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Xue W, Honda M, Hibi T. Mechanisms of gastrointestinal barrier dysfunction in COVID-19 patients. World J Gastroenterol 2023; 29:2283-2293. [PMID: 37124884 PMCID: PMC10134419 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v29.i15.2283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has become a major global public health event, resulting in a significant social and economic burden. Although COVID-19 was initially characterized as an upper respiratory and pulmonary infection, recent evidence suggests that it is a complex disease including gastrointestinal symptoms, such as diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting. Moreover, it remains unclear whether the gastrointestinal symptoms are caused by direct infection of the gastrointestinal tract by SARS-CoV-2 or are the result of systemic immune activation and subsequent dysregulation of homeostatic mechanisms. This review provides a brief overview of the mechanisms by which SARS-CoV-2 disrupts the integrity of the gastrointestinal barrier including the mechanical barrier, chemical barrier, microbial barrier, and immune barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijie Xue
- Department of Transplantation and Pediatric Surgery, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Masaki Honda
- Department of Transplantation and Pediatric Surgery, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Taizo Hibi
- Department of Transplantation and Pediatric Surgery, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
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2
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Drew GC, Stevens EJ, King KC. Microbial evolution and transitions along the parasite-mutualist continuum. Nat Rev Microbiol 2021; 19:623-638. [PMID: 33875863 PMCID: PMC8054256 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-021-00550-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Virtually all plants and animals, including humans, are home to symbiotic microorganisms. Symbiotic interactions can be neutral, harmful or have beneficial effects on the host organism. However, growing evidence suggests that microbial symbionts can evolve rapidly, resulting in drastic transitions along the parasite-mutualist continuum. In this Review, we integrate theoretical and empirical findings to discuss the mechanisms underpinning these evolutionary shifts, as well as the ecological drivers and why some host-microorganism interactions may be stuck at the end of the continuum. In addition to having biomedical consequences, understanding the dynamic life of microorganisms reveals how symbioses can shape an organism's biology and the entire community, particularly in a changing world.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kayla C King
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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Adams AL, Eberle K, Colón JR, Courville E, Xin H. Synthetic conjugate peptide Fba-Met6 (MP12) induces complement-mediated resistance against disseminated Candida albicans. Vaccine 2021; 39:4099-4107. [PMID: 34127293 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The fungal genus Candida includes common commensals of the human mucosal membranes, and the most prevalently isolated species, C. albicans, poses a threat of candidemia and disseminated infection associated with an unacceptably high mortality rate and an immense $4 billion burden (US) yearly. Nevertheless, the demand for a vaccine remains wholly unfulfilled and increasingly pressing. We developed a double-peptide construct that is feasible for use in humans with the intention of preventing morbid infection by targeting epitopes derived from fructose bisphosphate aldolase (Fba) and methionine synthase (Met6) which are expressed on the C. albicans cell surface. To test the applicability of the design, we vaccinated mice via the intramuscular (IM) route with the conjugate denoted Fba-Met6 MP12 and showed that the vaccine enhanced survival against a lethal challenge. Because overall endpoint IgG1 and IgG2a antibody titers were robust and these mouse subclasses are associated with protective functionality, we investigated the potential of Fba and Met6 specific antibodies to facilitate the well-defined anti-Candida response by complement, which opsonizes fungi for degradation by primary effectors. Notably, reductions in the fungal burdens and enhanced survival were both abrogated in MP12-vaccinated mice that were pre-challenge dosed with cobra venom factor (CVF), a complement depleting factor. Altogether, we demonstrated that complement is relevant to MP12-based protection against disseminated C. albicans, delineating that a novel, multivalent targeted vaccine against proteins on the surface of C. albicans can enhance the natural response to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abby L Adams
- Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, 1901 Perdido St., New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Karen Eberle
- Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, 1901 Perdido St., New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Jonothan Rosario Colón
- Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, 1901 Perdido St., New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Evan Courville
- Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, 1901 Perdido St., New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Hong Xin
- Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, 1901 Perdido St., New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
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Rowan-Nash AD, Korry BJ, Mylonakis E, Belenky P. Cross-Domain and Viral Interactions in the Microbiome. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2019; 83:e00044-18. [PMID: 30626617 PMCID: PMC6383444 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00044-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The importance of the microbiome to human health is increasingly recognized and has become a major focus of recent research. However, much of the work has focused on a few aspects, particularly the bacterial component of the microbiome, most frequently in the gastrointestinal tract. Yet humans and other animals can be colonized by a wide array of organisms spanning all domains of life, including bacteria and archaea, unicellular eukaryotes such as fungi, multicellular eukaryotes such as helminths, and viruses. As they share the same host niches, they can compete with, synergize with, and antagonize each other, with potential impacts on their host. Here, we discuss these major groups making up the human microbiome, with a focus on how they interact with each other and their multicellular host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aislinn D Rowan-Nash
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Benjamin J Korry
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Eleftherios Mylonakis
- Infectious Diseases Division, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Peter Belenky
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
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5
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Massarrat S, Saniee P, Siavoshi F, Mokhtari R, Mansour-Ghanaei F, Khalili-Samani S. The Effect of Helicobacter pylori Infection, Aging, and Consumption of Proton Pump Inhibitor on Fungal Colonization in the Stomach of Dyspeptic Patients. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:801. [PMID: 27252698 PMCID: PMC4879133 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The importance of coinfection of Helicobacter pylori (H.pylori) and Candida albicans (C. albicans) in the development of gastric diseases is not known. In this study, the frequency of concurrent infection of H. pylori and C. albicans in dyspeptic patients was assessed while considering age, gender, and PPI consumption of patients. METHODS Gastric biopsies were taken from 74 yeast-positive dyspeptic patients and gastric disease, age, gender, and proton pump inhibitor (PPI) consumption of subjects were recorded. One antral biopsy was used for rapid urease test (RUT) and one for H. pylori and yeast cultivation and smear preparation. Bacterial isolates were identified according to spiral morphology and the biochemical characteristics. Yeast isolates were identified on Chromagar and by the Nested-PCR amplification of C. albicans-specific topoisomerase II gene. Twenty-seven biopsy smears were Gram-stained and examined by the light microscope for observing H. pylori and yeast cells. RESULTS Fifty-four (73%) of patients were >40 year. Of 68 patients with PPI consumption record, 46 (67.6%) consumed PPI (p = 0). Comparison of patients in peptic ulcer group (12, 16.2%) with (6, 8.1%) or without (6, 8.1%) H. pylori or in gastritis group (62, 83.8%) with (25, 33.8%) or without (37, 50%) H. pylori showed no significant difference (p > 0.05). Of the 46 patients who consumed PPI, 13 (17.5%) were H. pylori-positive and 33 (44.6%) H. pylori-negative (p = 0). Ten out of twenty-seven smears showed the occurrence of H. pylori cells, including three with yeast cells. Of the 17 H. pylori-negative smears, three showed the occurrence of yeast cells only. Yeasts stained Gram-positive or Gram-negative and appeared as single or budding cells. CONCLUSION The older age and PPI consumption could favor fungal colonization in the human stomach. The occurrence of a considerable number of H. pylori-positive or H. pylori-negative patients with gastritis or peptic ulcer shows that co-infection of Candida and H. pylori or infection of yeast alone could be associated with dyspeptic diseases. The occurrence of yeast cells in gastric biopsies with different Gram's reactions indicates that fungi might change their cell wall components for establishing a persistent colonization in the stomach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadegh Massarrat
- Endoscopy Department, Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran, Iran
| | - Parastoo Saniee
- Department of Microbiology, School of Biology, University College of Sciences, University of Tehran Tehran, Iran
| | - Farideh Siavoshi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Biology, University College of Sciences, University of Tehran Tehran, Iran
| | - Reyhane Mokhtari
- Department of Microbiology, School of Biology, University College of Sciences, University of Tehran Tehran, Iran
| | - Fariborz Mansour-Ghanaei
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences Rasht, Iran
| | - Saman Khalili-Samani
- Department of Microbiology, School of Biology, University College of Sciences, University of Tehran Tehran, Iran
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Tsata V, Velegraki A, Ioannidis A, Poulopoulou C, Bagos P, Magana M, Chatzipanagiotou S. Effects of Yeast and Bacterial Commensals and Pathogens of the Female Genital Tract on the Transepithelial Electrical Resistance of HeLa Cells. Open Microbiol J 2016; 10:90-6. [PMID: 27335621 PMCID: PMC4899535 DOI: 10.2174/1874285801610010090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Commensals of the human body can shift to a pathogenic phase when the host
immune system is impaired. This study aims to investigate the effect of seven
yeast and two bacterial commensals and opportunistic pathogens isolated from
blood and the female genital tract on the transepithelial electrical resistance
(TER) of human cervical epithelial cell cultures (HeLa). The pathogens
Candida tropicalis, C. parapsilosis,C. glabrata, C. krusei, C.
albicans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, caused a significant decrease
in TER as compared to the controls; Lactobacillus spp caused a
significant increase in TER versus the controls and Escherichia coli
had no effect on the TER of the cell monolayers. The above data show that
Candida spp., S. cerevisiae and Lactobacillus spp. have a
non-selective effect on the TER of HeLa cell monolayers. These results are
consistent with the in vivo non-selective action of these microorganisms
on the various human mucosal epithelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vassiliki Tsata
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology, Aeginition Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Aristea Velegraki
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology, Aeginition Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Anastasios Ioannidis
- Mycology Research Laboratory, Microbiology Department, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Cornelia Poulopoulou
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Human Movement and Quality of Life Sciences, University of Peloponnese, Sparta, Greece
| | - Pantelis Bagos
- Department of Computer Science and Biomedical Informatics, University of Thessaly, Greece
| | - Maria Magana
- Department of Biopathology and Clinical Microbiology, Aeginition Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Stylianos Chatzipanagiotou
- Department of Biopathology and Clinical Microbiology, Aeginition Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
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Bertesteanu S, Triaridis S, Stankovic M, Lazar V, Chifiriuc MC, Vlad M, Grigore R. Polymicrobial wound infections: pathophysiology and current therapeutic approaches. Int J Pharm 2013; 463:119-26. [PMID: 24361265 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Revised: 12/07/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Acute and chronic wounds represent a very common health problem in the entire world. The dermal wounds are colonized by aerobic and anaerobic bacterial and fungal strains, most of them belonging to the resident microbiota of the surrounding skin, oral cavity and gut, or from the external environment, forming polymicrobial communities called biofilms, which are prevalent especially in chronic wounds. A better understanding of the precise mechanisms by which microbial biofilms delay repair processes together with optimizing methods for biofilm detection and prevention may enhance opportunities for chronic wounds healing. The purpose of this minireview is to assess the role of polymicrobial biofilms in the occurrence and evolution of wound infections, as well as the current and future preventive and therapeutic strategies used for the management of polymicrobial wound infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serban Bertesteanu
- "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Traian Vuia no. 6, Bucharest 020956, Romania; Otorhinolaryngology, "Carol Davila University" of Medicine and Pharmacy, Traian Vuia no. 6, Bucharest 020956, Romania
| | - Stefanos Triaridis
- Otolaryngology Department, AHEPA Hospital, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Milan Stankovic
- Otolaryngology and Ophthalmology Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nis, Serbia
| | - Veronica Lazar
- University of Bucharest, Faculty of Biology, Microbiology Department, Ale. Portocalelor 1-3, 60101 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mariana Carmen Chifiriuc
- University of Bucharest, Faculty of Biology, Microbiology Department, Ale. Portocalelor 1-3, 60101 Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Mihaela Vlad
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Material Science, Politehnica University of Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Raluca Grigore
- "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Traian Vuia no. 6, Bucharest 020956, Romania; Otorhinolaryngology, "Carol Davila University" of Medicine and Pharmacy, Traian Vuia no. 6, Bucharest 020956, Romania
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8
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Li Q, Wang C, Zhang Q, Tang C, Li N, Ruan B, Li J. Use of 18S ribosomal DNA polymerase chain reaction–denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis to study composition of fungal community in 2 patients with intestinal transplants. Hum Pathol 2012; 43:1273-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2011.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2011] [Revised: 09/22/2011] [Accepted: 09/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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9
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Peters BM, Jabra-Rizk MA, O'May GA, Costerton JW, Shirtliff ME. Polymicrobial interactions: impact on pathogenesis and human disease. Clin Microbiol Rev 2012; 25:193-213. [PMID: 22232376 PMCID: PMC3255964 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00013-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 447] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Microorganisms coexist in a complex milieu of bacteria, fungi, archaea, and viruses on or within the human body, often as multifaceted polymicrobial biofilm communities at mucosal sites and on abiotic surfaces. Only recently have we begun to appreciate the complicated biofilm phenotype during infection; moreover, even less is known about the interactions that occur between microorganisms during polymicrobial growth and their implications in human disease. Therefore, this review focuses on polymicrobial biofilm-mediated infections and examines the contribution of bacterial-bacterial, bacterial-fungal, and bacterial-viral interactions during human infection and potential strategies for protection against such diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M. Peters
- Graduate Program in Life Sciences, Molecular Microbiology and Immunology Program, University of Maryland—Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, University of Maryland—Baltimore, Dental School, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Mary Ann Jabra-Rizk
- Department of Oncology and Diagnostic Sciences, Dental School, University of Maryland—Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland—Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Graeme A. O'May
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, University of Maryland—Baltimore, Dental School, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - J. William Costerton
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Center for Genomic Sciences, Allegheny-Singer Research Institute, Allegheny General Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mark E. Shirtliff
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, University of Maryland—Baltimore, Dental School, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland—Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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10
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Carneiro HA, Mavrakis A, Mylonakis E. Candida Peritonitis: An Update on the Latest Research and Treatments. World J Surg 2011; 35:2650-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00268-011-1305-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Harro JM, Peters BM, O'May GA, Archer N, Kerns P, Prabhakara R, Shirtliff ME. Vaccine development in Staphylococcus aureus: taking the biofilm phenotype into consideration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 59:306-23. [PMID: 20602638 PMCID: PMC2936112 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2010.00708.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Vaccine development against pathogenic bacteria is an imperative initiative as bacteria are gaining resistance to current antimicrobial therapies and few novel antibiotics are being developed. Candidate antigens for vaccine development can be identified by a multitude of high-throughput technologies that were accelerated by access to complete genomes. While considerable success has been achieved in vaccine development against bacterial pathogens, many species with multiple virulence factors and modes of infection have provided reasonable challenges in identifying protective antigens. In particular, vaccine candidates should be evaluated in the context of the complex disease properties, whether planktonic (e.g. sepsis and pneumonia) and/or biofilm associated (e.g. indwelling medical device infections). Because of the phenotypic differences between these modes of growth, those vaccine candidates chosen only for their efficacy in one disease state may fail against other infections. This review will summarize the history and types of bacterial vaccines and adjuvants as well as present an overview of modern antigen discovery and complications brought about by polymicrobial infections. Finally, we will also use one of the better studied microbial species that uses differential, multifactorial protein profiles to mediate an array of diseases, Staphylococcus aureus, to outline some of the more recently identified problematic issues in vaccine development in this biofilm-forming species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janette M Harro
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Dental School, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Ott SJ, Kühbacher T, Musfeldt M, Rosenstiel P, Hellmig S, Rehman A, Drews O, Weichert W, Timmis KN, Schreiber S. Fungi and inflammatory bowel diseases: Alterations of composition and diversity. Scand J Gastroenterol 2008; 43:831-41. [PMID: 18584522 DOI: 10.1080/00365520801935434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 297] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Altered bacterial diversity of the intestinal mucosa-associated microbiota may reflect the net influence of lifestyle factors associated with the development of chronic inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). While a reduced bacterial diversity has been reported in IBD, little is known about the fungal microbiota. The aim of this study was to carry out a systematic analysis of intestinal fungal microbiota in IBD. MATERIAL AND METHODS The mucosa-associated fungal microbiota of 104 colonic biopsy tissues from 47 controls and 57 IBD patients was investigated using metagenomic 18S rDNA-based denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), clone libraries, sequencing, and in situ hybridization techniques. RESULTS Fungi-specific 18S rDNA signatures could be detected in all 104 patients, accounting for only a small proportion of the intestinal microbiota (0.02% of the mucosal and 0.03% of the fecal microbiota). An overall fungal biodiversity of 43 different operational taxonomic units (OTUs) was found in the clone libraries. The qualitative composition of fungal microbiota was different between patients with IBD and controls. The DGGE profiles showed a higher mean fungal diversity in patients with Crohn's disease (CD) in comparison with controls (10.8+/-3.1 versus 6.2+/-2.4 for CD, p <or= 0.001). No disease-specific fungal species were found in the CD and ulcerative colitis (UC) group. CONCLUSIONS Diverse fungal species are part of the normal enteric microbiota, but diversity is increased and composition of the fungal communities varies in IBD. Further work is needed to investigate whether the alteration of the fungal flora in IBD is secondary to an imbalanced bacterial microbiota or an independent etiologic factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan J Ott
- Institute for Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University (CAU), Kiel, Germany.
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14
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Ott SJ, El Mokhtari NE, Rehman A, Rosenstiel P, Hellmig S, Kühbacher T, Lins M, Simon R, Schreiber S. Fungal rDNA signatures in coronary atherosclerotic plaques. Environ Microbiol 2007; 9:3035-45. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2007.01415.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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15
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Frank CF, Hostetter MK. Cleavage of E-cadherin: a mechanism for disruption of the intestinal epithelial barrier by Candida albicans. Transl Res 2007; 149:211-22. [PMID: 17383595 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2006.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2006] [Revised: 11/10/2006] [Accepted: 11/22/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
To investigate how intestinal epithelial cells respond to contact with Candida albicans, an organism able to invade the bloodstream via the gastrointestinal tract, we focused on the junction proteins occludin, E-cadherin, and desmoglein-2. The levels of these 3 junction proteins were reduced in lysates of human intestinal epithelial monolayers (Caco-2) after a 24-h inoculation with C. albicans, compared with lysates from Saccharomyces cerevisiae-inoculated monolayers. Treatment with pepstatin A did not change the effect of C. albicans on full-length occludin, desmoglein-2, and E-cadherin; however, pepstatin A enhanced the accumulation of a 35-kDa fragment derived from the intracellular portion of E-cadherin. This 35-kDa fragment also accumulated in the presence of gamma-secretase inhibitors. These observations suggest that enhancement of E-cadherin cleavage by C. albicans generates an intracellular E-cadherin fragment that can serve as a substrate for gamma-secretase. An 89-kDa extracellular fragment of E-cadherin was detected in supernatants of C. albicans-inoculated monolayers; this cleavage event was insensitive to both pepstatin A and gamma-secretase inhibitors. Transepithelial electrical resistance, a measure of monolayer integrity, decreased significantly and synchronously with increased generation of the 89-kDa extracellular E-cadherin fragment. Cleavage of E-cadherin may destabilize the homotypic interactions between adjacent epithelial cells and could contribute to loss of monolayer integrity. These experiments identify 2 E-cadherin cleavage events that are enhanced by contact with C. albicans: an intracellular cleavage event that generates a substrate for gamma-secretase and an extracellular cleavage event that is temporally associated with an increase in monolayer permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte F Frank
- Department of Microbiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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16
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MacFie J, Reddy BS, Gatt M, Jain PK, Sowdi R, Mitchell CJ. Bacterial translocation studied in 927 patients over 13 years. Br J Surg 2006; 93:87-93. [PMID: 16288452 DOI: 10.1002/bjs.5184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacterial translocation (BT) describes the passage of bacteria from the gastrointestinal tract to normally sterile tissues such as the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) and other internal organs. The clinical and pathophysiological significance of BT remains controversial. This report describes results obtained over a 13-year period of study. METHODS MLNs were obtained from 927 patients undergoing laparotomy. Nasogastric aspirates were obtained from 458 (49.4 per cent) of 927 patients for culture; pH was measured in 172 (37.6 per cent) of 458. Preoperative clinical variables were evaluated and factors that influenced BT were included in a multivariate logistic regression analysis. RESULTS BT was identified in 130 (14.0 per cent) of 927 patients. Postoperative sepsis was more common in patients with BT (42.3 versus 19.9 per cent; P < 0.001). Independent preoperative variables associated with BT were emergency surgery (P = 0.001) and total parenteral nutrition (TPN) (P = 0.015). Gastric colonization was confirmed in 248 (54.1 per cent) of 458 patients, and was associated with both BT (P = 0.015) and postoperative sepsis (P = 0.029). A gastric pH of less than 4 was associated with a significant reduction in gastric colonization (53 versus 80 per cent; P < 0.001) and postoperative sepsis (46 versus 70.3 per cent; P = 0.018) but not BT. CONCLUSION BT is associated with postoperative sepsis. Emergency surgery and TPN are independently associated with an increased prevalence of BT.
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Affiliation(s)
- J MacFie
- Combined Gastroenterology Research Unit, Scarborough Hospital, Woodlands Drive, Scarborough, YO12 6QL, UK.
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Lacour M, Zunder T, Huber R, Sander A, Daschner F, Frank U. The pathogenetic significance of intestinal Candida colonization--a systematic review from an interdisciplinary and environmental medical point of view. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2002; 205:257-68. [PMID: 12068745 DOI: 10.1078/1438-4639-00159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The etiological significance of intestinal Candida colonization continues to be controversial. This is a systematic review to determine the pathogenetic significance of intestinal Candida colonization. The search was essentially performed from 1990 to 12/7/2000 in Medline and the Cochrane-Library. The data source was restricted to articles in English and German. Selection criteria covered the topics "Epidemiology", "Infectious Diseases", "Candida-Syndrome" and "Therapy" and were essentially confined to in-vivo examination of immunocompetent adults. Two reviewers extracted independently data using predefined criteria. In total, 96 citations that proved suitable for use in the systematic review were found. Depending on the localization in the gastrointestinal tract, the recovery technique employed, and transport times, Candida colonization is frequently detected in healthy, immunocompetent adults (prevalence: 4-88%). None of the studies available so far furnish any evidence that nutritional factors, food additives, pollutants, anti-ovulants, other types of medication or diabetes mellitus might be predisposing factors for intestinal Candida colonization. However, therapeutic studies point to the possibility of Candida playing a role in antibiotic-associated diarrhea. On the other hand, antibiotics seem to favor bacterial dysbiosis, and this, like the direct side effects of drugs, offers a more plausible explanation for diarrhea or gastrointestinal symptoms. The role of intestinal colonization by Candida in Candida-associated vulvovaginitis and IgE-mediated disorders remains contradictory. Nevertheless, neither epidemiological nor therapeutic studies provide evidence for the existence of the so-called "Candida-syndrome" or "Candida-hypersensitivity-syndrome". At present, there are no proven treatment indications for antifungal "bowel decontamination".
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Lacour
- Institute of Environmental Medicine and Hospital Epidemiology, Freiburg University Hospital, Hugstetterstr. 55, D-79106 Freiburg, Germany
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