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Blazejak K, Cvejić D, Hellmann K, Ringeisen H, Hamburg H, Petry G, Knoppe TN, Mencke N. Field efficacy and safety of Felpreva® (tigolaner, emodepside and praziquantel) spot-on for the treatment of natural ear mite infestations ( Otodectes cynotis) and notoedric mange ( Notoedres cati) in cats. Curr Res Parasitol Vector Borne Dis 2023; 4:100146. [PMID: 37954512 PMCID: PMC10637875 DOI: 10.1016/j.crpvbd.2023.100146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
The miticide efficacy of a single treatment with Felpreva® (tigolaner, emodepside and praziquantel) spot-on solution for cats was evaluated in two European field studies. One study was conducted in cats naturally infested with Otodectes cynotis. The other study was conducted in cats naturally infested with Notoedres cati. In both studies, the presence of viable mites was confirmed prior to treatment (Day -1/Day 0) and re-evaluated on Day 14 (O. cynotis study) and on Day 28 (both studies). Efficacy was calculated based on the number of viable mites found after treatment. In the O. cynotis study, the primary criterion was the percentage of mite-free cats after treatment with Felpreva® compared to a sarolaner/selamectin combination (Stronghold® Plus, Zoetis) as a positive control. In the N. cati study, the primary criterion was the difference between arithmetic mean mite counts of cats treated with Felpreva® and cats treated with a placebo formulation (solketal). Secondary criteria in both studies were changes in clinical lesion scores after treatment. In both studies, all Felpreva®-treated cats were mite-free (100% parasitological cure) on Day 28, 4 weeks after treatment. Signs of mange on Day 28 were clinically improved in all O. cynotis-infested cats (100%) and clinically cured in all N. cati-infested cats (100%). There were no records of any adverse events or application site reactions in Felpreva®-treated cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Blazejak
- Vetoquinol S.A., 37 rue de la Victoire, 75009, Paris, France
| | - Dejan Cvejić
- Klifovet GmbH, Geyerspergerstr. 27, 80689, Munich, Germany
| | - Klaus Hellmann
- Klifovet GmbH, Geyerspergerstr. 27, 80689, Munich, Germany
| | - Hannah Ringeisen
- Elanco Animal Health, Alfred Nobel Str. 50, 40789, Monheim, Germany
| | - Hannah Hamburg
- Elanco Animal Health, Alfred Nobel Str. 50, 40789, Monheim, Germany
| | - Gabriele Petry
- Elanco Animal Health, Alfred Nobel Str. 50, 40789, Monheim, Germany
| | | | - Norbert Mencke
- Vetoquinol S.A., 37 rue de la Victoire, 75009, Paris, France
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Blazejak K, Viljoen A, Zwiegers R, Klopper R, Ringeisen H, Petry G, Young DR, Shane D, Spruill J, Tessman RK, Settje T, Knoppe TN, Mencke N. Efficacy of Felpreva®, a new spot-on formulation containing tigolaner, emodepside and praziquantel, applied as a single application to cats artificially infested with ear mites ( Otodectes cynotis). Curr Res Parasitol Vector Borne Dis 2023; 4:100131. [PMID: 37554314 PMCID: PMC10404537 DOI: 10.1016/j.crpvbd.2023.100131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
The efficacy of Felpreva® (Vetoquinol), a new spot-on application containing the novel acaricide and insecticide tigolaner in combination with emodepside and praziquantel, was evaluated in cats artificially infested with ear mites (Otodectes cynotis). A total of three pivotal dose confirmation studies were conducted, two of them designed as non-interference studies. Cats were artificially infested with O. cynotis mites and randomly allocated into groups of 8 cats based on pre-treatment mite counts. Cats were treated once on Day 0, either with Felpreva® (14.5 mg/kg tigolaner, 3 mg/kg emodepside and 12 mg/kg praziquantel) or with placebo. Studies with a non-interference design included two additional groups of cats, treated with Profender® spot-on solution (Vetoquinol) (3 mg/kg emodepside and 12 mg/kg praziquantel) and tigolaner as a mono product (14.5 mg/kg tigolaner). Efficacy was evaluated on Day 28/Day 30 based on total live mite counts after ear flushing. Efficacy was claimed when: (i) at least six control cats per group were adequately infested with mites; (ii) calculated efficacy was ≥ 90% based on geometric mean mite counts; and (iii) the difference in mite counts between Felpreva®-treated cats and control cats was statistically significant (P ≤ 0.05). In two of the three studies, Felpreva®-treated cats were mite-free (100% efficacy) on Day 28/Day 30 and almost full efficacy (99.6%) was seen in the third study. The difference in mite counts between Felpreva®-treated cats and control cats was significant (P < 0.0001) in all three studies. All control cats were adequately infested in all three studies. The efficacy of Felpreva® against ear mite (Otodectes cynotis) infection in cats was confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alta Viljoen
- Clinvet International (Pty) Ltd, PO Box 11186, 9321 Universitas, South Africa
| | - Reinier Zwiegers
- Clinvet International (Pty) Ltd, PO Box 11186, 9321 Universitas, South Africa
| | - Roland Klopper
- Clindata International (Pty) Ltd, PO Box 11186, 9321 Universitas, South Africa
| | - Hannah Ringeisen
- Elanco Animal Health Company, Alfred Nobel Str. 50, 40789 Monheim, Germany
| | - Gabriele Petry
- Elanco Animal Health Company, Alfred Nobel Str. 50, 40789 Monheim, Germany
| | - David R. Young
- Young Veterinary Research Services, 3000 Spengler Way, Turlock, CA 95380, USA
| | - Douglas Shane
- Young Veterinary Research Services, 3000 Spengler Way, Turlock, CA 95380, USA
| | - Jennifer Spruill
- Young Veterinary Research Services, 3000 Spengler Way, Turlock, CA 95380, USA
| | - Ronald K. Tessman
- Elanco Animal Health, 2500 Innovation Way, Greenfield, IN 46140, USA
| | - Terry Settje
- Elanco Animal Health, 2500 Innovation Way, Greenfield, IN 46140, USA
| | | | - Norbert Mencke
- Vetoquinol S.A., 37 Rue de la Victoire, 75009 Paris, France
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Mencke N, Bäumer W, Fraatz K, Krebber R, Schneider M, Blazejak K. Plasma pharmacokinetics of tigolaner, emodepside, and praziquantel following topical administration of a combination product (Felpreva®) and of intravenous administration of the individual active ingredients in cats. Curr Res Parasitol Vector Borne Dis 2023; 4:100126. [PMID: 37456557 PMCID: PMC10344656 DOI: 10.1016/j.crpvbd.2023.100126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Felpreva® for cats contains the new acaricidal/insecticidal active ingredient tigolaner in a fixed combination with the nematocidal and cestocidal compounds emodepside and praziquantel, respectively. The plasma pharmacokinetics of tigolaner, emodepside, and praziquantel were evaluated in clinically healthy cats following topical (spot-on) treatment as fixed combination Felpreva®. For the determination of bioavailability intravenous administration of single active ingredients was also performed. After a single topical administration of Felpreva® using the target dose volume of 0.148 ml/kg to cats, tigolaner reached mean peak concentrations of 1352 μg/l with a Tmax of 12 days and a mean half-life of 24 days. Simulation of repetitive topical administration every 91 days indicates only a low risk of accumulation after reaching steady state within two to three administrations. The volume of distribution calculated after intravenous dosing was 4 l/kg and plasma clearance was low with 0.005 l/h/kg. Overall plasma exposure was 1566 mg∗h/l after topical administration, providing an absolute bioavailability of 57%. Tigolaner was mainly cleared via the faeces (54% within 28 days), renal clearance was neglectable (< 0.5% within 28 days). Emodepside and praziquantel showed mean peak concentrations of 44 μg/l and 48 μg/l (reached after 1.5 days and 5 h, respectively). Overall plasma exposures were 20.6 and 3.69 mg∗h/l, respectively. The elimination half-life was 14.5 days for emodepside and 10 days for praziquantel after topical administration. After topical administration of Felpreva® using 2.5× and 5× dose multiples an almost proportional increase of plasma exposure was observed for all three active ingredients. With the addition of tigolaner, Felpreva® combines the established pharmacokinetic (PK) characteristics of emodepside and praziquantel contained in Profender® spot-on for cats with the favourable PK of tigolaner suitable for a 3-months protection against fleas and ticks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norbert Mencke
- Vetoquinol, Department of Medical Marketing Parasitology, 37 rue de la Victoire, 75009 Paris, France
| | - Wolfgang Bäumer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kristine Fraatz
- Elanco Animal Health Company, Alfred Nobel Str. 50, 40789 Monheim, Germany
| | - Ralph Krebber
- Bayer AG, Crop Science Division, 40789 Monheim am Rhein, Germany
| | - Marc Schneider
- Vetoquinol Bioanalysis and Pharmacokinetic, Development, Lure, France
| | - Katrin Blazejak
- Vetoquinol, Department of Medical Marketing Parasitology, 37 rue de la Victoire, 75009 Paris, France
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Mencke N, Blazejak K, Petry G, Hamburg H, Ringeisen H, Knoppe TN, Viljoen A, Smith A, Spruill J. Immediate and long-term efficacy of Felpreva®, a new spot-on formulation containing tigolaner, emodepside and praziquantel, applied as a single application to cats artificially infested with the cat flea Ctenocephalides felis. Curr Res Parasitol Vector Borne Dis 2023; 3:100122. [PMID: 37441539 PMCID: PMC10333678 DOI: 10.1016/j.crpvbd.2023.100122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Five studies (two dose determination, two dose confirmation, and one speed of flea kill study) were conducted to assess the immediate (therapeutic) efficacy and long-term persistent (preventive) efficacy of a single spot-on application containing the novel acaricide and insecticide tigolaner in combination with emodepside and praziquantel (Felpreva®, Vetoquinol S.A. Lure, France) applied to cats artificially infested with Ctenocephalides felis. Eight cats per group were randomly allocated to 0, 1×, 1.3× and 2× of the minimum dose (14.5 mg/kg body weight) of tigolaner (dose determination studies) or randomly allocated to 0 and 1× of the dosage (dose confirmation studies). Onset of efficacy was assessed in a speed of flea kill study on an existing flea infestation 8, 12 and 24 h after treatment and reassessed after monthly flea reinfestation until 13 weeks post-treatment. Efficacy was calculated according to the Abbott formula using arithmetic means. Efficacy was claimed when (i) control groups were adequately infested (flea retention ≥ 50%) at each time-point in the studies; (ii) flea counts in treated groups were significantly lower (P ≤ 0.05) than flea counts in control groups; and (iii) calculated efficacy was ≥ 90% (speed of flea kill study) and ≥ 95% (dose determination and dose confirmation studies). Tigolaner at 14.5 mg/kg body weight was 100% effective against fleas on Day 1 (immediate, therapeutic efficacy) in both, dose determination and dose confirmation studies. The long-term persistent efficacy in week 13 ranged between 96.3% and 100%. Fleas were rapidly killed within 12 h after treatment (100% flea reduction, immediate efficacy). New flea infestations were successfully prevented for 8 weeks (98.9-100% flea reduction) within 8 h after reinfestation, and at week 13 (96.3% flea reduction) within 24 h after reinfestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norbert Mencke
- Vetoquinol S.A., 37 rue de la Victoire, 75009, Paris, France
| | - Katrin Blazejak
- Vetoquinol S.A., 37 rue de la Victoire, 75009, Paris, France
| | - Gabriele Petry
- Elanco Animal Health, Alfred Nobel Str. 10, 40789, Monheim, Germany
| | - Hannah Hamburg
- Elanco Animal Health, Alfred Nobel Str. 10, 40789, Monheim, Germany
| | - Hannah Ringeisen
- Elanco Animal Health, Alfred Nobel Str. 10, 40789, Monheim, Germany
| | | | - Alta Viljoen
- Clinvet International (Pty) Ltd, PO Box 11186, 9321, Universitas, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Ashley Smith
- Elanco Animal Health, 2500 Innovation Way, Greenfield, IN, 46140, USA
| | - Jennifer Spruill
- Elanco Animal Health, 2500 Innovation Way, Greenfield, IN, 46140, USA
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Roeber F, Jackson C, Chambers M, Smith V, Hume J, Blazejak K, Mencke N. Efficacy and safety of Felpreva®, a spot-on formulation for cats containing emodepside, praziquantel and tigolaner against experimental infestation with the Australian paralysis tick Ixodes holocyclus. Curr Res Parasitol Vector Borne Dis 2023; 4:100123. [PMID: 37416339 PMCID: PMC10320399 DOI: 10.1016/j.crpvbd.2023.100123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
The Australian paralysis tick Ixodes holocyclus continues to be a serious threat to companion animals along Australia's east coast. The tick produces a potent neurotoxin which causes a rapidly ascending flaccid paralysis, which if left untreated, can result in the death of the animal. There is currently only a limited number of products registered in Australia for the treatment and control of paralysis ticks in cats. Felpreva® is an effective spot-on combination containing emodepside, praziquantel and tigolaner. To investigate the therapeutic and long-term persistent efficacy of Felpreva® (2.04% w/v emodepside, 8.14% w/v praziquantel and 9.79% w/v tigolaner) against experimental infestation with I. holocyclus in cats, two studies were undertaken. Fifty cats were included in the studies on study Day -17. These cats were immunized against paralysis tick holocyclotoxin prior to the study commencing. Immunity to holocyclotoxin was confirmed with a tick carrying capacity (TCC) test conducted prior to treatment. Cats were treated once on Day 0. Group 1 cats were treated with the placebo formulation and Group 2 cats were treated with Felpreva®. Cats were infested on Days -14 (tick carrying capacity test), 0, 28, 56, 70, 84 and 91 (weeks 4, 8, 10, 12 and 13). Ticks were counted on cats 24 h, 48 h and 72 h post-treatment and infestation, except during the tick carrying capacity test when they were counted approximately 72 h post-infestation only. The 24-h and 48-h assessments were conducted without removing the ticks. The ticks were assessed, removed and discarded at the 72-h assessment time-points. Significant differences in total live tick counts at ∼24 h, ∼48 h and ∼72 h post-infestation were observed between the treatment and control group. Differences were significant (P < 0.05 to < 0.001) in all instances. Treatment efficacies of 98.1-100% were observed ∼72 h post-infestation through to 13 weeks (94 days) post-treatment. These results show that a single application of Felpreva® provides effective treatment and control against induced infestation with paralysis ticks for 13 weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Roeber
- Invetus Pty Ltd., Wongaburra Research Centre, Casino, NSW, 2470, Australia
| | - Chrissie Jackson
- Invetus Pty Ltd., Wongaburra Research Centre, Casino, NSW, 2470, Australia
| | - Michael Chambers
- Invetus Pty Ltd., Wongaburra Research Centre, Casino, NSW, 2470, Australia
| | - Veronica Smith
- Animal Ethics Pty Ltd., 363 Steeles Road, Yarra Glen, VIC, 3775, Australia
| | - Jane Hume
- Vetoquinol Australia PTY LTD, 485 Kingsford Smith Drive, Hamilton, QLD, 4007, Australia
| | - Katrin Blazejak
- Vetoquinol S.A., 37 rue de la Victoire, 75009, Paris, France
| | - Norbert Mencke
- Vetoquinol S.A., 37 rue de la Victoire, 75009, Paris, France
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Cvejić D, Mencke N, Petry G, Ringeisen H, Hamburg H, Hellmann K, Traversa D, Morelli S, Di Cesare A, Diakou A, Farkas R. Multicenter randomized, and blinded European field study evaluating the efficacy and safety of Felpreva®, a novel spot-on formulation containing tigolaner, emodepside and praziquantel, in treating cats with mixed infection with intestinal nematodes, cestodes and/or lungworms. Current Research in Parasitology & Vector-Borne Diseases 2022; 2:100098. [PMID: 35991086 PMCID: PMC9382413 DOI: 10.1016/j.crpvbd.2022.100098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes a multicentric field study which has evaluated the safety and efficacy of a novel spot on formulation containing emodepside 2.04% w/v, praziquantel 8.14% w/v and tigolaner 9.79% w/v (Felpreva®, Vetoquinol) when administered at the intended commercial dose of 0.15 ml/kg body weight to privately owned cats infected with major intestinal nematodes (Toxocara cati, Toxascaris leonina, Ancylostoma tubaeforme, Uncinaria stenocephala) and/or cestodes (Dipylidium caninum, Taenia taeniaeformis) and/or lungworms (Aelurostrongylus abstrusus, Troglostrongylus brevior). A total of 219 cats from 26 veterinary clinics located in Albania, Greece, Hungary, Italy and Portugal were included in the study. Feces from the cats were examined on a single occasion between Study Day −7 and Day 0 (baseline) and post-treatment (i) twice between Day 7 and Day 14 (± 2) (for intestinal helminths) or (ii) twice between Day 21 (± 2) and Day 28 (± 2) (for lungworms). Cats were allocated into two groups at a ratio of 2:1 (Felpreva®: Profender®, i.e. a commercial control product containing emodepside and praziquantel). Cats infected with intestinal helminths were treated once on Day 0 (i) with Felpreva® (Group 1) or (ii) with Profender® (Group 2). Animals infected with lungworms received a second treatment with Profender® on Day 14 (± 2) regardless of group allocation. Faecal egg or larval count reduction for Felpreva® was 97.47% for intestinal nematodes and 96.80% for lungworms. No cats infected with cestodes at baseline resulted positive after treatment with Felpreva®. However, the low number of cats (n = 10) did not allow for a statistical analysis to be performed. Non-inferiority of Felpreva® compared to Profender® was statistically demonstrated for all target intestinal and respiratory parasites. No adverse events nor application site reactions were observed. These results show that the new topical combination product Felpreva® is highly safe and efficacious in treating infections caused by major species of feline intestinal nematodes, cestodes and lungworms under field conditions. Felpreva®, containing tigolaner, emodepside and praziquantel, is a spot-on formulation. This study confirmed the safety and high efficacy of Felpreva®, Vetoquinol, against feline helminths. Faecal egg count (FEC) reduction for intestinal nematodes was 97.47%. Faecal larval count (FLC) reduction for lungworms was 96.80%. All cats infected with tapeworms at baseline were negative after treatment with Felpreva®.
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Traversa D, Morelli S, Di Cesare A, Strube C, Raue K, Bisterfeld K, Boehm C, Pollmeier M, Ringeisen H, Blazejak K, Mencke N. Efficacy of two topical combinations containing emodepside plus praziquantel, and emodepside plus praziquantel plus tigolaner, for the treatment of troglostrongylosis in experimentally infected cats. Current Research in Parasitology & Vector-Borne Diseases 2022; 2:100097. [PMID: 35991087 PMCID: PMC9382431 DOI: 10.1016/j.crpvbd.2022.100097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Donato Traversa
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Località Piano DʼAccio, 64100 Teramo (TE), Italy
| | - Simone Morelli
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Località Piano DʼAccio, 64100 Teramo (TE), Italy
| | - Angela Di Cesare
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Località Piano DʼAccio, 64100 Teramo (TE), Italy
| | - Christina Strube
- Institute for Parasitology, Centre for Infection Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Buenteweg 17, Hannover, Germany
| | - Katharina Raue
- Institute for Parasitology, Centre for Infection Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Buenteweg 17, Hannover, Germany
| | - Katrin Bisterfeld
- Institute for Parasitology, Centre for Infection Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Buenteweg 17, Hannover, Germany
| | - Claudia Boehm
- Bayer Animal Health GmbH an Elanco Animal Health Company, Alfred Nobel Str. 50, 40789 Monheim, Germany
| | - Matthias Pollmeier
- Bayer Animal Health GmbH an Elanco Animal Health Company, Alfred Nobel Str. 50, 40789 Monheim, Germany
| | - Hannah Ringeisen
- Bayer Animal Health GmbH an Elanco Animal Health Company, Alfred Nobel Str. 50, 40789 Monheim, Germany
| | | | - Norbert Mencke
- Vetoquinol S.A., 37 rue de la Victoire, 75009 Paris, France
- Corresponding author.
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Cvejić D, Hellmann K, Petry G, Ringeisen H, Hamburg H, Farkas R, Blazejak K, Mencke N. Multicenter randomized, and blinded European field study evaluating the efficacy and safety of Felpreva®, a novel spot-on formulation containing emodepside, praziquantel and tigolaner, in treating cats naturally infested with fleas and/or ticks. Current Research in Parasitology & Vector-Borne Diseases 2022; 2:100099. [PMID: 35991085 PMCID: PMC9382417 DOI: 10.1016/j.crpvbd.2022.100099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dejan Cvejić
- Klifovet GmbH, Geyerspergerstr. 27, 80689, München, Germany
| | - Klaus Hellmann
- Klifovet GmbH, Geyerspergerstr. 27, 80689, München, Germany
| | - Gabriele Petry
- Bayer Animal Health GmbH an Elanco Animal Health Company, Alfred Nobel Str. 50, 40789, Monheim, Germany
| | - Hannah Ringeisen
- Bayer Animal Health GmbH an Elanco Animal Health Company, Alfred Nobel Str. 50, 40789, Monheim, Germany
| | - Hannah Hamburg
- Bayer Animal Health GmbH an Elanco Animal Health Company, Alfred Nobel Str. 50, 40789, Monheim, Germany
| | - Róbert Farkas
- Department of Parasitology and Zoology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Szent István University, István u. 2, Budapest, 1078, Hungary
| | - Katrin Blazejak
- Vetoquinol S.A., 37 rue de la Victoire, 75009, Paris, France
| | - Norbert Mencke
- Vetoquinol S.A., 37 rue de la Victoire, 75009, Paris, France
- Corresponding author.
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Mutebi F, Krücken J, von Samson-Himmelstjerna G, Waiswa C, Mencke N, Eneku W, Andrew T, Feldmeier H. Animal and human tungiasis-related knowledge and treatment practices among animal keeping households in Bugiri District, South-Eastern Uganda. Acta Trop 2018; 177:81-88. [PMID: 29017876 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zoonotic tungiasis caused by Tunga penetrans remains a serious public and animal health problem among endemic villages in Uganda and many sub Saharan African countries. Studies on human and animal tungiasis-related knowledge and treatment practices in endemic communities have never been undertaken, a limitation to development of sustainable control measures. METHODS A cross sectional study using semi-structured questionnaires (Supplementary file S1) was conducted among 236 animal rearing households in 10 endemic villages in Bugiri District, South-Eastern Uganda. Focus group discussions and observation checklists were used to validate and clarify the findings. RESULTS Most respondents knew the aetiology (89.4%), clinical signs (98%) and the ecology of T. penetrans as well as the major risk factors of human tungiasis (65.2%). In contrast, very few respondents were aware of animal tungiasis. Only 4.8% of those with infected animals on the compound knew that some of their animals were infected and 13.6% of the respondents had ever seen tungiasis-affected animals. Pigs (13.1%, n=31) and dogs (0.85%, n=2) were the only T. penetrans animal hosts known to animal owners. Affected humans were treated by extraction of embedded sand fleas using non-sterile sharp instruments in all households that reported occurrence of human tungiasis at least once (n=227). Also, affected animals were mainly treated by mechanical removal of embedded sand fleas in households that have ever experienced animal tungiasis (four out of 12; 33.3%). In a few instances, plant and animal pesticides (n=3) and other chemicals such as grease, paraffin and wood preservative (n=3) were also used to treat animal tungiasis. CONCLUSION The study revealed a high level of knowledge on human tungiasis but inadequate knowledge on the zoonotic nature of tungiasis. Commonly applied methods for treatment of human and animal tungiasis are a health hazard by themselves. Concerted i.e. One Health-based efforts aiming at promoting appropriate treatment of tungiasis, adequate living conditions and increased awareness on tungiasis in the communities are indicated in order to eliminate tungiasis-associated disease.
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Mutebi F, Krücken J, Feldmeier H, Waiswa C, Mencke N, Eneku W, von Samson-Himmelstjerna G. High intensity of Tunga penetrans infection causing severe disease among pigs in Busoga, South Eastern Uganda. BMC Vet Res 2017; 13:206. [PMID: 28662705 PMCID: PMC5492922 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-017-1127-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Towards the improvement of stakeholders’ awareness of animal tungiasis, we report 10 unusual severe clinical cases of pig tungiasis which were associated with very high infection intensities of T. penetrans in an endemic area. Results Morbidity of ten pigs with high sand flea intensities detected during high transmission seasons in an endemic area in Busoga sub region, Uganda is described in detail. The cases of pigs presented with a very high number of embedded sand fleas (median = 276, range = 141–838). Acute manifestations due to severe tungiasis included ulcerations (n = 10), abscess formation (n = 6) and lameness (n = 9). Chronic morphopathological presentations were overgrowth of claws (n = 5), lateral deviation of dew claws (n = 6), detachment (n = 5) or loss of dew claws (n = 1). Treatment of severe cases with a topical insecticidal aerosol containing chlorfenvinphos, dichlorvos and gentian violet resolved acute morbidity and facilitated healing by re-epithelialisation. Conclusions The presentations of tungiasis highlighted in this report show that high intensities of embedded T. penetrans can cause a severe clinical disease in pigs. Effective tungiasis preventive measures and early diagnosis for treatment could be crucial to minimize its effects on animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Mutebi
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Resources, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, P.O. box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Jürgen Krücken
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Hermann Feldmeier
- Institute of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité University Medicine, Berlin Campus Benjamin Franklin, Sylter Straße 2, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Charles Waiswa
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Resources, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, P.O. box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Wilfred Eneku
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Resources, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, P.O. box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
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Mutebi F, Krücken J, Mencke N, Feldmeier H, von Samson-Himmelstjerna G, Waiswa C. Two Severe Cases of Tungiasis in Goat Kids in Uganda. J Insect Sci 2016; 16:iew016. [PMID: 27012871 PMCID: PMC4806713 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iew016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Tungiasis ensues from the penetration and burrowing of female sand fleas (Tunga spp.; Siphonaptera: Tungidae) in the skin of mammals. There are few case reports of severe tungiasis in goats and in these cases the Tunga species were not in most cases clearly identified. Two cases of severe tungiasis caused by Tunga penetrans in goat kids from tungiasis-endemic rural Uganda are reported. These are the first severe cases of tungiasis in goats reported from outside South America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Mutebi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda (; ),
| | - Jürgen Krücken
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag Street 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany (; )
| | | | - Hermann Feldmeier
- Institute of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Georg von Samson-Himmelstjerna
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag Street 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany (; )
| | - Charles Waiswa
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda (; )
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Rust MK, Vetter R, Denholm I, Blagburn B, Williamson MS, Kopp S, Coleman G, Hostetler J, Davis W, Mencke N, Rees R, Foit S, Böhm C, Tetzner K. Susceptibility of Adult Cat Fleas (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae) to Insecticides and Status of Insecticide Resistance Mutations at the Rdl and Knockdown Resistance Loci. Parasitol Res 2016; 114 Suppl 1:S7-18. [PMID: 26152407 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-015-4512-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The susceptibility of 12 field-collected isolates and 4 laboratory strains of cat fleas, Ctenocephalides felis was determined by topical application of some of the insecticides used as on-animal therapies to control them. In the tested field-collected flea isolates the LD50 values for fipronil and imidacloprid ranged from 0.09 to 0.35 ng/flea and 0.02 to 0.19 ng/flea, respectively, and were consistent with baseline figures published previously. The extent of variation in response to four pyrethroid insecticides differed between compounds with the LD50 values for deltamethrin ranging from 2.3 to 28.2 ng/flea, etofenprox ranging from 26.7 to 86.7 ng/flea, permethrin ranging from 17.5 to 85.6 ng/flea, and d-phenothrin ranging from 14.5 to 130 ng/flea. A comparison with earlier data for permethrin and deltamethrin implied a level of pyrethroid resistance in all isolates and strains. LD50 values for tetrachlorvinphos ranged from 20.0 to 420.0 ng/flea. The rdl mutation (conferring target-site resistance to cyclodiene insecticides) was present in most field-collected and laboratory strains, but had no discernible effect on responses to fipronil, which acts on the same receptor protein as cyclodienes. The kdr and skdr mutations conferring target-site resistance to pyrethroids but segregated in opposition to one another, precluding the formation of genotypes homozygous for both mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael K Rust
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA,
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Mutebi F, Krücken J, Feldmeier H, Waiswa C, Mencke N, von Samson-Himmelstjerna G. Tungiasis-associated morbidity in pigs and dogs in endemic villages of Uganda. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:44. [PMID: 26817587 PMCID: PMC4729147 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1320-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tunga penetrans (Insecta, Siphonaptera, Tungidae) causes severe morbidity among heavily infected humans and animals in Latin America and sub-Saharan Africa. The clinical pathology of tungiasis in animals has never been studied systematically. METHODS This was a cross-sectional study conducted between January to March 2015, aimed at describing tungiasis-associated clinical pathology in 121 and 20 T. penetrans-infected pigs and dogs, living in nine and five endemic rural villages respectively located in Bugiri District, Busoga, Uganda. RESULTS The parasite load of infected animals ranged from one to 246 (median 8) and one to eight (median 2) in pigs and dogs, respectively. In pigs 99.3% and in dogs 100% of the lesions were located on feet. In pigs, hind legs were significantly more affected than front legs (90.9% vs. 57.9%; p = 0.002) and also had more lesions than the front legs (median 5 vs. 1; p = 0.0001). However, in dogs localization of lesions between front and hind legs never differed significantly (front, 50% vs. hind, 65%; p = 0.51) and so were the number of lesions (median front = 0.5 vs. median hind = 2; p = 0.7). Acute and chronic clinical pathology coexisted. The most common disease manifestations in pigs were hoof wall erosions (68.6%), tissue necrosis of hoof wall and skin (66.1), pain at infection sites (47.9%), hoof deformity (45.5%), fissures (44.6%) and edema (44.6%). In dogs, tungiasis mainly presented with pain at attachment site (80%), ulcers (55%), necrosis (30%) as well as hyperemia and edema (both 15%). One pig had lost dew claws while two had loose detaching claws. Despite a lower number of sand fleas, a higher proportion of infected dogs (20%) than pigs (5.8%) exhibited functional limb use difficulties (p = 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The pattern of clinical manifestations in pigs and dogs were very similar to those reported from affected humans and rats. The important morbidity associated with animal tungiasis makes the disease a serious veterinary health problem in sub-Saharan Africa warranting treatment and control for optimal animal production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Mutebi
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Resources, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, P.O. box 7062, Kampala, Uganda.
| | - Jürgen Krücken
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Hermann Feldmeier
- Institute of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité University Medicine, Berlin Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Charles Waiswa
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Resources, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, P.O. box 7062, Kampala, Uganda.
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Mutebi F, Krücken J, Feldmeier H, Waiswa C, Mencke N, Sentongo E, von Samson-Himmelstjerna G. Animal Reservoirs of Zoonotic Tungiasis in Endemic Rural Villages of Uganda. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0004126. [PMID: 26473360 PMCID: PMC4608570 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Animal tungiasis is believed to increase the prevalence and parasite burden in humans. Animal reservoirs of Tunga penetrans differ among endemic areas and their role in the epidemiology of tungiasis had never been investigated in Uganda. METHODS AND FINDINGS To identify the major animal reservoirs of Tunga penetrans and their relative importance in the transmission of tungiasis in Uganda, a cross sectional study was conducted in animal rearing households in 10 endemic villages in Bugiri District. T. penetrans infections were detected in pigs, dogs, goats and a cat. The prevalences of households with tungiasis ranged from 0% to 71.4% (median 22.2) for animals and from 5 to 71.4% (median 27.8%) for humans. The prevalence of human tungiasis also varied among the population of the villages (median 7%, range 1.3-37.3%). Pig infections had the widest distribution (nine out of 10 villages) and highest prevalence (median 16.2%, range 0-64.1%). Pigs also had a higher number of embedded sand fleas than all other species combined (p < 0.0001). Dog tungiasis occurred in five out of 10 villages with low prevalences (median of 2%, range 0-26.9%). Only two goats and a single cat had tungiasis. Prevalences of animal and human tungiasis correlated at both village (rho = 0.89, p = 0.0005) and household (rho = 0.4, p < 0.0001) levels. The median number of lesions in household animals correlated with the median intensity of infection in children three to eight years of age (rho = 0.47, p < 0.0001). Animal tungiasis increased the odds of occurrence of human cases in households six fold (OR = 6.1, 95% CI 3.3-11.4, p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION Animal and human tungiasis were closely associated and pigs were identified as the most important animal hosts of T. penetrans. Effective tungiasis control should follow One Health principles and integrate ectoparasites control in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Mutebi
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Resources, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Bio-security, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Jürgen Krücken
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Hermann Feldmeier
- Institute of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Charles Waiswa
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Resources, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Bio-security, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Elizabeth Sentongo
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
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Traub RJ, Irwin P, Dantas-Torres F, Tort GP, Labarthe NV, Inpankaew T, Gatne M, Linh BK, Schwan V, Watanabe M, Siebert S, Mencke N, Schaper R. Toward the formation of a Companion Animal Parasite Council for the Tropics (CAPCT). Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:271. [PMID: 25963851 PMCID: PMC4432817 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-0884-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This letter advises the imminent formation of the Companion Animal Parasites Council for the Tropics (CAPCT). The CAPCT consists of region-specific (e.g., Asia-Pacific, Latin America and Caribbean, Africa) experts comprising academics, veterinarians, parasitologists, physicians and allied industry partners that will work together to inform, guide and develop best-practice recommendations for the optimal diagnosis, treatment and control of companion animal parasites in the tropics, with the aim of protecting the health of pets and that of the public.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J Traub
- The Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia.
| | - Peter Irwin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, 6150, Australia.
| | - Filipe Dantas-Torres
- Department of Immunology, Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, 50740465, Recife, Brazil. .,Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, 70010, Valenzano, Italy.
| | - Gabriela Pérez Tort
- Hospital Veterinario de Virreyes and Enfermedades Parasitarias, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Norma Vollmer Labarthe
- Programa Institucional Biodiversidade e Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, 21040360, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Tawin Inpankaew
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, 10903, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | - Mukulesh Gatne
- Department Veterinary Parasitology, Bombay Veterinary College, Maharashtra Animal and Fishery Sciences University, Parel, Mumbai, 400012, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Bui Khanh Linh
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam.
| | - Volker Schwan
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa.
| | - Malaika Watanabe
- Department of Companion Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Malaysia.
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Rust MK, Vetter R, Denholm I, Blagburn B, Williamson MS, Kopp S, Coleman G, Hostetler J, Davis W, Mencke N, Rees R, Foit S, Tetzner K. Susceptibility of cat fleas (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae) to fipronil and imidacloprid using adult and larval bioassays. J Med Entomol 2014; 51:638-643. [PMID: 24897856 DOI: 10.1603/me13240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The monitoring of the susceptibility offleas to insecticides has typically been conducted by exposing adults on treated surfaces. Other methods such as topical applications of insecticides to adults and larval bioassays on treated rearing media have been developed. Unfortunately, baseline responses of susceptible strains of cat flea, Ctenocephalides felis (Bouchè), except for imidacloprid, have not been determined for all on-animal therapies and new classes of chemistry now being used. However, the relationship between adult and larval bioassays of fleas has not been previously investigated. The adult and larval bioassays of fipronil and imidacloprid were compared for both field-collected isolates and laboratory strains. Adult topical bioassays of fipronil and imidacloprid to laboratory strains and field-collected isolates demonstrated that LD50s of fipronil and imidacloprid ranged from 0.11 to 0.40 nanograms per flea and 0.02 to 0.18 nanograms per flea, respectively. Resistance ratios for fipronil and imidacloprid ranged from 0.11 to 2.21. Based on the larval bioassay published for imidacloprid, a larval bioassay was established for fipronil and reported in this article. The ranges of the LC50s of fipronil and imidacloprid in the larval rearing media were 0.07-0.16 and 0.11-0.21 ppm, respectively. Resistance ratios for adult and larval bioassays ranged from 0.11 to 2.2 and 0.58 to 1.75, respectively. Both adult and larval bioassays provided similar patterns for fipronil and imidacloprid. Although the adult bioassays permitted a more precise dosage applied, the larval bioassays allowed for testing isolates without the need to maintain on synthetic or natural hosts.
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Giannelli A, Ramos RAN, Dantas-Torres F, Mencke N, Baneth G, Otranto D. Experimental evidence against transmission of Hepatozoon canis by Ixodes ricinus. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2013; 4:391-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2013.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Revised: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Mencke N. Future challenges for parasitology: vector control and 'One health' in Europe: the veterinary medicinal view on CVBDs such as tick borreliosis, rickettsiosis and canine leishmaniosis. Vet Parasitol 2013; 195:256-71. [PMID: 23680539 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The medical as well as the veterinary importance of parasitic arthropods or ectoparasites in general terms, is characterized by the primary or secondary impact on the health of humans and companion animals alike. The parasitic arthropods addressed here are those ectoparasites belong to the class of insects, such as fleas and sand flies, or the subclass of acarids, such as ticks. These parasitic arthropods interact intensively with their hosts by blood feeding. Fleas, sand flies and ticks hold the vector capacity to transmit pathogens such as virus, bacteria or protozoa to cats, dogs and humans. The diseases caused by these pathogens are summarized under the terms canine vector-borne diseases (CVBD), feline vector-borne diseases (FVBD) or metazoonoses. In small animal practice, it is important to understand that the transmitted pathogen may either lead to a disease with clinical signs, or more often to asymptomatic, clinically healthy, or silent infections. Blocking of the vector-host interactions, the blood feeding and subsequently the transmission of pathogens during blood feeding is a key element of CVBD control. The focus of this review is on the current knowledge of the epidemiology of parasitic vectors and three important CVBDs they transmit; rickettsiosis, tick borreliosis and canine leishmaniosis from a European perspective, and how veterinary medicine may contribute to the challenges of CVBDs and their control. Prevention of CVBDs is fundamentally based on ectoparasite control. Ectoparasite management in cats and dogs is important not only for the health and well-being of the individual companion animal but for public health in general and is therefore a perfect example of the 'One health' approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norbert Mencke
- Bayer Animal Health GmbH, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Allee 50, 51373 Leverkusen, Germany.
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Giannelli A, Ramos RAN, Di Paola G, Mencke N, Dantas-Torres F, Baneth G, Otranto D. Transstadial transmission of Hepatozoon canis from larvae to nymphs of Rhipicephalus sanguineus. Vet Parasitol 2013; 196:1-5. [PMID: 23537949 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Revised: 01/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/17/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Hepatozoon canis is an apicomplexan parasite of dogs, which is known to become infected by ingesting Rhipicephalus sanguineus adult ticks. To investigate the possibility of H. canis transovarial and transstadial transmission from larvae to nymphs, engorged adult female ticks were collected from a private animal shelter in southern Italy, where H. canis infection is highly prevalent. Female ticks (n=35) and egg batches were tested by PCR for H. canis. All eggs examined were PCR-negative whereas 88.6% of females from the environment tested positive. Additionally, fed larvae (n=120) from a dog naturally infected by H. canis were dissected at different time points post collection (i.e. 0, 10, 20 and 30 days). Molted nymphs dissected at 20 days post collection revealed immature oocysts displaying an amorphous central structure in 50% of the specimens, and oocysts containing sporocysts with sporozoites were found in 53.3% of the nymphs dissected at 30 days post collection. This study demonstrates that H. canis is not transmitted transovarially, but it is transmitted transstadially from larvae to nymphs of R. sanguineus and develops sporozoites in oocysts that may infect dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Giannelli
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Bari, Valenzano, Bari, Italy
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Baneth G, Bourdeau P, Bourdoiseau G, Bowman D, Breitschwerdt E, Capelli G, Cardoso L, Dantas-Torres F, Day M, Dedet JP, Dobler G, Ferrer L, Irwin P, Kempf V, Kohn B, Lappin M, Little S, Maggi R, Miró G, Naucke T, Oliva G, Otranto D, Penzhorn B, Pfeffer M, Roura X, Sainz A, Shaw S, Shin S, Solano-Gallego L, Straubinger R, Traub R, Trees A, Truyen U, Demonceau T, Fitzgerald R, Gatti D, Hostetler J, Kilmer B, Krieger K, Mencke N, Mendão C, Mottier L, Pachnicke S, Rees B, Siebert S, Stanneck D, Mingote MT, von Simson C, Weston S, CVBD World Forum. Vector-borne diseases--constant challenge for practicing veterinarians: recommendations from the CVBD World Forum. Parasit Vectors 2012; 5:55. [PMID: 22433172 PMCID: PMC3359183 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-5-55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2012] [Accepted: 03/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The human-animal bond has been a fundamental feature of mankind's history for millennia. The first, and strongest of these, man's relationship with the dog, is believed to pre-date even agriculture, going back as far as 30,000 years. It remains at least as powerful today. Fed by the changing nature of the interactions between people and their dogs worldwide and the increasing tendency towards close domesticity, the health of dogs has never played a more important role in family life. Thanks to developments in scientific understanding and diagnostic techniques, as well as changing priorities of pet owners, veterinarians are now able, and indeed expected, to play a fundamental role in the prevention and treatment of canine disease, including canine vector-borne diseases (CVBDs). The CVBDs represent a varied and complex group of diseases, including anaplasmosis, babesiosis, bartonellosis, borreliosis, dirofilariosis, ehrlichiosis, leishmaniosis, rickettsiosis and thelaziosis, with new syndromes being uncovered every year. Many of these diseases can cause serious, even life-threatening clinical conditions in dogs, with a number having zoonotic potential, affecting the human population. Today, CVBDs pose a growing global threat as they continue their spread far from their traditional geographical and temporal restraints as a result of changes in both climatic conditions and pet dog travel patterns, exposing new populations to previously unknown infectious agents and posing unprecedented challenges to veterinarians. In response to this growing threat, the CVBD World Forum, a multidisciplinary group of experts in CVBDs from around the world which meets on an annual basis, gathered in Nice (France) in 2011 to share the latest research on CVBDs and discuss the best approaches to managing these diseases around the world. As a result of these discussions, we, the members of the CVBD Forum have developed the following recommendations to veterinarians for the management of CVBDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gad Baneth
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Rehovot, Israel
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Mencke N. The importance of canine leishmaniosis in non-endemic areas, with special emphasis on the situation in Germany. Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr 2011; 124:434-442. [PMID: 22191164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This review article summarizes the situation of canine leishmaniosis in Germany. Published case studies on infections with Leishmania (L.) infantum in either humans or dogs are analyzed. Diagnosed cases of infections by Leishmania spp. in humans and animals are not a notifiable disease in Germany or other European countries. Taking this into consideration one may assume that there might be a significant gap between the analyzed and reported cases and the infectious status within the country. The reported case studies and results from surveys indicate that the majority of all L. infantum infections are acquired during travelling in endemic regions, predominantly the Mediterranean region. However there are cases reported from human infections and growing number of cases in dogs, where the case history may indicate an autochthonous infection within Germany, a country within a non-endemic region. The current data from entomological field studies proved the presence of two phlebotomine sand fly species. Phlebotomus (P.) mascittii, an anthropophilic sand fly species and P. perniciosus a proven vector of L. infantum. The impact from a growing leishmania-positive dog population within Germany, the distribution of at least two sand fly species, one with vector potential in the light of climate change and other non-vectorial transmissions are summarized.
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Rust MK, Denholm I, Dryden MW, Payne P, Blagburn BL, Jacobs DE, Bond R, Mencke N, Schroeder I, Weston S, Vaughn M, Coleman G, Kopp S. Large-scale monitoring of imidacloprid susceptibility in the cat flea, Ctenocephalides felis. Med Vet Entomol 2011; 25:1-6. [PMID: 21138459 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2915.2010.00934.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Although on-animal topical treatment with compounds such as imidacloprid has revolutionized the control of the cat flea, Ctenocephalides felis (Bouché) (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae), the development of insecticide resistance is a continuing threat. As part of a highly co-ordinated and unprecedented resistance monitoring programme for C. felis, 1437 flea isolates were collected by veterinary clinics in Australia, Germany, France, the U.K. and 29 states in the U.S.A. from 2002 to 2009. About 65% of the collections were made from June to October each year and 71% of the collections were from cats. Collections of flea eggs were sent to one of five different laboratories, where they were tested with a diagnostic dose of imidacloprid (3 p.p.m.) applied to larval flea-rearing medium. Of the 1437 collections received, 1064 contained adequate numbers of eggs for testing. Of these isolates, untreated eggs failed to hatch in 22.7% and were not considered valid bioassays. Survival rates >5% and development of adult fleas (a threshold for further testing) occurred in only 22 isolates. They were re-tested with the same diagnostic dose and none produced >5% adult emergence. Complete dose-response bioassays were performed on three of the isolates that had triggered a second test and produced slopes, intercepts and LC(50) values similar to those for existing susceptible laboratory strains. Results confirmed sustained susceptibility of C. felis to imidacloprid, despite its widespread use for over a decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Rust
- Department of Entomology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521-0314, USA.
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Krämer F, Mencke N. [Climate change - a pioneer for the expansion of canine vector-borne diseases?]. Tierarztl Prax Ausg K Kleintiere Heimtiere 2011; 39:31-37. [PMID: 22143561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2010] [Accepted: 11/10/2010] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Vector-transmitted diseases are one of the major contributors to the global burden of disease in humans and animals. Climate change is consistently held responsible for the spread of parasitic acarid and insect vectors such as ticks, fleas, sand flies and mosquitoes, and their transmitted pathogens (in the case of the dog the so-called canine vector-borne diseases [CVBD]). Currently, there is only insufficient data available to prove whether climate change is a major driving force for vector and disease expansion, but the evidence is growing. Other reasons, such as ecological, demographic and socio-economic factors, e.g. pet travel into and pet import from endemic areas, also play a role in this development. Apart from all the controversial discussion of the factors leading to vector and disease expansion, preventative measures should include dog owners' education as they are responsible for individual parasite protection as well as for the minimisation of adverse risk behaviour, e.g. regarding pet travel. Broad-spectrum vector control should be practised by using parasiticides that repel and kill blood feeders in order to minimize the risk of CVBD-pathogen transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Krämer
- Institut für Parasitologie und Tropenveterinärmedizin, Freie Universität Berlin.
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de Caprariis D, Dantas-Torres F, Capelli G, Mencke N, Stanneck D, Breitschwerdt EB, Otranto D. Evolution of clinical, haematological and biochemical findings in young dogs naturally infected by vector-borne pathogens. Vet Microbiol 2010; 149:206-12. [PMID: 21106311 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2010.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2010] [Revised: 09/18/2010] [Accepted: 10/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Longitudinal studies evaluating the evolution of clinical, haematological, biochemical findings in young dogs exposed for the first time to multiple vector-borne pathogens have not been reported. With the objective of assessing the evolution of clinical, haematological and biochemical findings, these parameters were serially monitored in naturally infected dogs throughout a 1-year follow-up period. Young dogs, infected by vector-borne pathogens based on cytology or polymerase chain reaction, were examined clinically and blood samples were obtained at seven different follow-up time points. Dogs were randomized to group A (17 dogs treated with a spot-on formulation of imidacloprid 10% and permethrin 50%) or to group B (17 dogs untreated). In addition, 10 4-month-old beagles were enrolled in each group and used as sentinel dogs. At baseline, Anaplasma platys was the most frequently detected pathogen, followed by Babesia vogeli, Bartonella spp., Ehrlichia canis and Hepatozoon canis. Co-infections with A. platys and B. vogeli, followed by E. canis and B. vogeli, A. platys and H. canis and A. platys and Bartonella spp. were also diagnosed. In dogs from group B, abnormal clinical signs were recorded at different time points throughout the study. No abnormal clinical signs were recorded in group A dogs. Thrombocytopenia was the most frequent haematological alteration recorded in A. platys-infected dogs, B. vogeli-infected dogs and in dogs co-infected with A. platys and B. vogeli or A. platys and Bartonella spp. Lymphocytosis was frequently detected among dogs infected with B. vogeli or co-infected with A. platys and B. vogeli. Beagles were often infected with a single pathogen rather than with multiple canine vector-borne pathogens. There was a significant association (p<0.01) between tick infestation and A. platys or B. vogeli, as single infections, and A. platys and B. vogeli or A. platys and Bartonella spp. co-infections. This study emphasizes the clinical difficulties associated with assigning a specific clinical sign or haematological abnormality to a particular canine vector-borne disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donato de Caprariis
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Zootecnia, Università degli Studi di Bari, Valenzano, BA, Italy
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Lorusso V, Dantas-Torres F, Lia RP, Tarallo VD, Mencke N, Capelli G, Otranto D. Seasonal dynamics of the brown dog tick, Rhipicephalus sanguineus, on a confined dog population in Italy. Med Vet Entomol 2010; 24:309-315. [PMID: 20557458 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2915.2010.00885.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the seasonal dynamics of Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille) (Acari: Ixodidae) on naturally infested dogs in a private shelter in southern Italy. From March to May 2008, 39 autochthonous mixed-breed young dogs and 10 beagles were enrolled in the study. From March 2008 until March 2009, every 21 +/- 2 days, 11 body sites of each dog were checked for ticks. At each follow-up, the number of ticks, their developmental stage, sex and location on the dog's body were recorded. Adult ticks were found throughout the year, but immatures were absent in January and February. The adult tick population increased from July to August, whereas the load of immatures increased in early July and peaked in September, which suggests that R. sanguineus develops one generation per year in this area. The mean number of immature ticks per infested dog was higher than that of adults from March to October 2008. Ears, interdigital areas and armpits were the most frequent attachment sites of adult ticks. At the last follow-up, a total of 2266 ticks were collected and identified as R. sanguineus. The results suggest that R. sanguineus develops one generation per year in the study area, but that it infests dogs in all seasons. This information should be taken into account when planning control programmes against this tick species and the pathogens it transmits.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Lorusso
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Zootecnia, Università degli Studi di Bari, Valenzano, Bari, Italy
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Otranto D, Testini G, Dantas-Torres F, Latrofa MS, Diniz PPVDP, de Caprariis D, Lia RP, Mencke N, Stanneck D, Capelli G, Breitschwerdt EB. Diagnosis of canine vector-borne diseases in young dogs: a longitudinal study. J Clin Microbiol 2010; 48:3316-24. [PMID: 20660218 PMCID: PMC2937705 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00379-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2010] [Revised: 04/27/2010] [Accepted: 07/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine vector-borne diseases (CVBDs) pose a diagnostic challenge, particularly when a dog is coinfected with more than one pathogen. The purpose of this study was to generate information about the diagnosis of CVBDs in young dogs following their first exposure to flea, tick, sand fly, louse, and mosquito vectors. From March 2008 to May 2009, 10 purpose-bred young naive beagle dogs and a cohort of 48 mixed-breed dogs living in an area to which CVBD is endemic in southern Italy were monitored using different diagnostic tests (cytology, serology, and PCR). Overall, PCR detected the highest number of dogs infected with Anaplasma platys, Babesia vogeli, and Ehrlichia canis, whereas seroconversion was a more sensitive indicator of exposure to Leishmania infantum. For A. platys infection, combining blood and buffy coat cytology in parallel enhanced the relative sensitivity (SE(rel)) (87.3%). For B. vogeli, the best diagnostic combination was buffy coat cytology and serology used in parallel (SE(rel), 67.5%), whereas serology and PCR used in parallel (SE(rel), 100%) was the best combination for L. infantum. Overall, 12 (20.7%) dogs were coinfected; however, the percentage of new coinfections decreased from baseline (50%) to the first (33.3%) and second (16.6%) follow-up time points. Numbers of coinfections with A. platys and B. vogeli were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than coinfections with other pathogen combinations. The data generated in this study provide insights on the incidence of certain pathogens infecting young dogs in southern Italy, highlight important diagnostic testing limitations, and support the use of multiple diagnostic modalities when attempting to confirm a tick-borne infection in an individual dog or in a canine population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Otranto
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Valenzano, Bari, Italy.
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Otranto D, de Caprariis D, Lia R, Tarallo V, Lorusso V, Testini G, Dantas-Torres F, Latrofa S, Diniz P, Mencke N, Maggi R, Breitschwerdt E, Capelli G, Stanneck D. Prevention of endemic canine vector-borne diseases using imidacloprid 10% and permethrin 50% in young dogs: A longitudinal field study. Vet Parasitol 2010; 172:323-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2010] [Revised: 05/12/2010] [Accepted: 05/19/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Dantas-Torres F, Lorusso V, Testini G, de Paiva-Cavalcanti M, Figueredo LA, Stanneck D, Mencke N, Brandão-Filho SP, Alves LC, Otranto D. Detection of Leishmania infantum in Rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks from Brazil and Italy. Parasitol Res 2010; 106:857-60. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-010-1722-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2009] [Accepted: 01/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Wolken S, Schaper R, Mencke N, Kraemer F, Schnieder T. Treatment and prevention of vertical transmission of Toxocara cati in cats with an emodepside/praziquantel spot-on formulation. Parasitol Res 2009; 105 Suppl 1:S75-81. [PMID: 19575228 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-009-1498-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the efficacy of emodepside 2.14%/praziquantel 8.58% topical solution (Profender, Bayer) in the prevention and treatment of lactogenic Toxocara cati infections. Eight pregnant cats were orally infected with T. cati eggs during late pregnancy. Four queens were treated on day 60 post conception and four queens were left untreated. The kittens of two untreated queens were treated 28 days after birth. The two other negative control litters were left untreated. The efficacy of emodepside was determined by faecal egg counts. While faecal samples of queens and litters in the control group became positive for T. cati, egg shedding was completely prevented in all four treated queens, in their litters and in the kittens from the two litters which were treated four weeks after birth. The untreated mothers of the latter stayed also coproscopically negative, which might be explained by an oral uptake of emodepside through grooming. The treatment was well tolerated by pregnant queens as well as by four-weeks-old kittens.To our knowledge, this is the first publication that focuses on the prevention of lactogenic transmission of T. cati.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Wolken
- Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany.
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30
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Larsen KS, Siggurdsson H, Mencke N. Efficacy of imidacloprid, imidacloprid/permethrin and phoxim for flea control in the Mustelidae (ferrets, mink). Parasitol Res 2009; 97 Suppl 1:S107-S112. [PMID: 16228265 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-005-1453-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Farmed mink (Mustela vison), a close relative of the domestic ferret (Mustela putorius furo), naturally infested with the squirrel flea (Ceratophyllus sciurorum) were included in a study to investigate three compounds for flea control. The test products were imidacloprid in a 10% (w/v) solution, an imidacloprid 10% (w/v)/permethrin 50% (w/v) solution, and phoxim; all three are well-known compounds for the control of different ectoparasites in a wide range of animals. Two groups of mink received 0.1 ml per animal of the imidacloprid or the imidacloprid/permethrin combination at days 0 and 28, respectively. Two groups of mink were sprayed with 25 ml of a 0.1% phoxim solution at day 0 and either 1x25 ml or 2x25 ml, respectively, of a 0.05% phoxim solution at day 28. One group of mink served as an untreated control. At assessment on day 56 the efficacy was 91.9% in the imidacloprid group, 89.3% in the imidacloprid/permethrin group, 92.2% in the phoxim 1x25-ml group and 99.3% in the phoxim 2x25 ml group, respectively. In the untreated control group an average of 757 fleas per mink nesting material was recorded.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - N Mencke
- Bayer HealthCare AG, Animal Health Division, 51368, Leverkusen, Germany.
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31
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Vobis M, D'Haese J, Mehlhorn H, Mencke N. Experimental quantification of the feline leukaemia virus in the cat flea (Ctenocephalides felis) and its faeces. Parasitol Res 2009; 97 Suppl 1:S102-S106. [PMID: 16228264 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-005-1452-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Cat fleas (Ctenocephalides felis) were fed via artificial membranes and infected with the feline leukaemia virus (FeLV) from cell cultures. After removing the fleas from the blood source, the quantity of virus in the flea and its faeces was measured over a defined period of time. The virus was detectable in the fleas for up to 30 h at room temperature and up to 115 h at 4 degrees C. In the faeces, the amount of virus decreased much more slowly--after 2 weeks half of the initial amount of virus could still be detected. Thus the faeces might be a source of further infections, e.g. for the flea larvae or the cat itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Vobis
- Institute for Zoomorphoiogy, Cell Biology and Parasitology, Heinrich-Heine University, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - J D'Haese
- Institute for Zoomorphoiogy, Cell Biology and Parasitology, Heinrich-Heine University, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - H Mehlhorn
- Institute for Zoomorphoiogy, Cell Biology and Parasitology, Heinrich-Heine University, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - N Mencke
- Bayer HealthCare AG, Animal Health Division, 51368, Leverkusen, Germany
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Krämer F, Epe C, Mencke N. Investigations into the Prevention of NeonatalAncylostoma caninumInfections in Puppies by Application of Imidacloprid 10% Plus Moxidectin 2.5% Topical Solution to the Pregnant Dog. Zoonoses Public Health 2009; 56:34-40. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1863-2378.2008.01181.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Pilger D, Schwalfenberg S, Heukelbach J, Witt L, Mencke N, Khakban A, Feldmeier H. Controlling tungiasis in an impoverished community: an intervention study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2008; 2:e324. [PMID: 18941513 PMCID: PMC2565488 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2008] [Accepted: 09/26/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In Brazil, tungiasis is endemic in some resource-poor communities where various domestic and sylvatic animals act as reservoirs for this zoonosis. To determine the effect of control measures on the prevalence and intensity of infestation of human and animal tungiasis, a repeated cross-sectional survey with intervention was carried out. Methodology/Principal Findings In a traditional fishing community in Northeast Brazil, humans and reservoir animals were treated, and premise-spraying using an insecticide was done, while a second fishing community served as a control. Both communities were followed up 10 times during a 12-month period. At baseline, prevalence of tungiasis was 43% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 35%–51%) and 37% (95% CI: 31%–43%) in control and intervention villages, respectively. During the study, prevalence of tungiasis dropped to 10% (95% CI: 8%–13%; p<0.001) in the intervention village, while the prevalence remained at a high level in the control village. However, after one year, at the end of the study, in both communities the prevalence of the infestation had reached pre-intervention levels. Whereas the intensity of infestation was significantly reduced in the intervention community (p<0.001), and remained low at the end of the study (p<0.001), it did not change in the control village. Conclusion/Significance Our study shows that a reduction of prevalence and intensity of infestation is possible, but in impoverished communities a long-lasting reduction of disease occurrence can only be achieved by the regular treatment of infested humans, the elimination of animal reservoirs, and, likely, through environmental changes. Trial Registration Controlled-Trials.com ISRCTN27670575 Tungiasis is a disease caused by the sand flea Tunga penetrans, a parasite prevalent in many impoverished communities in developing countries. The female sand flea penetrates into the skin of animals and humans where it grows rapidly in size, feeds on the host's blood, produces eggs which are expelled into the environment, and eventually dies in situ. The lesions become frequently superinfected and the infestation is associated with considerable morbidity. Clearly, tungiasis is a neglected disease of neglected populations. We investigated the impact of a package of intervention measures targeted against on-host and off-host stages of T. penetrans in a fishing community in Northeast Brazil. These measures decreased disease occurrence only temporarily, but had a sustained effect on the intensity of the infestation. Since infestation intensity and morbidity are correlated, presumably the intervention also lowered tungiasis-associated morbidity. Control measures similar to the ones used in this study may help to effectively control tungiasis in impoverished communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Pilger
- Institute for Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité–University of Medicine, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Schwalfenberg
- Institute for Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité–University of Medicine, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jörg Heukelbach
- Department of Community Health, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
- Mandacaru Foundation, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Lars Witt
- Institute for Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité–University of Medicine, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Norbert Mencke
- Bayer HealthCare AG, Animal Health Division, Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Adak Khakban
- Institute for Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité–University of Medicine, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hermann Feldmeier
- Institute for Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité–University of Medicine, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Hostomska J, Rohousova I, Volfova V, Stanneck D, Mencke N, Volf P. Kinetics of Canine Antibody Response to Saliva of the Sand Fly Lutzomyia longipalpis. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2008; 8:443-50. [DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2007.0214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jitka Hostomska
- Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science, Department of Parasitology, Vinicna 7, 128 44 Praha 2, Czech Republic
| | - Iva Rohousova
- Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science, Department of Parasitology, Vinicna 7, 128 44 Praha 2, Czech Republic
| | - Vera Volfova
- Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science, Department of Parasitology, Vinicna 7, 128 44 Praha 2, Czech Republic
| | - Dorothee Stanneck
- Bayer HealthCare AG, Animal Health Division, D-51368 Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Norbert Mencke
- Bayer HealthCare AG, Animal Health Division, D-51368 Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Petr Volf
- Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science, Department of Parasitology, Vinicna 7, 128 44 Praha 2, Czech Republic
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35
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Otranto D, Paradies P, Testini G, Latrofa MS, Weigl S, Cantacessi C, Mencke N, de Caprariis D, Parisi A, Capelli G, Stanneck D. Application of 10% imidacloprid/50% permethrin to prevent Ehrlichia canis exposure in dogs under natural conditions. Vet Parasitol 2008; 153:320-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2008.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2007] [Revised: 02/08/2008] [Accepted: 02/12/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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36
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Nagy N, Abari E, D'Haese J, Calheiros C, Heukelbach J, Mencke N, Feldmeier H, Mehlhorn H. Investigations on the life cycle and morphology of Tunga penetrans in Brazil. Parasitol Res 2008; 101 Suppl 2:S233-42. [PMID: 17823833 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-007-0683-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, the life cycle of Tunga penetrans was established in Wistar rats in the laboratory, and the morphology of the resulting developmental stages was studied by means of light and scanning electron microscopy. It was seen that the females enter at a nonfertilized stage through the skin of their hosts. Only there the copulation occurs, while females and males brought together in a Petri dish showed no interest in each other. In any way -- fertilized or not -- the females start about 6 days after penetration and hypertrophy with the ejection of eggs. While fertilized eggs proceed to development, the unfertilized ones remain arrested. The eggs are ovoid and measure about 600 x 320 mum. The larvae hatch from the eggs 1-6 days (mean 3-4) after ejection. Formation of larvae 2 took at least another day, while 4 up to 10 days more were needed until this larva starts pupation (mean 5-7 days). The formation of the adult fleas inside the puparium occurred within 9-15 days (with a maximum hatch at day 12). Adult female fleas having reached the skin of a host start blood sucking within 5 min and prepare to enter the skin. After 24 h, the flea stacked already with two thirds of its body inside the skin. After 40 h, the penetration was completed, and feeding and hypertrophical enlargement started, which was completed on day 6, when eggs became ejected. When studying the morphology of the fleas obtained from different hosts, slight variations were seen, which, however, are not significant for a species separation but may be an indication of the presence of different strains/races or the beginning of such a formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Nagy
- Institute of Zoomorphology, Cell Biology and Parasitology, Heinrich-Heine University, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Pilger D, Schwalfenberg S, Heukelbach J, Witt L, Mehlhorn H, Mencke N, Khakban A, Feldmeier H. Investigations on the biology, epidemiology, pathology, and control of Tunga penetrans in Brazil: VII. The importance of animal reservoirs for human infestation. Parasitol Res 2008; 102:875-80. [PMID: 18172688 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-007-0840-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2007] [Accepted: 11/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In Brazil tungiasis is endemic in many resource-poor communities, where various domestic and sylvatic animals act as reservoirs for this zoonosis. To determine the role of animal reservoirs in human tungiasis, a cross-sectional study was performed in a traditional fishing community in northeast Brazil. The human and the animal populations were examined for the presence of embedded sand fleas and the prevalence and the intensity of infestation were correlated. The overall prevalence of tungiasis in humans was 39% (95% CI 34-43%). Of six mammal species present in the village, only cats and dogs were found infested. The prevalence in these animals was 59% (95% CI 50-68%). In households, where infested pet animals were present, a higher percentage of household members had tungiasis (42% [95% CI 30-53%] versus 27% [20-33%], p=0.02), and the intensity of the infestation was higher (six lesions versus two lesions, p=0.01). The intensity of infestation in animals correlated with the intensity of infestation in humans (rho=0.3, p=0.02). Living in a household with an infested dog or cat led to a 1.6-fold (95% CI 1.1-2.3, p=0.015) increase in the odds for the presence of tungiasis in household members in the bivariate analysis and remained a significant risk factor in the multivariate regression analysis. The study shows that in this impoverished community tungiasis is highly prevalent in humans and domestic animals. In particular, it underlines the importance to include animals in control operation aiming at the reduction of disease occurrence in the human population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Pilger
- Institute for Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité-University of Medicine, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 27, 12203, Berlin, Germany
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Schnieder T, Wolken S, Mencke N. Comparative efficacy of imidacloprid, selamectin, fipronil-(S)-methoprene, and metaflumizone against cats experimentally infested with Ctenocephalides felis. Vet Ther 2008; 9:176-183. [PMID: 19003778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Four active ingredients--imidacloprid selamectin, fipronil-(S)-methoprene, and metaflumizone--were tested to assess the speed of flea kill against existing flea infestations and subsequent reinfestations. Thirty flea-infested cats were allocated to four treatment groups and one untreated control group. Flea counts were performed 6, 18, and 48 hours after treatment (day 0) and 2, 4, and 24 hours after weekly flea reinfestations. Cats were also reinfested with fleas after the 6- and 18-hour counts on day 0 and after the 2- and 4-hour counts on subsequent count days. Imidacloprid provided significantly greater flea kill at diverse time points. At the 24-hour counts, all compounds showed expected and similar high efficacies. On study day 34, imidacloprid showed the highest efficacy at 24 hours after reinfestation, with 90.8% flea reduction compared with 55.7% to 67.4% in the other treatment groups. A single topical application of imidacloprid provided a high efficacy in the early elimination of adult fleas, limiting the risk of pathogen transmission and flea allergy dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Schnieder
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, Hannover, Germany
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Feldmeier H, Witt L, Schwalfenberg S, Linardi PM, Ribeiro RA, Capaz RAC, Van Marck E, Meckes O, Mehlhorn H, Mencke N, Heukelbach J. Investigations on the biology, epidemiology, pathology and control of Tunga penetrans in Brazil. VI. Natural history of the infestation in laboratory-raised Wistar rats. Parasitol Res 2007; 102:1-13. [PMID: 17851690 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-007-0731-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2007] [Accepted: 08/14/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Tungiasis is endemic in many countries in Latin America, the Caribbean and sub-Saharan Africa, and it is associated with severe morbidity. The pathophysiological and immunological characteristics of the ectoparasitosis are not well understood, and no effective therapy is currently available. The aim of this study was to describe the natural history of tungiasis in laboratory-raised Wistar rats. The rats were exposed in the laboratory to the parasite or were kept in a natural environment with an intense transmission of Tunga penetrans. The time course of the infestation was determined, and lesions were photographed, described clinically in detail and biopsied. Biopsies were examined histopathologically and by light and scanning electron microscopy. Based on these findings, the natural history of tungiasis in Wistar rats was described and divided in five stages. Our data show that the natural history of tungiasis in Wistar rats and humans is almost identical, except that in the animals, the basement membrane disrupts 5 days after penetration and provokes an intense infiltration of the dermis, while in humans, the basement membrane remains intact. The study indicates that the Wistar rat is an appropriate model for the study of clinical and pathological aspects of tungiasis. Using this model should enable a better understanding of the pathophysiology and immunology of the ectoparasitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hermann Feldmeier
- Institute of Microbiology and Hygiene, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany.
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Otranto D, Paradies P, Lia RP, Latrofa MS, Testini G, Cantacessi C, Mencke N, Galli G, Capelli G, Stanneck D. Efficacy of a combination of 10% imidacloprid/50% permethrin for the prevention of leishmaniasis in kennelled dogs in an endemic area. Vet Parasitol 2007; 144:270-8. [PMID: 17258860 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2006] [Revised: 09/07/2006] [Accepted: 09/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The efficacy of imidacloprid 10%and permethrin 50% (Advantix; Bayer AG, Germany) in a spot-on formulation was evaluated in the field as a control measure to prevent canine leishmaniasis (CanL) in dogs in an endemic area of southern Italy. In February 2005, out of 845 dogs initially tested for CanL, 631 dogs which tested negative (315 from a kennel in Bari (KB) and 316 from a kennel in Ginosa (KG)) in a serological and a parasitological examination were allocated to one of three groups: Group A-treated with imidacloprid 10% and permethrin 50% once a month; Group B-treated every 2 weeks; and Group C-untreated control animals. All the dogs were examined serologically and parasitologically for CanL prior to the start of the study, in November 2005 (end of the sandfly season) and in March 2006 (end of the study). An initial CanL seroprevalence of 24.7% (209 dogs) was detected in KB and KG. In KB Leishmania infection, inferred by positivity in at least one of the three tests performed at the interim or final follow-up, was found in one animal from Group A and in nine from Group C. No positive animals were detected in Group B, thus giving a final protection efficacy of 88.9% in Group A and 100% in Group B. In KG Leishmania infection was identified in one animal from Groups A and B, respectively, and 11 from Group C (protection efficacy of 90.36% in Group A and 90.73% in Group B). The incidence density rates (IDRs) of infection in both Groups A and B at each kennel were statistically significantly lower than that registered in Group C (KB p<0.05 and KG p<0.01). The results clearly show that a combination of imidacloprid 10% and permethrin 50%, by virtue of its repellent activity against sandflies, is effective under both application regimes in preventing CanL in the field in endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Otranto
- Department of Animal Health and Welfare, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Str. Prov. per Casamassima Km3, 70010 Valenzano (Bari), Italy.
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41
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Mencke N. Acaricidal and repellent properties of permethrin, its role in reducing transmission of vector-borne pathogens. Parassitologia 2006; 48:139-40. [PMID: 16881417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Vector-borne pathogens causing canine vector-borne diseases (CVBD) are recognized as being of increasing importance in small animal clinics. The pathogens and their vectors (eg, fleas, ticks, mosquitoes and sand flies) have a global distribution. Their prevalence may vary depending on region, climate, hygiene and many other factors; however the risk of infection for companion animals in our highly developed and supposedly regulated environments will never be zero. Even in highly developed markets, with high socioeconomic standards, ectoparasites are still a threat to both pets and humans. One has to understand the complexity of arthropod biology and esp. the complex mechanisms of host seeking, attachment and skin penetration and finally feeding, to differentiate the various acaricides and their therapeutic as well as prophylactic properties. Prevention of arthropod bites is mainly by prevention of attachment and thus any engorgement if possible. To achieve this, acaricides with repellent properties, such as the synthetic pyrethroid permethrin are ideal compounds to reach this goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Mencke
- Bayer HealthCare AG, Animal Health Division, Leverkusen, Germany
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Blagburn BL, Dryden MW, Payne P, Rust MK, Jacobs DE, Bond R, Hutchinson MJ, Denholm I, Mehlhorn H, Vaughn M, Mencke N, Schroeder I, Hostetler J, Endrizzi M. New methods and strategies for monitoring susceptibility of fleas to current flea control products. Vet Ther 2006; 7:86-98. [PMID: 16871490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
A flea larval bioassay was developed by an international team of scientists to monitor the susceptibility of fleas (Ctenocephalides felis) to imidacloprid (Advantage, Bayer HealthCare). The assay was validated using laboratory and field isolates of C. felis. Flea eggs representing different field isolates of C. felis were collected by veterinarians in the United States, United Kingdom, and Germany. Of the 972 flea isolates obtained during the 5-year study, 768 contained sufficient numbers of eggs to conduct the larval bioassay. Greater than 5% survival occurred for only six of the field isolates evaluated. Further evaluation and analysis of these isolates demonstrated that they did not differ significantly in their susceptibility to imidacloprid from the reference strains used to develop the assay. Collections of field flea isolates will continue in an attempt to detect and document any change in the susceptibility of field flea populations to imidacloprid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byron L Blagburn
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
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Klimpel S, Mehlhorn H, Heukelbach J, Feldmeier H, Mencke N. Field trial of the efficacy of a combination of imidacloprid and permethrin against Tunga penetrans (sand flea, jigger flea) in dogs in Brazil. Parasitol Res 2005; 97 Suppl 1:S113-S119. [PMID: 16228267 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-005-1454-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In a field trial in Brazil 17 dogs penetrated by females of the jigger flea, Tunga penetrans, were topically treated with a combination of 10% imidacloprid and 50% permethrin (Advantix), while 17 dogs remained untreated. The follow-up controls on days 7, 14, 21 and 28 post-treatment clearly showed that, beginning from day 7, the flea load in treated dogs decreased, so that most of the dogs became free of tungiasis lesions, while in the untreated group the flea load remained high. Since the dogs distribute the flea eggs throughout the village, leading to a high incidence of tungiasis in humans, treatment of dogs probably also decreases the number of cases of tungiasis in the latter.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Klimpel
- Institute of Zoomorphology, Cell Biology and Parasitology, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - H Mehlhorn
- Institute of Zoomorphology, Cell Biology and Parasitology, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - J Heukelbach
- Department of Community Health, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - H Feldmeier
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology of Infection, Institute for Infection Medicine, Charité, Berlin, Germany
| | - N Mencke
- Bayer HealthCare AG, Animal Health Division, Leverkusen, Germany
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Hagimori I, Machida H, Goi R, Mencke N. Efficacy of imidacloprid/permethrin and fipronil/(S)–methoprene combinations against Haemaphysalis longicornis ticks evaluated under in vitro and in vivo conditions. Parasitol Res 2005; 97 Suppl 1:S120-S126. [PMID: 16228268 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-005-1455-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Haemaphysalis longicornis is one of the most important ticks infesting a wide range of mammals including dogs in Japan. H. longicornis is recorded to be a vector of, for example, Babesia gibsoni. It was the aim of the study presented here to evaluate the efficacy of imidacloprid/permethrin and fipronil/(S)-methoprene against larval, nymphal and adult stages of H. longicornis under in vitro as well as in vivo conditions. In the in vitro part of the study, ticks showed avoidance behaviour to imidacloprid/permethrin-treated filter papers. The onset of acaricidal efficacy in the imidacloprid/permethrin group was recorded earlier than in the fipronil/(S)-methoprene group. In the in vivo experiment three beagles per group were treated with either imidacloprid/permethrin, fipronil/(S)-methoprene or left untreated. Each dog was infested with 30 adult female H. longicornis. Ticks were place on a shaved area of skin of the treated dogs and behaviour of the ticks was recorded as before. After 3 h all ticks were removed and placed in Petri dishes. Ticks were further examined until day 4 post-treatment (p.t.). All ticks recovered from the untreated dogs survived. At 4 h p.t. (1 h post-removal) 40 of the 90 ticks exposed to the imidacloprid/permethrin treatment and 25 of the 90 ticks in the fipronil/(S)-methoprene-treated group were found dead. At day 1 p.t., 61 ticks in the imidacloprid/permethrin- and 81 ticks in the fipronil/(S)-methoprene-treated group were recorded dead. At the final examination day 4 p.t., all 90 ticks were found dead in the imidacloprid/permethrin group, while five ticks remained alive in the fipronil/(S)-methoprene group.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Hagimori
- Narita Animal Science Laboratory Co., Ltd., 680 Tokura, Tomisato-city, Chiba 286-0212, Japan
| | - H Machida
- Bayer Medical Limited, Animal Health Division, 1-6-5 Marunouchi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-8263, Japan
| | - R Goi
- Bayer Medical Limited, Animal Health Division, 1-6-5 Marunouchi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-8263, Japan.
| | - N Mencke
- Bayer HealthCare AG, Animal Health Division, Leverkusen, Germany
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Rust MK, Denholm I, Dryden MW, Payne P, Blagburn BL, Jacobs DE, Mencke N, Schroeder I, Vaughn M, Mehlhorn H, Hinkle NC, Williamson M. Determining a diagnostic dose for imidacloprid susceptibility testing of field-collected isolates of cat fleas (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae). J Med Entomol 2005; 42:631-6. [PMID: 16119552 DOI: 10.1093/jmedent/42.4.631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The susceptibility of four laboratory strains of cat fleas, Ctenocephalides felis (Bouche), to imidacloprid was determined by three different laboratories, by using a standardized bioassay protocol. The probit lines generated by the different laboratories were very similar, with LC50 values ranging from 0.32 to 0.81 ppm. Based on these data, a diagnostic dose (DD) of 3 ppm imidacloprid in larval rearing media was provisionally identified for detecting shifts in tolerance, possibly as a consequence of incipient imidacloprid resistance. None of the larvae from the susceptible laboratory strains survived the DD. Eighteen field-collected isolates were evaluated for their susceptibility to imidacloprid and to validate a DD of 3 ppm. Probit lines from 18 field-collected isolates were very similar, with LC50 values ranging from 0.14 to 1.52 ppm. When exposed to the DD, between 3 and 10% of the exposed larvae emerged as adults from only three of the 18 isolates. All other field isolates gave 100% mortality at the DD. Under the criteria established (>5% survivorship at 3 ppm), two isolates would be established on mammalian hosts and more extensive tests conducted to exclude or confirm the presence of resistance. The DD of 3 ppm is robust enough to eliminate most of the susceptible isolates collected until today, yet low enough to identify possible isolates for further testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Rust
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521-0314, USA
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46
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Mencke N, Larsen KS, Eydal M, Sigurethsson H. Dermatological and parasitological evaluation of infestations with chewing lice (Werneckiella equi) on horses and treatment using imidacloprid. Parasitol Res 2005; 97:7-12. [PMID: 15940520 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-005-1379-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2005] [Accepted: 03/31/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Lice infestations in horses caused by the chewing louse Werneckiella (Damalinia) equi are observed worldwide. In the present study, the efficacy of 10% imidacloprid was tested on horses naturally infested with lice. Two groups of animals received a double application of 4 ml and 8 ml Advantage 10% spot-on on day 0 and 28 either. Horses, presenting dermatological signs with negative lice counts, were also included in this investigation. 40.86% of the horses presented positive lice counts and 84.21% of these animals showed clinical dermatologic signs. 65.45% of the lice-negative horses also showed clinical manifestations. Two days after treatment, lice counts dropped in both the treatment groups and on day 56, all animals were free of alive lice, and dermatological lesions decreased significantly (P<0.001) in both the lice-positive and the negative animals. No correlation (P>0.050) between lice burden and clinical signs was detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Mencke
- Bayer HealthCareAG, Animal Health Division, 51368 Leverkusen, Germany.
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Larsen KS, Eydal M, Mencke N, Sigurdsson H. Infestation of Werneckiella equi on Icelandic horses, characteristics of predilection sites and lice dermatitis. Parasitol Res 2005; 96:398-401. [PMID: 15940519 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-005-1380-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2005] [Accepted: 03/31/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Lice infestations on horses caused by the lice Werneckiella (Damalinia) equi and Haematopinus equi are observed worldwide. In this study, the distribution and clinical manifestations of lice on Icelandic horses were examined. Thirty-eight out of 93 animals (40.86%) were identified as infested with W. equi. Sixty-eight animals (73.12%) presented dermatological lesions associated with lice infestation, while only 32 of these animals presented lice. Six animals had no clinical signs although of being lice-positive, and 19 animals (20.43%) showed neither lice nor clinical manifestations. Lice burdens varied from animal to animal, and clinical manifestations occurred at all levels of infestation. Focal alopecia was the main clinical sign (83.78%) on lice-positive horses, while scaling and crusts occurred in 10.81% and 9.68% of the cases, respectively. Clinical signs present in the head and the neck/mane area were found to be an indication of lice infestation in horses.
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48
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Vobis M, D'Haese J, Mehlhorn H, Heukelbach J, Mencke N, Feldmeier H. Molecular biological investigations of Brazilian Tunga sp. isolates from man, dogs, cats, pigs and rats. Parasitol Res 2005; 96:107-12. [PMID: 15824903 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-005-1320-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2005] [Accepted: 02/09/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Twenty-four isolates of Tunga were collected from afflicted humans, dogs, cats, pigs and rats in Brazil. To investigate genetic diversity, a hypervariable section of mitochondrial 16S rDNA was amplified using PCR and subsequently sequenced. In order to compare results with another species of the genus Tunga, three isolates of the recently described Tunga trimamillata were also checked. Whereas eleven isolates (five from cats, three from dogs and three from humans) were of identical sequence, thirteen isolates collected from dogs, humans, pigs and rats showed differences in sequence up to 49%, so that the existence of one or more new species of Tunga may be presumed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Vobis
- Institute for Zoomorphology, Cell Biology und Parasitology, Heinrich-Heine University, 40225, Düsseldorf
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Abstract
Although well recognized and studied in developed countries, canine parasitic zoonoses pose a lowly prioritized public health problem in developing countries such as India, where conditions are conducive for transmission. A study of the most recent parasite survey determining prevalence and epidemiology of canine parasitic zoonoses among tea-growing communities of northeast India demonstrated the endemicity of the problem. This particular study serves as a model using conventional, as well as molecular parasitological, tools to provide novel insights into the role of dogs as mechanical transmitters of human parasites such as Ascaris and Trichuris, and discusses the risks dogs pose with regards to zoonotic transmission of hookworms and Giardia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J Traub
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for the Molecular Epidemiology of Parasitic Infections, School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Murdoch University, South Street, Murdoch 6150, Australia.
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Heukelbach J, Costa AML, Wilcke T, Mencke N, Feldmeier H. The animal reservoir of Tunga penetrans in severely affected communities of north-east Brazil. Med Vet Entomol 2004; 18:329-335. [PMID: 15641998 DOI: 10.1111/j.0269-283x.2004.00532.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Tungiasis is a zoonotic ectoparasitosis caused by the sand flea Tunga penetrans L. (Siphonaptera: Tungidae). This disease is hyperendemic in poor communities of north-east Brazil, causing considerable morbidity in affected human populations, but the animal reservoirs have not been investigated previously in Brazil. To assess the prevalence and intensity of T. penetrans infection in domestic and peri-domestic animals, as well as in the human population, we surveyed two typical communities of north-east Brazil: an urban slum and a traditional fishing village. In the slum we examined 849 humans, 121 cats, 82 dogs, 2 pigs, 2 rabbits, 1 monkey and 56 rodents, comprising 34 rats (Rattus rattus L.) and 22 mice (Mus domesticus L). In the fishing village we examined 505 humans, 68 dogs, 37 cats, 7 donkeys, 4 cattle, 3 pigs and 1 monkey. Tungiasis was common among dogs and cats of both communities, with respective prevalence rates of 67.1% (95% CI: 55.8-77.1) and 30.9% (95% CI: 20.2-43.3) in dogs, 49.6% (95% CI: 40.4-58.8) and 32.4% (95% CI: 18.0-49.8) in cats. Slum rats were 41.2% (95% CI: 24.6-59.3) infested, but the other animals were not. Human prevalence rates were 54.4% (95% CI: 51.0-57.8) in the slum and 52.1% (95% CI: 47.6-56.5) in the fishing village. High prevalence rates (range 31-67%) of tungiasis in humans, pets and rats (but apparently not other animals) indicate the need for an eco-epidemiological approach to control of this anthropo-zoonotic problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Heukelbach
- Department of Community Health, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil.
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