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Sadeghi M, Alizadeh MH, Minoonejad H. Acute effects of Nordic hamstring exercise on hip and knee joints proprioception. J Bodyw Mov Ther 2024; 39:382-389. [PMID: 38876656 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2024.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Nordic Hamstring Exercise (NHE) is one of the best exercises proposed for injury prevention of hamstring muscles. However, its effects on lower extremity proprioception are unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the immediate effects of a single bout of NHE on hip and knee joints' proprioception. METHODS Forty collegiate male soccer players participated in this study with a mean age of 22.85 ± 1.82 years and were randomized into either control (n = 20) or experimental (n = 20) groups. Each subject participated in pre-test measurements in which hip and knee active joints position sense (JPS) were assessed in standing and lying tasks using the image-capturing method. The experimental group then performed three sets of NHE with 10 repetitions in each set, while the control group rested for 10 min. Paired and independent t-tests were used for calculating the differences within and between groups on SPSS software, respectively. The level of significance was P ≤ 0.05. RESULTS Hip JPS in the lying task and knee JPS in both of the standing and lying tasks were impaired significantly after performing a single bout of NHE (P ≤ 0.05). However, the effects of this exercise on hip JPS in the standing task were not significant (P ≥ 0.05). CONCLUSIONS NHE performing with three sets of 10 repetitions can significantly impair hip and knee JPS immediately after exercise and reduce the proprioception acuity of the lower limbs. It is recommended to perform this exercise at a time rather than before training or match sessions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Sadeghi
- Department of Health and Sport Medicine, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammad H Alizadeh
- Department of Health and Sport Medicine, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hooman Minoonejad
- Department of Health and Sport Medicine, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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2
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Oranchuk DJ, Diewald SN, McGrath JW, Nelson AR, Storey AG, Cronin JB. Kinetic and kinematic profile of eccentric quasi-isometric loading. Sports Biomech 2024; 23:758-771. [PMID: 33666143 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2021.1890198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Eccentric quasi-isometric (EQI) contractions (maintaining a yielding contraction for as long as possible, beyond task failure) have gained interest in research and applied settings. However, little is known regarding the biomechanical profile of EQIs. Fourteen well-trained males performed four maximal effort knee-extensor EQIs, separated by 180 seconds. Angular impulse, velocity, and time-under-tension through the 30-100º range of motion (ROM), and in eight ROM brackets were quantified. Statistical parametric mapping, analyses of variance, and standardised effects (Hedges' g (ES), %Δ) detected between-contraction joint-angle-specific differences in time-normalised and absolute variables. Mean velocity was 1.34º·s-1 with most (62.5 ± 4.9%) of the angular impulse imparted between 40-70º. Most between-contraction changes occurred between 30-50º (p≤ 0.067, ES = 0.53 ± 0.31, 60 ± 52%), while measures remained constant between 50-100º (= 0.069-0.83, ES = 0.10 ± 0.26, 14.3 ± 24.6%). EQIs are a time-efficient means to impart high cumulative mechanical tension, especially at short to medium muscle lengths. However, angular impulse distribution shifts towards medium to long muscle lengths with repeat contractions. Practitioners may utilise EQIs to emphasize the initial portion of the ROM, and limit ROM, or apply EQIs in a fatigued state to emphasize longer muscle lengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin J Oranchuk
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
- Institute of Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Shelley N Diewald
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Joey W McGrath
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - André R Nelson
- Institute of Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Adam G Storey
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - John B Cronin
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
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3
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Tong S, Sun Y, Kuang B, Wang M, Chen Z, Zhang W, Chen J. A Comprehensive Review of Muscle-Tendon Junction: Structure, Function, Injury and Repair. Biomedicines 2024; 12:423. [PMID: 38398025 PMCID: PMC10886980 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12020423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The muscle-tendon junction (MTJ) is a highly specific tissue interface where the muscle's fascia intersects with the extracellular matrix of the tendon. The MTJ functions as the particular structure facilitating the transmission of force from contractive muscle fibers to the skeletal system, enabling movement. Considering that the MTJ is continuously exposed to constant mechanical forces during physical activity, it is susceptible to injuries. Ruptures at the MTJ often accompany damage to both tendon and muscle tissues. In this review, we attempt to provide a precise definition of the MTJ, describe its subtle structure in detail, and introduce therapeutic approaches related to MTJ tissue engineering. We hope that our detailed illustration of the MTJ and summary of the representative research achievements will help researchers gain a deeper understanding of the MTJ and inspire fresh insights and breakthroughs for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Tong
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yuzhi Sun
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Institute of Digital Medicine, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210006, China
| | - Baian Kuang
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Mingyue Wang
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Zhixuan Chen
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
- China Orthopedic Regenerative Medicine Group (CORMed), Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jialin Chen
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
- China Orthopedic Regenerative Medicine Group (CORMed), Hangzhou 310058, China
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4
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Siddle J, Weaver K, Greig M, Harper D, Brogden CM. A low-volume Nordic hamstring curl programme improves change of direction ability, despite no architectural, strength or speed adaptations in elite youth soccer players. Res Sports Med 2024; 32:49-60. [PMID: 35642790 DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2022.2079984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Nordic hamstring curls (NHC) are a commonly used injury intervention method in amateur team sports. Seventeen elite male academy soccer players performed an 8-week low volume NHC programme. Pre-post intervention measures of isokinetic eccentric knee flexor (KF) strength, linear speed, COD performance, hamstring muscle thickness, pennation angle and fascicle length were recorded. No significant main effects were observed for measures of isokinetic KF strength (P ≥ 0.19), linear sprint speed (P ≥ 0.47) or hamstring muscle architecture (P ≥ 0.30). However, significance was noted for improved COD performance (P < 0.01; mean difference, -0.06, p = 0.001, 95% CI = 0.03 to 0.09; d = 0.80), exceeding the minimal detectable difference (MDD = 0.05 s). A low-volume NHC intervention may contribute to significant improvements in COD ability, independent of no significant changes in eccentric KF strength, linear sprint speed or muscle architectural properties in elite youth soccer players.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Siddle
- Sports Injuries Research Group, Department of Sport & Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, UK
| | - Kristian Weaver
- Sports Injuries Research Group, Department of Sport & Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, UK
| | - Matt Greig
- Sports Injuries Research Group, Department of Sport & Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, UK
| | - Damian Harper
- Institute of Coaching and Performance, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
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Kalkhoven JT, Lukauskis-Carvajal M, Sides DL, McLean BD, Watsford ML. A Conceptual Exploration of Hamstring Muscle-Tendon Functioning during the Late-Swing Phase of Sprinting: The Importance of Evidence-Based Hamstring Training Frameworks. Sports Med 2023; 53:2321-2346. [PMID: 37668895 PMCID: PMC10687166 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01904-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
An eccentrically lengthening, energy-absorbing, brake-driven model of hamstring function during the late-swing phase of sprinting has been widely touted within the existing literature. In contrast, an isometrically contracting, spring-driven model of hamstring function has recently been proposed. This theory has gained substantial traction within the applied sporting world, influencing understandings of hamstring function while sprinting, as well as the development and adoption of certain types of hamstring-specific exercises. Across the animal kingdom, both spring- and motor-driven muscle-tendon unit (MTU) functioning are frequently observed, with both models of locomotive functioning commonly utilising some degree of active muscle lengthening to draw upon force enhancement mechanisms. However, a method to accurately assess hamstring muscle-tendon functioning when sprinting does not exist. Accordingly, the aims of this review article are three-fold: (1) to comprehensively explore current terminology, theories and models surrounding muscle-tendon functioning during locomotion, (2) to relate these models to potential hamstring function when sprinting by examining a variety of hamstring-specific research and (3) to highlight the importance of developing and utilising evidence-based frameworks to guide hamstring training in athletes required to sprint. Due to the intensity of movement, large musculotendinous stretches and high mechanical loads experienced in the hamstrings when sprinting, it is anticipated that the hamstring MTUs adopt a model of functioning that has some reliance upon active muscle lengthening and muscle actuators during this particular task. However, each individual hamstring MTU is expected to adopt various combinations of spring-, brake- and motor-driven functioning when sprinting, in accordance with their architectural arrangement and activation patterns. Muscle function is intricate and dependent upon complex interactions between musculoskeletal kinematics and kinetics, muscle activation patterns and the neuromechanical regulation of tensions and stiffness, and loads applied by the environment, among other important variables. Accordingly, hamstring function when sprinting is anticipated to be unique to this particular activity. It is therefore proposed that the adoption of hamstring-specific exercises should not be founded on unvalidated claims of replicating hamstring function when sprinting, as has been suggested in the literature. Adaptive benefits may potentially be derived from a range of hamstring-specific exercises that vary in the stimuli they provide. Therefore, a more rigorous approach is to select hamstring-specific exercises based on thoroughly constructed evidence-based frameworks surrounding the specific stimulus provided by the exercise, the accompanying adaptations elicited by the exercise, and the effects of these adaptations on hamstring functioning and injury risk mitigation when sprinting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judd T Kalkhoven
- Sport & Exercise Science Discipline Group, Faculty of Health, Human Performance Research Centre, University of Technology Sydney, Moore Park Precinct, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW, 2007, Australia.
| | - Mathias Lukauskis-Carvajal
- Sport & Exercise Science Discipline Group, Faculty of Health, Human Performance Research Centre, University of Technology Sydney, Moore Park Precinct, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW, 2007, Australia
- SpeedLab, Cali, Colombia
| | - Deborah L Sides
- UK Sports Institute, Manchester Institute of Health and Performance, Manchester, UK
| | - Blake D McLean
- Sport & Exercise Science Discipline Group, Faculty of Health, Human Performance Research Centre, University of Technology Sydney, Moore Park Precinct, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Mark L Watsford
- Sport & Exercise Science Discipline Group, Faculty of Health, Human Performance Research Centre, University of Technology Sydney, Moore Park Precinct, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW, 2007, Australia
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Suskens JJM, Maas H, van Dieën JH, Kerkhoffs GMMJ, Goedhart EA, Tol JL, Reurink G. The Effect of the Nordic Hamstring Exercise on Muscle Activity: A Multichannel Electromyography Randomized Controlled Trial. J Appl Biomech 2023; 39:377-387. [PMID: 37567580 DOI: 10.1123/jab.2023-0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a Nordic hamstring exercise intervention on biceps femoris long head, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus muscle's activity and relative contributions through multichannel electromyography. Twenty-four injury-free male basketball players (mean age 20 [3] y) were randomly assigned to a 12-week intervention (n = 13) or control group (n = 11). The primary outcome measures were normalized muscle activity (percentage of maximal voluntary isometric contraction, %MVIC) and relative contribution of hamstring muscles over 12 weeks. No effects were found on any of the primary outcome measures. Between-group differences over 12 weeks were 2.7%MVIC (95% confidence interval 95% CI, -0.7 to 6.1) for the biceps femoris long head, 3.4%MVIC (95% CI, -1.4 to 8.2) for the semitendinosus, and 0.8%MVIC (95% CI, -3.0 to 4.6) for the semimembranosus, P = .366. Between-group differences over 12 weeks were 1.0% relative contribution (%con; 95% CI, -3.0 to 5.1) for the biceps femoris long head, 2.2% relative contribution (95% CI, -2.8 to 7.2) for the semitendinosus, and -3.3% relative contribution (95% CI, -6.4 to -0.1) for the semimembranosus P = .258. A positive value implies a higher value for the Nordic group. A Nordic hamstring exercise intervention did not affect the level of muscle activity and relative contribution of hamstring muscles in performance of the Nordic hamstring exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jozef J M Suskens
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Sports Medicine, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam,The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Sports, Amsterdam,The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Collaboration on Health & Safety in Sports (ACHSS), AMC/VUmc IOC Research Center, Amsterdam,The Netherlands
| | - Huub Maas
- Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Sports, Amsterdam,The Netherlands
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioral and Movement Sciences, Amsterdam Movement Sciences (AMS), Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam,The Netherlands
| | - Jaap H van Dieën
- Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Sports, Amsterdam,The Netherlands
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioral and Movement Sciences, Amsterdam Movement Sciences (AMS), Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam,The Netherlands
| | - Gino M M J Kerkhoffs
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Sports Medicine, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam,The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Sports, Amsterdam,The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Collaboration on Health & Safety in Sports (ACHSS), AMC/VUmc IOC Research Center, Amsterdam,The Netherlands
| | - Edwin A Goedhart
- FIFA Medical Center, Royal Netherlands Football Association, Zeist,The Netherlands
| | - Johannes L Tol
- Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Sports, Amsterdam,The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Collaboration on Health & Safety in Sports (ACHSS), AMC/VUmc IOC Research Center, Amsterdam,The Netherlands
- Aspetar Orthopedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha,Qatar
| | - Gustaaf Reurink
- Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Sports, Amsterdam,The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Collaboration on Health & Safety in Sports (ACHSS), AMC/VUmc IOC Research Center, Amsterdam,The Netherlands
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Hiroshige Y, Yamaguchi R, Iriguchi K, Sakimura N, Goto K, Ebato T, Watanabe D. Knee flexor muscle fatigue during repeated Nordic hamstring exercise. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2023; 63:1084-1092. [PMID: 37410445 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.23.14896-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nordic hamstring exercise is an effective method for preventing hamstring strain injury. In this study, we investigated the response of knee flexors regarding increased muscle force and fatigue when the Nordic hamstring exercise was performed repeatedly to further understand how it can prevent hamstring strain injury. METHODS The Nordic hamstring exercise was performed 10 times by 53 athletes; knee flexor peak tensile force and the respective flexion angle were compared at different phases during this sequence: phase 1, 1st Nordic hamstring exercise force; phase 2, mean value during the 2-4th repetitions; phase 3, mean value during the 5-7th repetitions; and phase 4, mean value during the 8-10th repetitions. We also divided the knee flexor peak force into deep and slight flexion zones and evaluated changes during different phases. RESULTS Knee flexor peak force was most significant in phase 2 and decreased during subsequent phases. The knee angle at which peak force was exerted was greatest in phase 1 and decreased thereafter. When we compared the knee flexor peak force in different flexion angle zones, increased muscle force in the slight flexion zone was greater than increased muscle force in the deep flexion zone in phases 2 and 3. CONCLUSIONS Enhancement of the knee flexor force, especially in the slight flexion zone occurs after only a few repetitions of the Nordic hamstring exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Hiroshige
- Institute of Sports Science and Medicine, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan -
| | - Ryusei Yamaguchi
- Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitana, Japan
| | - Kai Iriguchi
- Faculty of Physical Education, International Pacific University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Naruki Sakimura
- Faculty of Physical Education, International Pacific University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Keita Goto
- Faculty of Physical Education, International Pacific University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Tomoki Ebato
- Faculty of Physical Education, International Pacific University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Daiki Watanabe
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Sciences, Osaka University of Health and Sports Sciences, Osaka, Japan
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Alt T, Knicker AJ, Nodler YT, Strüder HK. What Are We Aiming for in Eccentric Hamstring Training: Angle-Specific Control or Supramaximal Stimulus? J Sport Rehabil 2023; 32:782-789. [PMID: 37339771 DOI: 10.1123/jsr.2022-0372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Different resistance exercise determinants modulate the musculotendinous adaptations following eccentric hamstring training. The Nordic Hamstring Exercise (NHE) can be performed 2-fold: the movement velocity irreversibly increases toward the end of the range of motion or it is kept constant. DESIGN This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate if the downward acceleration angle (DWAangle) can be used as a classification parameter to distinguish between increasing and constant velocity NHE execution. Furthermore, the kinetic and kinematic differences of these 2 NHE execution conditions were examined by analyzing the DWAangle in relation to the angle of peak moment. METHODS A total of 613 unassisted NHE repetitions of 12 trained male sprinters (22 y, 181 cm, 76 kg) were analyzed. RESULTS The majority of analyzed parameters demonstrated large effects. NHEs with constant velocity (n = 285) revealed significantly higher impulses (P < .001; d = 2.34; + 61%) and fractional time under tension (P < .001; d = 1.29; +143%). Although the generated peak moments were significantly higher for constant velocity (P = .003; d = 0.29; +4%), they emerged at similar knee flexion angles (P = .167; d = 0.28) and revealed on average just low relationships to the DWAangle (Rmean2=22.4%). DWAangle highly correlated with the impulse (Rmean2=60.8%) and δ (DWAangle-angle of peak moment; Rmean2=83.6%). CONCLUSIONS Relating DWAangle to angle of peak moment assists to distinguish between significantly different NHE execution, which will potentially elicit different musculotendinous adaptations. These insights are essential for coaches and athletes to understand how to manipulate eccentric hamstring training to change its purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Alt
- Department of Biomechanics, Performance Analysis and Strength & Conditioning, Olympic Training and Testing Center Westphalia, Dortmund,Germany
- Institute of Movement and Neuroscience, German Sport University, Cologne,Germany
| | - Axel J Knicker
- Institute of Movement and Neuroscience, German Sport University, Cologne,Germany
- Research Center for Elite Sports (momentum),Cologne,Germany
| | - Yannick T Nodler
- Institute of Movement and Neuroscience, German Sport University, Cologne,Germany
| | - Heiko K Strüder
- Institute of Movement and Neuroscience, German Sport University, Cologne,Germany
- Research Center for Elite Sports (momentum),Cologne,Germany
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Maciel DG, Dantas GAF, Cerqueira MS, Barboza JAM, Caldas VVDA, de Barros ACM, Varela RR, Magalhães DH, de Brito Vieira WH. Peak torque angle, acceleration time and time to peak torque as additional parameters extracted from isokinetic test in professional soccer players: a cross-sectional study. Sports Biomech 2023; 22:1108-1119. [PMID: 32673150 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2020.1784260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated additional and traditional variables from isokinetic test of thigh muscles in soccer players across different field positions. One hundred and eighty-nine athletes performed maximal concentric isokinetic knee contractions on dominant (DL) and non-dominant limb (NDL) at 60º/s and 240º/s. The additional outcomes peak torque angle (AngPT), acceleration time (AcT) and time to peak torque (TPT) and traditional outcomes Peak torque (PT), total work (TW) and power (Pw) were extracted from the exam. Goalkeepers (GK), side backs (SB), central backs (CB), central defender midfielders (CDM), central attacking midfielders (CAM) and forwards (FW) were considered. Comparisons between limbs and positions demonstrated that SB extensors of the DL presented TPT lower (p = 0.006) and AngPT higher (p = 0.011) than NDL at 60°/s. CDM extensors of the DL showed lower TPT at 60°/s (p = 0.003) and 240°/s (p = 0.024). CAM flexors of the DL showed lower TPT (p = 0.026) and AcT (p = 0.021) at 240°/s than NDL. CB, CDM and CAM extensors of the NDL showed higher PT, TW and Pw than DL (p < 0.05). In conclusion, there are muscle imbalances between limbs in SB, CDM and CAM and across different field positions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Germano Maciel
- Department of Physical Therapy, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ronan Romeno Varela
- Department of Physical Therapy, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Diego Helps Magalhães
- Department of Physical Therapy, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Norte, Natal, Brazil
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Genç AS, Güzel N, Yılmaz AK, Ermiş E, Pekesen Kurtça M, Agar A, Ceritoğlu KU, Yasul Y, Eseoğlu İ, Kehribar L. Post-Operative Modified All-Inside ACL Reconstruction Technique's Clinical Outcomes and Isokinetic Strength Assessments. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:2787. [PMID: 37685325 PMCID: PMC10487178 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13172787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries are very common among the athletic population. ACL reconstruction (ACLR) performed because of these injuries is one of the procedures performed by orthopedic surgeons using different grafting methods. This study aims to compare the data related to post-operative 6-month isokinetic strength values, strength-related asymmetry rates, time parameters, and joint angle in athletes who underwent ACLR with the Modified All-inside (4ST) technique, on both the healthy knee (HK) and the ACLR-applied sides. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 20 athletes from various sports on whom the 4ST ACLR technique had been applied by the same surgeon were evaluated retrospectively. Lysholm, Tegner, and International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) scores of the patients were obtained pre-operative and at 6 months post-operative. Isokinetic knee extension (Ex) and flexion (Flx) strengths on the HK and ACLR sides of the patients were evaluated with a series of four different angular velocities (60, 180, 240, and 300°/s). In addition to peak torque (PT) and hamstring/quadriceps ratio (H/Q) parameters, the findings were also evaluated with additional parameters such as joint angle at peak torque (JAPT), time to peak torque (TPT), reciprocal delay (RD), and endurance ratio (ER). RESULTS There was a significant improvement in the mean Lysholm, Tegner, and IKDC scores after surgery compared with pre-operative levels (p < 0.05). As for PT values, there were significant differences in favor of the HK in the 60, 180, and 300°/s Ex phases (p < 0.05). In terms of the H/Q and (hamstring/hamstring)/(quadriceps/quadriceps) (HH/QQ) ratios, there were significant differences at 300°/s (p < 0.05). In terms of JAPT, there were significant differences in the 300°/s Ex and 180°/s Flx phases (p < 0.05). In terms of TPT, there were significant differences in the 300°/s Ex phase (p < 0.05). In terms of RD and ER, no significant difference was observed between the HK and ACLR sides at any angular velocity. CONCLUSIONS Although differences were observed in PT values, particularly in the Ex phase, this did not cause a significant change in H/Q ratios. Similar results were observed for additional parameters such as JAPT, TPT, RD, and ER. The results show that this ACLR technique can be used in athletes in view of strength gain and a return to sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Serhat Genç
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Samsun Training and Research Hospital, Samsun 55100, Türkiye; (A.S.G.); (N.G.)
| | - Nizamettin Güzel
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Samsun Training and Research Hospital, Samsun 55100, Türkiye; (A.S.G.); (N.G.)
| | - Ali Kerim Yılmaz
- Faculty of Yasar Dogu Sport Sciences, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun 55100, Türkiye;
| | - Egemen Ermiş
- Faculty of Yasar Dogu Sport Sciences, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun 55100, Türkiye;
| | | | - Anıl Agar
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Fırat University, Elazığ 23119, Türkiye;
| | | | - Yavuz Yasul
- Bafra Vocational School, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun 55400, Türkiye;
| | - İsmail Eseoğlu
- Vocational School of Health Services, Dokuz Eylül University, İzmir 35210, Türkiye;
| | - Lokman Kehribar
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Samsun University, Samsun 55090, Türkiye;
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Costa JA, Spyrou K, Sancho A, Reis JF, Brito J. Reliability of Maximal Strength and Peak Rate of Force Development in a Portable Nordic Hamstrings Exercise Device. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:5452. [PMID: 37420619 DOI: 10.3390/s23125452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
The Nordic hamstring exercise (NHE) is a very popular exercise used to improve eccentric strength and prevent injuries. The aim of this investigation was to assess the reliability of a portable dynamometer that measures maximal strength (MS) and rate of force development (RFD) during the NHE. Seventeen physically active participants (34.8 ± 4.1 years; n = 2 women and n = 15 men) participated. Measurements occurred on two different days separated by 48-72 h. Test-retest reliability was calculated for bilateral MS and RFD. No significant test-retest differences were observed in NHE (test-retest [95% CI, confidence interval]) for MS [-19.2 N (-67.8; 29.4); p = 0.42] and RFD [-70.4 N·s-1 (-178.4; 37.8); p = 0.19]. MS showed high reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] [95% CI], =0.93 [0.80-0.97] and large within-subject correlation between test and retest [r = 0.88 (0.68; 0.95)]. RFD displayed good reliability [ICC = 0.76 (0.35; 0.91)] and moderate within-subject correlation between test and retest [r = 0.63 (0.22; 0.85)]. Bilateral MS and RFD displayed a coefficient of variation of 3.4% and 4.6%, respectively, between tests. The standard error of measurement and the minimal detectable change for MS was 44.6 arbitrary units (a.u.) and 123.6 a.u., and 104.6 a.u. and 290.0 a.u. for peak RFD. This study shows that MS and RFD can be measured for NHE using a portable dynamometer. However, not all exercises are suitable to apply to determine RFD, so caution must be taken when analyzing RFD during NHE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Júlio A Costa
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation (FPF), 1495-433 Cruz Quebrada, Portugal
| | - Konstantinos Spyrou
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation (FPF), 1495-433 Cruz Quebrada, Portugal
- UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, UCAM Universidad Católica de Murcia, 30107 Murcia, Spain
- Facultad de Deporte, UCAM Universidad Católica de Murcia, 30107 Murcia, Spain
| | - António Sancho
- Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, 1495-751 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Joana F Reis
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation (FPF), 1495-433 Cruz Quebrada, Portugal
- Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, 1495-751 Lisboa, Portugal
- Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Human Performance (CIPER), Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, 1495-751 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - João Brito
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation (FPF), 1495-433 Cruz Quebrada, Portugal
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12
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Suskens JJM, Secondulfo L, Kiliç Ö, Hooijmans MT, Reurink G, Froeling M, Nederveen AJ, Strijkers GJ, Tol JL. Effect of two eccentric hamstring exercises on muscle architectural characteristics assessed with diffusion tensor MRI. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2023; 33:393-406. [PMID: 36514886 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effect of a Nordic hamstring exercise or Diver hamstring exercise intervention on biceps femoris long head, semitendinosus and semimembranosus muscle's fascicle length and orientation through diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) with magnetic resonance imaging. METHODS In this three-arm, single-center, randomized controlled trial, injury-free male basketball players were randomly assigned to a Nordic, Diver hamstring exercise intervention or control group. The primary outcome was the DTI-derived fascicle length and orientation of muscles over 12 weeks. RESULTS Fifty-three participants were included for analysis (mean age 22 ± 7 years). Fascicle length in the semitendinosus over 12 weeks significantly increased in the Nordic-group (mean [M]: 20.8 mm, 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 7.8 to 33.8) compared with the Control-group (M: 0.9 mm, 95% CI: -7.1 to 8.9), mean between-groups difference: 19.9 mm, 95% CI: 1.9 to 37.9, p = 0.026. Fascicle orientation in the biceps femoris long head over 12 weeks significantly decreased in the Diver-group (mean: -2.6°, 95% CI: -4.1 to -1.0) compared with the Control-group (mean: -0.2°, 95% CI: -1.4 to 1.0), mean between-groups difference: -2.4°, 95% CI: -4.7 to -0.1, p = 0.039. CONCLUSION The Nordic hamstring exercise intervention did significantly increase the fascicle length of the semitendinosus and the Diver hamstring exercise intervention did significantly change the orientation of fascicles of the biceps femoris long head. As both exercises are complementary to each other, the combination is relevant for preventing hamstring injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jozef J M Suskens
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Sports Medicine, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Sports, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,AMC/VUmc IOC Research Center, Amsterdam Collaboration on Health & Safety in Sports (ACHSS), Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Laura Secondulfo
- Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Sports, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Biomedical Engineering & Physics, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Özgür Kiliç
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Sports Medicine, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Sports, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,AMC/VUmc IOC Research Center, Amsterdam Collaboration on Health & Safety in Sports (ACHSS), Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Melissa T Hooijmans
- Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Sports, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gustaaf Reurink
- Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Sports, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,AMC/VUmc IOC Research Center, Amsterdam Collaboration on Health & Safety in Sports (ACHSS), Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Martijn Froeling
- Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Aart J Nederveen
- Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Sports, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gustav J Strijkers
- Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Sports, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Biomedical Engineering & Physics, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes L Tol
- Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Sports, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,AMC/VUmc IOC Research Center, Amsterdam Collaboration on Health & Safety in Sports (ACHSS), Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
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13
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Effects of plyometric vs. strength training on strength, sprint, and functional performance in soccer players: a randomized controlled trial. Sci Rep 2023; 13:4256. [PMID: 36918731 PMCID: PMC10015051 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31375-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Plyometric training (PT) has been shown to have numerous benefits and few harmful effects. This study aimed to compare the effects of PT vs. strength training on muscle strength, sprint, and lower limb functional performance in soccer players. Ninety participants (mean age 22.5 years) were equally and randomly divided into three groups: a plyometric training group (PTG; n = 30), a strength training group (STG; n = 30), and a control group (CG; n = 30). In PTG: bounding, hurdling, and drop jumping exercises were performed. In STG: isometric exercises of knee extension (at 60º knee flexion), quadriceps (in supine), hip adductors (in crook lying), and straight leg raise were performed. In CG: no specific training was given. All interventions were performed for eight weeks. Isometric strength (IS), sprint (ST), and single-leg triple hop (SLTH) tests were outcome measures. The wilcoxon signed ranks test was used for with-in-group analysis, and Kruskal Wallis and Mann-Whitney u tests were used for between-group analyses. In PTG: in comparison to a baseline measurement, IS increased by 8.83% (p < 0.05), ST decreased by 20.14% (p < 0.05), and SLTH increased by 7.78% (p < 0.05). In STG: IS increased by 15.76% (p < 0.05), ST decreased by 30.26% (p < 0.05), and SLTH increased by 12.41% (p < 0.05). In CG: IS increased by 5.72% (p < 0.05), ST decreased by 15.54% (p < 0.05), and SLTH increased by 4.41% (p < 0.05). The greatest improvements were observed in STG, followed by PTG and CG. Strength training was found to be more effective than PT in improving muscle strength, sprint, and lower limb functional performance in male soccer players.
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14
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Chaltron C, Sherman DA, Pamukoff DN, Bazett-Jones DM, Glaviano NR, Norte GE. Whole-body vibration reduces hamstrings neuromuscular function in uninjured individuals. Phys Ther Sport 2023; 60:17-25. [PMID: 36640639 DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2023.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Despite the growing use of whole-body vibration (WBV) to enhance quadriceps neuromuscular function, the hamstrings-specific response is unclear among those without neuromuscular impairment, which is important to inform performance-based recommendations. Our objective was to determine the immediate and prolonged effects of WBV on hamstrings and quadriceps neuromuscular function in uninjured individuals. DESIGN Crossover. SETTING Laboratory. PARTICIPANTS Nineteen, recreationally active individuals performed WBV and control exercise protocols, consisting of six 1-min repetitions of isometric squats, on separate days in a randomized order. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Electromyographic (EMG) amplitude, antagonist-to-agonist co-activation, rate of torque development, and peak torque of the hamstrings and quadriceps were measured pre-, immediately post-, and 20 min post-condition. Percentage change scores were calculated from baseline to each post-measurement. RESULTS A condition main effect indicated that WBV reduced agonist semitendinosus EMG amplitudes more than the control (-12.1% vs. -1.5%, p < .001). Antagonist vastus medialis EMG amplitudes were reduced immediately, but not 20 min following WBV (-7.1% vs. 3.5%, p < .001). CONCLUSIONS WBV induced an inhibitory effect on medial hamstrings activity during knee flexion contraction in a majority of our sample, yet this response was not uniformly observed and its functional relevance remains unclear in an uninjured population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cale Chaltron
- University of Kentucky, Athletics Department, Lexington, KY, 40506, United States.
| | - David A Sherman
- Live4 Physical Therapy and Wellness Advising, 525 Massachusetts Ave, Suite 206B, Acton, MA, 01720, United States; Boston University, Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, 635 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA, 02215, United States.
| | - Derek N Pamukoff
- Western University, School of Kinesiology, 1151 Richmond St, London, ON, N6A 3K7, UK.
| | - David M Bazett-Jones
- University of Toledo (study Site), Department of Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, 2801 W. Bancroft St., Health and Human Services, 2505H, Mail Stop 119, Toledo, OH, 43606, United States.
| | - Neal R Glaviano
- University of Connecticut, Department of Kinesiology, 2095 Hillside Rd, U-1110, Storrs, CT, 06269, United States.
| | - Grant E Norte
- University of Toledo (study Site), Department of Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, 2801 W. Bancroft St., Health and Human Services, 2505H, Mail Stop 119, Toledo, OH, 43606, United States.
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15
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Li L, Wu K, Deng L, Liu C, Fu W. The Effects of Habitual Foot Strike Patterns on the Morphology and Mechanical Function of the Medial Gastrocnemius-Achilles Tendon Unit. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:bioengineering10020264. [PMID: 36829758 PMCID: PMC9952108 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10020264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
As a crucial and vulnerable component of the lower extremities, the medial gastrocnemius-Achilles tendon unit (gMTU) plays a significant role in sport performance and injury prevention during long-distance running. However, how habitual foot strike patterns influence the morphology of the gMTU remains unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the effects of two main foot strike patterns on the morphological and mechanical characteristics of the gMTU. Long-distance male runners with habitual forefoot (FFS group, n = 10) and rearfoot strike patterns (RFS group, n = 10) and male non-runners (NR group, n = 10) were recruited. A Terason uSmart 3300 ultrasonography system was used to image the medial gastrocnemius (MG) and Achilles tendon, Image J software to analyze the morphology, and a dynamometer to determine plantar flexion torque during maximal voluntary isometric contractions. The participants first performed a 5-minute warm up; then, the morphological measurements of MG and AT were recorded in a static condition; finally, the MVICs test was conducted to investigate the mechanical function of the gMTU. One-way ANOVA and nonparametric tests were used for data analysis. The significance level was set at a p value of <0.05. The muscle fascicle length (FL) (FFS: 67.3 ± 12.7, RFS: 62.5 ± 7.6, NRs: 55.9 ± 2.0, η2 = 0.187), normalized FL (FFS: 0.36 ± 0.48, RFS: 0.18 ± 0.03, NRs: 0.16 ± 0.01, η2 = 0.237), and pennation angle (PA) (FFS: 16.2 ± 1.9, RFS: 18.9 ± 2.8, NRs: 19.3 ± 2.4, η2 = 0.280) significantly differed between the groups. Specifically, the FL and normalized FL were longer in the FFS group than in the NR group (p < 0.05), while the PA was smaller in the FFS group than in the NR group (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Long-term running with a forefoot strike pattern could significantly affect the FL and PA of the MG. A forefoot strike pattern could lead to a longer FL and a smaller PA, indicating an FFS pattern could protect the MG from strain under repetitive high loads.
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16
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Differences in Peak Knee Flexor Force between Eccentric-Only and Combined Eccentric-Concentric Nordic Hamstring Exercise. Sports (Basel) 2023; 11:sports11020041. [PMID: 36828326 PMCID: PMC9961423 DOI: 10.3390/sports11020041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
In many sports, the hamstring strain injury is a common injury. There is evidence that the Nordic hamstring exercise (NHE), a knee flexor exercise, can reduce hamstring injury risk in athletes. In research on hamstring injury prevention, eccentric-only NHE is typically performed, whereas in sports, it is relatively common for athletes to perform NHE eccentrically-concentrically. Further, NHE strength is generally assessed by measuring knee flexor force through an ankle brace, attached atop of a load cell. An alternative method might be to assess knee flexor force about the knee joint using a force plate. The aim of the study was to investigate differences in peak knee flexor force between eccentric-only and combined eccentric-concentric NHE. The purpose was also to determine the correlation between hamstring force measured at the ankle using a load cell (current gold standard) and force assessed about the knee joint using a force plate during NHE. Fifteen junior and senior elite soccer and track and field athletes (3 women and 12 men aged 17-27 years) performed eccentric NHE (ENHE) in which they leaned forward as far as possible until breakpoint and eccentric-concentric NHE (ECNHE) where they returned to the starting position. A linear encoder measured the position at which peak force occurred during the NHEs. Force assessed at the ankle differed significantly (678 vs. 600 N, p < 0.05), whereas force about the knee joint did not (640 vs. 607 N, p > 0.05) between ENHE and ECNHE (12 and 5% difference, respectively). The forward distance achieved by the participants in cm at breakpoint for ENHE was 37% higher than at the coupling phase for ECNHE (74 vs. 54 cm, p < 0.001). Very strong significant (p < 0.01) correlations were noted between peak force assessed at the ankle and about the knee joint for ENHE and ECNHE, r = 0.96 and r = 0.99, respectively. Our results suggest that ECNHE, where peak knee flexor force was reached with 37% less forward movement, may complement ENHE, i.e., during hamstring injury rehabilitation, where a position of great knee extension may not be well tolerated by the athlete. Further, assessing knee flexor force about the knee joint using a force plate may provide an alternative to measuring force at the ankle using a load cell when testing NHE strength.
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17
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Chalchat E, Siracusa J, Bourrilhon C, Charlot K, Gennisson JL, Garcia-Vicencio S, Martin V. Contractile properties are less affected at long than short muscle length after eccentric exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 2023; 123:1101-1114. [PMID: 36645479 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05134-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of the present study was to investigate whether the electrically evoked muscle responses are differently affected over time by the knee joint angle after an exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD). We hypothesized that low-frequency-evoked responses would be less affected at long than short muscle length, and that mechanisms located within the muscle and tendinous tissues would be involved. METHODS Fifteen males performed 45 min loaded downhill walking (DW) exercise. Maximal voluntary contraction torque (MVC), optimal angle for torque production, voluntary activation level (VAL), twitch, doublet at 10 and 100 Hz (Db10 and Db100, respectively), rate of torque development (RTD), post-activation potentiation (PAP), muscle shear elastic modulus (µ) and aponeurosis stiffness were assessed before, after, and 4, 24, 48, 72 and 168 h after the exercise at a knee angle of 40°, 90° and 120° (0°: full extension). RESULTS MVC, VAL and Db100 were similarly decreased across joint angles after the DW and optimal angle was not affected. Twitch, Db10, Db10/Db100, PAP and RTD were less affected and muscle µ more increased at long than short muscle lengths (p < 0.05), especially during the first 24 h after the DW exercise. CONCLUSION Low-frequency-evoked responses were more preserved at long than short muscle length the first 24 h after the DW exercise, suggesting that joint angle should be taken into account to assess muscular alterations after EIMD. This length-dependence could be associated to the higher sensitivity to Ca2+ and the higher increase in muscle stiffness at long than short muscle length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emeric Chalchat
- Unité de Physiologie de l'Exercice et Activités en Conditions Extrêmes, Département Environnements Opérationnels, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, 91223, Bretigny-Sur-Orge, France.
- AME2P, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Julien Siracusa
- Unité de Physiologie de l'Exercice et Activités en Conditions Extrêmes, Département Environnements Opérationnels, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, 91223, Bretigny-Sur-Orge, France
- LBEPS, Univ Evry, IRBA, Université Paris Saclay, 91025, Evry, France
| | - Cyprien Bourrilhon
- Unité de Physiologie de l'Exercice et Activités en Conditions Extrêmes, Département Environnements Opérationnels, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, 91223, Bretigny-Sur-Orge, France
- LBEPS, Univ Evry, IRBA, Université Paris Saclay, 91025, Evry, France
| | - Keyne Charlot
- Unité de Physiologie de l'Exercice et Activités en Conditions Extrêmes, Département Environnements Opérationnels, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, 91223, Bretigny-Sur-Orge, France
- LBEPS, Univ Evry, IRBA, Université Paris Saclay, 91025, Evry, France
| | - Jean-Luc Gennisson
- BIOMAPS, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale Multimodale, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Inserm, Orsay, France
| | - Sebastian Garcia-Vicencio
- Unité de Physiologie de l'Exercice et Activités en Conditions Extrêmes, Département Environnements Opérationnels, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, 91223, Bretigny-Sur-Orge, France
- LBEPS, Univ Evry, IRBA, Université Paris Saclay, 91025, Evry, France
- Human Motion Analysis, Humanfab, Aix-en-Provence, France
| | - Vincent Martin
- AME2P, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, France
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18
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Activity Distribution Among the Hamstring Muscles During the Nordic Hamstring Exercise: A Multichannel Surface Electromyography Study. J Appl Biomech 2023; 39:69-79. [PMID: 36791725 DOI: 10.1123/jab.2022-0102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
This study assessed activity distribution among the hamstring muscles during the Nordic hamstring exercise (NHE). The objective was to compare muscle activity between and within muscles during the NHE to add insights in its underlying protective mechanism. Through multichannel electromyography, we measured muscle activity in male basketball players during the NHE. Electromyography was assessed at 15 locations: 5 for biceps femoris long head, 4 for semitendinosus, and 6 for semimembranosus. For each percent of the eccentric phase of the NHE, muscle activity was calculated for each electrode location within each hamstring muscle individually. To quantify whole muscle head activity, means and variances across electrodes within each muscle were calculated. Thirty-five noninjured participants were included (mean age, 18 [2] y; mass, 87 [12] kg; height, 192 [9] cm). Heterogeneous muscle activity was found between 38% and 62% and over the whole eccentric contraction phase within the semitendinosus and the semimembranosus, respectively. Muscle activity of the semitendinosus was significantly higher than that of the biceps femoris long head. During the NHE, the relative contribution of the semitendinosus is the highest among hamstring muscles. Its strong contribution may compensate for the biceps femoris long head, the most commonly injured hamstring muscle head.
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19
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Zein MI, Reurink G, Verhagen E, Kerkhoffs GMMJ, van der Horst N, Goedhart E, Anggunadi A, Knapstad A, Andersen TE, Ishøi L, Hølmich P, Tol JL. Study on Hamstring Re-injury Prevention (SHARP): protocol for an international multicentre, randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e065816. [PMID: 36375976 PMCID: PMC9664273 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-065816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Previous studies showed that the Nordic hamstring exercise (NHE) effectively prevents primary hamstring injury. However, no study investigated the secondary preventing effect of the NHE on hamstring reinjury. The primary purpose of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of the NHE for preventing hamstring reinjury after return to play (RTP) following a hamstring injury in football players. The secondary purpose is to determine the effect of the NHE on sprint and jump performance. METHODS AND ANALYSIS This is an international multicentre, prospective, parallel-group randomised controlled trial study. Subjects include male or female football players aged 18-40 years and within 1 week of RTP following a hamstring injury will be randomised into Nordics or a control group. Subjects in both groups continue their regular football training, but the Nordics group will perform an additional NHE programme. An online questionnaire will be sent to the subjects in both groups once per week within the first 10 weeks, then continued at months 6, 9 and 12. In a (performance) substudy, we will evaluate the effect of the NHE on sprint and vertical jump performance at three time points (at the beginning of the study, after 10 weeks and 12 months of follow-up).The primary outcomes are the incidence of hamstring reinjury within 2 and 12 months. The secondary outcomes are sprint and jump performance, adherence to the programme, duration of reinjury and reinjury burden. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This study is approved by the medical ethics committee of Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC) in the Netherlands (METC 2021_117), Faculty of Medicine Universitas Gadjah Mada in Indonesia (KE/FK/1248/EC/2021), Norwegian School of Sport Sciences in Norway (number 216-2 70 122) and Denmark (ethical submission in process). The study's findings will be disseminated in scientific peer-reviewed journals and presented at international conferences. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NL9711.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ikhwan Zein
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Sports Medicine, Amsterdam UMC Location AMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Faculty of Sports Science, Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Gustaaf Reurink
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Sports Medicine, Amsterdam UMC Location AMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Academic Center for Evidence Based Sports Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Evert Verhagen
- Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- International Olympic Committee (IOC) Research Center, Amsterdam Collaboration on Health & Safety in Sports (ACHSS), Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Gino M M J Kerkhoffs
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Sports Medicine, Amsterdam UMC Location AMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Academic Center for Evidence Based Sports Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Edwin Goedhart
- FIFA Medical Center, Royal Netherlands Football Association, KNVB, Zeist, Netherlands
| | - Angelica Anggunadi
- Sports Medicine Study Program, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Central Jakarta, Special Capital Region of Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Anders Knapstad
- Department of Sports Medicine, The Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Thor Einar Andersen
- Department of Sports Medicine, Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, the Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
- The Norwegian FA Medical Center, The Football Association of Norway, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lasse Ishøi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hvidovre Hospital Sports Orthopedic Research Center Copenhagen (SORC-C), Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Per Hølmich
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hvidovre Hospital Sports Orthopedic Research Center Copenhagen (SORC-C), Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Johannes L Tol
- Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Academic Center for Evidence Based Sports Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Sports Medicine Department, Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
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20
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Miyazaki T, Fujii N. Effects of changes in optimal muscle fibre length in the biceps femoris long head on muscle force during the late swing phase of maximal speed sprinting: a simulation study. Sports Biomech 2022:1-16. [PMID: 36346916 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2022.2140070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Hamstring strain injuries would frequently occur during the late swing phase of sprinting, while increasing biceps femoris long head's (BFlh) fascicle length induced by eccentric contraction exercises can reduce the risk of strain injuries. Thus, using a musculoskeletal modelling simulation, we examined how manipulating BFlh optimal muscle fibre length would change muscle force during the late swing phase of sprinting for providing knowledge preventing hamstring strain injuries. A motion capture system was used to collect kinematic data from 40 male athletes during maximal speed sprinting. Muscle force and force-generating capabilities determined by force-length-velocity properties were estimated with three BFlh optimal muscle fibre lengths (90%, 110% and 120%), which were perturbed from the nominal (100%). During the late swing phase of sprinting, the muscle force and force-generating capabilities, induced by the force-length property rather than the force-velocity property, were increased by increases in BFlh optimal muscle fibre length. Moreover, magnitudes of the simulated increases in muscle force and force-generating capabilities were correlated with the peak BFlh muscle-tendon unit length. These results demonstrate that lengthening BFlh optimal muscle fibre might increase muscle force during the late swing phase, and the magnitude of increment would be associated with increasing muscle-tendon unit length.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Norihisa Fujii
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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21
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Fitze DP, Franchi MV, Fröhlich S, Frey WO, Spörri J. Biceps femoris long head morphology in youth competitive alpine skiers is associated with age, biological maturation and traumatic lower extremity injuries. Front Physiol 2022; 13:947419. [PMID: 36187778 PMCID: PMC9521498 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.947419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Lower extremity injuries are common in competitive alpine skiers, and the knee and lower leg are often affected. The hamstring muscles, especially the biceps femoris long head (BFlh), can stabilize the knee and the hip and may counteract various adverse loading patterns during typical mechanisms leading to severe lower extremity injuries. The aim of the present study was to describe BFlh morphology in youth competitive alpine skiers in relation to sex, age and biological maturation and to investigate its association with the occurrence of traumatic lower extremity injuries in the upcoming season. 95 youth skiers underwent anthropometric measurements, maturity offset estimations and ultrasound assessment, followed by 12-months prospective injury surveillance. Unpaired t tests showed that the two sexes did not differ in BFlh morphology, including fascicle length (Lf), pennation angle (PA), muscle thickness (MT) and average anatomical cross-sectional area (ACSAavg). In contrast, U16 skiers had longer fascicles than U15 skiers (9.5 ± 1.3 cm vs 8.9 ± 1.3 cm, p < 0.05). Linear regression analyses revealed that maturity offset was associated with Lf (R2 = 0.129, p < 0.001), MT (R2 = 0.244, p < 0.001) and ACSAavg (R2 = 0.065, p = 0.007). No association was found between maturity offset and PA (p = 0.524). According to a binary logistic regression analysis, ACSAavg was significantly associated with the occurrence of traumatic lower extremity injuries (Chi-square = 4.627, p = 0.031, RNagelkerke2 = 0.064, Cohen f = 0.07). The present study showed that BFlh morphology is age- and biological maturation-dependent and that BFlh ACSAavg can be considered a relevant modifiable variable associated with lower extremity injuries in youth competitive alpine skiers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P. Fitze
- Department of Orthopaedics, Sports Medical Research Group, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Centre for Prevention and Sports Medicine, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Daniel P. Fitze,
| | - Martino V. Franchi
- Department of Orthopaedics, Sports Medical Research Group, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Physiology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Stefan Fröhlich
- Department of Orthopaedics, Sports Medical Research Group, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Centre for Prevention and Sports Medicine, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Walter O. Frey
- Department of Orthopaedics, Sports Medical Research Group, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Centre for Prevention and Sports Medicine, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jörg Spörri
- Department of Orthopaedics, Sports Medical Research Group, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Centre for Prevention and Sports Medicine, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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22
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Alt T, Severin J, Schmidt M. Quo Vadis Nordic Hamstring Exercise-Related Research?-A Scoping Review Revealing the Need for Improved Methodology and Reporting. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:11225. [PMID: 36141503 PMCID: PMC9517005 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191811225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this scoping review is to assess Nordic Hamstring Exercise quality (ANHEQ) of assessments and interventions according to the ANHEQ rating scales and to present practical recommendations for the expedient design and reporting of future studies. A total of 71 Nordic Hamstring Exercise (NHE) assessments and 83 NHE interventions were selected from the data sources PubMed, Scopus, and SPORTDiscus. Research studies which were presented in peer-reviewed academic journals and implemented the NHE during laboratory-based assessments or multi-week interventions met the eligibility criteria. NHE assessments analyzed force (51%), muscle activation (41%), knee angle kinematics (38%), and bilateral symmetry (37%). NHE interventions lasted 4-8 weeks (56%) and implied an exercise volume of two sessions per week (66%) with two sets per session (41%) and ≥8 repetitions per set (39%). The total ANHEQ scores of the included NHE assessments and interventions were 5.0 ± 2.0 and 2.0 ± 2.0 (median ± interquartile range), respectively. The largest deficits became apparent for consequences of impaired technique (87% 0-point-scores for assessments) and kneeling height (94% 0-point-scores for interventions). The 0-point-scores were generally higher for interventions compared to assessments for rigid fixation (87% vs. 34%), knee position (83% vs. 48%), kneeling height (94% vs. 63%), and separate familiarization (75% vs. 61%). The single ANHEQ criteria, which received the highest score most frequently, were rigid fixation (66% of assessments) and compliance (33% of interventions). The quality of NHE assessments and interventions was generally 'below average' or rather 'poor'. Both NHE assessments and interventions suffered from imprecise reporting or lacking information regarding NHE execution modalities and subsequent analyses. Based on the findings, this scoping review aggregates practical guidelines how to improve the design and reporting of future NHE-related research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Alt
- Department of Biomechanics, Performance Analysis and Strength & Conditioning, Olympic Training and Testing Centre Westphalia, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Jannik Severin
- Institute of Movement and Neuroscience, German Sport University, 50933 Cologne, Germany
| | - Marcus Schmidt
- Institute for Sport and Sport Science, TU Dortmund University, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
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23
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Kellis E, Blazevich AJ. Hamstrings force-length relationships and their implications for angle-specific joint torques: a narrative review. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2022; 14:166. [PMID: 36064431 PMCID: PMC9446565 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-022-00555-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Temporal biomechanical and physiological responses to physical activity vary between individual hamstrings components as well as between exercises, suggesting that hamstring muscles operate differently, and over different lengths, between tasks. Nevertheless, the force-length properties of these muscles have not been thoroughly investigated. The present review examines the factors influencing the hamstrings’ force-length properties and relates them to in vivo function. A search in four databases was performed for studies that examined relations between muscle length and force, torque, activation, or moment arm of hamstring muscles. Evidence was collated in relation to force-length relationships at a sarcomere/fiber level and then moment arm-length, activation-length, and torque-joint angle relations. Five forward simulation models were also used to predict force-length and torque-length relations of hamstring muscles. The results show that, due to architectural differences alone, semitendinosus (ST) produces less peak force and has a flatter active (contractile) fiber force-length relation than both biceps femoris long head (BFlh) and semimembranosus (SM), however BFlh and SM contribute greater forces through much of the hip and knee joint ranges of motion. The hamstrings’ maximum moment arms are greater at the hip than knee, so the muscles tend to act more as force producers at the hip but generate greater joint rotation and angular velocity at the knee for a given muscle shortening length and speed. However, SM moment arm is longer than SM and BFlh, partially alleviating its reduced force capacity but also reducing its otherwise substantial excursion potential. The current evidence, bound by the limitations of electromyography techniques, suggests that joint angle-dependent activation variations have minimal impact on force-length or torque-angle relations. During daily activities such as walking or sitting down, the hamstrings appear to operate on the ascending limbs of their force-length relations while knee flexion exercises performed with hip angles 45–90° promote more optimal force generation. Exercises requiring hip flexion at 45–120° and knee extension 45–0° (e.g. sprint running) may therefore evoke greater muscle forces and, speculatively, provide a more optimum adaptive stimulus. Finally, increases in resistance to stretch during hip flexion beyond 45° result mainly from SM and BFlh muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleftherios Kellis
- Laboratory of Neuromechanics, Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, TEFAA Serres, 62100, Serres, Greece.
| | - Anthony J Blazevich
- Centre for Human Performance, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, 6027, Australia
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Genç AS, Güzel N. Traditional and Additional Isokinetic Knee Strength Assessments of Athletes; Post-Operative Results of Hamstring Autograft ACL Reconstruction. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2022; 58:medicina58091187. [PMID: 36143864 PMCID: PMC9506231 DOI: 10.3390/medicina58091187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries are common injuries in athletes, and, accordingly, ACL reconstruction (ACLR) is one of the most common orthopedic surgical procedures performed on athletes. This study aims to compare the 6-month post-operative isokinetic knee strength evaluations of the semitendinous/gracilis (ST/G) ACLR technique performed on healthy (HK) and ACLR knees of athletes. Materials and Methods: A retrospective cohort of 29 athletes from various sports branches who underwent ST/G ACLR technique by the same surgeon were evaluated. The isokinetic knee extension (Ex) and flexion (Flx) strength of the patients on the HK and ACLR sides were evaluated with a series consisting of three different angular velocities (60, 180, and 240°/s). In addition to the traditional evaluations of peak torque (PT) and hamstring/quadriceps (H/Q) parameters, the findings were also evaluated with additional parameters such as the joint angle at peak torque (JAPT), time to peak torque (TPT), and reciprocal delay (RD). Results: There was a significant improvement in the mean Lysholm, Tegner, and IKDC scores after surgery compared with preoperative levels (p < 0.05). As for the isokinetic PT values, there were significant differences in favor of HK in the 60°/s Flx, 180°, and 240°/s Ex phases (p < 0.05). In addition, there was a significant difference in the 60° and 180°/s Flx phases in RD (p < 0.05). In H/Q ratio, TPT, and JAPT values, no significant difference was observed between HK and ACLR at all angular velocities. Conclusions: The findings showed that the ST/G 6-month post-operative isokinetic knee strength in athletes produced high results in HK, and, when evaluated in terms of returning to sports, the H/Q ratios on the ACLR side were sufficient to make the decision to return to sports. It was found that the ACLR side was slower than the HK side in the reciprocal transitions, particularly in the Flx phase. We believe that this results from the deformation of the hamstring muscle after reconstruction of the ST/G ACLR side.
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25
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Lee MJC. Shoulder rotation strength and overhead shooting speed associated with prior shoulder injury in water polo players. Sports Biomech 2022:1-11. [PMID: 35980370 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2022.2112751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to differentiate peak ball speed during shooting and shoulder rotation strength of the dominant arm between previously injured (PI) and uninjured (UI) water polo players. Nine PI and nine UI players performed 10 shots at 6 m from the goal mouth and three sets of three repetitions of isokinetic shoulder strength tests at 180 degrees/s on a dynamometer. Peak ball speed and shoulder concentric internal rotation (CIR) and eccentric external rotation (EER) peak torque (PT) and total work (TW) normalised to body mass were measured. EER:CIR PT and TW ratios were calculated. All PI versus UI comparisons were made using an Independent Samples T-Test. PI players shot 6% faster, produced 18% more CIR PT, and had lower EER:CIR PT (22%) and TW (34%) ratios compared with UI players. Shoulder TW compared with PT ratios could be more sensitive in differentiating PI versus UI players as TW takes into account the muscles' capacity throughout full active ROM. Practitioners could expand their foci to monitor shoulder EER:CIR TW ratios, in addition to PT ratios, to identify muscle imbalances in water polo athletes who might be at risk of injury/reinjury, and thereafter design interventions to reduce these imbalances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus J C Lee
- Sport Science and Sport Medicine, Singapore Sport Institute, Sport Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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26
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Schneider C, Van Hooren B, Cronin J, Jukic I. The Effects of Training Interventions on Modifiable Hamstring Strain Injury Risk Factors in Healthy Soccer Players: A Systematic Review. Strength Cond J 2022. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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27
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Widodo AF, Tien CW, Chen CW, Lai SC. Isotonic and Isometric Exercise Interventions Improve the Hamstring Muscles’ Strength and Flexibility: A Narrative Review. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:healthcare10050811. [PMID: 35627948 PMCID: PMC9140507 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10050811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Hamstring weakness has been associated with an increased risk of hamstring strain, a common sports injury that occurs when athletes perform actions such as quick sprints. The hamstring complex comprises three distinct muscles: the long and short heads of the bicep femoris, the semimembranosus, and the semitendinosus. Methods: The researchers collected the data from different electronic databases: PubMed, Google Scholar, and the Web of Science. Results: Many studies have been conducted on the numerous benefits of hamstring strength, in terms of athletic performance and injury prevention. Isotonic and isometric exercises are commonly used to improve hamstring strength, with each exercise type having a unique effect on the hamstring muscles. Isotonic exercise improves the muscles’ strength, increasing their ability to resist any force, while isometric training increases strength and the muscles’ ability to produce power by changing the muscle length. Conclusions: These exercises, when performed at low intensity, but with high repetition, can be used by the healthy general population to prepare for training and daily exercise. This can improve hamstring muscle strength and flexibility, leading to enhanced performance and reduced injury risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhmad Fajri Widodo
- International Sport Science Master’s Program, College of Human Development and Health, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei 112303, Taiwan;
| | - Cheng-Wen Tien
- Physical Education Office, General Education Centre, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei 112303, Taiwan;
| | - Chien-Wei Chen
- International Sport Science Master’s Program, College of Human Development and Health, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei 112303, Taiwan;
- Department of Exercise and Health Science, College of Human Development and Health, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei 112303, Taiwan;
- Correspondence:
| | - Shih-Chiung Lai
- Department of Exercise and Health Science, College of Human Development and Health, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei 112303, Taiwan;
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28
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Ramírez-delaCruz M, Bravo-Sánchez A, Esteban-García P, Jiménez F, Abián-Vicén J. Effects of Plyometric Training on Lower Body Muscle Architecture, Tendon Structure, Stiffness and Physical Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2022; 8:40. [PMID: 35312884 PMCID: PMC8938535 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-022-00431-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plyometric training (PT) has been widely studied in sport science. However, there is no review that determines the impact of PT on the structural variables and mechanical properties of the lower limbs and physical performance. OBJECTIVE The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to determine the effects of PT on lower body muscle architecture, tendon structure, stiffness and physical performance. METHODS Five electronic databases were analysed. The inclusion criteria were: (1) Availability in English; (2) Experimental studies that included a PT of at least eight sessions; and (3) Healthy adults subjects. Four meta-analyses were performed using Review Manager software: (1) muscle architecture; (2) tendon structure; (3) muscle and tendon stiffness; (4) physical performance. RESULTS From 1008 search records, 32 studies were eligible for meta-analysis. Muscle architecture meta-analysis found a moderate effect of PT on muscle thickness (Standard Mean Difference (SMD): 0.59; [95% Confidence Interval (CI) 0.47, 0.71]) and fascicle length (SMD: 0.51; [95% CI 0.26, 0.76]), and a small effect of PT on pennation angle (SMD: 0.29; [95% CI 0.02, 0.57]). The meta-analysis found a moderate effect of PT on tendon stiffness (SMD: 0.55; [95% CI 0.28, 0.82]). The lower body physical performance meta-analysis found a moderate effect of PT on jumping (SMD: 0.61; [95% CI 0.47, 0.74]) and strength (SMD: 0.57; [95% CI 0.42, 0.73]). CONCLUSION PT increased the thickness, pennation angle and fascicle length of the evaluated muscles. In addition, plyometrics is an effective tool for increasing tendon stiffness and improving jump and strength performance of the lower body.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Ramírez-delaCruz
- Performance and Sport Rehabilitation Laboratory, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. Carlos III S/N, 45071, Toledo, Spain
| | - Alfredo Bravo-Sánchez
- Performance and Sport Rehabilitation Laboratory, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. Carlos III S/N, 45071, Toledo, Spain
| | - Paula Esteban-García
- Performance and Sport Rehabilitation Laboratory, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. Carlos III S/N, 45071, Toledo, Spain
| | - Fernando Jiménez
- Performance and Sport Rehabilitation Laboratory, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. Carlos III S/N, 45071, Toledo, Spain
| | - Javier Abián-Vicén
- Performance and Sport Rehabilitation Laboratory, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. Carlos III S/N, 45071, Toledo, Spain.
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29
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Nishida S, Nakamura M, Kiyono R, Sato S, Yasaka K, Yoshida R, Nosaka K. Relationship between Nordic hamstring strength and maximal voluntary eccentric, concentric and isometric knee flexion torque. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0264465. [PMID: 35213652 PMCID: PMC8880649 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0264465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Nordic hamstring exercise is performed to prevent knee flexor muscle strain injuries and used to assess their injury risks. However, what exactly Nordic hamstring strength indicates is not clear. We investigated the relationship between Nordic hamstring strength and maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) torque of the knee flexors measured by an isokinetic dynamometer. Sixteen healthy young men who had not experienced hamstring strain injuries participated in the study. In Nordic hamstring, each participant was instructed to lean forward as far as possible in 3 s (approximately 30°/s), and force at the ankle joint of the dominant leg was measured during the movement. The force was multiplied by lower leg length and converted into torque. MVC torque of the knee flexors was measured isometrically at 30°, 45°, 60°, and 90° knee flexion joint angles, and concentrically and eccentrically at 30°/s and 60°/s in 10°–90° knee flexion for the dominant leg in a prone position. Correlations among the dependent variables were assessed using Pearson’s correlation coefficients. Peak Nordic hamstring torque ranged 96.8–163.5 Nm, and peak MVC eccentric torque ranged 50.7–109.4 Nm at 30°/s and 59.2–121.2 Nm at 60°/s. No significant correlations were evident between the peak Nordic hamstring torque and peak eccentric knee flexion torque (r = 0.24–0.3, p = 0.26–0.4). This was also the case for the Nordic hamstring torque and MVC torque of isometric (r = −0.03–0.1, p = 0.71–0.92) and concentric contractions (r = 0.28–0.49, p = 0.053–0.29). These results show that Nordic hamstring strength is not associated with the knee flexor torque measured by an isokinetic dynamometer. It may be that other factors than static and dynamic hamstring strengths affect Nordic hamstring strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Nishida
- Faculty of Sports and Health Science, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Masatoshi Nakamura
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
- Department of Physical Therapy, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Kiyono
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
- Department of Physical Therapy, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Shigeru Sato
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
- Department of Physical Therapy, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Koki Yasaka
- Department of Physical Therapy, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Riku Yoshida
- Department of Physical Therapy, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Kazunori Nosaka
- Center for Exercise and Sports Science Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
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30
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O’ Brien J, Browne D, Earls D, Lodge C. The Efficacy of Flywheel Inertia Training to Enhance Hamstring Strength. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2022; 7:jfmk7010014. [PMID: 35225901 PMCID: PMC8883923 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk7010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this narrative review is to examine the efficacy of flywheel inertia training to increase hamstring strength. Hamstring strain injury is common in many sports, and baseline strength deficits have been associated with a higher risk of hamstring strain injury. As a result, strength and conditioning professionals actively seek additional techniques to improve hamstring strength with the aim of minimising the incidence of hamstring strain injury. One method of strength training gaining popularity in hamstring strength development is flywheel inertia training. In this review, we provide a brief overview of flywheel inertia training and its supposed adaptions. Next, we discuss important determinants of flywheel inertia training such as familiarisation, volume prescription, inertia load, technique and specific exercise used. Thereafter, we investigate its effects on hamstring strength, fascicle length and hamstring strain injury reduction. This article proposes that hamstring specific flywheel inertia training can be utilised for strength development, but due to the low number of studies and contrary evidence, more research is needed before a definite conclusion can be made. In addition, as with any training modality, careful consideration should be given to flywheel inertia training determinants. This review provides general recommendations of flywheel inertia training determinants that have value when integrating flywheel inertia training into a hamstring strengthening program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joey O’ Brien
- HealthCore, Department of Science and Health, Institute of Technology Carlow, R93 V960 Carlow, Ireland; (D.B.); (D.E.); (C.L.)
- High Performance Unit, WIT Arena, X91 P20H Waterford, Ireland
- Correspondence:
| | - Declan Browne
- HealthCore, Department of Science and Health, Institute of Technology Carlow, R93 V960 Carlow, Ireland; (D.B.); (D.E.); (C.L.)
| | - Des Earls
- HealthCore, Department of Science and Health, Institute of Technology Carlow, R93 V960 Carlow, Ireland; (D.B.); (D.E.); (C.L.)
| | - Clare Lodge
- HealthCore, Department of Science and Health, Institute of Technology Carlow, R93 V960 Carlow, Ireland; (D.B.); (D.E.); (C.L.)
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31
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Pérez-Gómez J, Adsuar JC, Alcaraz PE, Carlos-Vivas J. Physical exercises for preventing injuries among adult male football players: A systematic review. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2022; 11:115-122. [PMID: 33188962 PMCID: PMC8847925 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2020.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Football is the most practised sport in the world and is associated with the risk of injuries in the players. Some studies have been published that identify injury prevention programs, but there is no review of the full body of evidence on injury prevention programs for use by football coaches. The aim of this article was to carry out a systematic review of published studies on injury prevention programs for adult male footballers, identify points of common understanding and establish recommendations that should be considered in the design of injury prevention strategies. METHODS PubMed and EMBASE databases were used to identify relevant published articles using the following keywords: "soccer" AND "injury" AND "prevention". RESULTS A total of 2512 studies were identified initially, but only 11 studies met the inclusion criteria, and their outcomes are presented. Results revealed that injury prevention programs in football have focused on strength training, proprioceptive training, multicomponent programs (balance, core stability, and functional strength and mobility), and warm-up programs. CONCLUSION Based on results from the studies analyzed, football players can lower the incidence of match and training injuries by participating in dynamic warm-up programs that include preventive exercises before games or during training sessions, and by adding strength, balance, and mobility training to the training sessions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Pérez-Gómez
- Health, Economy, Motricity and Education (HEME) Research Group, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Extremadura, Caceres 10003, Spain
| | - José Carmelo Adsuar
- Health, Economy, Motricity and Education (HEME) Research Group, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Extremadura, Caceres 10003, Spain
| | - Pedro E Alcaraz
- UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, Catholic University of Murcia, Murcia 30107, Spain; Faculty of Sport Sciences, Catholic University of Murcia, Murcia 30107, Spain
| | - Jorge Carlos-Vivas
- Health, Economy, Motricity and Education (HEME) Research Group, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Extremadura, Caceres 10003, Spain.
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Pincheira PA, Boswell MA, Franchi MV, Delp SL, Lichtwark GA. Biceps femoris long head sarcomere and fascicle length adaptations after 3 weeks of eccentric exercise training. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2022; 11:43-49. [PMID: 34509714 PMCID: PMC8847943 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2021.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eccentric exercise increases muscle fascicle lengths; however, the mechanisms behind this adaptation are still unknown. This study aimed to determine whether biceps femoris long head (BFlh) fascicle length increases in response to 3 weeks of eccentric exercise training are the result of an in-series addition of sarcomeres within the muscle fibers. METHODS Ten recreationally active participants (age = 27 ± 3 years; mass = 70 ± 14 kg; height = 174 ± 9 cm; mean ± SD) completed 3 weeks of Nordic hamstring exercise (NHE) training on a custom exercise device that was instrumented with load cells. We collected in vivo sarcomere and muscle fascicle images of the BFlh in 2 regions (central and distal) by using microendoscopy and 3 dimension ultrasonography. We then estimated sarcomere length, sarcomere number, and fascicle length before and after the training intervention. RESULTS Eccentric knee flexion strength increased after the training (15%; p < 0.001; ηp2 = 0.75). Further, we found a significant increase in fascicle length (21%; p < 0.001; ηp2 = 0.81) and sarcomere length (17%; p < 0.001; ηp2 = 0.90) in the distal but not in the central portion of the muscle. The estimated number of sarcomeres in series did not change in either region. CONCLUSION Fascicle length adaptations appear to be heterogeneous in the BFlh in response to 3 weeks of NHE training. An increase in sarcomere length, rather than the addition of sarcomeres in series, appears to underlie increases in fascicle length in the distal region of the BFlh. The mechanism driving regional increases in fascicle and sarcomere length remains unknown, but we speculate that it may be driven by regional changes in the passive tension of muscle or connective tissue adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricio A Pincheira
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Melissa A Boswell
- Department of Bioengineering and Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Martino V Franchi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova 35122, Italy
| | - Scott L Delp
- Department of Bioengineering and Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Glen A Lichtwark
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
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Arthrogenic Muscle Inhibition: Best Evidence, Mechanisms, and Theory for Treating the Unseen in Clinical Rehabilitation. J Sport Rehabil 2021; 31:717-735. [PMID: 34883466 DOI: 10.1123/jsr.2021-0139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Arthrogenic muscle inhibition (AMI) impedes the recovery of muscle function following joint injury, and in a broader sense, acts as a limiting factor in rehabilitation if left untreated. Despite a call to treat the underlying pathophysiology of muscle dysfunction more than three decades ago, the continued widespread observations of post-traumatic muscular impairments are concerning, and suggest that interventions for AMI are not being successfully integrated into clinical practice. OBJECTIVES To highlight the clinical relevance of AMI, provide updated evidence for the use of clinically accessible therapeutic adjuncts to treat AMI, and discuss the known or theoretical mechanisms for these interventions. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION PubMed and Web of Science electronic databases were searched for articles that investigated the effectiveness or efficacy of interventions to treat outcomes relevant to AMI. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS 122 articles that investigated an intervention used to treat AMI among individuals with pathology or simulated pathology were retrieved from 1986 to 2021. Additional articles among uninjured individuals were considered when discussing mechanisms of effect. CONCLUSION AMI contributes to the characteristic muscular impairments observed in patients recovering from joint injuries. If left unresolved, AMI impedes short-term recovery and threatens patients' long-term joint health and well-being. Growing evidence supports the use of neuromodulatory strategies to facilitate muscle recovery over the course of rehabilitation. Interventions should be individualized to meet the needs of the patient through shared clinician-patient decision-making. At a minimum, we propose to keep the treatment approach simple by attempting to resolve inflammation, pain, and effusion early following injury.
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Jeon S, Ye X, Miller WM, Song JS. Effect of repeated eccentric exercise on muscle damage markers and motor unit control strategies in arm and hand muscle. SPORTS MEDICINE AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2021; 4:44-53. [PMID: 35782782 PMCID: PMC9219313 DOI: 10.1016/j.smhs.2021.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
To examine the contralateral repeated bout effect (CL-RBE) on muscle damage markers and motor unit (MU) control strategies, seventeen healthy adults performed two bouts of 60 eccentric contractions with elbow flexor (EF group; n = 9) or index finger abductor (IA group; n = 8) muscles, separated by 1 week. All participants randomly performed eccentric exercise on either the right or left arm or hand muscles, and muscle damage markers and submaximal trapezoid contraction tests were conducted pre, post, 1- and 2-day post eccentric protocol. One week after the first bout, the same exercise protocol and measurements were performed on the contralateral muscles. Surface electromyographic (EMG) signals were collected from biceps brachii (BB) or first dorsal interosseous (FDI) during maximal and submaximal tests. The linear regression analyses were used to examine MU recruitment threshold versus mean firing rate and recruitment threshold versus derecruitment threshold relationships. EMG amplitude from BB (bout 1 vs. bout 2 = 65.71% ± 22.92% vs. 43.05% ± 18.97%, p = 0.015, d = 1.077) and the y-intercept (group merged) from the MU recruitment threshold versus derecruitment threshold relationship (bout 1 vs. bout 2 = −7.10 ± 14.20 vs. 0.73 ± 16.24, p = 0.029, d = 0.513) at 50% MVIC were significantly different between two bouts. However, other muscle damage markers did not show any CL-RBE in both muscle groups. Therefore, despite changes in muscle excitation and MU firing behavior, our results do not support the existence of CL-RBE on BB and FDI muscles.
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Hughes R, Cross M, Stokes K, Tobin D, Power E, McNally S, Pamment J. Novel biomechanical injury risk score demonstrates correlation with lower limb posterior chain injury in 50 elite-level rugby union athletes. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2021; 7:e001062. [PMID: 34745646 PMCID: PMC8527128 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2021-001062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Lower limb posterior chain injury (PCI) is common among athletic populations, with multifactorial risk factors including age, previous injury, strength measurements, range of motion and training load. Biomechanics are commonly considered in the prevention and rehabilitation of PCI by performance staff. However, there is no documented testing method to assess for associations between biomechanics and PCI. The aim of this study was to investigate whether there is an association between an easily applicable, novel biomechanical assessment tool and PCI. Methods Fifty male elite-level rugby union athletes (age 22.83±5.08) participating in the highest tier of England were tested at the start of the 2019 preseason period and PCIs (N=48) were recorded over the 2019/2020 playing season. Participants’ biomechanics were analysed using two-dimensional video analysis against an injury risk score (IRS) system in the performance of the combined movement—prone hip extension and knee flexion. Participants’ biomechanics in carrying out this movement were scored against the 10-point IRS, where the more compensatory movement recorded sees an increase in an individual’s IRS. Participants’ IRS was then compared against the number of PCIs sustained and Spearman’s correlation coefficient was used for statistical analysis. Results There is a significant association between IRS and PCI (R=0.542, p<0.001). Linear regression demonstrated that an increase in 1 in IRS was associated with a 35% increase in PCI incidence (R²=0.346). Conclusion A significance between the IRS and PCI provides preliminary support for its use as an injury risk assessment tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhys Hughes
- Performance Medical Department, Gloucester Rugby Ltd, Gloucester, UK.,Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Matt Cross
- Research and Rugby Development, Premier Rugby Ltd, Twickenham, UK
| | - Keith Stokes
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, UK.,Medical Research, Rugby Football Union, Twickenham, London, UK
| | - Daniel Tobin
- Performance Medical Department, Gloucester Rugby Ltd, Gloucester, UK
| | - Eoin Power
- Performance Medical Department, Gloucester Rugby Ltd, Gloucester, UK
| | - Steph McNally
- Performance Medical Department, Gloucester Rugby Ltd, Gloucester, UK
| | - Jonathan Pamment
- Performance Medical Department, Gloucester Rugby Ltd, Gloucester, UK
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Alonso-Fernandez D, Lopez-Barreiro J, Garganta R, Taboada-Iglesias Y. Acute impact of Nordic hamstring exercise on sprint performance after 24, 48 and 72 hours. Sports Biomech 2021:1-15. [PMID: 34748450 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2021.1992493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The Nordic Hamstring Exercise (NHE) improves the strength of the hamstring muscles, as well as prevents and rehabilitates the injuries of said muscles. However, the eccentric demand of NHE may influence the athlete's performance, making compliance with these programmes difficult. The aim is to analyse the acute impact on sprint performance after the passing of 24, 48, and 72 hours respectively since an NHE-based session (4 sets of 10 repetitions) had taken place. Participants were randomly divided into an experimental group (EG) (n = 12 male participants) who carried out an NHE session and a measurement of their 30 m sprint performance in each of the three subsequent days, and a control group (CG) (n = 12 male participants) who did not take part in the NHE session. The results show a significant reduction of maximum power within 24 hours (t = 3.57, d = 0.22, P < .0273) as well of the production of high speed horizontal force up to after 48 hours (t = 4.82, d = 0.22, P < .0001) in the EG. These results may suggest separating weekly NHE sessions from competition or demanding training in which sprint performance should not be affected by at least 72 hours.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Alonso-Fernandez
- Department of Special Didactics, Faculty of Science Education and Sport, University of Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
- Education, Physical Activity and Health Research Group (Gies10-, SERGAS-UVIGO (Spain), Pontevedra, Spain
| | - J Lopez-Barreiro
- Faculty of Science Education and Sport, University of Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - R Garganta
- Department of Kinanthropometry, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Y Taboada-Iglesias
- Department of Special Didactics, Faculty of Science Education and Sport, University of Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
- Department of Functional Biology and Health Sciences, Faculty of Physiotherapy, University of Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
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Alonso-Fernandez D, Martinez-Fernandez J, Docampo-Blanco P, Fernandez-Rodriguez R. Impact of Askling L-PROTOCOL on Biceps Femoris Architecture, Hamstring Flexibility and Sprint Performance. Int J Sports Med 2021; 43:373-380. [PMID: 34464983 DOI: 10.1055/a-1627-0957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Eccentric training has been shown to be important for hamstring strain injuries rehabilitation and prevention. The Askling L-PROTOCOL (L-P), comprising three exercises aimed at eccentric training and hamstring lengthening, was shown to improve this injuries recovery and relapse times in comparison with other traditional exercise-based protocols. However, the causes of these results remain unclear. This study looks at the impact of an 8-week L-P followed by 4 weeks of detraining on the architecture of the biceps femoris long head, hamstring flexibility and sprint performance. Twenty-eight healthy individuals were divided into two groups: an experimental group, which carried out the L-P, and a control group with no training. Muscle architecture was measured using 2D ultrasound, hamstring flexibility using goniometry and sprint performance using sports radar equipment before (M1) and after (M2) the training period and after detraining (M3). No significant changes were observed between M1 and M2 in the experimental group with regard to fascicle length (t=- 0.79, P>0.05), theoretical maximum speed (t=- 1.43, P>0.05), horizontal force (t=0.09, P>0.05), force application during sprint running (t=- 0.09, P>0.05) and horizontal power (t=- 0.97, P>0.05), but, however, changes were observed in hamstring flexibility (t=- 4.42, d=0.98, P<0.001) returning to pre-training values after detraining period (t=- 1.11, P>0.05). L-P has been shown to be an eccentric protocol of moderate intensity and easy implementation that could be interesting to include throughout a sports season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Alonso-Fernandez
- Faculty of Science Education and Sport, University of Vigo, Spain, Department of Special didactics, Education, Physical Activity and Health Research Group (Gies10-DE3), Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS), SERGAS-UVIGO (Spain)
| | - Juan Martinez-Fernandez
- SEEFI (Spanish Society of Ultrasound in Physiotherapy) and Biomedical Institute Hygea, Vigo, Spain
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Muscular adaptations to training programs using the Nordic hamstring exercise or the stiff-leg deadlift in rugby players. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-021-00820-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Hamstring Injury Prevention Program and Recommendation for Stride Frequency during Tow-Training Optimization. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11146500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
(1) Background: Although innovations and improvements in towing systems have been available, tow-training method has not been considered favored in the training context. Tow-training may enable high stride frequency if hamstring injuries do not occur. The purpose of this study was to prevent hamstring injuries during supramaximal running and to optimize tow-training. (2) Methods: We investigated the relationship between the number of hamstring injuries that occurred during supramaximal running and the contents of the prevention programs that have been implemented, i.e., 4 years of the baseline programs and 12 years of the intervention. (3) Results: The incidence of hamstring injuries per 1000 sprinters was 57.5 for baseline and 6.7 for intervention. A significant difference was observed in the incidence of hamstring injury between the different combinations of prevention programs (p < 0.01). (4) Conclusions: Tow-training was optimized by (1) preventing hamstring injuries by combination of strength, agility, and flexibility training programs and (2) advising the sprinters to press the leg onto the ground as fast as possible to increase stride frequency and to prevent stride lengthening.
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40
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Specificity of eccentric hamstring training and the lack of consistency between strength assessments using conventional test devices. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13417. [PMID: 34183742 PMCID: PMC8239011 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92929-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hamstring injuries are endemic, but influences of test-specific training and the application of different test methods on decision making remain elusive. Sport-students were randomised to isokinetic (IG) or Nordic hamstring (NG) exercise or a control group (CG) for six weeks. Training and testing procedures were matched to biomechanical parameters. Hamstring strength (EPT), work, muscle soreness (visual analogue scale (VAS)), biceps femoris (BFlh) muscle size and architecture were assessed. Anthropometrics and strength parameters did not differ at baseline. Yet, body mass normalised EPT, and work revealed a significant group × time × device effect, with a significant main effect for devices. Experimental conditions triggered meaningful increases in EPT compared to the control group, but the effects were higher when recorded on the training device. Despite significant group × time interactions, normalised average work on the NHD was only higher in the NG compared to CG of the left leg (+ 35%). No effects were found for BFlh parameters. Hamstrings showed a high training specificity, but adaptations likely remain undetected owing to the low sensitivity of conventional test devices. Moreover, strength increase of ~ 15% does not necessarily have to be reflected in BFlh parameters.
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Nakao S, Ikezoe T, Nakamura M, Umegaki H, Fujita K, Umehara J, Kobayashi T, Ibuki S, Ichihashi N. Chronic Effects of a Static Stretching Program on Hamstring Strength. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:1924-1929. [PMID: 30694962 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Nakao, S, Ikezoe, T, Nakamura, M, Umegaki, H, Fujita, K, Umehara, J, Kobayashi, T, Ibuki, S, and Ichihashi, N. Chronic effects of a static stretching program on hamstring strength. J Strength Cond Res 35(7): 1924-1929, 2021-This study investigated the effects of a 4-week static stretching (SS) program on isokinetic and isometric knee flexor peak torque and angle of peak torque. Thirty healthy men (age, 22.7 ± 2.2 years) were randomized to receive either of the following: (a) a 4-week stretch intervention for the hamstrings (SS intervention group; n = 15) or (b) no intervention (control group; n = 15). The maximum pain-free knee angle, passive stiffness, which was determined by a slope of torque-angle curve, isometric and isokinetic (at 60°·s-1 and 180°·s-1) peak torque, and angle of peak torque for knee flexors were measured before and after 4 weeks. After 4 weeks, passive stiffness decreased significantly in the intervention group. There were no significant changes in isometric and isokinetic (neither at 60°·s-1 nor at 180°·s-1) peak torque, or angle of peak torque at 180°·s-1. A significantly increased peak extension angle at 60°·s-1 was observed in the intervention group. These results suggest that SS intervention is effective for decreasing musculotendinous unit stiffness of the hamstrings and that an SS program influences the angle of peak torque, whereas no significant changes occur in peak torque. Because a previous study suggests that angle of peak torque is associated with hamstring strain injuries, the results of this study would be helpful when considering the training program for preventing or treating hamstring strain injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayaka Nakao
- Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tome Ikezoe
- Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Nakamura
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Hiroki Umegaki
- Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kosuke Fujita
- Department of Rehabilitation, Nagoya University Hospital, Nagoya, Japan; and
| | - Jun Umehara
- Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takuya Kobayashi
- Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Satoko Ibuki
- Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Noriaki Ichihashi
- Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Raiteri BJ, Beller R, Hahn D. Biceps Femoris Long Head Muscle Fascicles Actively Lengthen During the Nordic Hamstring Exercise. Front Sports Act Living 2021; 3:669813. [PMID: 34179775 PMCID: PMC8219857 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2021.669813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Current debate exists around whether a presumed eccentric exercise, the Nordic hamstring exercise (NHE), actually causes active hamstring muscle lengthening. This is because of the decoupling that can occur between the muscle fascicle and muscle-tendon unit (MTU) length changes in relatively compliant human lower-limb MTUs, which results in MTU lengthening not necessarily causing muscle fascicle lengthening. This missing knowledge complicates the interpretation of why the NHE is effective at reducing running-related hamstring muscle injury risk in athletes previously unfamiliar with performing this exercise. The purpose of the study was therefore to investigate if the most-commonly injured hamstring muscle, the biceps femoris long head (BF), exhibits active muscle lengthening (i.e. an eccentric muscle action) during the NHE up until peak force in Nordic novices. External reaction force at the ankle, knee flexion angle, and BF and semitendinosus muscle activities were recorded from the left leg of 14 participants during the NHE. Simultaneously, BF muscle architecture was imaged using B-mode ultrasound imaging, and muscle architecture changes were tracked using two different tracking algorithms. From ~85 to 100% of peak NHE force, both tracking algorithms detected that BF muscle fascicles (n = 10) significantly lengthened (p < 0.01) and had a mean positive lengthening velocity (p ≤ 0.02), while knee extension velocity remained positive (17°·s−1) over knee flexion angles from 53 to 37° and a duration of 1.6 s. Despite some individual cases of brief isometric fascicle behavior and brief fascicle shortening during BF MTU lengthening, the predominant muscle action was eccentric under a relatively high muscle activity level (59% of maximum). Eccentric hamstring muscle action therefore does occur during the NHE in relatively strong (429 N) Nordic novices, which might contribute to the increase in resting BF muscle fascicle length and reduction in running-related injury risk, which have previously been reported following NHE training. Whether an eccentric BF muscle action occurs in individuals accustomed to the NHE remains to be tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brent J Raiteri
- Human Movement Science, Faculty of Sport Science, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Ronja Beller
- Human Movement Science, Faculty of Sport Science, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.,Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Center for Child and Adolescent Medicine, Essen University Hospital, Essen, Germany
| | - Daniel Hahn
- Human Movement Science, Faculty of Sport Science, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.,School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Oleksy Ł, Mika A, Pacana J, Markowska O, Stolarczyk A, Kielnar R. Why Is Hamstring Strain Injury so Common in Sport Despite Numerous Prevention Methods? Are There Any Missing Pieces to This Puzzle? Front Physiol 2021; 12:586624. [PMID: 34054562 PMCID: PMC8155520 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.586624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Oleksy
- Orthopaedic and Rehabilitation Department, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.,Oleksy Medical and Sports Sciences, Łańcut, Poland.,Polish Strength and Conditioning Association, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Anna Mika
- Institute of Clinical Rehabilitation, University of Physical Education in Kraków, Kraków, Poland
| | - Jacek Pacana
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Aeronautics, Rzeszów University of Technology, Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Olimpia Markowska
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Aeronautics, Rzeszów University of Technology, Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Artur Stolarczyk
- Orthopaedic and Rehabilitation Department, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Renata Kielnar
- Institute of Health Sciences, Medical College of Rzeszów University, Rzeszów, Poland
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Vianna KB, Rodrigues LG, Oliveira NT, Ribeiro-Alvares JB, Baroni BM. A Preseason Training Program With the Nordic Hamstring Exercise Increases Eccentric Knee Flexor Strength and Fascicle Length in Professional Female Soccer Players. Int J Sports Phys Ther 2021; 16:459-467. [PMID: 33842041 PMCID: PMC8016438 DOI: 10.26603/001c.19452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Training programs that include the Nordic hamstring exercise (NHE) have been shown to increase eccentric knee flexor strength and biceps femoris fascicle length in male athletes. However, the effect of NHE on female athletes remains unknown. PURPOSE To investigate the collective and individual responses of professional female soccer players engaged in a preseason training program with the NHE regarding eccentric knee flexor strength and biceps femoris long head fascicle length. STUDY DESIGN Quasi-experimental study. METHODS Sixteen amateur female soccer players (without a NHE training routine) were evaluated 8-weeks apart to: (1) assess reliability of eccentric knee flexor strength and biceps femoris fascicle length measures; and (2) determine the typical error of measures that would be used to discriminate training responders and non-responders. The NHE training group had 17 professional female soccer players who performed an 8-week training program with the NHE during preseason. Within-group analysis was performed with paired sample t-tests (pre- vs. post-training), and individual responses were determined using the typical error criteria. RESULTS The non-trained group's data demonstrated that measures of strength (ICC=0.82-0.87, typical error = 12-13 N) and fascicle length (ICC=0.92-0.97; typical error = 0.19-0.38 cm) were reliable. In the NHE training group, both limbs increased the eccentric knee flexor strength (~13%; ES=0.74-0.82) and the biceps femoris fascicle length (~6%; ES=0.44-0.65). Twelve players (~71%) were considered responders to the NHE training program for the eccentric knee flexor strength, while eight athletes (~47%) were responders for the biceps femoris fascicle length. CONCLUSION The 8-week preseason training program with the NHE increased both eccentric knee flexor strength and biceps femoris fascicle length in professional female soccer players. More than two-thirds of players demonstrated a meaningful increase in eccentric strength, while nearly half achieved consistent fascicle length increases with the NHE training.
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45
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Alt T, Knicker AJ, Nodler YT, Strüder HK. Assisted or unassisted Nordic Hamstring Exercise? - Resistance exercise determinants at a glance. Sports Biomech 2021:1-15. [PMID: 33726613 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2021.1893376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The Nordic Hamstring Exercise (NHE) effectively strengthens the knee flexors. Typically conducted without assistance, extended knee angles are not reached with sustained muscle activation in the presence of insufficient eccentric strength and/or fatigue. This might impair the desired neuromuscular adaptations and assessment accuracy. This study investigated kinetic and kinematic differences between assisted and unassisted NHEs (3 × 3 repetitions) performed by sixteen male sprinters (22 years, 181 cm, 76 kg). Kinetic (peak moment, impulse) and kinematic parameters (e.g., time under tension, range of motion to excessive downward acceleration (ROMDWA) were investigated. All analysed parameters significantly differed between assisted and unassisted NHEs (p ≤ 0.003; 0.635≤ ηp² ≤ 0.929) favouring assisted execution, except for peak moments and maximal hip flexion. Repetition 1 of assisted NHEs revealed 21% higher impulses rising to 82% during repetition 9. Equivalent interactions of mode and repetition became apparent for time under tension, ROMDWA, mean and fractional angular velocity. Unassisted NHEs elicited substantially greater inter-repetition fatigue (rep1 vs. rep9): +79% fractional angular velocity (d = 1.01), -41% impulse (d = 1.53), -31% ROMDWA (d = 0.99) and -29% time under tension (d = 1.45). Assisted NHEs ensured higher execution quality and lower between-participant variability by facilitating a controlled full-ROM movement. Three sets of 3 NHEs sufficed to induce substantial fatigue within and across sets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Alt
- Department of Biomechanics, Performance Analysis and Strength & Conditioning, Olympic Training and Testing Centre Westphalia, Dortmund, Germany
- Institute of Movement and Neuroscience, German Sport University, Cologne, Germany
| | - Axel J Knicker
- Institute of Movement and Neuroscience, German Sport University, Cologne, Germany
- Research Centre for Elite Sports, Momentum, Cologne, Germany
| | - Yannick T Nodler
- Institute of Movement and Neuroscience, German Sport University, Cologne, Germany
| | - Heiko K Strüder
- Institute of Movement and Neuroscience, German Sport University, Cologne, Germany
- Research Centre for Elite Sports, Momentum, Cologne, Germany
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Wan X, Li S, Best TM, Liu H, Li H, Yu B. Effects of flexibility and strength training on peak hamstring musculotendinous strains during sprinting. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2021; 10:222-229. [PMID: 32795623 PMCID: PMC7987790 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2020.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hamstring injury is one of the most common injuries in sports involving sprinting. Hamstring flexibility and strength are often considered to be modifiable risk factors in hamstring injury. Understanding the effects of hamstring flexibility or strength training on the biomechanics of the hamstring muscles during sprinting could assist in improving prevention strategies and rehabilitation related to these injuries. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of altering hamstring flexibility or strength on peak hamstring musculotendinous strain during sprinting. METHODS A total of 20 male college students (aged 18-24 years) participated and were randomly assigned to either a flexibility intervention group or a strength intervention group. Each participant executed exercise training 3 times a week for 8 weeks. Flexibility, sprinting, and isokinetic strength testing were performed before and after the 2 interventions. Paired t tests were performed to determine hamstring flexibility or strength intervention effects on optimal hamstring musculotendinous lengths and peak hamstring musculotendinous strains during sprinting. RESULTS Participants in the flexibility intervention group significantly increased the optimal musculotendinous lengths of the semimembranosus and biceps long head (p ≤ 0.026) and decreased peak musculotendinous strains in all 3 bi-articulate hamstring muscles (p ≤ 0.004). Participants in the strength-intervention group significantly increased the optimal musculotendinous lengths of all 3 hamstring muscles (p ≤ 0.041) and significantly decreased their peak musculotendinous strain during sprinting (p ≤ 0.017). CONCLUSION Increasing hamstring flexibility or strength through exercise training may assist in reducing the risk of hamstring injury during sprinting for recreational male athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianglin Wan
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shangxiao Li
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Thomas M Best
- UHealth Sports Medicine Institute, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Hui Liu
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hanjun Li
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Bing Yu
- Center for Human Movement Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7135, USA.
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Valadão P, Piitulainen H, Haapala EA, Parviainen T, Avela J, Finni T. Exercise intervention protocol in children and young adults with cerebral palsy: the effects of strength, flexibility and gait training on physical performance, neuromuscular mechanisms and cardiometabolic risk factors (EXECP). BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2021; 13:17. [PMID: 33637124 PMCID: PMC7908003 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-021-00242-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background Individuals with cerebral palsy (CP) have problems in everyday tasks such as walking and climbing stairs due to a combination of neuromuscular impairments such as spasticity, muscle weakness, reduced joint flexibility and poor coordination. Development of evidence-based interventions are in pivotal role in the development of better targeted rehabilitation of CP, and thus in maintaining their motor function and wellbeing. Our aim is to investigate the efficacy of an individually tailored, multifaceted exercise intervention (EXECP) in children and young adults with CP. EXECP is composed of strength, flexibility and gait training. Furthermore, this study aims to verify the short-term retention of the adaptations three months after the end of the EXECP intervention. Methods Twenty-four children and young adults with spastic CP will be recruited to participate in a 9-month research project with a 3-month training intervention, consisting of two to three 90-min sessions per week. In each session, strength training for the lower limbs and trunk muscles, flexibility training for the lower limbs and inclined treadmill gait training will be performed. We will evaluate muscle strength, joint flexibility, neuromuscular and cardiometabolic parameters. A nonconcurrent multiple baseline design with two pre-tests and two post-tests all interspaced by three months is used. In addition to the CP participants, 24 typically developing age and sex-matched participants will perform the two pre-tests (i.e. no intervention) to provide normative data. Discussion This study has a comprehensive approach examining longitudinal effects of wide variety of variables ranging from physical activity and gross motor function to sensorimotor functions of the brain and neuromuscular and cardiometabolic parameters, providing novel information about the adaptation mechanisms in cerebral palsy. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first intervention study providing supervised combined strength, flexibility and gait training for young individuals with CP. Trial registration number ISRCTN69044459, prospectively registered (21/04/2017).
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Valadão
- Neuromuscular Research Center, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland.
| | - Harri Piitulainen
- Neuromuscular Research Center, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland.,Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
| | - Eero A Haapala
- Neuromuscular Research Center, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland.,Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tiina Parviainen
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Brain Research, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Janne Avela
- Neuromuscular Research Center, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Taija Finni
- Neuromuscular Research Center, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
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Sconce E, Heller B, Maden-Wilkinson T, Hamilton N. Development of a Novel Nordic Hamstring Exercise Device to Measure and Modify the Knee Flexors' Torque-Length Relationship. Front Sports Act Living 2021; 3:629606. [PMID: 33718867 PMCID: PMC7943483 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2021.629606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The Nordic hamstring exercise (NHE) has been shown to reduce hamstring injury risk when employed in training programs. This study investigates a novel device to modify the NHE torque-length relationship of the knee flexors, as targeting the hamstrings at a more extended length may have benefits for hamstring strain injury prevention and rehabilitation. Eighteen recreational male participants completed three bilateral NHE repetitions at a conventional 0° flat position, a 10° incline, and a 10° decline slope on a novel device (HALHAM°). Measures of peak torque and break-torque angle explored the effect of inclination on the knee flexors' length-tension relationship. Relative thigh-to-trunk angle and angular velocity of the knee joint were used to assess influence of inclination on technique and exercise quality. Break-torque angle increased when performed at an incline (134.1 ± 8.6°) compared to both the decline (112.1 ± 8.3°, p <0.0001, g = 2.599) and standard flat NHE positions (126.0 ± 9.8°, p = 0.0002, g = 0.885). Despite this, altering inclination did not affect eccentric knee flexor peak torque (decline = 132.0 ± 63.1 Nm, flat = 149.7 ± 70.1 Nm, incline = 148.9 ± 64.9 Nm, F = 0.952, p = 0.389), angular velocity of the knee joint at break-torque angle (decline = 23.8 ± 14.4°, flat = 29.2 ± 22.6°, incline = 24.5 ± 22.6°, F = 0.880, p = 0.418) or relative thigh-to-trunk angle at break-torque angle (decline = 20.4 ± 10.4°, flat = 16.7 ± 10.8°, incline = 20.2 ± 11.2°, F = 1.597, p = 0.207). The report recommends the use of arbitrary metrics such as break-torque angle that can be replicated practically in the field by practitioners to assess proxy muscle length changes i.e., the angular range over which the torque can be produced. Inclination of the Nordic hamstring exercise leads to hamstring muscle failure at longer muscle lengths without reductions in the maximal force exuded by the muscle. Therefore, the NHE performed on an incline may be a more effective training intervention, specific to the proposed mechanism of hamstring strain injury during sprinting that occurs whilst the muscle is rapidly lengthening. Using a graded training intervention through the inclinations could aid gradual return-to-play rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Sconce
- Sports Engineering Research Group (SERG), Advanced Wellbeing Research Centre (AWRC), Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Ben Heller
- Sports Engineering Research Group (SERG), Advanced Wellbeing Research Centre (AWRC), Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Tom Maden-Wilkinson
- Physical Activity, Wellness and Public Health Research Group (PAWPH), Advanced Wellbeing Research Centre (AWRC), Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Nick Hamilton
- Sports Engineering Research Group (SERG), Advanced Wellbeing Research Centre (AWRC), Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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Maximal and submaximal isometric torque is elevated immediately following highly controlled active stretches of the hamstrings. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2021; 56:102500. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2020.102500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
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Lindsay A, Abbott G, Ingalls CP, Baumann CW. Muscle Strength Does Not Adapt From a Second to Third Bout of Eccentric Contractions: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Repeated Bout Effect. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:576-584. [PMID: 33337696 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Lindsay, A, Abbott, G, Ingalls, CP, and Baumann, CW. Muscle strength does not adapt from a second to third bout of eccentric contractions: A systematic review and meta-analysis of the repeated bout effect. J Strength Cond Res 35(2): 576-584, 2021-The greatest muscle strength adaptations to repeated bouts of eccentric contractions (ECC) occur after the initial injury, with little to no change in subsequent bouts. However, because of the disparity in injury models, it is unknown whether three or more bouts provide further adaptation. Therefore, we performed a systematic review of the literature to evaluate whether a third bout of skeletal muscle ECC impacts immediate strength loss and rate of strength recovery compared with a second bout. A search of the literature in Web of Science, SCOPUS, Medline, and the American College of Sports Medicine database was conducted between May and September 2019 using the keywords eccentric contraction or lengthening contraction and muscle and repeated or multiple, and bout. Eleven studies with 12 experimental groups, using 72 human subjects, 48 mice, and 11 rabbits, met the inclusion criteria. A meta-analysis using a random effects model and effect sizes (ESs; Hedges' g) calculated from the standardized mean differences was completed. Calculated ESs for immediate strength loss provided no evidence that a third bout of ECC results in greater loss of strength compared with a second bout (ES = -0.12, 95% confidence interval [CI] = -0.41 to 0.17). Furthermore, the rate of strength recovery was not different between a second and third bout (ES = -0.15, 95% CI = -1.01 to 0.70). These results indicate a third bout of skeletal muscle ECC does not improve indices of strength loss or rate of strength recovery compared with a second bout. Therefore, coaches and athletes should expect some level of persistent weakness after each of their initial training sessions involving ECC, and the faster recovery of strength deficits in the second bout documented by previous research is not different from a third bout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angus Lindsay
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Gavin Abbott
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Christopher P Ingalls
- Department of Kinesiology and Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia; and
| | - Cory W Baumann
- Ohio Musculoskeletal and Neurological Institute (OMNI) and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio
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