approaches to be both effective against melanoma and applicable in clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Appay
- Multidisciplinary Oncology Center, University of Lausanne Hospitals CHUV, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Machlenkin A, Azriel-Rosenfeld R, Volovitz I, Vadai E, Lev A, Paz A, Goldberger O, Reiter Y, Tzehoval E, Benhar I, Eisenbach L. Preventive and therapeutic vaccination with PAP-3, a novel human prostate cancer peptide, inhibits carcinoma development in HLA transgenic mice. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2007; 56:217-26. [PMID: 16738849 PMCID: PMC11030074 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-006-0184-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2006] [Accepted: 04/12/2006] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Conventional treatment of recurrent and metastasized prostate cancer (CaP) remains inadequate; this fact mandates development of alternative therapeutic modalities, such as specific active or passive immunotherapy. Previously, we reported the identification of a novel highly immunogenic HLA-A*0201-restricted Prostatic Acid Phosphatase-derived peptide (PAP-3) by a two-step in vivo screening in an HLA-transgenic (HHD) mouse system. In the present study we aimed at elucidating the efficiency of PAP-3-based vaccine upon active antitumor immunization. To this end we established preventive and therapeutic carcinoma models in HHD mice. The 3LL murine Lewis lung carcinoma clone D122 transduced to express HLA-A*0201 and PAP served as a platform for these models. The HLA-A*0201-PAP-3 complex specific recombinant single chain scFV-PAP-3 antibodies were generated and used to confirm an endogenous PAP processing resulting in PAP-3 presentation by HLA-A*0201. PAP-3 based vaccines significantly decreased tumor incidence in a preventive immunization setting. Therapeutic vaccination of HHD mice with PAP-3 led to rejection of early established tumors and to increase of mouse survival. These results strongly support a therapeutic relevance of the identified CTL epitope upon active antitumor immunization. The newly established carcinoma model presented herein might be a useful tool for cancer vaccine design and optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Machlenkin
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100 Israel
| | - Ronit Azriel-Rosenfeld
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Israel
| | - Ilan Volovitz
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100 Israel
| | - Ezra Vadai
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100 Israel
| | - Avital Lev
- Department of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Adrian Paz
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100 Israel
| | - Ofir Goldberger
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100 Israel
| | - Yoram Reiter
- Department of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Esther Tzehoval
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100 Israel
| | - Itai Benhar
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Israel
| | - Lea Eisenbach
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100 Israel
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Hueman MT, Stojadinovic A, Storrer CE, Dehqanzada ZA, Gurney JM, Shriver CD, Ponniah S, Peoples GE. Analysis of naïve and memory CD4 and CD8 T cell populations in breast cancer patients receiving a HER2/neu peptide (E75) and GM-CSF vaccine. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2007; 56:135-46. [PMID: 16783576 PMCID: PMC11030802 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-006-0188-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2005] [Accepted: 05/22/2006] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We are conducting clinical trials of the E75 peptide as a vaccine in breast cancer (BrCa) patients. We assessed T cell subpopulations in BrCa patients before and after E75 vaccination and compared them to healthy controls. We obtained 17 samples of blood from ten healthy individuals and samples from 22 BrCa patients prior to vaccination. We also obtained pre- and post-vaccination samples of blood from seven BrCa patients who received the E75/GM-CSF vaccine. CD4, CD8, CD45RA, CD45RO, and CCR7 antibodies were used to analyze the CD4+ and CD8+ T cells by four-color flow cytometry. Compared to healthy individuals, BrCa patients have significantly more memory and less naïve T cells and more effector-memory CD8+ and less effector CD4+ T cells. Phenotypic differences in defined circulating CD4+ and CD8+ T cell subpopulations suggest remnants of an active immune response to tumor distinguished by a predominant memory T cell response and by untapped recruitment of naïve helper and cytotoxic T cells. E75 vaccination induced recruitment of both CD4+ and CD8+ naïve T cells while memory response remained stable. Additionally, vaccination induced global activation of all T cells, with specific enhancement of effector CD4+ T cells. E75 vaccination causes activation of both memory and naïve CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, while recruiting additional naïve CD4+ and CD8+ T cells to the overall immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T. Hueman
- Clinical Breast Care Project, Department of Surgery, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington, DC 20307 USA
- Clinical Breast Care Project, Immunology and Research Center, National Naval Medical Center, Henry M. Jackson Foundation, CBCP IRC Building 139, 8901 Wisconsin Avenue, Bethesda, MD 20889-5600 USA
| | - Alexander Stojadinovic
- Clinical Breast Care Project, Department of Surgery, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington, DC 20307 USA
| | - Catherine E. Storrer
- Clinical Breast Care Project, Immunology and Research Center, National Naval Medical Center, Henry M. Jackson Foundation, CBCP IRC Building 139, 8901 Wisconsin Avenue, Bethesda, MD 20889-5600 USA
| | - Zia A. Dehqanzada
- Clinical Breast Care Project, Department of Surgery, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington, DC 20307 USA
- Clinical Breast Care Project, Immunology and Research Center, National Naval Medical Center, Henry M. Jackson Foundation, CBCP IRC Building 139, 8901 Wisconsin Avenue, Bethesda, MD 20889-5600 USA
| | - Jennifer M. Gurney
- Clinical Breast Care Project, Department of Surgery, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington, DC 20307 USA
- Clinical Breast Care Project, Immunology and Research Center, National Naval Medical Center, Henry M. Jackson Foundation, CBCP IRC Building 139, 8901 Wisconsin Avenue, Bethesda, MD 20889-5600 USA
| | - Craig D. Shriver
- Clinical Breast Care Project, Department of Surgery, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington, DC 20307 USA
| | - Sathibalan Ponniah
- Clinical Breast Care Project, Immunology and Research Center, National Naval Medical Center, Henry M. Jackson Foundation, CBCP IRC Building 139, 8901 Wisconsin Avenue, Bethesda, MD 20889-5600 USA
| | - George E. Peoples
- Clinical Breast Care Project, Department of Surgery, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington, DC 20307 USA
- Clinical Breast Care Project, Immunology and Research Center, National Naval Medical Center, Henry M. Jackson Foundation, CBCP IRC Building 139, 8901 Wisconsin Avenue, Bethesda, MD 20889-5600 USA
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Yuan J, Gallardo HF, Rasalan T, Ranganathan R, Wang J, Zhang Y, Panageas K, Stan R, Young JW, Houghton AN, Wolchok JD. In vitro expansion of Ag-specific T cells by HLA-A*0201-transfected K562 cells for immune monitoring. Cytotherapy 2006; 8:498-508. [PMID: 17050255 DOI: 10.1080/14653240600868262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Development of a practical and sensitive assay for evaluating immune responses against cancer Ag has been a challenge for immune monitoring of patients. We have established a reproducible method using peptide-pulsed K562-A*0201 cells as APC to expand Ag-specific T cells in vitro. This method may be applied for monitoring T-cell responses in cancer immunotherapy clinical trials. METHODS Autologous PBMC from HLA-A*0201+ healthy donors and patients with melanoma were stimulated with peptide-pulsed K562-A*0201 cells under varying conditions. We investigated (1) different culture conditions, including the requirements for serum and cytokines for expansion of CD8+ T lymphocytes; (2) a range of peptide concentrations for Ag loading; (3) phenotypic characterization of responding T cells; and (4) APC:responder ratios and their effects on T-cell expansion. We validated these conditions by ELISPOT and intracellular cytokine staining (ICS) assays using peptides from influenza, Epslein-Barr Virus (EBV) and tyrosinase. RESULTS Conditions for optimal T-cell expansion using K562-A*0201 APC included input of 2 x 10(6) PBMC, a 10 microg/mL peptide concentration to pulse K562-A*0201 cells, a 1:30 APC:responder T-cell ratio and culture in 10% autologous plasma supplemented with IL-2 and IL-15. In these conditions, Ag-specific T cells expanded >100-fold over a 10-day culture period (peak at day 12). DISCUSSION This bulk culture method is simple and reliable for expanding human Ag-specific T cells using peptide-pulsed K562-A*0201 cells. This HLA-matched APC line can be adapted to other HLA haplotypes, and has advantages for monitoring clinical trials of immunotherapy with limited availability of autologous APC and PBMC from patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Yuan
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021, USA
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Abstract
The cornerstone of the concept of immunosurveillance in cancer should be the experimental demonstration of immune responses able to alter the course of in vivo spontaneous tumor progression. Elegant genetic manipulation of the mouse immune system has proved this tenet. In parallel, progress in understanding human T cell mediated immunity has allowed to document the existence in cancer patients of naturally acquired T cell responses to molecularly defined tumor antigens. Various attributes of cutaneous melanoma tumors, notably their adaptability to in vitro tissue culture conditions, have contributed to convert this tumor in the prototype for studies of human antitumor immune responses. As a consequence, the first human cytolytic T lymphocyte (CTL)-defined tumor antigen and numerous others have been identified using lymphocyte material from patients bearing this tumor, detailed analyses of specific T cell responses have been reported and a relatively large number of clinical trials of vaccination have been performed in the last 15 years. Thus, the "melanoma model" continues to provide valuable insights to guide the development of clinically effective cancer therapies based on the recruitment of the immune system. This chapter reviews recent knowledge on human CD8 and CD4 T cell responses to melanoma antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Romero
- Division of Clinical Onco-Immunology, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
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41
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Powell DJ, Dudley ME, Hogan KA, Wunderlich JR, Rosenberg SA. Adoptive transfer of vaccine-induced peripheral blood mononuclear cells to patients with metastatic melanoma following lymphodepletion. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 177:6527-39. [PMID: 17056585 PMCID: PMC2174602 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.9.6527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cancer vaccines can induce the in vivo generation of tumor Ag-specific T cells in patients with metastatic melanoma yet seldom elicit objective clinical responses. Alternatively, adoptive transfer of autologous tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) can mediate tumor regression in 50% of lymphodepleted patients, but are logistically and technically difficult to generate. In this study, we evaluated the capability of vaccine-induced PBMC to mediate tumor regression after transfer to patients receiving the same chemotherapy-induced lymphodepletion used for TIL transfer therapy. Autologous PBMC from nine gp100-vaccinated patients with metastatic melanoma were stimulated ex vivo with the gp100:209-217(210M) peptide and transferred in combination with high-dose IL-2 and cancer vaccine. Transferred PBMC contained highly avid, gp100:209-217 peptide-reactive CD8(+) T cells. One week after transfer, lymphocyte counts peaked (median of 14.3 x 10(3) cells//microl; range of 0.9-59.7 x 10(3) cells/microl), with 56% of patients experiencing a lymphocytosis. gp100:209-217 peptide-specific CD8(+) T cells persisted at high levels in the blood of all patients and demonstrated significant tumor-specific IFN-gamma secretion in vitro. Melanocyte-directed autoimmunity was noted in two patients; however, no patient experienced an objective clinical response. These studies demonstrate the feasibility and safety of using vaccine-induced PBMC for cell transfer, but suggests that they are not as effective as TIL in adoptive immunotherapy even when transferred into lymphodepleted hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Powell
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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42
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Abstract
The cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the formation of distinct central, effector, and exhausted CD8+ T-cell memory subsets were first described in the setting of acute and chronic viral diseases. The role of these T-cell memory subsets are now being illuminated as relevant to the tumor-bearing state. The generation and persistence of productive CD8+ T-cell memory subsets is determined, in part, by antigen clearance, costimulation, responsiveness to homeostatic cytokines, and CD4+ T-helper cells. By contrast, chronic exposure to antigen, negative costimulation, and immunomodulation by CD4+ T regulatory cells corrupt productive CD8+ T memory formation. It has become clear from human and mouse studies that the mere generation of CD8+ T-cell memory is not a 'surrogate marker' for cancer vaccine efficacy. Some current cancer vaccine strategies may fail because they amplify, rather than correct or reset, the corrupted CD8+ memory population. Thus, much of the present effort in the development of vaccines for cancer and chronic infectious diseases is aimed at creating effective memory responses. Therapeutic vaccines for cancer and chronic infectious diseases may achieve consistent efficacy by ablation of the dysfunctional immune state and the provision of newly generated, non-corrupted memory cells by adoptive cell transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A. Klebanoff
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute-National Institutes of Health (NIH) Research Scholars Program, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI)-NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Luca Gattinoni
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI)-NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nicholas P. Restifo
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI)-NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
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van der Burg SH, Bijker MS, Welters MJP, Offringa R, Melief CJM. Improved peptide vaccine strategies, creating synthetic artificial infections to maximize immune efficacy. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2006; 58:916-30. [PMID: 16979788 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2005.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2005] [Accepted: 07/10/2006] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Soon after it was realized that T-cells recognize their target antigens as small protein fragments or peptides presented by MHC molecules at the cell surface, these peptide epitopes have been tried as vaccines. Human testing of such vaccines, although protective in mouse models, has produced mixed results. Since these initial trials, there has been an tremendous increase in our understanding of how infectious organisms can induce potent immune responses. In this article we review the key changes in the design, formulation and delivery of synthetic peptide vaccines that are applied to improve peptide vaccine strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sjoerd H van der Burg
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Smith C, Cooper L, Burgess M, Rist M, Webb N, Lambley E, Tellam J, Marlton P, Seymour JF, Gandhi M, Khanna R. Functional Reversion of Antigen-Specific CD8+T Cells from Patients with Hodgkin Lymphoma following In Vitro Stimulation with Recombinant Polyepitope. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 177:4897-906. [PMID: 16982932 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.7.4897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies on Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL) have indicated that patients with active disease display functional impairment of Ag-specific CD8+ T cells due to expansion of regulatory T cells at sites of disease and in the peripheral blood. Adoptive cellular immunotherapy based on EBV-specific CD8+ T cells has been explored with limited success to date. It has been proposed that improved targeting of these CD8+ T cells toward viral Ags that are expressed in HL may enhance future therapeutic vaccine strategies. In this study, we have developed a novel replication-deficient adenoviral Ag presentation system that is designed to encode glycine alanine repeat-deleted EBV nuclear Ag 1 covalently linked to multiple CD8+ T cell epitopes from latent membrane proteins 1 and 2. A single stimulation of CD8+ T cells from healthy virus carriers, and patients with HL with this adenoviral construct in combination with IL-2, was sufficient to reverse the functional T cell impairment and restored both IFN-gamma production and cytolytic function. More importantly, these activated CD8+ T cells responded to tumor cells expressing membrane proteins and recognized novel EBNA1 epitopes. Flow cytometric analysis revealed that a large proportion of T cells expanded from patients with HL were CD62L(high) and CD27(high), and CCR7(low), consistent with early to mid effector T cells. These findings provide an important platform for translation of Ag-specific adoptive immunotherapy for the treatment of EBV-associated malignancies such as HL and nasopharyngeal carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey Smith
- Tumour Immunology Laboratory, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Bancroft Centre, 300 Herston Road, Brisbane, Australia 4029
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45
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Appay V, Jandus C, Voelter V, Reynard S, Coupland SE, Rimoldi D, Lienard D, Guillaume P, Krieg AM, Cerottini JC, Romero P, Leyvraz S, Rufer N, Speiser DE. New generation vaccine induces effective melanoma-specific CD8+ T cells in the circulation but not in the tumor site. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 177:1670-8. [PMID: 16849476 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.3.1670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Although increasing evidence suggests that CTL are important to fight the development of some cancers, the frequency of detectable tumor-specific T cells is low in cancer patients, and these cells have generally poor functional capacities, compared with virus-specific CD8(+) T cells. The generation with a vaccine of potent CTL responses against tumor Ags therefore remains a major challenge. In the present study, ex vivo analyses of Melan-A-specific CD8(+) T cells following vaccination with Melan-A peptide and CpG oligodeoxynucleotides revealed the successful induction in the circulation of effective melanoma-specific T cells, i.e., with phenotypic and functional characteristics similar to those of CTL specific for immunodominant viral Ags. Nonetheless, the eventual impact on tumor development in vaccinated melanoma donors remained limited. The comprehensive study of vaccinated patient metastasis shows that vaccine-driven tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, although activated, still differed in functional capacities compared with blood counterparts. This coincided with a significant increase of FoxP3(+) regulatory T cell activity within the tumor. The consistent induction of effective tumor-specific CD8(+) T cells in the circulation with a vaccine represents a major achievement; however, clinical benefit may not be achieved unless the tumor environment can be altered to enable CD8(+) T cell efficacy.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Antigens, Neoplasm
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/virology
- Cancer Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Cancer Vaccines/immunology
- Cell Movement/immunology
- Clone Cells
- CpG Islands/immunology
- Cytomegalovirus/immunology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/immunology
- Humans
- Immunophenotyping
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Lymphocyte Count
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/immunology
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/pathology
- MART-1 Antigen
- Melanoma/immunology
- Melanoma/pathology
- Melanoma/prevention & control
- Melanoma/secondary
- Neoplasm Proteins/immunology
- Oligodeoxyribonucleotides/administration & dosage
- Oligodeoxyribonucleotides/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/pathology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Vaccines, Subunit/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Subunit/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Appay
- Multidisciplinary Oncology Center, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland.
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46
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Shafer-Weaver K, Rosenberg S, Strobl S, Gregory Alvord W, Baseler M, Malyguine A. Application of the granzyme B ELISPOT assay for monitoring cancer vaccine trials. J Immunother 2006; 29:328-35. [PMID: 16699376 DOI: 10.1097/01.cji.0000203079.35612.c8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Granzyme B (GrB) is present in the granules of cytolytic lymphocytes and is a key mediator of cell-mediated target cell death via the granule-mediated pathway. The release of GrB can be used as an indicator of a cytotoxic T lymphocyte response. Herein, we report that the GrB enzyme-linked immunospot assay (ELISPOT) can be used to measure ex vivo antigen-specific cytotoxicity of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from cancer patients vaccinated with a peptide-based cancer vaccine. We compare the reactivity of patients' peripheral blood mononuclear cells in the GrB ELISPOT with reactivity in the tetramer, interferon (IFN)-gamma ELISPOT, and Cr-release assays. Differences in immune response over all assays tested were found between patients and 4 response patterns were observed. Reactivity in the GrB ELISPOT was more closely associated with cytotoxicity in the Cr-release assay than the tetramer or IFN-gamma ELISPOT assays. Moreover, the higher affinity g209-2M peptide (used for vaccination) elicited greater GrB secretion than the native g209 peptide, although this difference was not observed with IFN-gamma secretion. Taken together with the fact that GrB is a specific mediator released by cytotoxic T lymphocytes, these results show that simultaneous use of the GrB ELISPOT assay with other immunologic assays may provide important additional immunologic insight into patient responses to cancer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Shafer-Weaver
- Laboratory of Cell-mediated Immunity, SAIC-Frederick, Inc, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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47
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Gattinoni L, Powell DJ, Rosenberg SA, Restifo NP. Adoptive immunotherapy for cancer: building on success. Nat Rev Immunol 2006; 6:383-93. [PMID: 16622476 PMCID: PMC1473162 DOI: 10.1038/nri1842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 632] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Adoptive cell transfer after host preconditioning by lymphodepletion represents an important advance in cancer immunotherapy. Here, we describe how a lymphopaenic environment enables tumour-reactive T cells to destroy large burdens of metastatic tumour and how the state of differentiation of the adoptively transferred T cells can affect the outcome of treatment. We also discuss how the translation of these new findings might further improve the efficacy of adoptive cell transfer through the use of vaccines, haematopoietic-stem-cell transplantation, modified preconditioning regimens, and alternative methods for the generation and selection of the T cells to be transferred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Gattinoni
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Mark O. Hatfield Clinical Research Center, Room 3-5762, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1201, USA.
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48
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Alleva DG, Maki RA, Putnam AL, Robinson JM, Kipnes MS, Dandona P, Marks JB, Simmons DL, Greenbaum CJ, Jimenez RG, Conlon PJ, Gottlieb PA. Immunomodulation in type 1 diabetes by NBI-6024, an altered peptide ligand of the insulin B epitope. Scand J Immunol 2006; 63:59-69. [PMID: 16398702 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2005.01705.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
NBI-6024 is an altered peptide ligand (APL) corresponding to the 9-23 amino acid region of the insulin B chain (B(9-23)), an epitope recognized by inflammatory interferon-gamma-producing T helper (Th)1 lymphocytes in type 1 diabetic patients. Immunomodulatory effects of NBI-6024 administration in recent-onset diabetic patients in a phase I clinical trial (NBI-6024-0003) were measured in peripheral blood mononuclear cells using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot assay. Analysis of the mean magnitude of cytokine responses to B(9-23) and NBI-6024 for each cohort showed significant increases in interleukin-5 responses (a Th2 regulatory phenotype) in cohorts that received APL relative to those receiving placebo. A responder analysis showed that Th1 responses to B(9-23) and NBI-6024 were observed almost exclusively in the placebo-treated diabetic population but not in nondiabetic control subjects and that APL administration (five biweekly subcutaneous injections) significantly and dose-dependently reduced the percentage of patients with these Th1 responses. The results of this phase I clinical study strongly suggest that NBI-6024 treatment shifted the Th1 pathogenic responses in recent-onset type 1 diabetic patients to a protective Th2 regulatory phenotype. The significance of these findings on the clinical outcome of disease is currently under investigation in a phase II multidose study.
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Affiliation(s)
- D G Alleva
- Neurocrine Biosciences, Inc., San Diego, CA 92130, USA
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49
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Devêvre E, Romero P, Mahnke YD. LiveCount Assay: concomitant measurement of cytolytic activity and phenotypic characterisation of CD8(+) T-cells by flow cytometry. J Immunol Methods 2006; 311:31-46. [PMID: 16527300 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2006.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2005] [Revised: 12/26/2005] [Accepted: 01/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Tumour immunologists strive to develop efficient tumour vaccination and adoptive transfer therapies that enlarge the pool of tumour-specific and -reactive effector T-cells in vivo. To assess the efficiency of the various strategies, ex vivo assays are needed for the longitudinal monitoring of the patient's specific immune responses providing both quantitative and qualitative data. In particular, since tumour cell cytolysis is the end goal of tumour immunotherapy, routine immune monitoring protocols need to include a read-out for the cytolytic efficiency of Ag-specific cells. We propose to combine current immune monitoring techniques in a highly sensitive and reproducible multi-parametric flow cytometry based cytotoxicity assay that has been optimised to require low numbers of Ag-specific T-cells. The possibility of re-analysing those T-cells that have undergone lytic activity is illustrated by the concomitant detection of CD107a upregulation on the surface of degranulated T-cells. To date, the LiveCount Assay provides the only possibility of assessing the ex vivo cytolytic activity of low-frequency Ag-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes from patient material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estelle Devêvre
- Division of Clinical Onco-Immunology, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
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50
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Rosenberg SA, Sherry RM, Morton KE, Scharfman WJ, Yang JC, Topalian SL, Royal RE, Kammula U, Restifo NP, Hughes MS, Schwartzentruber D, Berman DM, Schwarz SL, Ngo LT, Mavroukakis SA, White DE, Steinberg SM. Tumor progression can occur despite the induction of very high levels of self/tumor antigen-specific CD8+ T cells in patients with melanoma. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 175:6169-76. [PMID: 16237114 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.9.6169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 352] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The identification of many tumor-associated epitopes as nonmutated "self" Ags led to the hypothesis that the induction of large numbers of self/tumor Ag-specific T cells would be prevented because of central and peripheral tolerance. We report in this study on vaccination efforts in 95 HLA-A*0201 patients at high risk for recurrence of malignant melanoma who received prolonged immunization with the "anchor-modified" synthetic peptide, gp100209-217(210M). Vaccination using this altered peptide immunogen was highly effective at inducing large numbers of self/tumor-Ag reactive T cells in virtually every patient tested, with levels as high as 42% of all CD8+ T cells assessed by tetramer analysis. From 1 to 10% of all CD8+ cells were tumor-Ag reactive in 44% of patients and levels >10% were generated in 17% of patients. These studies were substantiated using the ELISPOT assay and a bulk cytokine release assay. Although our data regarding "tumor escape" were inconclusive, some patients had growing tumors that expressed Ag and HLA-A*0201 in the presence of high levels of antitumor T cells. There was no difference in the levels of antitumor Ag-specific T cells in patients who recurred compared with those that remained disease-free. Thus, the mere presence of profoundly expanded numbers of vaccine-induced, self/tumor Ag-specific T cells cannot by themselves be used as a "surrogate marker" for vaccine efficacy. Further, the induction of even high levels of antitumor T cells may be insufficient to alter tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven A Rosenberg
- Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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