Hepatobiliary and pancreatic complications of ascariasis in children: a study of seven cases

Gallbladder Perforation with Choledochogastric Fistula Due to Ascaris Infestation, a Case Report

We present a case of a 35-year-old Ethiopian female patient presented with right upper quadrant abdominal pain. Studies suspected gallbladder disease, for which she operated. Intraoperatively, gallbladder perforation with choledochogastric fistula was identified, with Ascaris lumbricoides (AL) worm in the common bile duct. Cholecystectomy was performed; common bile was repaired with T-tube and gastric repair. Patient was discharged 11 days after. On subsequent follow-up at the surgical referral clinic, the patient had no complaints.

An Overview of Ascariasis Involvement in Gallbladder Disease: A Systematic Review of Case Reports

Ascaris lumbricoides is the most common type of helminth infection in humans. It affects more than one billion of the world's population. Children living in developing nations are prone to ascariasis, presenting with obstructive biliary illnesses. Migration of Ascaris worms through the major duodenal papilla to the hepatobiliary system leads to symptoms of biliary colic and complications along the biliary tree. In April 2022, we performed a systematic review of case reports to identify and examine cases of gallbladder ascariasis worldwide. A methodical search using PubMed, Semantic Scholar, ScienceDirect, and Directory of Open Access Journals yielded 2773 studies. After duplicate removal, title, abstract, and content screening, retrieval, and quality assessment, 13 studies met the criteria for this systematic review of case reports. The cases and results from these 13 studies revealed gallbladder ascariasis in different age groups worldwide. This systematic review discusses ascariasis, explicitly highlighting its presence in the gallbladder, symptomatic presentation, laboratory/imaging findings, complications, and approach to management.

[Ascaris lumbricoides-induced pancreatic lesion]

Ascaris lumbricoides is nematode localized in human small bowel in most cases. This nematode is capable for migration. Pancreatitis is one of the most common surgical diseases. One of the causes of this pancreatitis may be migration of Ascaris lumbricoides from small bowel through the major duodenal papilla to the pancreatic ducts. This migration is provided by complex of morphological and functional disorders of digestive system associated with this helminthiasis, as well as certain risk factors. These are previous cholecystectomy, sphincterotomy, living in endemic areas, massive Ascaris lumbricoides invasion, pregnancy. Damage of the pancreas develops due to direct mechanical effect of nematodes and allergic reactions, papillitis and functional disorders of digestive tract. Pancreatitis is usually mild, but severe course of disease is also possible. A typical symptom of pancreatitis caused by Ascaris lumbricoides is helminths in vomit and/or feces.

Acute pancreatitis induced by Tadalafil: a case report

Acute pancreatitis is commonly caused by gallstones or alcohol abuse. Also, this complication has rarely been associated with other etiologies like drugs in some reports. We report the case of a 43-year-old man with 10-days history of taking Tadalafil for erectile dysfunction. The patient was presented to the emergency room with manifestations of acute pancreatitis. This diagnosis was confirmed after clinical examination, laboratory tests, and radiologic evaluation. Other probable etiological factors were ruled out. A total score of seven using Naranjo Adverse Drug Reaction Probability Scale clarifies a probable diagnosis of drug-induced acute pancreatitis in this case. The reported case of acute pancreatitis was most likely induced with Tadalafil.

Successful Elimination of Gallbladder Ascariasis by Conservative Therapy, Followed by Cholecystectomy due to Developing Cholecystitis

Background

Ascaris lumbricoides is the most common parasitic infection in human. The worm is usually located in the small intestine, but may invade into the pancreatic or biliary tree, but rarely into gallbladder because of the anatomic features of the cystic duct.

Case Presentation

We report a case of gallbladder ascariasis that was diagnosed incidentally in a 70-year-old man, with negative ova and parasite test and no eosinophilia. We also compared echography and computerizied tomograph as diagnostic tools for gallbladder ascariasis. The patient was managed conservatively, but he underwent cholecyctectomy later because of developing cholecystitis.

Conclusion

Depending on this case, we suggest cholecyctectomy as an initial management of gallbladder ascariasis.

Application of Ultrasonography in the Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases in Resource-Limited Settings

Ultrasound (US) has vast potential in the field of infectious diseases, especially so in resource-limited settings. Recent technological advances have increased availability and access to ultrasound in low-resource settings, where the burden of infectious diseases is greatest. This paper collates the evidence for the utilization of ultrasound and evaluates its effectiveness in the diagnosis and management of a range of infectious diseases. This paper explores the role of ultrasound in population-based screening for specific diseases as well as highlights its benefits for individual patient management. We describe the common diagnostic signs seen on US for common and neglected parasitic, bacterial, and viral diseases. We proceed to document the emerging field of chest US which is proving to be a superior imaging modality for the diagnosis of specific pulmonary conditions. We conclude by discussing the efforts needed to formalize and rigorously evaluate the role of ultrasound in infectious diseases.

Etiology and outcome of acute pancreatitis in children in Kashmir (India). An endemic area of hepatobiliary ascariasis

BACKGROUND

The purpose of the present study was to determine the etiology, management, and outcome of acute pancreatitis (AP) in children in an endemic area of hepatobiliary ascariasis (HBA).

METHODS

This was a prospective, hospital-based study over a 9-year period that included 156 children younger than 12 years of age who had a diagnosis of AP.

RESULTS

Of the 156 patients, 71 were boys and 85 were girls with a mean age of 8.4 ± 1.5 years (range 3-12 years). The various factors contributing to AP were biliary ascariasis in 93 cases (60 %), gallstones 16 (10 %), trauma 5 (3 %), choledochal cyst 4 (3 %), impacted bile duct stone 3 (2 %), and gallbladder sludge 2 (1 %). Idiopathic group 33 cases (21 %). Diagnosis was based on clinical picture, abdominal ultrasonography, and elevated serum amylase level. Pancreatitis was mild in 113 (72 %) patients and severe in 43 (28 %). With conservative therapy, 123 patients (79 %) improved, whereas the remaining 33, who had intractable abdominal pain, cholangitis, or worsening cholecystitis, underwent emergency endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography for removal of worms (26 patients) and stones in the bile duct (7 patients). Bile duct stones were extracted in all 7 patients with that condition, and worms were extracted from 23 of the 26 patients with ascariasis. Emergency surgery was performed in five patients. Three patients died. Pancreatitis recurred in 16 patients due to HBA.

CONCLUSIONS

Pancreatitis is not uncommon in children. Ascariasis is a leading cause of AP in endemic areas. Patients usually respond to conservative management, but endoscopic treatment is effective. Surgery is rarely required.

Sonographic features of intestinal and biliary ascariasis in childhood: case report and review of the literature

Despite the fact that Ascaris lumbricoides is one of the commonest intestinal infections in developing countries, there are very few reports in the literature about the sonographic findings of intestinal and biliary ascariasis in childhood. The clinical manifestations, diagnostic procedures and imaging appearance of intestinal and biliary ascariasis in two patients are discussed with a brief review of the literature.

A review of training opportunities for ultrasonography in low and middle income countries

OBJECTIVE

To review the current training opportunities for ultrasound use for health workers practising in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs).

METHODS

A PubMed search using terms ultrasound, sonography, echocardiography, developing country/countries, developing world, low resource settings, low income country/countries, training and education was conducted. Articles from 2000 to 2011 that included data on ultrasonography training were eligible for inclusion.

RESULTS

This review shows that most ultrasound scans are performed by generalist and obstetric physicians and even non-medical personnel with little to no formal training in ultrasonography. The spectrum of ultrasonography training described spanned from no formal training to formal certification and residency programmes. All courses included some component of didactics and hands-on training. Follow-up of trainee skills ranged from none, to telemedicine case review, to formal re-evaluations and intensive refresher courses. Ultrasonographic training in LMICs often does not meet the WHO criteria such as the number of scans under supervision and length of training programme recommended by WHO. Nevertheless, some programmes manage to have excellent outcomes with regard to diagnostic accuracy and retention of knowledge by trained personnel.

CONCLUSION

Regulation and quality control of training in ultrasound skills for those working in LMICs can be improved. Research on effective training and follow-up should be encouraged.

Review: indications for ultrasound use in low- and middle-income countries

OBJECTIVE

To determine the indications for using ultrasound, in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) and to assess whether its use alters clinical management.

METHODS

Literature review. We conducted a Pubmed search on the clinical use of ultrasound in LMIC for articles published between January 2000 and December 2010, recording country of origin, speciality and whether ultrasound use led to a change in management.

RESULTS

Fifty-eight articles were identified from 32 countries and represented nine specialties. Ultrasound was most commonly used for assisting with the diagnosis of obstetrical conditions, followed by intra-abdominal conditions such as liver abscesses and intussusceptions. Clinical management was altered in >30% of cases.

CONCLUSION

Ultrasound is a highly valuable diagnostic tool in LMICs and its use should be considered essential for all district medical facilities. The use could be applied more widely, eg., for tropical and non-communicable diseases. Additional research is needed to further characterize the impact of task shifting on ultrasound use in LMICs.

Hepato-pancreatic ascariasis

Intestinal infestation of humans by Ascaris lumbricoides is endemic in India. The usual habitat of the adult worm is the jejunum. Hepatopancreatic ascariasis (HPA) is designated to a rare group of diseases caused by lodgement of adult worms in the bile or pancreatic ducts. This short report illustrates four rare cases of patients with HPA.

Ascaridíase biliar complicada: espectro de problemas e táticas cirúrgicas

OBJETIVO: Discutir as variantes clínicas e táticas para tratamento cirúrgico da ascaridíase biliar complicada. MÉTODO: Trabalho retrospectivo de pacientes operados por complicações de ascaridíase biliar num período de cinco anos. RESULTADOS: São descritos quatro casos de ascaridíase biliar complicada em crianças (três pré escolares e um escolar), expressos através de pseudocisto pancreático, icterícia obstrutiva, colangite e múltiplos abscessos hepáticos, todos tratados cirurgicamente. Descrevemos detalhes técnicos da abordagem operatória para cada um dos casos. CONCLUSÕES: O espectro das afecções biliares secundárias à ascaridíase é variável e é necessário um arsenal de táticas operatórias para a abordagem de cada caso. É desaconselhável o uso de anti-helmínticos antes da resolução clínica da invasão da via biliar. A afecção preferencial de crianças jovens exige o uso de técnicas e materiais adequadamente delicados para a manipulação das vias biliares.

The prevalence, intensities and risk factors associated with geohelminth infection in tea-growing communities of Assam, India

OBJECTIVE

To determine the prevalence, intensity and associated risk factors for infection with Ascaris, hookworms and Trichuris in three tea-growing communities in Assam, India.

METHODS

Single faecal samples were collected from 328 individuals and subjected to centrifugal flotation and the Kato Katz quantitation technique and prevalence and intensities of infection with each parasite calculated. Associations between parasite prevalence, intensity and host and environmental factors were then made using both univariate and multivariate analysis.

RESULTS

The overall prevalence of Ascaris was 38% [95% confidence interval (CI): 33, 43], and the individual prevalence of hookworm and Trichuris was 43% (95% CI: 38, 49). The strongest predictors for the intensity of one or more geohelminths using multiple regression (P < or = 0.10) were socioeconomic status, age, household crowding, level of education, religion, use of footwear when outdoors, defecation practices, pig ownership and water source.

CONCLUSION

A universal blanket treatment with broad-spectrum anthelmintics together with promotion of scholastic and health education and improvements in sanitation is recommended for helminth control in the communities under study.