Current therapies for achalasia: comparison and efficacy

Esophageal Achalasia: From Laparoscopic to Robotic Heller Myotomy and Dor Fundoplication

Objective:

Laparoscopic Heller myotomy and Dor fundoplication has become the gold standard in treating esophageal achalasia and robotic surgical platform represents its natural evolution. The objective of our study was to assess durable long-term clinical outcomes in our cohort.

Methods and Procedures:

Between June 1, 1999 and June 30, 2019, 111 patients underwent minimally invasive treatment for achalasia (96 laparoscopically and 15 robotically). Fifty-two were males. Mean age was 49 years (20 – 96). Esophageal manometry confirmed the diagnosis. Fifty patients underwent pH monitoring study, with pathologic reflux in 18. Preoperative esophageal dilation was performed in 76 patients and 21 patients received botulin injection. Dysphagia was universally present, and mean duration was 96 months (5 – 480).

Results:

Median operative time was 144 minutes (90 – 200). One patient required conversion to open approach. Four mucosal perforations occurred in the laparoscopic group and were repaired intraoperatively. Seven patients underwent completion esophageal myotomy and added Dor fundoplication. Upper gastrointestinal series was performed before discharge. Median hospital stay was 39 hours (24 – 312). Median follow up was 157 months (6 – 240), and dysphagia was resolved in 94% of patients. Seven patients required postoperative esophageal dilation.

Conclusions:

Minimally invasive Heller myotomy and Dor fundoplication are feasible. The operation is challenging, but excellent results hinge on the operative techniques and experience. The high dexterity, three-dimensional view, and the ergonomic movements of robotic surgery allow application of all the technical elements, achieving the best durable outcome for the patient. Robotic surgery is the natural evolution of minimally invasive treatment of esophageal achalasia.

Esophageal Motility Disorders: Current Approach to Diagnostics and Therapeutics

Dysphagia is a common symptom with significant impact on quality of life. Our diagnostic armamentarium was primarily limited to endoscopy and barium esophagram until the advent of manometric techniques in the 1970s, which provided the first reliable tool for assessment of esophageal motor function. Since that time, significant advances have been made over the last 3 decades in our understanding of various esophageal motility disorders due to improvement in diagnostics with high-resolution esophageal manometry. High-resolution esophageal manometry has improved the sensitivity for detecting achalasia and has also enhanced our understanding of spastic and hypomotility disorders of the esophageal body. In this review, we discuss the current approach to diagnosis and therapeutics of various esophageal motility disorders.

Achalasia Cardia: Balloon, Tunnel, or Knife?

Achalasia cardia is a rare esophageal motility disorder characterized by impaired relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter during swallowing and aperistalsis of the esophageal smooth muscles. The treatment approaches to achalasia include nonsurgical treatment with medications (nitrates, calcium channel blockers), endoscopic treatment (balloon pneumatic dilation [PD], botulinum toxin injection [BTI], peroral endoscopic myotomy [POEM]), and surgery (laparoscopic Heller's myotomy [LHM]). The subtype of achalasia (the Chicago Classification) governs the ideal treatment. For the commonly encountered achalasia subtype I and II, PD, LHM, and POEM all have similar efficacy. However, for type III achalasia, POEM seems to be the best line of treatment. Among high-risk elderly patients or those with comorbidities, BTI is preferred. The choice of treatment should be minimally invasive therapy with good short-term and sustained long-term effects with negligible adverse events. POEM seems to be evolving as a first-line therapy among the available therapies. Here, we review the treatment options among achalasia cardia patients with special attention to post-POEM gastroesophageal reflux disease and its management.

Pneumatic dilation for esophageal achalasia: patient selection and perspectives

Achalasia is an esophageal motility disorder characterized by esophageal aperistalsis and impaired relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter. Treatment is palliative, aimed at decreasing the lower esophageal sphincter pressure. Pneumatic dilation (PD) is a safe and effective treatment for achalasia. Several other invasive and minimally invasive treatment modalities, such as Laparoscopic Heller Myotomy (LHM) and Peroral Endoscopic Myotomy (POEM), also have a comparable safety and efficacy profile to PD. The current review focuses on the indications, contraindications, techniques, and outcomes of PD in various patient populations and its comparison to LHM and POEM. This review also provides relevant information to help endoscopists identify those patients who will benefit the most from PD.

Achalasia in the Elderly: Diagnostic Approach and a Proposed Treatment Algorithm Based on a Comprehensive Literature Review

Achalasia is not uncommonly diagnosed in elderly patients and its incidence and prevalence are growing in this population. However, a scarcity of studies has assessed the typical pathophysiological and clinical features of the disease as well as the effectiveness and safety of the various therapeutic options in elderly populations. Botulinum toxin injection has been used for achalasia treatment since 1994 and is traditionally considered the preferred treatment for fragile elder patients. However, recently more evidence has become available regarding the safety and effectiveness of pneumatic balloon dilation (BD), laparoscopic Heller myotomy (LHM) and per-oral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) in elderly patients with achalasia. In the current review we present the current literature on this topic with a focus on the clinical presentation of achalasia in the elderly and manometric features thereof, as well as summarize the effectiveness and safety of the various therapeutic options. Furthermore, we propose a practical management algorithm as a means to guide the treatment of future cases. We recommend that a conservative/BTI approach should be adopted in the fragile unfit patient. In the elderly fit patient, the treatment decision should be based on the achalasia type, patient preference and the available expertise, similar to the approach adopted for the non-elderly population.

Clinical efficacy and safety of peroral endoscopic myotomy for esophageal achalasia: A multicenter study in Taiwan

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE

Peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM), a novel minimally invasive treatment for esophageal achalasia, is becoming more popular globally because of its efficacy and safety. We aimed to clarify the technical concerns, efficacy, and safety of POEM for treating esophageal achalasia in Taiwan.

METHODS

We conducted a retrospective study on consecutive patients with achalasia who underwent POEM between October 2016 and May 2021 at three medical centers in Taiwan. All patients underwent a comprehensive work-up before POEM, including symptom questionnaires, esophagogastroduodenoscopy, timed barium esophagogram (TBE), and high-resolution impedance manometry (HRIM), and were re-evaluated three months after POEM. We compared procedure variables, adverse events, and clinical responses, including Eckardt score ≤3 and TBE and HRIM findings.

RESULTS

We analyzed 92 patients in total (54 men; mean age 49.5 years [range: 20-87]; type I/II/III/unclassified: 24/51/1/16). The mean POEM procedure duration was 89.5 ± 38.2 min, though it was significantly longer in patients with prior treatment or sigmoid-type achalasia. In total, 91 patients (98.9%) showed immediate technical success, and the overall clinical success rate at three months after POEM was 95.7%. Nearly 60% of patients experienced adverse events during POEM, but most of these were mild and none required further endoscopic or surgical intervention. During a follow-up period of up to five years (median 25 months), only four patients (4.3%) showed symptomatic recurrence, but none required further treatment.

CONCLUSION

POEM is a very effective and safe treatment for Taiwanese patients with achalasia, irrespective of their achalasia subtype or prior treatment failure.

Achalasia During Pregnancy: Proposed Management Algorithm Based on a Thorough Literature Review

Fewer than 40 cases of achalasia occurring in pregnant woman have been reported in the literature. Given the rarity of achalasia during pregnancy, and the numerous treatment options that are available for achalasia in general, no guidelines exist for the management of achalasia during pregnancy. Diagnosis of new cases may be difficult as symptoms and physiological changes that occur during pregnancy may obscure the clinical presentation of achalasia. The management of achalasia in pregnancy is also challenging. Treatment decisions should be individualized for each case, considering both the welfare of the mother and the fetus. Since pregnant women suffering from achalasia represent a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge with complex maternal-fetal aspects to consider, we have reviewed the available literature on the subject and summarized current diagnostic and therapeutic options. Additionally, we present a management algorithm as a means to guide treatment of future cases. We recommend that a conservative approach should be adopted with bridging therapies performed until after delivery when definitive treatment of achalasia can be more safely performed.

Spectrum and Clinical Outcome of Motility Disorders on High-Resolution Esophageal Manometry: A Study From a Tertiary Center on Patients With Dysphagia in Pakistan

Objective This study aimed to evaluate the outcome of high-resolution esophageal manometry (HRM) in the diagnosis of esophageal motility disorders in a Pakistani population. It also evaluates the outcomes of management of patients with esophageal dysphagia and no structural abnormality on endoscopy. Methods This is a cross-sectional study. Patients with symptoms of dysphagia with normal endoscopy were subjected to esophageal manometry and to barium swallow as a part of routine workup. Esophageal motility disorders diagnosed by HRM were compared to barium swallow findings. A follow-up of these patients was done after a one-year interval to evaluate improvement in their symptoms. Results A total of 202 patients underwent HRM. There were abnormal findings in 160 patients (79.2%) with achalasia being the most common diagnosis in 35.6% of the total patients. Out of 72 patients diagnosed to have achalasia on HRM, only 46 (32.6%) had similar findings on barium esophagram and this difference is statistically significant, p < 0.001). Among achalasia patients, laparoscopic surgery was performed in 22 (30.5%) patients with 59% patients reporting a good to excellent improvement (>50%) in their symptoms, balloon dilatations were done in 47 (65.27%) patients with a good to excellent improvement in symptoms in 55% patients. Only three patients (5.5%) were given botulinum toxin injections, and two of them had an improvement of >50% in their symptoms. Patients with motility disorders other than achalasia were treated with a combination of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), calcium channel blockers and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Conclusion Achalasia was the most common esophageal motility disorder in our population. HRM can diagnose significantly more patients with achalasia compared to barium swallow. Likewise, HRM was helpful in detecting other esophageal motility disorders and planning their management.

ACG Clinical Guidelines: Diagnosis and Management of Achalasia

Achalasia is an esophageal motility disorder characterized by aberrant peristalsis and insufficient relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter. Patients most commonly present with dysphagia to solids and liquids, regurgitation, and occasional chest pain with or without weight loss. High-resolution manometry has identified 3 subtypes of achalasia distinguished by pressurization and contraction patterns. Endoscopic findings of retained saliva with puckering of the gastroesophageal junction or esophagram findings of a dilated esophagus with bird beaking are important diagnostic clues. In this American College of Gastroenterology guideline, we used the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation process to provide clinical guidance on how best to diagnose and treat patients with achalasia.

Comparative efficacy of first-line therapeutic interventions for achalasia: a systematic review and network meta-analysis

Background

Several interventions with variable efficacy are available as first-line therapy for patients with achalasia. We assessed the comparative efficacy of different strategies for management of achalasia, through a network meta-analysis combining direct and indirect treatment comparisons.

Methods

We identified six randomized controlled trials in adults with achalasia that compared the efficacy of pneumatic dilation (PD; n = 260), laparoscopic Heller myotomy (LHM; n = 309), and peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM; n = 176). Primary efficacy outcome was 1-year treatment success (patient-reported improvement in symptoms based on validated scores); secondary efficacy outcomes were 2-year treatment success and physiologic improvement; safety outcomes were risk of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), severe erosive esophagitis, and procedure-related serious adverse events. We performed pairwise and network meta-analysis for all treatments, and used GRADE criteria to appraise quality of evidence.

Results

Low-quality evidence, based primarily on direct evidence, supports the use of POEM (RR [risk ratio], 1.29; 95% confidence intervals [CI], 0.99–1.69), and LHM (RR, 1.18 [0.96–1.44]) over PD for treatment success at 1 year; no significant difference was observed between LHM and POEM (RR 1.09 [0.86–1.39]). The incidence of severe esophagitis after POEM, LHM, and PD was 5.3%, 3.7%, and 1.5%, respectively. Procedure-related serious adverse event rate after POEM, LHM, and PD was 1.4%, 6.7%, and 4.2%, respectively.

Conclusions

POEM and LHM have comparable efficacy, and may increase treatment success as compared to PD with low confidence in estimates. POEM may have lower rate of serious adverse events compared to LHM and PD, but higher rate of GERD.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (10.1007/s00464-020-07920-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

The 100 most cited manuscripts in esophageal motility disorders: a bibliometric analysis

Background

The use of bibliometrics can help us identify the most impactful articles on a topic or scientific discipline and their influence on clinical practice. We aimed to identify the 100 most cited articles covering esophageal motility disorders and examine their key characteristics.

Methods

The Web of Science database was utilized to perform the search, using predefined search terms. The returned dataset was filtered to include full manuscripts written in the English language. After screening, we identified the 100 most cited articles and analyzed them for title, year of publication, names of authors, institution, country of the first author, number of citations and citation rate.

Results

The initial search returned 29,521 results. The top 100 articles received a total of 20,688 citations. The most cited paper was by Inoue et al. (665 citations) who first described peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) for treating achalasia. The article with the highest citation rate was the third version of the Chicago Classification system, written by Kahrilas and colleagues. Gastroenterology published most papers on the list (n=32) and accrued the highest number of citations (6,675 citations). Peter Kahrilas was the most cited author (3,650 citations) and, along with Joel Richter, authored the highest number of manuscripts (n=14). Most articles were produced in the USA (n=66) between the years 1991 and 2000 (n=32).

Conclusions

By analyzing the most influential articles, this work is a reference on the articles that shaped our understanding of esophageal motility disorders, thus serving as a guide for future research.

Efficacy and safety of pneumatic dilation in achalasia: A systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

One of the most used treatments for achalasia is pneumatic dilation of the lower esophageal sphincter to improve esophageal emptying. Multiple treatment protocols have been described with a varying balloon size, number of dilations, inflation pressure, and duration. We aimed to identify the most efficient and safe treatment protocol.

METHODS

We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies on pneumatic dilation in patients with primary achalasia. Clinical remission was defined as an Eckardt score ≤3 or adequate symptom reduction measured with a similar validated questionnaire. We compared the clinical remission rates and occurrence of complications between different treatment protocols.

RESULTS

We included 10 studies with 643 patients. After 6 months, dilation with a 30-mm or 35-mm balloon gave comparable mean success rates (81% and 79%, respectively), whereas a series of dilations up to 40 mm had a higher success rate of 90%. Elective additional dilation in patients with insufficient symptom resolution was somewhat more effective than performing a predefined series of dilations: 86% versus 75% after 12 months. Perforations occurred most often during initial dilations, and significantly more often using a 35-mm balloon than a 30-mm balloon (3.2 vs 1.0%); P = 0.027. A subsequent 35-mm dilation was safer than an initial dilation with 35 mm (0.97% vs 9.3% perforations), P = 0.0017.

CONCLUSIONS

The most efficient and safe method of dilating achalasia patients is a graded approach starting with a 30-mm dilation, followed by an elective 35-mm dilation and 40 mm when there is insufficient symptom relief.

Endoscopic Pneumatic Dilation for Esophageal Achalasia

Pneumatic dilation is a well-established treatment modality that has withstood the test of time. Prospective and randomized trials have shown that in expert hands, it provides results similar to a laparoscopic Heller myotomy with fundoplication. In addition, it should be considered the primary form of treatment in patients who experience recurrence of symptoms after a surgical myotomy.

Pneumatic Balloon Dilatation for Achalasia Cardia; Early & late results, a single center study

Objective:

Achalasia Cardia is treated by Pneumatic balloon dilatation, Heller’s Myotomy and recently, by Peroral Esophagaeal Myotomy. This study reports the efficacy of pneumatic balloon dilatation as a non-surgical motility in achieving relief of dysphagia, clinical improvement and recurrence. Long-term complications were reported.

Methods:

Eight hundred ninety two adult achalasia patients of both genders were treated from January 1988 till December 2011, with pneumatic balloon (Rigiflex Microvasive^®) dilatation, under fluoroscopy Barium swallow was obtained prior to and five minutes after dilatation to evaluate for efficacy of dilatation as well as for complications. Patients not responding to 30 mm balloon had repeat dilatation with 35 mm balloon after 8 weeks. All patients were enrolled in regular follow up at one, six months and yearly intervals up to a period of five years. Recurrence was defined as an increase in symptom score at 8 weeks greater than 50% of their baseline value. These patients were treated with 35 mm balloon or referred for surgical intervention.

Results:

Of 892 patients, follow up was obtained in 50% for 5 years, 9.2% for 4-years), 9.3% for 3-years, 10% for 2-years and 21.5% for 1-year of patients. One patient died after repeat dilatation. Eighty-eight patients were excluded from this analysis (20 died due to non-procedure related causes and another 68 were lost during follow up). Statistically significant improvement was noted in reduction in height and width of barium column and symptom score coupled with weight gain during follow up. Forty-eight patients were subjected to repeat dilatation with 35 mm balloon, two of these developed post-procedure perforations with one mortality. Three non-responsive patients required surgical laparoscopic myotomy. No carcinoma of esophagus was reported during follow up. One patient post dilatation, developed esophageal bezoar. A single pneumatic dilatation achieved a remission rate of 93% at four years, 90% at three years, 95% at two years and 92% at one year post dilatation.

Conclusion:

Achalasia of esophagus can be effectively and safely treated with balloon dilatation to achieve adequate short and long-term symptomatic relief with a low complication rate.

Achalasia: current therapeutic options

Achalasia is a chronic incurable esophageal motility disorder characterized by impaired lower esophageal sphincter (LES) relaxation and loss of esophageal peristalsis. Although rare, it is currently the most common primary esophageal motility disorder, with an annual incidence of around 1.6 per 100,000 persons and prevalence of around 10.8/100,000 persons. Symptoms of achalasia include dysphagia to both solids and liquids, regurgitation, aspiration, chest pain and weight loss. As the underlying etiology of achalasia remains unclear, there is currently no curative treatment for achalasia. Management of achalasia mainly involves improving the esophageal outflow in order to provide symptomatic relief to patients. The most effective treatment options for achalasia include pneumatic dilation, Heller myotomy and peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM), with the latter increasingly emerging as the treatment of choice for many patients. This review focusses on evidence for current and emerging treatment options for achalasia with a particular emphasis on POEM.

Achalasia Treatment, Outcomes, Utilization, and Costs: A Population-Based Study from the United States

BACKGROUND

Randomized trials show that pneumatic dilation (PD) ≥30 mm and laparoscopic myotomy (LM) provide equivalent symptom relief and disease-related quality of life for patients with achalasia. However, questions remain about the safety, burden, and costs of treatment options.

STUDY DESIGN

We performed a retrospective cohort study of achalasia patients initially treated with PD or LM (2009 to 2014) using the Truven Health MarketScan Research Databases. All patients had 1 year of follow-up after initial treatment. We compared safety, health care use, and total and out-of-pocket costs using generalized linear models.

RESULTS

Among 1,061 patients, 82% were treated with LM. The LM patients were younger (median age 49 vs 52 years; p < 0.01), but were similar in terms of sex (p = 0.80) and prevalence of comorbid conditions (p = 0.11). There were no significant differences in the 1-year cumulative risk of esophageal perforation (LM 0.8% vs PD 1.6%; p = 0.32) or 30-day mortality (LM 0.3% vs PD 0.5%; p = 0.71). Laparoscopic myotomy was associated with an 82% lower rate of reintervention (p < 0.01), a 29% lower rate of subsequent diagnostic testing (p < 0.01), and a 53% lower rate of readmission (p < 0.01). Total and out-of-pocket costs were not significantly different (p > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

In the US, LM appears to be the preferred treatment for achalasia. Both LM and PD appear to be safe interventions. Along a short time horizon, the costs of LM and PD were not different. Mirroring findings from randomized trials, LM is associated with fewer reinterventions, less diagnostic testing, and fewer hospitalizations.

Incidence, clinical features and para-clinical findings of achalasia in Algeria: Experience of 25 years

AIM

To investigate the incidence of achalasia in Algeria and to determine its clinical and para-clinical profile. To evaluate the impact of continuing medical education (CME) on the incidence of this disease.

METHODS

From 1990 to 2014, 1256 patients with achalasia were enrolled in this prospective study. A campaign of CME on diagnosis involving different regions of the country was conducted between 1999 and 2003. Annual incidence and prevalence were calculated by relating the number of diagnosed cases to 10⁵ inhabitants. Each patient completed a standardized questionnaire, and underwent upper endoscopy, barium swallow and esophageal manometry. We systematically looked for Allgrove syndrome and familial achalasia.

RESULTS

The mean annual incidence raised from 0.04 (95%CI: 0.028-0.052) during the 1990s to 0.27/10⁵ inhabitants/year (95%CI: 0.215-0.321) during the 2000s. The incidence of the disease was two and half times higher in the north and the center compared to the south of the country. One-hundred-and-twenty-nine (10%) were children and 97 (7.7%) had Allgrove syndrome. Familial achalasia was noted in 18 different families. Patients had dysphagia (99%), regurgitation (83%), chest pain (51%), heartburn 24.5% and weight loss (70%). The lower esophageal sphincter was hypertensive in 53% and hypotensive in 0.6%.

CONCLUSION

The mean incidence of achalasia in Algeria is at least 0.27/10⁵ inhabitants. A good impact on the incidence of CME was noted. A gradient of incidence between different regions of the country was found. This variability is probably related to genetic and environmental factors. The discovery of an infantile achalasia must lead to looking for Allgrove syndrome and similar cases in the family.

Safety and efficacy of POEM for treatment of achalasia: a systematic review of the literature

INTRODUCTION

Peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) is a novel intervention for the treatment of achalasia, which combines the advantages of endoscopic access and myotomy. The purpose of this study was to perform a systematic review of the literature to evaluate the efficacy and safety of POEM.

METHODS

The systematic review was conducted following the PRISMA guidelines. Evidence-Based Medicine Reviews, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Ovid MEDLINE (R) including in-process and non-indexed citations were searched for POEM studies using the keywords: esophageal achalasia, POEM, endoscopy, natural orifice surgery, laparoscopic Heller myotomy (LHM), and related terms. Eckardt score, lower esophageal sphincter (LES) pressure, and reported complications were the main outcomes. Two authors reviewed the search result independently. A third reviewer resolved all disagreements. Data abstraction was pilot-tested and approved by all authors. Data were examined for clinical, methodological, and statistical heterogeneity with the aim of determining whether evidence synthesis using meta- analysis was possible.

RESULTS

The search strategy retrieved 2894 citations. After removing duplicates and applying the exclusion criteria, 54 studies were selected for full-text review of which a total of 19 studies were considered eligible for further analysis. There were 10 retrospective and 9 prospective studies, including 1299 POEM procedures. No randomized control trial (RCT) was identified. Overall, the pre- and post-POEM Eckardt scores and LES pressure were significantly different. The most frequently reported complications were mucosal perforation, subcutaneous emphysema, pneumoperitoneum, pneumothorax, pneumomediastinum, pleural effusion, and pneumonia. The median follow-up was 13 months (range 3-24).

CONCLUSION

POEM is a safe and effective alternative for the treatment of achalasia. However, only short-term follow-up data compared with LHM are available. RCTs and long-term follow-up studies are needed to establish the efficacy and safety of POEM in the management of patients with achalasia.

Clinical management of achalasia: current state of the art

Achalasia is a primary disorder of esophageal motility. It classically presents with dysphagia to both solids and liquids but may be accompanied by regurgitation and chest pain. The gold standard for the diagnosis of achalasia is esophageal motility testing with manometry, which often reveals aperistalsis of the esophageal body and incomplete lower esophageal sphincter relaxation. The diagnosis is aided by complimentary tests, such as esophagogastroduodenoscopy and contrast radiography. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy is indicated to rule out mimickers of the disease known as “pseudoachalasia” (eg, malignancy). Endoscopic appearance of a dilated esophagus with retained food or saliva and a puckered lower esophageal sphincter should raise suspicion for achalasia. Additionally, barium esophagography may reveal a dilated esophagus with a distal tapering giving it a “bird’s beak” appearance. Multiple therapeutic modalities aid in the management of achalasia, the decision of which depends on operative risk factors. Conventional treatments include medical therapy, botulinum toxin injection, pneumatic dilation, and Heller myotomy. The last two are defined as the most definitive treatment options. New emerging therapies include peroral endoscopic myotomy, placement of self-expanding metallic stents, and endoscopic sclerotherapy.

Correlation Between Timed Barium Esophagogram and Esophageal Transit Scintigraphy Results in Achalasia

BACKGROUND

Timed barium esophagogram (TBE) and esophageal transit scintigraphy (ETS) have been adopted as useful ways to evaluate achalasia patients. TBE has merit as a simple, non-invasive, and convenient method.

AIMS

The study sought to compare the results of these two tests and verify their usefulness in evaluating treatment response. In addition, we assessed whether TBE could effectively replace ETS through correlation analysis.

METHODS

The medical records of 50 achalasia patients treated between September 2011 and June 2014 were reviewed retrospectively. The height and width of the barium column at 1, 2, and 5 min were measured by TBE. Half-life (T 1/2, min) and R 30 (percentage of remaining radioactivity 30 s after radioisotope ingestion) were measured by ETS. Both tests were performed before and after treatment, and the tests were carried out 1 and 2 days after procedures. And we analyzed the correlation between the parameters from the two tests.

RESULTS

The parameters of TBE and ETS were improved after treatment (p < 0.05). Before treatment, the height and width results at 5 min from TBE positively correlated with the T 1/2 parameter from ETS (correlation coefficients of 0.59 and 0.75, respectively). After treatment, the correlation coefficients between the 5-min height and width of the barium column by TBE and T 1/2 by ETS were 0.55 and 0.46, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

Both TBE and ETS are useful modalities in assessing esophageal emptying and response to achalasia treatment. TBE and ETS results have a statistically significant correlation both pre- and post-treatment. We suggest that TBE could effectively replace ETS for the assessment of achalasia.

Idiopathic (primary) achalasia: a review

Idiopathic achalasia is a primary esophageal motor disorder characterized by loss of esophageal peristalsis and insufficient lower esophageal sphincter relaxation in response to deglutition. Patients with achalasia commonly complain of dysphagia to solids and liquids, bland regurgitation often unresponsive to an adequate trial of proton pump inhibitor, and chest pain. Weight loss is present in many, but not all patients. Although the precise etiology is unknown, it is often thought to be either autoimmune, viral immune, or neurodegenerative. The diagnosis is based on history of the disease, barium esophagogram, and esophageal motility testing. Endoscopic assessment of the gastroesophageal junction and gastric cardia is necessary to rule out malignancy. Newer diagnostic modalities such as high resolution manometry help in predicting treatment response in achalasia based on esophageal pressure topography patterns identifying three phenotypes of achalasia (I-III) and outcome studies suggest better treatment response with types I and II compared to type III. Although achalasia cannot be permanently cured, excellent outcomes are achieved in over 90 % of patients. Current medical and surgical therapeutic options (pneumatic dilation, endoscopic and surgical myotomy, and pharmacologic agents) aim at reducing the LES pressure and facilitating esophageal emptying by gravity and hydrostatic pressure of retained food and liquids. Either graded pneumatic dilatation or laparoscopic surgical myotomy with a partial fundoplication are recommended as initial therapy guided by patient age, gender, preference, and local institutional expertise. The prognosis in achalasia patients is excellent. Most patients who are appropriately treated have a normal life expectancy but the disease does recur and the patient may need intermittent treatment.

The Pathogenesis and Management of Achalasia: Current Status and Future Directions

Achalasia is an esophageal motility disorder that is commonly misdiagnosed initially as gastroesophageal reflux disease. Patients with achalasia often complain of dysphagia with solids and liquids but may focus on regurgitation as the primary symptom, leading to initial misdiagnosis. Diagnostic tests for achalasia include esophageal motility testing, esophagogastroduodenoscopy and barium swallow. These tests play a complimentary role in establishing the diagnosis of suspected achalasia. High-resolution manometry has now identified three subtypes of achalasia, with therapeutic implications. Pneumatic dilation and surgical myotomy are the only definitive treatment options for patients with achalasia who can undergo surgery. Botulinum toxin injection into the lower esophageal sphincter should be reserved for those who cannot undergo definitive therapy. Close follow-up is paramount because many patients will have a recurrence of symptoms and require repeat treatment.

Multiple good options are available for achalasia management

BACKGROUND

The aim of achalasia management is relieving functional obstruction at the esophagogastric junction. Pneumatic dilation (PD), Heller myotomy (HM), and Botox (BT) are available for this purpose. Many studies have compared efficacy of one treatment regimen to another however, many patients with achalasia undergo combinations of different procedures.

AIM

: The aim of this study was to follow-up achalasia patients treated at a tertiary referral center over a 10-year period and to compare patient satisfaction and symptoms in patients who were treated with either a single treatment (ST) versus multiple treatments (MT).

METHODS

A cohort of achalasia patients treated at the Medical University of South Carolina between 2002 and 2012 were identified, contacted by telephone, and completed a questionnaire about their treatments and symptoms. Symptomatic response was classified using the Eckardt score, and overall patient satisfaction was determined on a scale from 1 to 10. Data were analyzed using a paired Student t test.

RESULTS

Data were collected from 57 patients and 3 patients were excluded from the study because they had no prior interventions for achalasia. Demographic analysis of the patients revealed a mean age of 62.7 years (range, 24 to 89 y) with 45% males and 55% females. The average elapsed time since the last definitive treatment was 2.82 years. Twenty-eight patients had an ST performed and 26 patients underwent MT. The average number of different interventions in the MT group was 3 procedures/patient. There were no significant differences in overall patient satisfaction (ST, 7.5 vs. MT, 8; P=0.66) and the Eckardt scores between the 2 groups (ST, 3.39 vs. MT, 3.3; P=0.77).

CONCLUSIONS

MT options are available for management of achalasia. Improvement of clinical symptoms and overall patient satisfaction does not differ if the patient underwent an ST modality or a combination of different treatments.

Treatment of esophageal motility disorders based on the chicago classification

OPINION STATEMENT

The Chicago Classification divides esophageal motor disorders based on the recorded value of the integrated relaxation pressure (IRP). The first group includes those with an elevated mean IRP that is associated with peristaltic abnormalities such as achalasia and esophagogastric junction outflow obstruction. The second group includes those with a normal mean IRP that is associated with esophageal hypermotility disorders such as distal esophageal spasm, hypercontractile esophagus (jackhammer esophagus), and hypertensive peristalsis (nutcracker esophagus). The third group includes those with a normal mean IRP that is associated with esophageal hypomotility peristaltic abnormalities such as absent peristalsis, weak peristalsis with small or large breaks, and frequent failed peristalsis. The therapeutic options vary greatly between the different groups of esophageal motor disorders. In achalasia patients, potential treatment strategies comprise medical therapy (calcium channel blockers, nitrates, and phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors), endoscopic procedures (botulinum toxin A injection, pneumatic dilation, or peroral endoscopic myotomy) or surgery (Heller myotomy). Patients with a normal IRP and esophageal hypermotility disorder are candidates for medical therapy (nitrates, calcium channel blockers, phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors, cimetropium/ipratropium bromide, proton pump inhibitors, benzodiazepines, tricyclic antidepressants, trazodone, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors), endoscopic procedures (botulinum toxin A injection and peroral endoscopic myotomy), or surgery (Heller myotomy). Lastly, in patients with a normal IRP and esophageal hypomotility disorder, treatment is primarily focused on controlling the presence of gastroesophageal reflux with proton pump inhibitors and lifestyle modifications (soft and liquid diet and eating in the upright position) to address patient's dysphagia.

Achalasia Secondary to Submucosal Invasion by Poorly Differentiated Adenocarcinoma of the Cardia, Siewert II: Consideration on Preoperative Workup

Secondary achalasia due to submucosal invasion of cardia by gastric cancer is a rare condition. We report a case of pseudoachalasia, secondary to the involvement of gastroesophageal junction by poorly differentiated gastric cancer, initially mistaken as idiopathic form. We focus on the difficulty to establish differential diagnosis only on the basis of routine exams and we stress the necessity of "second level" instrumental exams; EUS in routine workup in selected patients should be considered. We support that routine workup based on history, clinical presentation, radiological and endoscopic findings, and certainly manometry could be insufficient for a correct differential diagnosis between primary and secondary forms in some patients.

For patients with primary achalasia the clinical success of pneumatic balloon dilatation can be predicted from the residual fraction of radionuclide during esophageal transit scintigraphy

BACKGROUND

Esophageal transit scintigraphy (ETS) and esophagography have long been used to evaluate patients with achalasia. The objectives of our study were to evaluate the efficacy of endoscopic pneumatic dilatation (EPD) as treatment for Koreans with achalasia and to determine which findings from ETS and esophagography predict successful treatment of achalasia.

METHODS

Patients with achalasia who were treated by EPD between April 2002 and January 2012 were recruited. We defined the success of EPD as 6 months or more of clinical remission without symptoms or a decrease in the Eckardt scores by at least two points and a total Eckardt score not exceeding 3. We reviewed the percentage of maximum scintigraphic activity retained in the esophagus at 30 s (R 30) and the post-PD rate of reduction of R 30 ((Pre R 30 - Post R 30)/Pre R 30 × 100) by ETS. Possible predictive factors determined by ETS and esophagography were analyzed.

RESULTS

Our study included 53 eligible patients. The median symptom score (Eckardt score) was 5 (4-8). R 30 and T 1/2 were, respectively, 61.8 % and 38.5 min before EPD and 20 % and 4.19 min after EPD. Successful EPD was achieved for 40 of 53 (75.47 %) patients. Age (≥40, p = 0.027) and post-PD rate of reduction of R 30 (>20 %, p = 0.003) were best prognostic indicators of clinical success. There were no perforations related to EPD.

CONCLUSION

Older age and a post-PD rate of reduction of R 30 were strongly associated with better outcomes. Examination with ETS before and after EPD can be used to objectively assess a patient's short-term response to EPD.

Pneumatic dilation versus laparoscopic Heller myotomy for the treatment of achalasia: variables related to a good response

Achalasia is a motor disorder characterized by esophageal aperistalsis and failure of lower esophageal sphincter relaxation. The cardinal symptoms are dysphagia, food regurgitation and weight loss. The most effective treatments are pneumatic dilation (PD) of the cardia and Heller esophageal myotomy with partial fundoplication. There is still controversy regarding which treatments should be initially done. The aims of this study were to evaluate clinical response and the variables related to good results in both treatments. Ninety-two patients with achalasia diagnosed by esophageal manometry were randomized to receive either PD or laparoscopic Heller myotomy with partial fundoplication. After the procedure, patients were followed up clinically and submitted to esophageal manometry and pH monitoring. Three months after treatment, 73% of the patients from PD group and 84% of the surgery group had good results (P = 0.19). After 2 years of follow-up, 54% of the PD group and 60% of the surgery group (P = not significant) were symptom free. Variables related to a good response to PD were a 50% drop in lower esophageal sphincter pressure (LESP) or a LESP <10 mmHg after treatment. Patients over 40 years old with LESP ≤32 mmHg before treatment and a drop in LESP >50% after treatment significantly achieved better responses after surgical treatment when compared with PD. The reflux rate was significantly higher in the PD group (27.7%) compared with the surgery group (4.7%), P = 0.003. We concluded that surgical treatment and PD for achalasia are equally effective even after 2 years of follow-up. The choice of treatment for achalasia should be based on the following parameters: treatment availability, rate of good results, complication rates, variables related to good responses and also the patient's wish.

Zenker's diverticulum complicating achalasia: a 'cup-and-spill' oesophagus

A 72-year-old woman presented with long-standing gastro-oesophageal reflux, regurgitation of swallowed food and worsening cervical dysphagia. Fluoroscopic barium oesophagography revealed a posterolateral pharyngeal pouch (Zenker's diverticulum (ZD)) complicating a 'cup and spill' oesophageal deformity with a smoothly tapered segment at the gastro-oesophageal junction. CT and high-resolution manometry confirmed that the underlying abnormality was a massively dilated oesophagus with aperistalsis and pan-oesophageal pressurisation, consistent with a diagnosis of oesophageal achalasia (type II). She underwent endoscopic stapled diverticulotomy, with good symptomatic relief. We discuss the aetiology of ZD, its management and the association here with oesophageal achalasia.

ACG clinical guideline: diagnosis and management of achalasia

Achalasia is a primary motor disorder of the esophagus characterized by insufficient lower esophageal sphincter relaxation and loss of esophageal peristalsis. This results in patients' complaints of dysphagia to solids and liquids, regurgitation, and occasional chest pain with or without weight loss. Endoscopic finding of retained saliva with puckered gastroesophageal junction or barium swallow showing dilated esophagus with birds beaking in a symptomatic patient should prompt appropriate diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. In this ACG guideline the authors present an evidence-based approach in patients with achalasia based on a comprehensive review of the pertinent evidence and examination of relevant published data.

The management of esophageal achalasia: from diagnosis to surgical treatment

The goal of this review is to illustrate our approach to patients with achalasia in terms of preoperative evaluation and surgical technique. Indications, patient selection and management are herein discussed. Specifically, we illustrate the pathogenetic theories and diagnostic algorithm with current up-to-date techniques to diagnose achalasia and its manometric variants. Finally, we focus on the therapeutic approaches available today: medical and surgical. A special emphasis is given on the surgical treatment of achalasia and we provide the reader with a detailed description of our pre and postoperative management.

Long-term outcome following pneumatic dilatation as initial therapy for idiopathic achalasia: an 18-year single-centre experience

BACKGROUND

Relapse after treatment for idiopathic achalasia is common and long-term outcome data are limited.

AIM

To determine the cumulative relapse rate and long-term outcome after pneumatic dilatation (PD) for achalasia in a tertiary referral centre.

METHODS

A retrospective study of 301 patients with achalasia treated with PD as first-line therapy. Short-term outcome was measured at 12 months. Long-term outcome was assessed in those who were in remission at 12 months by cumulative relapse rate and cross-sectional analysis of long-term remission rate regardless of any interval therapy, using a validated achalasia-specific questionnaire.

RESULTS

Eighty-two percent of patients were in remission 12 months following initial PD. Relapse rates thereafter were 18% by 2 years; 41% by 5 years and 60% by 10 years. Whilst 43% patients underwent additional treatments [PD (29%), myotomy (11%) or botulinum toxin (3%)] beyond 12 months, 32% of those who had not received interval therapy had relapsed at cross-sectional analysis. After a mean follow-up of 9.3 years, regardless of nature, timing or frequency of any interval therapy, 71% (79/111) patients were in remission. The perforation rate from PD was 2%. Chest pain had a poor predictive value (24%) for perforation.

CONCLUSIONS

Long-term relapse is common following pneumatic dilatation. While on-demand pneumatic dilatation for relapse yields a good response, one-third of relapsers neither seek medical attention nor receive interval therapy. Close follow-up with timely repeat dilatation is necessary for a good long-term outcome. Given the poor predictive value of chest pain for perforation, routine gastrografin swallow is recommended postdilatation.

Evaluation of esophageal motor function in clinical practice

Esophageal motor function is highly coordinated between central and enteric nervous systems and the esophageal musculature, which consists of proximal skeletal and distal smooth muscle in three functional regions, the upper and lower esophageal sphincters, and the esophageal body. While upper endoscopy is useful in evaluating for structural disorders of the esophagus, barium esophagography, radionuclide transit studies, and esophageal intraluminal impedance evaluate esophageal transit and partially assess motor function. However, esophageal manometry is the test of choice for the evaluation of esophageal motor function. In recent years, high-resolution manometry (HRM) has streamlined the process of acquisition and display of esophageal pressure data, while uncovering hitherto unrecognized esophageal physiologic mechanisms and pathophysiologic patterns. New algorithms have been devised for analysis and reporting of esophageal pressure topography from HRM. The clinical value of HRM extends to the pediatric population, and complements preoperative evaluation prior to foregut surgery. Provocative maneuvers during HRM may add to the assessment of esophageal motor function. The addition of impedance to HRM provides bolus transit data, but impact on clinical management remains unclear. Emerging techniques such as 3-D HRM and impedance planimetry show promise in the assessment of esophageal sphincter function and esophageal biomechanics.

Pneumatic balloon dilation in pediatric achalasia: efficacy and factors predicting outcome at a single tertiary pediatric gastroenterology center

BACKGROUND

The use of pneumatic dilation (PD) is well established in adults with achalasia; however, it is less commonly used in children.

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the efficacy of PD in pediatric achalasia and to define predictive factors for its treatment failure.

DESIGN

Single-center, prospective cohort study.

SETTING

Academic tertiary referral center.

PATIENTS

Twenty-four patients with achalasia were enrolled from January 2004 to November 2009 and were followed for a median of 6 years.

INTERVENTION

PD was performed with the patients under general anesthesia.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS

Efficacy and safety of PD. Follow-up was performed by using the Eckardt score, barium swallow contrast studies, and esophageal manometry at baseline; 1, 3, and 6 months after dilation; and every year thereafter. A Cox regression model was used to identify independent predictors of failure after the first PD.

RESULTS

The PD success rate was 67%. In 8 patients, the first PD failed, but the parents of one patient refused a second PD and requested surgery. Of the 7 patients who underwent repeated treatment, the second PD failed in 3 (43%). Overall, only 3 of the 24 patients underwent surgery (overall success rate after a maximum of 3 PDs was 87%). Multivariate analysis showed that only older age was independently associated with a higher probability of the procedure success (hazard ratio [HR] 0.66; 95% CI, 0.45-0.97).

LIMITATIONS

Small sample size, single-center study.

CONCLUSIONS

PD is a safe and effective technique in the management of pediatric achalasia. Young age is an independent negative predictive factor for successful clinical outcome.

Achalasia--a disease of unknown cause that is often diagnosed too late

INTRODUCTION

Many physicians are inadequately familiar with the clinical features of achalasia. Often, it is not diagnosed until years after the symptoms arise. This is unfortunate, because a delay in diagnosis worsens the prognosis.

METHODS

Selective review of the literature.

RESULTS

Achalasia has a lifetime prevalence of 1:10 000. It is a neurodegenerative disorder in which the neurons of the myenteric plexus are lost, leading to dysfunction of the lower esophageal sphincter and to a derangement of esophageal peristalsis. In the final stage of achalasia, esophageal motility is irreversibly impaired, and complications ensue because of the retention of food that is no longer transported into the stomach. Aspiration causes pulmonary disturbances in up to half of all patients with achalasia. There may also be inflammation of the esophageal mucosa (retention esophagitis); this, in turn, is a risk factor for esophageal cancer, which arises in 4% to 6% of patients. The cause of achalasia is not fully known, but autoimmune processes appear to be involved in patients with a genetic susceptibility to the disease.

CONCLUSION

Achalasia should be diagnosed as early as possible, so that complications can be prevented. In addition, guidelines should be established for cancer prevention in achalasia patients. Currently ongoing studies of the molecular causes of achalasia will probably help us understand its pathophysiology.

Impact of minimally invasive surgery in the spectrum of current achalasia treatment options

Minimally invasive Heller myotomy has evolved the "gold standard" procedure for achalasia in the spectrum of current treatment options. The laparoscopic technique has proved superior to the thoracoscopic approach due to improved visualization of the esophagogastric junction. Operative controversies most recently include the length of the myotomy, especially of its fun-dic part, with respect to the balance between postoperative persistent dysphagia and development of gastroesophageal reflux, as well as the type of the added antireflux procedure. Peri-operative mortality should approach 0%, and favorable long-term results can be achieved in > 90%.

Pneumatic dilation for achalasia cardia: reduction in lower esophageal sphincter pressure in assessing response and factors associated with recurrence during long-term follow up

BACKGROUND

Data on utility of post-pneumatic dilation (PD) lower esophageal sphincter (LES) pressure measurement in evaluating short and long-term efficacy of dilation, which tears the non-relaxing LES in achalasia, are scanty.

METHODS

Post-PD LES pressure was measured in 72/98 patients with achalasia. The best cut-off pressure classifying responders and non-responders was determined by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Factors associated with non-response and recurrence were evaluated.

RESULTS

Of 98 patients (41.1 ± 13.3 years, 58 male), 75 improved, three had perforation requiring surgery, and 20 did not respond to the first PD session. Of 18/20 patients undergoing a second PD, 11 improved and six non-responders needed myotomy. 37/58 (71%) male and 17/40 (42.5%) female patients had a first PD with a 35-mm balloon (P = 0.03). Age and gender of patients did not influence outcome. LES pressure was lower in responders or in those having recurrence than in non-responders (17 mmHg [6.4-75], 11 mmHg [4.6-31]vs 25 mmHg [13-55]). On the ROC curve, 22.5 mmHg was the best cut-off value differentiating responders and non-responders (area under curve [AUC] 0.73). Of the 86 patients responding to PD, 20 had recurrence. Patients who responded to one session of PD or had LES pressure <10 mmHg after the procedure recurred less often, although there was no relationship with age and gender.

CONCLUSION

Post-PD LES pressure measurement is useful to assess treatment response. Patients responding to the first session and those with post-PD LES pressure <10 mmHg tended to recur less. Age and gender did not influence outcome, which might be related to preferential use of a 35-mm balloon, particularly for male patients, during the first session.

Current approach to the treatment of achalasia

Achalasia is a primary esophageal motility disorder characterized by aperistalsis and incomplete or absent relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES). The cause of the disease remains elusive and there is no intervention that improves the esophageal body function. Currently, treatment options focus on palliation of symptoms by reducing the LES pressure. The most effective and well-tolerated treatments continue to be the laparoscopic Heller myotomy and endoscopic pneumatic dilation; however, newer techniques (eg, peroral endoscopic myotomy and self-expanding metal stents) show promise. Botulinum toxin and pharmacologic therapy are reserved for those who are unable to undergo more effective therapies. Treatment options should be tailored to the patient, using current predictors of outcome such as the patient's age and post-treatment LES pressures. The aim of this article is to highlight current literature and provide an up-to-date approach to the treatment of achalasia.

Specific esophagogram to assess functional outcomes after Heller's myotomy and Dor's fundoplication for esophageal achalasia

Esophageal emptying assessed at the 'timed barium' esophagogram correlates well with symptomatic outcomes after pneumatic dilation for esophageal achalasia, although 30% of patients with satisfactory outcome exhibit partial improvement in emptying. The aim of the study was to investigate any correlation of esophageal emptying to symptomatic response after laparoscopic Heller's myotomy and Dor's fundoplication. 'Bread and barium' (transit time of a barium opaque bread bolus) and 'timed barium' (height of esophageal barium column 5 minutes after ingestion of 200-250 mL of barium suspension) esophagogram was used to assess esophageal emptying in 73 patients with esophageal achalasia before 1 and 5 years (31 cases) after laparoscopic myotomy and anterior fundoplication. Symptoms assessment was based to a specific score. At 1-year follow-up, excellent and good symptomatic results were obtained in 95% of the cases. Esophageal maximum diameter, esophageal transit time, and esophageal barium column were significantly correlated to each other and to symptom score postoperatively (P < 0.001). Complete and partial (<90% and 50-90% postoperative reduction in barium column, respectively) emptying was seen in 55% and 31% of patients with excellent result. Patients with a pseudodiverticulum postoperatively had a more delayed esophageal emptying than those without. Symptomatic outcome and esophageal emptying did not deteriorate at 5-year follow-up. Esophageal emptying assessed by 'barium and bread' and 'timed barium' esophagogram correlated well with symptomatic outcome after laparoscopic myotomy for esophageal achalasia. Complete symptomatic relief does not necessarily reflect complete esophageal emptying. Outcomes do not deteriorate by time. Because of wide availability, esophagogram can be applied in follow-up of postmyotomy patients in conjunction with symptomatic evaluation.

Laparoscopic calibrated total vs partial fundoplication following Heller myotomy for oesophageal achalasia

AIM: To compare the mid-term outcomes of laparoscopic calibrated Nissen-Rossetti fundoplication with Dor fundoplication performed after Heller myotomy for oesophageal achalasia.

METHODS: Fifty-six patients (26 men, 30 women; mean age 42.8 ± 14.7 years) presenting for minimally invasive surgery for oesophageal achalasia, were enrolled. All patients underwent laparoscopic Heller myotomy followed by a 180° anterior partial fundoplication in 30 cases (group 1) and calibrated Nissen-Rossetti fundoplication in 26 (group 2). Intraoperative endoscopy and manometry were used to calibrate the myotomy and fundoplication. A 6-mo follow-up period with symptomatic evaluation and barium swallow was undertaken. One and two years after surgery, the patients underwent symptom questionnaires, endoscopy, oesophageal manometry and 24 h oesophago-gastric pH monitoring.

RESULTS: At the 2-year follow-up, no significant difference in the median symptom score was observed between the 2 groups (P = 0.66; Mann-Whitney U-test). The median percentage time with oesophageal pH < 4 was significantly higher in the Dor group compared to the Nissen-Rossetti group (2; range 0.8-10 vs 0.35; range 0-2) (P < 0.0001; Mann-Whitney U-test).

CONCLUSION: Laparoscopic Dor and calibrated Nissen-Rossetti fundoplication achieved similar results in the resolution of dysphagia. Nissen-Rossetti fundoplication seems to be more effective in suppressing oesophageal acid exposure.

Laparoscopic Heller's cardiomyotomy in cirrhosis with oesophageal varices

Surgical intervention in cirrhosis of liver with portal hypertension is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. This is attributed to liver decompensation, intra-operative bleeding, prolonged operative time, wound related and anaesthesia complications. Laparoscopic surgery in cirrhosis is advantageous but is associated with technical challenges. We report one such case of hepatitis C cirrhosis with oesophageal varices and symptomatic achalasia cardia, who was successfully treated by laparoscopic cardiomyotomy after thorough preoperative workup and planning. In the review of literature on pubmed, no such case is reported.