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Qiao G, Xu P, Guo T, He X, Yue Y, Yang B. Genome-wide detection of structural variation in some sheep breeds using whole-genome long-read sequencing data. J Anim Breed Genet 2024. [PMID: 38247268 DOI: 10.1111/jbg.12846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Genomic structural variants (SVs) constitute a significant proportion of genetic variation in the genome. The rapid development of long-reads sequencing has facilitated the detection of long-fragment SVs. There is no published study to detect SVs using long-read data from sheep. We applied a long-read mapping approach to detect SVs and characterized a total of 30,771 insertions, deletions, inversions and translocations. We identified 716, 916, 842 and 303 specific SVs in Southdown sheep, Alpine merino sheep, Qilian White Tibetan sheep and Oula sheep, respectively. We annotated these SVs and found that these SV-related genes were primarily enriched in the well-established pathways involved in the regulation of the immune system, growth and development and environmental adaptability. We detected and annotated SVs based on NGS resequencing data to validate the accuracy based on third-generation detection. Moreover, five candidate SVs were verified using the PCR method in 50 sheep. Our study is the first to use a long-reads sequencing approach to construct a novel structural variation map in sheep. We have completed a preliminary exploration of the potential effects of SVs on sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoyan Qiao
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- College of Ecological Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Qinghai Communications Technical College, Xining, China
| | - Pan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Tingting Guo
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xue He
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yaojing Yue
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Bohui Yang
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
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2
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Behers BJ, Melchor J, Behers BM, Meng Z, Swanson PJ, Paterson HI, Mendez Araque SJ, Davis JL, Gerhold CJ, Shah RS, Thompson AJ, Patel BS, Mouratidis RW, Sweeney MJ. Vitamins and Minerals for Blood Pressure Reduction in the General, Normotensive Population: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Six Supplements. Nutrients 2023; 15:4223. [PMID: 37836507 PMCID: PMC10574336 DOI: 10.3390/nu15194223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertension is the leading preventable risk factor for cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality worldwide. However, studies have shown increased risk of mortality from heart disease and stroke even within the normal blood pressure (BP) range, starting at BPs above 110-115/70-75 mm Hg. Nutraceuticals, such as vitamins and minerals, have been studied extensively for their efficacy in lowering BP and may be of benefit to the general, normotensive population in achieving optimal BP. Our study investigated the effects of six nutraceuticals (Vitamins: C, D, E; Minerals: Calcium, Magnesium, Potassium) on both systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) in this population. We performed a systematic review and pairwise meta-analysis for all six supplements versus placebo. Calcium and magnesium achieved significant reductions in both SBP and DBP of -1.37/-1.63 mm Hg and -2.79/-1.56 mm Hg, respectively. Vitamin E and potassium only yielded significant reductions in SBP with values of -1.76 mm Hg and -2.10 mm Hg, respectively. Vitamins C and D were not found to significantly lower either SBP or DBP. Future studies should determine optimal dosage and treatment length for these supplements in the general, normotensive population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J. Behers
- College of Medicine, Florida State University, 1115 W Call Street, Tallahassee, FL 32304, USA; (J.M.); (H.I.P.); (J.L.D.); (C.J.G.); (R.S.S.); (A.J.T.); (R.W.M.); (M.J.S.)
| | - Julian Melchor
- College of Medicine, Florida State University, 1115 W Call Street, Tallahassee, FL 32304, USA; (J.M.); (H.I.P.); (J.L.D.); (C.J.G.); (R.S.S.); (A.J.T.); (R.W.M.); (M.J.S.)
| | - Brett M. Behers
- College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 560 Channel Side Drive MDD 54, Tampa, FL 33602, USA; (B.M.B.); (S.J.M.A.)
| | - Zhuo Meng
- Department of Statistics, Florida State University, 117 N Woodward Ave., Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA; (Z.M.); (P.J.S.)
| | - Palmer J. Swanson
- Department of Statistics, Florida State University, 117 N Woodward Ave., Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA; (Z.M.); (P.J.S.)
| | - Hunter I. Paterson
- College of Medicine, Florida State University, 1115 W Call Street, Tallahassee, FL 32304, USA; (J.M.); (H.I.P.); (J.L.D.); (C.J.G.); (R.S.S.); (A.J.T.); (R.W.M.); (M.J.S.)
| | - Samuel J. Mendez Araque
- College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 560 Channel Side Drive MDD 54, Tampa, FL 33602, USA; (B.M.B.); (S.J.M.A.)
| | - Joshua L. Davis
- College of Medicine, Florida State University, 1115 W Call Street, Tallahassee, FL 32304, USA; (J.M.); (H.I.P.); (J.L.D.); (C.J.G.); (R.S.S.); (A.J.T.); (R.W.M.); (M.J.S.)
| | - Cameron J. Gerhold
- College of Medicine, Florida State University, 1115 W Call Street, Tallahassee, FL 32304, USA; (J.M.); (H.I.P.); (J.L.D.); (C.J.G.); (R.S.S.); (A.J.T.); (R.W.M.); (M.J.S.)
| | - Rushabh S. Shah
- College of Medicine, Florida State University, 1115 W Call Street, Tallahassee, FL 32304, USA; (J.M.); (H.I.P.); (J.L.D.); (C.J.G.); (R.S.S.); (A.J.T.); (R.W.M.); (M.J.S.)
| | - Anthony J. Thompson
- College of Medicine, Florida State University, 1115 W Call Street, Tallahassee, FL 32304, USA; (J.M.); (H.I.P.); (J.L.D.); (C.J.G.); (R.S.S.); (A.J.T.); (R.W.M.); (M.J.S.)
| | - Binit S. Patel
- Internal Medicine Residency, Florida State University, 1700 South Tamiami Trail, Sarasota, FL 34239, USA;
| | - Roxann W. Mouratidis
- College of Medicine, Florida State University, 1115 W Call Street, Tallahassee, FL 32304, USA; (J.M.); (H.I.P.); (J.L.D.); (C.J.G.); (R.S.S.); (A.J.T.); (R.W.M.); (M.J.S.)
| | - Michael J. Sweeney
- College of Medicine, Florida State University, 1115 W Call Street, Tallahassee, FL 32304, USA; (J.M.); (H.I.P.); (J.L.D.); (C.J.G.); (R.S.S.); (A.J.T.); (R.W.M.); (M.J.S.)
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3
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Cormick G, Ciapponi A, Cafferata ML, Cormick MS, Belizán JM. Calcium supplementation for prevention of primary hypertension. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2022; 1:CD010037. [PMID: 35014026 PMCID: PMC8748265 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd010037.pub4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypertension is a major public health problem that increases the risk of cardiovascular and kidney diseases. Several studies have shown an inverse association between calcium intake and blood pressure, as small reductions in blood pressure have been shown to produce rapid reductions in vascular disease risk even in individuals with normal blood pressure ranges. This is the first update of the review to evaluate the effect of calcium supplementation in normotensive individuals as a preventive health measure. OBJECTIVES To assess the efficacy and safety of calcium supplementation versus placebo or control for reducing blood pressure in normotensive people and for the prevention of primary hypertension. SEARCH METHODS The Cochrane Hypertension Information Specialist searched the following databases for randomised controlled trials up to September 2020: the Cochrane Hypertension Specialised Register, CENTRAL (2020, Issue 9), Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid Embase, the WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform, and the US National Institutes of Health Ongoing Trials Register, ClinicalTrials.gov. We also contacted authors of relevant papers regarding further published and unpublished work. The searches had no language restrictions. SELECTION CRITERIA We selected trials that randomised normotensive people to dietary calcium interventions such as supplementation or food fortification versus placebo or control. We excluded quasi-random designs. The primary outcomes were hypertension (defined as blood pressure ≥ 140/90 mmHg) and blood pressure measures. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently selected trials for inclusion, abstracted the data and assessed the risks of bias. We used the GRADE approach to assess the certainty of evidence. MAIN RESULTS The 2020 updated search identified four new trials. We included a total of 20 trials with 3512 participants, however we only included 18 for the meta-analysis with 3140 participants. None of the studies reported hypertension as a dichotomous outcome. The effect on systolic and diastolic blood pressure was: mean difference (MD) -1.37 mmHg, 95% confidence interval (CI) -2.08, -0.66; 3140 participants; 18 studies; I2 = 0%, high-certainty evidence; and MD -1.45, 95% CI -2.23, -0.67; 3039 participants; 17 studies; I2 = 45%, high-certainty evidence, respectively. The effect on systolic and diastolic blood pressure for those younger than 35 years was: MD -1.86, 95% CI -3.45, -0.27; 452 participants; eight studies; I2 = 19%, moderate-certainty evidence; MD -2.50, 95% CI -4.22, -0.79; 351 participants; seven studies ; I2 = 54%, moderate-certainty evidence, respectively. The effect on systolic and diastolic blood pressure for those 35 years or older was: MD -0.97, 95% CI -1.83, -0.10; 2688 participants; 10 studies; I2 = 0%, high-certainty evidence; MD -0.59, 95% CI -1.13, -0.06; 2688 participants; 10 studies; I2 = 0%, high-certainty evidence, respectively. The effect on systolic and diastolic blood pressure for women was: MD -1.25, 95% CI -2.53, 0.03; 1915 participants; eight studies; I2 = 0%, high-certainty evidence; MD -1.04, 95% CI -1.86, -0.22; 1915 participants; eight studies; I2 = 4%, high-certainty evidence, respectively. The effect on systolic and diastolic blood pressure for men was MD -2.14, 95% CI -3.71, -0.59; 507 participants; five studies; I2 = 8%, moderate-certainty evidence; MD -1.99, 95% CI -3.25, -0.74; 507 participants; five studies; I2 = 41%, moderate-certainty evidence, respectively. The effect was consistent in both genders regardless of baseline calcium intake. The effect on systolic blood pressure was: MD -0.02, 95% CI -2.23, 2.20; 302 participants; 3 studies; I2 = 0%, moderate-certainty evidence with doses less than 1000 mg; MD -1.05, 95% CI -1.91, -0.19; 2488 participants; 9 studies; I2 = 0%, high-certainty evidence with doses 1000 to 1500 mg; and MD -2.79, 95% CI -4.71, 0.86; 350 participants; 7 studies; I2 = 0%, moderate-certainty evidence with doses more than 1500 mg. The effect on diastolic blood pressure was: MD -0.41, 95% CI -2.07, 1.25; 201 participants; 2 studies; I2 = 0, moderate-certainty evidence; MD -2.03, 95% CI -3.44, -0.62 ; 1017 participants; 8 studies; and MD -1.35, 95% CI -2.75, -0.05; 1821 participants; 8 studies; I2 = 51%, high-certainty evidence, respectively. None of the studies reported adverse events. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS An increase in calcium intake slightly reduces both systolic and diastolic blood pressure in normotensive people, particularly in young people, suggesting a role in the prevention of hypertension. The effect across multiple prespecified subgroups and a possible dose response effect reinforce this conclusion. Even small reductions in blood pressure could have important health implications for reducing vascular disease. A 2 mmHg lower systolic blood pressure is predicted to produce about 10% lower stroke mortality and about 7% lower mortality from ischaemic heart disease. There is a great need for adequately-powered clinical trials randomising young people. Subgroup analysis should involve basal calcium intake, age, sex, basal blood pressure, and body mass index. We also require assessment of side effects, optimal doses and the best strategy to improve calcium intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Cormick
- Department of Mother and Child Health Research, Institute for Clinical Effectiveness and Health Policy (IECS-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Agustín Ciapponi
- Argentine Cochrane Centre, Institute for Clinical Effectiveness and Health Policy (IECS-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Luisa Cafferata
- Department of Mother and Child Health Research, Institute for Clinical Effectiveness and Health Policy (IECS-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Sol Cormick
- Departamento de Diagnóstico por Imágenes, Fleni, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - José M Belizán
- Department of Mother and Child Health Research, Institute for Clinical Effectiveness and Health Policy (IECS-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Cormick G, Ciapponi A, Cafferata ML, Cormick MS, Belizán JM. Calcium supplementation for prevention of primary hypertension. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2021; 8:CD010037. [PMID: 34693985 PMCID: PMC8543682 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd010037.pub3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypertension is a major public health problem that increases the risk of cardiovascular and kidney diseases. Several studies have shown an inverse association between calcium intake and blood pressure, as small reductions in blood pressure have been shown to produce rapid reductions in vascular disease risk even in individuals with normal blood pressure ranges. This is the first update of the review to evaluate the effect of calcium supplementation in normotensive individuals as a preventive health measure. OBJECTIVES To assess the efficacy and safety of calcium supplementation versus placebo or control for reducing blood pressure in normotensive people and for the prevention of primary hypertension. SEARCH METHODS The Cochrane Hypertension Information Specialist searched the following databases for randomised controlled trials up to September 2020: the Cochrane Hypertension Specialised Register, CENTRAL (2020, Issue 9), Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid Embase, the WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform, and the US National Institutes of Health Ongoing Trials Register, ClinicalTrials.gov. We also contacted authors of relevant papers regarding further published and unpublished work. The searches had no language restrictions. SELECTION CRITERIA We selected trials that randomised normotensive people to dietary calcium interventions such as supplementation or food fortification versus placebo or control. We excluded quasi-random designs. The primary outcomes were hypertension (defined as blood pressure ≥ 140/90 mmHg) and blood pressure measures. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently selected trials for inclusion, abstracted the data and assessed the risks of bias. We used the GRADE approach to assess the certainty of evidence. MAIN RESULTS The 2020 updated search identified four new trials. We included a total of 20 trials with 3512 participants, however we only included 18 for the meta-analysis with 3140 participants. None of the studies reported hypertension as a dichotomous outcome. The effect on systolic and diastolic blood pressure was: mean difference (MD) -1.37 mmHg, 95% confidence interval (CI) -2.08, -0.66; 3140 participants; 18 studies; I2 = 0%, high-certainty evidence; and MD -1.45, 95% CI -2.23, -0.67; 3039 participants; 17 studies; I2 = 45%, high-certainty evidence, respectively. The effect on systolic and diastolic blood pressure for those younger than 35 years was: MD -1.86, 95% CI -3.45, -0.27; 452 participants; eight studies; I2 = 19%, moderate-certainty evidence; MD -2.50, 95% CI -4.22, -0.79; 351 participants; seven studies ; I2 = 54%, moderate-certainty evidence, respectively. The effect on systolic and diastolic blood pressure for those 35 years or older was: MD -0.97, 95% CI -1.83, -0.10; 2688 participants; 10 studies; I2 = 0%, high-certainty evidence; MD -0.59, 95% CI -1.13, -0.06; 2688 participants; 10 studies; I2 = 0%, high-certainty evidence, respectively. The effect on systolic and diastolic blood pressure for women was: MD -1.25, 95% CI -2.53, 0.03; 1915 participants; eight studies; I2 = 0%, high-certainty evidence; MD -1.04, 95% CI -1.86, -0.22; 1915 participants; eight studies; I2 = 4%, high-certainty evidence, respectively. The effect on systolic and diastolic blood pressure for men was MD -2.14, 95% CI -3.71, -0.59; 507 participants; five studies; I2 = 8%, moderate-certainty evidence; MD -1.99, 95% CI -3.25, -0.74; 507 participants; five studies; I2 = 41%, moderate-certainty evidence, respectively. The effect was consistent in both genders regardless of baseline calcium intake. The effect on systolic blood pressure was: MD -0.02, 95% CI -2.23, 2.20; 302 participants; 3 studies; I2 = 0%, moderate-certainty evidence with doses less than 1000 mg; MD -1.05, 95% CI -1.91, -0.19; 2488 participants; 9 studies; I2 = 0%, high-certainty evidence with doses 1000 to 1500 mg; and MD -2.79, 95% CI -4.71, 0.86; 350 participants; 7 studies = 8; I2 = 0%, moderate-certainty evidence with doses more than 1500 mg. The effect on diastolic blood pressure was: MD -0.41, 95% CI -2.07, 1.25; 201 participants; 2 studies; I2 = 0, moderate-certainty evidence; MD -2.03, 95% CI -3.44, -0.62 ; 1017 participants; 8 studies; and MD -1.35, 95% CI -2.75, -0.05; 1821 participants; 8 studies; I2 = 51%, high-certainty evidence, respectively. None of the studies reported adverse events. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS An increase in calcium intake slightly reduces both systolic and diastolic blood pressure in normotensive people, particularly in young people, suggesting a role in the prevention of hypertension. The effect across multiple prespecified subgroups and a possible dose response effect reinforce this conclusion. Even small reductions in blood pressure could have important health implications for reducing vascular disease. A 2 mmHg lower systolic blood pressure is predicted to produce about 10% lower stroke mortality and about 7% lower mortality from ischaemic heart disease. There is a great need for adequately-powered clinical trials randomising young people. Subgroup analysis should involve basal calcium intake, age, sex, basal blood pressure, and body mass index. We also require assessment of side effects, optimal doses and the best strategy to improve calcium intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Cormick
- Department of Mother and Child Health Research, Institute for Clinical Effectiveness and Health Policy (IECS-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Agustín Ciapponi
- Argentine Cochrane Centre, Institute for Clinical Effectiveness and Health Policy (IECS-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Luisa Cafferata
- Department of Mother and Child Health Research, Institute for Clinical Effectiveness and Health Policy (IECS-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Sol Cormick
- Departamento de Diagnóstico por Imágenes, Fleni, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - José M Belizán
- Department of Mother and Child Health Research, Institute for Clinical Effectiveness and Health Policy (IECS-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Cormick G, Ciapponi A, Cafferata ML, Belizán JM. Calcium supplementation for prevention of primary hypertension. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015:CD010037. [PMID: 26126003 PMCID: PMC6486289 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd010037.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypertension is a major public health problem that increases the risk of cardiovascular and kidney diseases. Several studies have shown an inverse association between calcium intake and blood pressure. As small reductions in blood pressure have been shown to produce rapid reductions in vascular disease risk even in individuals with normal blood pressure ranges, this review intends to evaluate the effect of calcium supplementation in normotensive individuals as a preventive health measure. OBJECTIVES To assess the efficacy and safety of calcium supplementation versus placebo or control for reducing blood pressure in normotensive people. SEARCH METHODS We searched the Cochrane Hypertension Group Specialised Register, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE, MEDLINE In-Process, EMBASE and ClinicalTrials.gov for randomised controlled trials up to October 2014. The WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP) is searched for inclusion in the Group's Specialised Register. We also reviewed reference lists from retrieved studies and contacted authors of relevant papers. We applied no language restrictions. SELECTION CRITERIA We selected trials that randomised normotensive people to dietary calcium interventions such as supplementation or food fortification versus placebo or control. We excluded quasi-random designs. The primary outcomes were hypertension (defined as blood pressure ≥ 140/90 mmHg) and blood pressure measures. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently selected trials for inclusion, abstracted the data and assessed the risks of bias. MAIN RESULTS We included 16 trials with 3048 participants. None of the studies reported hypertension as a dichotomous outcome. The effect on systolic and diastolic blood pressure was mean difference (MD) -1.43 mmHg (95% confidence interval (CI) -2.15 to -0.72) and -0.98 mmHg (95%CI -1.46 to -0.50) respectively. The effect on systolic and diastolic blood pressure for those younger than 35 years (7 trials with 399 participants) was -2.11 mmHg (95%CI -3.58 to -0.64) / -2.61 mmHg (95% CI -3.74, -1.49). The effect on systolic and diastolic blood pressure for those 35 years or more (9 trials with 2649 participants) was -0.96 mmHg (95%CI -1.83 to -0.09) / -0.59 mmHg (95%CI -1.13 to -0.06). The effect on systolic and diastolic blood pressure for women (6 trials with 1823 participants) was -1.45 mmHg (95% CI -2.78 to -0.12) / -0.92 mmHg (95% CI -1.71 to -0.14). The effect on systolic and diastolic blood pressure for men (5 trials with 617 participants) was -2.07 (95%CI -3.56 to -0.59] / -1.91 (95%CI -2.80 to -1.02).The quality of evidence for each of these outcomes was high. The effect is consistent in both genders regardless of baseline calcium intake.The effect on systolic blood pressure was 0.08 mmHg (95% CI -2.16 to 2.32) with doses less than 1000 mg, -1.14 mmHg (95% CI -2.01 to -0.27) with 1000 - 1500 mg, and -2.79 mmHg (95% CI -4.71 to -0.86) with more than 1500 mg. The effect on diastolic blood pressure was -0.54 mmHg (95% CI -2.23 to 1.15), -0.71 mmHg (95% CI -1.37 to -0.06) and -1.43 mmHg (95% CI -2.22 to -0.64) respectively. The quality of evidence for each of these outcomes was high.None of the studies reported adverse events. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS An increase in calcium intake slightly reduces both systolic and diastolic blood pressure in normotensive people, particularly in young people, suggesting a role in the prevention of hypertension. These results should be interpreted with caution, since the proposed biological mechanism explaining the relationship between calcium and blood pressure has not been fully confirmed. The effect across multiple prespecified subgroups and a possible dose response effect reinforce this conclusion. Even small reductions in blood pressure could have important health implications for reducing vascular disease.There is a great need for adequately-powered clinical trials randomising young people. Subgroup analysis should involve basal calcium intake, age, sex, basal blood pressure, and body mass index. We also require assessment of side effects, optimal doses and the best strategy to improve calcium intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Cormick
- Department of Mother and Child Health Research, Institute for Clinical Effectiveness and Health Policy (IECS), Dr. Emilio Ravignani 2024, Buenos Aires, Argentina, C1414CPV
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Abstract
The Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2010 indicated there is moderate evidence for an association between the consumption of dairy foods and lower blood pressure in adults; however, it also stated that more evidence was needed, especially in clinical trials, to fully delineate a causal relationship. The purpose of this review is to provide background by examining the historical literature and the evidence reviewed by the 2010 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee, to examine the gaps in knowledge indicated by that committee, and to determine if recently published evidence is sufficient to elucidate or dismiss an association between dairy foods and blood pressure maintenance. Examination of the newly published literature, together with evaluation of the evidence as a whole, shows that the preponderance of evidence indicates dairy foods are beneficially associated with blood pressure; however, additional research is necessary to identify the mechanism of action of dairy foods. New evidence should come from carefully designed clinical trials that examine not only blood pressure outcomes but also the ability of dairy foods to affect the vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keigan M Park
- Dairy Research Institute, Rosemont, Illinois 60018-5616, USA
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Nguyen H, Odelola OA, Rangaswami J, Amanullah A. A review of nutritional factors in hypertension management. Int J Hypertens 2013; 2013:698940. [PMID: 23691281 PMCID: PMC3649175 DOI: 10.1155/2013/698940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertension is a major health problem worldwide. Its attendant morbidity and mortality complications have a great impact on patient's quality of life and survival. Optimizing blood pressure control has been shown to improve overall health outcomes. In addition to pharmacological therapies, nonpharmacological approach such as dietary modification plays an important role in controlling blood pressure. Many dietary components such as sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium have been studied substantially in the past decades. While some of these nutrients have clear evidence for their recommendation, some remain controversial and are still of ongoing study. Dietary modification is often discussed with patients and can provide a great benefit in blood pressure regulation. As such, reviewing the current evidence will be very useful in guiding patients and their physician and/or dietician in decision making. In this review article of nutritional factors in hypertension management, we aim to examine the role of nutritional factors individually and as components of whole dietary patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha Nguyen
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19141, USA
| | - Olaide A. Odelola
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19141, USA
| | - Janani Rangaswami
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19141, USA
| | - Aman Amanullah
- Noninvasive Cardiology, Albert Einstein Medical Center, Clinical Professor of Medicine, Jefferson Medical College of Thomas Jefferson University, 5501 Old York Road, HB-3, Philadelphia, PA 19141, USA
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Pikilidou MI, Befani CD, Sarafidis PA, Nilsson PM, Koliakos GG, Tziolas IM, Kazakos KA, Yovos JG, Lasaridis AN. Oral calcium supplementation ambulatory blood pressure and relation to changes in intracellular ions and sodium-hydrogen exchange. Am J Hypertens 2009; 22:1263-9. [PMID: 19779467 DOI: 10.1038/ajh.2009.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Calcium (Ca2+) supplementation has been shown paradoxically to reduce intracellular Ca2+ and induce vascular relaxation. The aim of the study was to assess 24-h blood pressure (BP) change after Ca2+ supplementation and to investigate its relation to changes in intracellular ions and the activity of the first isoform of sodium-hydrogen exchange (NHE-1) in subjects with hypertension and type 2 diabetes. METHODS This parallel, randomized controlled, single-blinded trial, consisted of 31 patients with type 2 diabetes, and hypertension who were allocated to receive 1,500 mg of Ca2+ per day (n = 15) or no treatment (n = 16) for 8 weeks. RESULTS In the Ca2+ group a decrease of 1.7 +/- 2.7 mm Hg (mean +/- SE) P = 0.52 for mean 24-h systolic BP (SBP) and 2.1 +/- 1.5 mm Hg, P = 0.19 for mean 24-h diastolic BP (DBP) was recorded. Whereas in the control group an increase of 1.4 +/- 2.7 mm Hg, P = 0.59 for mean 24-h SBP and 1.2 +/- 2.8 mm Hg, P = 0.83 for mean 24-h DBP was observed. Intraplatelet Ca2+ decreased whereas intraplatelet magnesium (Mg2+) and erythrocyte K+ increased in the intervention group. Change in mean 24-h SBP in the pooled group correlated with both change in intraplatelet Ca2+ (r = 0.49, P < 0.05) and NHE-1 activity (r = 0.6, P < 0.001). The contribution of intraplatelet Ca2+ was attenuated when both parameters were entered in a multivariate regression model. CONCLUSIONS The present study shows a weak, statistically nonsignificant trend towards association of Ca2+ supplementation on 24-h BP in hypertensive subjects with type 2 diabetes. However, our results indicated an interrelation of [Ca2+]i levels and NHE-1 activity on BP in patients with hypertension and type 2 diabetes.
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Hilpert KF, West SG, Bagshaw DM, Fishell V, Barnhart L, Lefevre M, Most MM, Zemel MB, Chow M, Hinderliter AL, Kris-Etherton PM. Effects of Dairy Products on Intracellular Calcium and Blood Pressure in Adults with Essential Hypertension. J Am Coll Nutr 2009; 28:142-9. [DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2009.10719765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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10
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Houston MC, Harper KJ. Potassium, magnesium, and calcium: their role in both the cause and treatment of hypertension. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2008; 10:3-11. [PMID: 18607145 PMCID: PMC8109864 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-7176.2008.08575.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Despite advances in the prevention and treatment of hypertension over the past decade, hypertension remains an important public health challenge. Recent efforts to reduce the prevalence of hypertension have focused on nonpharmacologic means, specifically diet. An increased intake of minerals such as potassium, magnesium, and calcium by dietary means has been shown in some but not all studies to reduce blood pressure in patients with hypertension. This review will discuss the roles of potassium, magnesium, and calcium in the prevention and treatment of essential hypertension with specific emphasis on clinical trial evidence, mechanism of action, and recommendations for dietary intake of these minerals. A high intake of these minerals through increased consumption of fruits and vegetables may improve blood pressure levels and reduce coronary heart disease and stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark C Houston
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37205, USA.
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11
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Trumbo PR, Ellwood KC. Supplemental Calcium and Risk Reduction of Hypertension, Pregnancy-Induced Hypertension, and Preeclampsia: An Evidence-Based Review by the US Food and Drug Administration. Nutr Rev 2008; 65:78-87. [PMID: 17345960 DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2007.tb00284.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The labeling of health claims that meet the significant scientific agreement (SSA) standard (authorized health claims) and qualified health claims on conventional foods and dietary supplements requires premarket approval by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). FDA conducts an evidence-based review to determine whether there is sufficient evidence to support an authorized or qualified health claim. An evidence-based review was conducted on the human intervention and observational studies evaluating the role of supplemental calcium in reducing the risk of hypertension, pregnancy-induced hypertension, and preeclampsia. This review provides FDA's evaluation of the current scientific evidence on the role of supplemental calcium in reducing the risk of these three end points. Based on this evidence-based review, the agency concluded that the relationship between calcium and risk of hypertension is inconsistent and inconclusive, and the relationship between calcium and risk of pregnancy-induced hypertension and preeclampsia is highly unlikely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula R Trumbo
- Division of Nutrition Programs and Labeling, US Food and Drug Administration, HFS-830, 5100 Paint Branch Parkway, College Park, MD 20740, USA.
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12
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Yoshida M, Yonetani A, Shirasaki T, Wada K. Dietary NaCl supplementation prevents muscle necrosis in a mouse model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2006; 290:R449-55. [PMID: 16179484 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00684.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The mdx mouse is an animal model for Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Mdx mice fed a 12% NaCl diet from birth up to 20 days of age (mdx-Na mice) had an ∼50% reduction in serum creatine kinase (CK) activity compared with mdx mice fed a standard diet. Most notably, necrotic fibers in tibialis anterior (TA) muscle of mdx-Na mice were reduced by 99% and were similar in control mice. These mdx mice displayed significantly elevated blood Ca2+ and Na+ levels, while the total calcium content of their TA muscle was reduced to the level of control mice. In addition, mdx-Na mice had elevated zinc and magnesium contents in their TA muscle. These results suggest that elevated serum Na+ leads to Ca2+ extrusion from muscle via the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger causing a decrease in intracellular Ca2+ levels and an increase in blood Ca2+ levels. Extracellular Ca2+ and, in addition, Zn2+ and Mg2+ might also contribute to the stabilization of the cell membrane. Other possibilities explaining the surprisingly efficacious beneficial effect of dietary sodium exist and are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizuko Yoshida
- Department of Degenerative Neurological Disease, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo 187-8052, Japan.
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13
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Resnick LM, Oparil S, Chait A, Haynes RB, Kris-Etherton P, Stern JS, Clark S, Holcomb S, Hatton DC, Metz JA, McMahon M, Pi-Sunyer FX, McCarron DA. Factors affecting blood pressure responses to diet: the Vanguard study. Am J Hypertens 2000; 13:956-65. [PMID: 10981544 DOI: 10.1016/s0895-7061(00)01221-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To study physiologic factors affecting the blood pressure (BP) response to nonpharmacologic maneuvers, fasting blood glucose, insulin, lipid and mineral levels, urinary mineral excretion, and the calcium regulating hormones parathyroid hormone (PTH) and 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25 (OH)2D) were measured in 71 unmedicated hypertensive (26 hypertensive only [HT], 45 hypertensive hyperlipidemic [HTHL]), and 87 normotensive hyperlipidemic (NTHL) control subjects before and during a 10-week multicenter, randomized controlled trial comparing a prepared meal plan (CCNW) with a self-selected diet (SSD) based on nutritionist counseling. Blood pressure fell to a greater extent in hypertensive versus normotensive subjects (-8+/-1/-5+/-1 v -2+/-1/-2+/-1 mm Hg, P < .0001/P < .0001), and on CCNW versus SSD diets (delta systolic BP [SBP]/delta diastolic BP [DBP], P = .033/P = .002). Diet-induced weight change was the strongest correlate of changes in BP (SBP: r = 0.360, P < .0001; DBP: r = 0.414, P < .0001), which, on multivariate analysis for deltaSBP, could partly be accounted for by diet-induced changes in fasting glucose (r = 0.215, P = .009) and cholesterol (r = 0.219, P = .006) levels. Independently of weight, diet-induced changes in SBP also were significantly related to concomitant changes in urinary excretion of potassium (r = -0.285, P = .001), magnesium (r = -0.254, P = .003), and calcium relative to sodium (r = -0.200, P = .021), but not to sodium per se; and to changes in serum potassium (r = -0.249, P = .002), phosphorus (r = -0.279, P = .001), PTH (r = 0.288, P = .0006), and 1,25 D (r = 0.202, P = .017). We conclude that the ability of diet to lower BP successfully may result from the additive contributions of multiple components. Independently of weight loss and the associated changes in circulating glucose and cholesterol, BP is influenced by the increasing provision of minerals such as potassium, magnesium, and calcium, perhaps by virtue of their suppressive effects on circulating vasoactive calcium regulating hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Resnick
- Hypertension Center, New York-Presbyterian Hospital/Cornell University Medical Center, New York 10021, USA
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Kisters K, Hausberg M, Kosch M. Reduced intestinal epithelial cell brush border membrane calcium transport in spontaneously hypertensive rats. J Hypertens 2000; 18:643. [PMID: 10826568 DOI: 10.1097/00004872-200018050-00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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15
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Abstract
Two central concepts of human hypertensive disease remain poorly understood: (1) elevated blood pressure as merely one component of an underlying systemic condition, characterized by multiple defects in diverse tissues (eg, "Syndrome X"), and (2) the heterogeneity of hypertension, in which different and even opposite clinical responses to different dietary and drug therapies are routinely observed among equally hypertensive subjects. To help explain these clinical phenomena, a unifying "ionic hypothesis" is proposed, in which steady-state elevations of cytosolic free calcium and suppressed intracellular free magnesium levels, characteristic features of all hypertension, concomitantly alter the function of many tissues. In blood vessels this causes vasoconstriction, arterial stiffness, and/or hypertension; in the heart, cardiac hypertrophy; in platelets, increased aggregation and thrombosis; in fat and skeletal muscle, insulin resistance; in pancreatic beta cells, other endocrine tissues, and sympathetic neurons, potentiated stimulus-secretion coupling resulting in hyperinsulinemia, increased sympathetic nerve activity, and so on. Furthermore, an analysis of cellular biochemical, dietary-nutrient, and hormonal factors that normally regulate steady-state levels of these intracellular ions suggests an ionic equivalent to Laragh's volume-vasoconstriction analysis of hypertension. This provides a cellular-based explanation for the heterogeneity of hypertension and a rational basis for individualizing dietary and drug recommendations among different hypertensive subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Resnick
- University Vascular Center, Wayne State University Medical Center, Detroit, MI, USA
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16
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de Gooyer TE, Farrugia W, Wlodek ME. Reduced intestinal epithelial cell brush border membrane calcium transport in spontaneously hypertensive rats. J Hypertens 1999; 17:777-84. [PMID: 10459875 DOI: 10.1097/00004872-199917060-00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study aimed to determine whether there were alterations in intestinal calcium homeostasis in the spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and to identify at which interface of the intestinal epithelial cell (brush border or basolateral) this occurs. DESIGN Controversy exists as to whether intestinal calcium transport is altered in association with hypertension. Studies using perfused duodenal segments of the SHR have shed little light on the problem; other studies have only measured calcium transport in brush border membrane vesicles. This study allows specific focus on calcium transport mechanisms at both the brush border and basolateral membrane using simultaneously prepared membrane vesicles. METHODS Calcium transport was studied by measuring radiolabelled calcium (45Ca) uptake in isolated brush border and basolateral membrane vesicles, prepared from the small intestines of SHR and Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats. Calcium uptake was measured when vesicles were incubated in solutions containing different concentrations of ATP and calcium. Orientation and membrane marker assays were used to confirm the phenotypes of the two membrane vesicle preparations. RESULTS ATP-dependent calcium efflux was only observed in the basolateral membrane, which contains the Ca2+ -ATPase pump. SHR brush border membrane vesicles displayed no significant increase in calcium incorporation, whereas WKY brush border vesicles showed a 500% increase in uptake (ANOVA, P<0.05, n = 7). CONCLUSIONS This study indicates that deficiencies exist in SHR intestinal calcium transport at the brush border membrane of intestinal epithelial cells. While further studies are required to ascertain the exact mechanisms involved, postulated deficiencies in the actions of calcium regulating hormones at this membrane suggest the need for concurrent intake of a calcitrophic agent to assist calcium uptake at the brush border membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- T E de Gooyer
- Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether protein kinase C is necessary for the calcium activation of the Na+/H+ exchange in human erythrocytes by studying activation by calcium of erythrocyte Na+/H+ exchange in control cells, in protein kinase C-depleted cells after downregulation of protein kinase C with phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate and in cells that had been treated beforehand with phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate with and without the calpain inhibitor E-64d. METHODS Erythrocyte Na+/H+ exchange was measured by determining the initial rates of the influx of Na+ into Na+-depleted, acid loaded cells. The effects of various concentrations (0-1 mmol/l) of CaCl2 and the effects of 1 mmol/l CaCl2 on activation of the intracellular pH and on the external Na+ activation of Na+/H+ exchange were studied. The effects of 1 mmol/l CaCl2 on Na+/H+ exchange in control cells and cells that had been incubated beforehand with and without 1 micromol/l phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate and with E-64d and 1 micromol/l phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate for 1, 2, 3 and 24 h were also investigated. RESULTS Addition of Ca2+ to a concentration in the range 0-1 mmol/l in the presence of calcimycin resulted in stimulation of Na+/H+ exchange: 1 mmol/l CaCl2 increased (P< 0.001) the erythrocyte Na+/H+ exchange by 74%. Calcium increased the maximum rate for activations by intracellular pH and by external Na+ of Na+/H+ exchange, whereas it did not affect the Michaelis-Menten constants for activation by intracellular H+ and external Na+. However, calcium did not activate the Na+/H+ exchange in protein kinase C downregulated erythrocytes and administration of the calpain inhibitor E-64d could not prevent this inactivation. CONCLUSION Our data indicate that protein kinase C is necessary for the activation by calcium of the erythrocyte Na+/H+ exchange.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Lijnen
- Department of Cardiovascular and Molecular Medicine, Catholic University of Leuven, Belgium. paul
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Osborne CG, McTyre RB, Dudek J, Roche KE, Scheuplein R, Silverstein B, Weinberg MS, Salkeld AA. Evidence for the relationship of calcium to blood pressure. Nutr Rev 1996; 54:365-81. [PMID: 9155209 DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.1996.tb03850.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- C G Osborne
- Weinberg Group Inc., Washington, DC 20036, USA
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