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Rasool A, Batool Z, Khan M, Halim SA, Shafiq Z, Temirak A, Salem MA, Ali TE, Khan A, Al-Harrasi A. Bis-pharmacophore of cinnamaldehyde-clubbed thiosemicarbazones as potent carbonic anhydrase-II inhibitors. Sci Rep 2022; 12:16095. [PMID: 36167735 PMCID: PMC9515202 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19975-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we report the synthesis, carbonic anhydrase-II (CA-II) inhibition and structure–activity relationship studies of cinnamaldehyde-clubbed thiosemicarbazones derivatives. The derivatives showed potent activities in the range of 10.3 ± 0.62–46.6 ± 0.62 µM. Among all the synthesized derivatives, compound 3n (IC50 = 10.3 ± 0.62 µM), 3g (IC50 = 12.1 ± 1.01 µM), and 3h (IC50 = 13.4 ± 0.52 µM) showed higher inhibitory activity as compared to the standard inhibitor, acetazolamide. Furthermore, molecular docking of all the active compounds was carried out to predict their behavior of molecular binding. The docking results indicate that the most active hit (3n) specifically mediate ionic interaction with the Zn ion in the active site of CA-II. Furthermore, the The199 and Thr200 support the binding of thiosemicarbazide moiety of 3n, while Gln 92 supports the interactions of all the compounds by hydrogen bonding. In addition to Gln92, few other residues including Asn62, Asn67, The199, and Thr200 play important role in the stabilization of these molecules in the active site by specifically providing H-bonds to the thiosemicarbazide moiety of compounds. The docking score of active hits are found in range of − 6.75 to − 4.42 kcal/mol, which indicates that the computational prediction correlates well with the in vitro results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asif Rasool
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60800, Pakistan
| | - Zahra Batool
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60800, Pakistan
| | - Majid Khan
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Sobia Ahsan Halim
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Zahid Shafiq
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60800, Pakistan. .,Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, 53121, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Ahmed Temirak
- National Research Centre, Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Institute, Dokki, P.O. Box 12622, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Salem
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Arts, King Khalid University, Muhayil, Assir, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, 11284 Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Tarik E Ali
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Education, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ajmal Khan
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Sultanate of Oman.
| | - Ahmed Al-Harrasi
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Sultanate of Oman.
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Targeting the interplay between MMP-2, CA II and VEGFR-2 via new sulfonamide-tethered isomeric triazole hybrids; Microwave-assisted synthesis, computational studies and evaluation. Bioorg Chem 2022; 124:105816. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.105816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Rafiq K, Ur Rehman N, Halim SA, Khan M, Khan A, Al-Harrasi A. Design, Synthesis and Molecular Docking Study of Novel 3-Phenyl-β-Alanine-Based Oxadiazole Analogues as Potent Carbonic Anhydrase II Inhibitors. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27030816. [PMID: 35164091 PMCID: PMC8838037 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27030816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrase-II (CA-II) is strongly related with gastric, glaucoma, tumors, malignant brain, renal and pancreatic carcinomas and is mainly involved in the regulation of the bicarbonate concentration in the eyes. With an aim to develop novel heterocyclic hybrids as potent enzyme inhibitors, we synthesized a series of twelve novel 3-phenyl-β-alanine 1,3,4-oxadiazole hybrids (4a-l), characterized by 1H- and 13C-NMR with the support of HRESIMS, and evaluated for their inhibitory activity against CA-II. The CA-II inhibition results clearly indicated that the 3-phenyl-β-alanine 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives 4a-l exhibited selective inhibition against CA-II. All the compounds (except 4d) exhibited good to moderate CA-II inhibitory activities with IC50 value in range of 12.1 to 53.6 µM. Among all the compounds, 4a (12.1 ± 0.86 µM), 4c (13.8 ± 0.64 µM), 4b (19.1 ± 0.88 µM) and 4h (20.7 ± 1.13 µM) are the most active hybrids against carbonic CA-II. Moreover, molecular docking was performed to understand the putative binding mode of the active compounds. The docking results indicates that these compounds block the biological activity of CA-II by nicely fitting at the entrance of the active site of CA-II. These compounds specifically mediating hydrogen bonding with Thr199, Thr200, Gln92 of CA-II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kashif Rafiq
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, P.O Box 33, Birkat Al Mauz, Nizwa 616, Oman; (K.R.); (S.A.H.); (M.K.); (A.K.)
- Department of Chemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
| | - Najeeb Ur Rehman
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, P.O Box 33, Birkat Al Mauz, Nizwa 616, Oman; (K.R.); (S.A.H.); (M.K.); (A.K.)
- Correspondence: (N.U.R.); (A.A.-H.); Tel.: +968-2544-6328 (A.A.-H.); Fax: +968-2544-6612 (A.A.-H.)
| | - Sobia Ahsan Halim
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, P.O Box 33, Birkat Al Mauz, Nizwa 616, Oman; (K.R.); (S.A.H.); (M.K.); (A.K.)
| | - Majid Khan
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, P.O Box 33, Birkat Al Mauz, Nizwa 616, Oman; (K.R.); (S.A.H.); (M.K.); (A.K.)
- H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Ajmal Khan
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, P.O Box 33, Birkat Al Mauz, Nizwa 616, Oman; (K.R.); (S.A.H.); (M.K.); (A.K.)
| | - Ahmed Al-Harrasi
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, P.O Box 33, Birkat Al Mauz, Nizwa 616, Oman; (K.R.); (S.A.H.); (M.K.); (A.K.)
- Correspondence: (N.U.R.); (A.A.-H.); Tel.: +968-2544-6328 (A.A.-H.); Fax: +968-2544-6612 (A.A.-H.)
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Avula SK, Rehman NU, Khan M, Halim SA, Khan A, Rafiq K, Csuk R, Das B, Al-Harrasi A. New synthetic 1H-1,2,3-triazole derivatives of 3-O-acetyl-β-boswellic acid and 3-O-acetyl-11-keto-β-boswellic acid from Boswellia sacra inhibit carbonic anhydrase II in vitro. Med Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-021-02723-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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New amino acid clubbed Schiff bases inhibit carbonic anhydrase II, α-glucosidase, and urease enzymes: in silico and in vitro. Med Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-020-02696-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Khan A, Khan M, Halim SA, Khan ZA, Shafiq Z, Al-Harrasi A. Quinazolinones as Competitive Inhibitors of Carbonic Anhydrase-II (Human and Bovine): Synthesis, in-vitro, in-silico, Selectivity, and Kinetics Studies. Front Chem 2020; 8:598095. [PMID: 33335888 PMCID: PMC7736042 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.598095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrase-II (CA-II) is associated with glaucoma, malignant brain tumors, and renal, gastric, and pancreatic carcinomas and is mainly involved in the regulation of the bicarbonate concentration in the eyes. CA-II inhibitors can be used to reduce the intraocular pressure usually associated with glaucoma. In search of potent CA-II inhibitors, a series of quinazolinones derivatives (4a-p) were synthesized and characterized by IR and NMR spectroscopy. The inhibitory potential of all the compounds was evaluated against bovine carbonic anhydrase-II (bCA-II) and human carbonic anhydrase-II (hCA-II), and compounds displayed moderate to significant inhibition with IC50 values of 8.9-67.3 and 14.0-59.6 μM, respectively. A preliminary structure-activity relationship suggested that the presence of a nitro group on the phenyl ring at R position contributes significantly to the overall activity. Kinetics studies of the most active inhibitor, 4d, against both bCA-II and hCA-II were performed to investigate the mode of inhibition and to determine the inhibition constants (Ki). According to the kinetics results, 4d is a competitive inhibitor of bCA-II and hCA-II with Ki values of 13.0 ± 0.013 and 14.25 ± 0.017 μM, respectively. However, the selectivity index reflects that the compounds 4g and 4o are more selective for hCA-II. The binding mode of these compounds within the active sites of bCA-II and hCA-II was investigated by structure-based molecular docking. The docking results are in complete agreement with the experimental findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajmal Khan
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman
| | - Majid Khan
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman
- International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Sobia Ahsan Halim
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman
| | - Zulfiqar Ali Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Zahid Shafiq
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Ahmed Al-Harrasi
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman
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Ur Rehman N, Halim SA, Khan M, Hussain H, Yar Khan H, Khan A, Abbas G, Rafiq K, Al-Harrasi A. Antiproliferative and Carbonic Anhydrase II Inhibitory Potential of Chemical Constituents from Lycium shawii and Aloe vera: Evidence from In Silico Target Fishing and In Vitro Testing. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:E94. [PMID: 32414030 PMCID: PMC7281707 DOI: 10.3390/ph13050094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Lycium shawii Roem. & Schult and resin of Aloe vera (L.) BURM. F. are commonly used in Omani traditional medication against various ailments. Herein, their antiproliferative and antioxidant potential was explored. Bioassay-guided fractionation of the methanol extract of both plants led to the isolation of 14 known compounds, viz., 1-9 from L. shawii and 10-20 from A. vera. Their structures were confirmed by combined spectroscopic techniques including 1D (1H and 13C) and 2D (HMBC, HSQC, COSY) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). The cytotoxic potential of isolates was tested against the triple-negative breast cancer cell line (MDA-MB-231). Compound 5 exhibited excellent antiproliferative activity in a range of 31 μM, followed by compounds 1-3, 7, and 12, which depicted IC50 values in the range of 35-60 μM, while 8, 6, and 9 also demonstrated IC50 values >72 μM. Subsequently, in silico target fishing was applied to predict the most potential cellular drug targets of the active compounds, using pharmacophore modeling and inverse molecular docking approach. The extensive in silico analysis suggests that our compounds may target carbonic anhydrase II (CA-II) to exert their anticancer activities. When tested on CA-II, compounds 5 (IC50 = 14.4 µM), 12 (IC50 = 23.3), and 2 (IC50 = 24.4 µM) showed excellent biological activities in vitro. Additionally, the ethyl acetate fraction of both plants showed promising antioxidant activity. Among the isolated compounds, 4 possesses the highest antioxidant (55 μM) activity followed by 14 (241 μM). The results indicated that compound 4 can be a promising candidate for antioxidant drugs, while compound 5 is a potential candidate for anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najeeb Ur Rehman
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, P.O Box 33, 616 Birkat Al Mauz, Nizwa, Sultanate of Oman; (N.U.R.); (S.A.H.); (M.K.); (H.H.); (H.Y.K.); (A.K.); (K.R.)
| | - Sobia Ahsan Halim
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, P.O Box 33, 616 Birkat Al Mauz, Nizwa, Sultanate of Oman; (N.U.R.); (S.A.H.); (M.K.); (H.H.); (H.Y.K.); (A.K.); (K.R.)
| | - Majid Khan
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, P.O Box 33, 616 Birkat Al Mauz, Nizwa, Sultanate of Oman; (N.U.R.); (S.A.H.); (M.K.); (H.H.); (H.Y.K.); (A.K.); (K.R.)
- HEJ Research Institute of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Hidayat Hussain
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, P.O Box 33, 616 Birkat Al Mauz, Nizwa, Sultanate of Oman; (N.U.R.); (S.A.H.); (M.K.); (H.H.); (H.Y.K.); (A.K.); (K.R.)
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Husain Yar Khan
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, P.O Box 33, 616 Birkat Al Mauz, Nizwa, Sultanate of Oman; (N.U.R.); (S.A.H.); (M.K.); (H.H.); (H.Y.K.); (A.K.); (K.R.)
| | - Ajmal Khan
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, P.O Box 33, 616 Birkat Al Mauz, Nizwa, Sultanate of Oman; (N.U.R.); (S.A.H.); (M.K.); (H.H.); (H.Y.K.); (A.K.); (K.R.)
| | - Ghulam Abbas
- Department of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, University of Nizwa, P.O Box 33, 616 Birkat Al Mauz, Nizwa, Sultanate of Oman;
| | - Kashif Rafiq
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, P.O Box 33, 616 Birkat Al Mauz, Nizwa, Sultanate of Oman; (N.U.R.); (S.A.H.); (M.K.); (H.H.); (H.Y.K.); (A.K.); (K.R.)
- Department of Chemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
| | - Ahmed Al-Harrasi
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, P.O Box 33, 616 Birkat Al Mauz, Nizwa, Sultanate of Oman; (N.U.R.); (S.A.H.); (M.K.); (H.H.); (H.Y.K.); (A.K.); (K.R.)
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Abbas S, Zaib S, Rahman SU, Ali S, Hameed S, Tahir MN, Munawar KS, Shaheen F, Abbas SM, Iqbal J. Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitory Potential of 1,2,4-triazole-3-thione Derivatives of Flurbiprofen, Ibuprofen and 4-tert-butylbenzoic Hydrazide: Design, Synthesis, Characterization, Biochemical Evaluation, Molecular Docking and Dynamic Simulation Studies. Med Chem 2018; 15:298-310. [PMID: 30324884 DOI: 10.2174/1573406414666181012165156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The over-expression of the carbonic anhydrases results in some specific carcinomas including pancreatic, gastric and brain tumor. Tumors are distinguished under hypoxic conditions and various investigations are being carried out to target the known hypoxic areas of the tumors to increase the sensitivity towards standard therapeutic treatment. OBJECTIVE Herein, we have designed and synthesized some biologically important esters, hydrazides, thiocarbamates, 1,2,4-triazole-3-thiones and Schiff bases. The purpose of the research was to evaluate the derivative against carbonic anhydrase and to assess the toxicity of the same compounds. METHOD The structures of all the compounds were characterized by FT-IR, mass spectrometry, elemental analysis, 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. The synthetic derivatives were screened for their inhibitory potential against carbonic anhydrase II by in vitro assay. Double reciprocal plots for inhibition kinetics of the potent compounds were constructed and mode of inhibition was determined. Furthermore, to check the cytotoxicity, these derivatives were tested against human breast adenocarcinoma by MTT method. RESULTS X-ray diffraction analysis of the compounds 10, 14 and 15 showed that they did not have any π-π or C-H…π interactions. The experimental results were validated by molecular docking and dynamic simulations of the potent compounds in the active pocket of enzyme. Important binding interactions of potent compounds with the key residues in the active site of the carbonic anhydrase enzyme were revealed. Drug likeness profile of the derivatives was evaluated to determine the physicochemical properties. CONCLUSION The proposed synthetic approach provides a suitable platform for the generation of a new library of compounds which could potentially be employed in the future testing and optimization of inhibitor potencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saghir Abbas
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-I-Azam University, 45320, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sumera Zaib
- Centre for Advanced Drug Research, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad-22060, Pakistan
| | - Shafiq Ur Rahman
- Centre for Advanced Drug Research, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad-22060, Pakistan
| | - Saqib Ali
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-I-Azam University, 45320, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Shahid Hameed
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-I-Azam University, 45320, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad N Tahir
- Department of Physics, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Khurram S Munawar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sargodha, Mianwali Campus, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Farzana Shaheen
- Department of Chemistry, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Syed M Abbas
- Nanoscience and Technology Department, National Center for Physics, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Jamshed Iqbal
- Centre for Advanced Drug Research, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad-22060, Pakistan
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Sheng W, Dong M, Zhou J, Li X, Dong Q. Down regulation of CAII is associated with tumor differentiation and poor prognosis in patients with pancreatic cancer. J Surg Oncol 2012; 107:536-43. [PMID: 23090763 DOI: 10.1002/jso.23282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2012] [Accepted: 09/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Altered expression of carbonic anhydrase (CA)I and II associated with human carcinogenesis. But there was no definite study investigating their expression for clinical significance in pancreatic cancer and effect of the CA inhibitor acetazolamide (AZ) on regulation biological behavior of pancreatic cancer cells. METHODS Immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, immunoblot, and qRT-PCR were used to detect CAI, II, and p53 expression. Tumor cell viability, apoptosis, and invasion assays were used to investigate the effect of AZ on pancreatic cancer cells. RESULTS Expression of CAI and p53 was increased in pancreatic cancer than that in paired non-cancerous tissues (P = 0.021; P = 0.007), whereas CAII was down-regulated in pancreatic cancer (P = 0.001). CAI overexpression was associated with tumor differentiation and negatively with vascular invasion (P = 0.015 and P = 0.018, respectively), while overexpression of CAII was associated with tumor differentiation (P = 0.017) and a better prognosis of pancreatic cancer patients (P = 0.017), and was an independent prognostic indicator (P = 0.011). p53 overexpression was related with lymph node metastasis (P = 0.032) and TNM stage (P = 0.016). Treatment with AZ inhibited tumor cell validity, invasion, and induced apoptosis in some of six pancreatic cancer cells. CONCLUSION This study suggests the clinical significance of CAI, CAII and p53 expression in pancreatic cancer and provides evidence for AZ as a potential target for controlling pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Sheng
- Department of General Surgery, Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Mouratidis PXE, Dalgleish AG, Colston KW. Investigation of the mechanisms by which EB1089 abrogates apoptosis induced by 9-cis retinoic acid in pancreatic cancer cells. Pancreas 2006; 32:93-100. [PMID: 16340750 DOI: 10.1097/01.mpa.0000191648.47667.4f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Previous research has shown that the retinoid 9-cis retinoic acid (RA) promotes apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cells. The vitamin D analog EB1089 does not. Furthermore, cotreatment of cells with 9-cis RA and EB1089 abrogates apoptosis. To explain this, we studied the regulation of proteins involved in apoptotic signaling pathways in pancreatic cancer cells. METHODS The pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell line T3M4 was used. Cell proliferation was measured using the SRB protein dye assay. Induction of apoptosis was evaluated using an ELISA assay. Caspase activation was detected using a colorimetric assay based on cleavage of a caspase-associated substrate. Regulation of protein levels and posttranslational events were detected using immunoblotting. RESULTS We confirm that EB1089 diminishes apoptosis induced by 9-cis RA in T3M4 cells. We extend the study to show that EB1089 abrogates increases, induced by 9-cis RA, in caspase activation, p27Kip1 protein levels, Bim and Bax protein levels and in Bax/Bcl2 ratio. In addition, the CDKI p21Waf1 and CAII, a differentiation marker for pancreatic cancer cells are also differentially regulated. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the inhibitory effects of EB1089 on 9-cis RA-induced apoptosis lie upstream of caspase activation and could be associated with reduction of p27Kip1 protein levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petros X E Mouratidis
- Division of Oncology, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, St. George's University of London, London, United Kingdom
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Lee KM, Yasuda H, Hollingsworth MA, Ouellette MM. Notch 2-positive progenitors with the intrinsic ability to give rise to pancreatic ductal cells. J Transl Med 2005; 85:1003-12. [PMID: 15924149 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.3700298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic adenocarcinomas display foci of duct-like structures that are positive for markers of pancreatic ductal cells. The development of these tumors is promoted by conditions leading to acinar-to-ductal metaplasia, a process by which acinar cells are replaced by ductal cells. Acinar-to-ductal metaplasia has recently been shown to proceed through intermediary cells expressing Nestin. To create an in vitro system to study pancreatic adenocarcinomas, we had used an hTERT cDNA to immortalize primary cells of the human pancreas. In this report, we show that the immortalized cells, termed hTERT-HPNE cells, have the ability to differentiate to pancreatic ductal cells. Exposing hTERT-HPNE cells to sodium butyrate and 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine lead to the formation of pancreatic ductal cells marked by the expression of MDR-1, carbonic anhydrase II, and the cytokeratins 7, 8, and 19. hTERT-HPNE cells were found to have properties of the intermediary cells formed during acinar-to-ductal metaplasia, which included their undifferentiated phenotype, expression of Nestin, evidence of active Notch signaling, and ability to differentiate to pancreatic ductal cells. These results provide further evidence for the presence in the adult pancreas of a precursor of ductal cells. hTERT-HPNE cells should provide a useful model to study acinar-to-ductal metaplasia and the role played by this process in pancreatic cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang M Lee
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
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Fanjul M, Alvarez L, Salvador C, Gmyr V, Kerr-Conte J, Pattou F, Carter N, Hollande E. Evidence for a membrane carbonic anhydrase IV anchored by its C-terminal peptide in normal human pancreatic ductal cells. Histochem Cell Biol 2004; 121:91-9. [PMID: 14740223 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-003-0616-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/11/2003] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The high concentration of HCO(3)(-) ions (150 mM) in the human pancreatic ducts raises the question of the membrane proteins responsible for their secretion in addition to the Cl(-)/HCO(3)(-) exchanger. In this study, we investigated the expression of carbonic anhydrase IV (CA IV), a possible candidate. Experiments were carried out on specimens of normal human pancreas obtained from brain-dead donors ( n=9) as well as on isolated human ductal cells. Two antibodies were generated: CA IV NH(2) antibody directed against the NH(2) terminal of human glycosyl phosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored CA IV and CA IV COOH antibody directed against the COOH terminal of the same protein before its association with a GPI in the rough endoplasmic reticulum. A 35-kDa CA IV was detected in the homogenates of human pancreas. Immunocytochemistry demonstrated the expression of CA IV in centroacinar cells and in intercalated, intralobular, and interlobular ductal cells. The immunoreactivity observed with the CA IV COOH antibody was mainly localized on luminal membranes of ductal cells. Treatment of purified plasma membranes with phosphatidylinositol-phospholipase C indicated that the CA IV expressed in pancreatic ducts was not GPI-anchored. Its detection in the same extracts by the CA IV COOH antibody indicated that it was anchored by a hydrophobic segment at the carboxy terminal. Taken together, these results suggest that normal human pancreatic ductal cells express a 35-kDa CA IV anchored in their luminal plasma membrane by a hydrophobic segment of the COOH terminus. In view of its localization and its mode of anchorage in luminal plasma membranes, this CA IV may participate in the maintenance of luminal pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjorie Fanjul
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire des Epithéliums (EA 3032), Université Paul Sabatier, 38 rue des 36 Ponts, 31400 Toulouse, France
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Alvarez L, Fanjul M, Carter N, Hollande E. Carbonic anhydrase II associated with plasma membrane in a human pancreatic duct cell line (CAPAN-1). J Histochem Cytochem 2001; 49:1045-53. [PMID: 11457932 DOI: 10.1177/002215540104900812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The subcellular distribution of carbonic anhydrase II, either throughout the cytosol or in the cytoplasm close to the apical plasma membrane or vesicular compartments, suggests that this enzyme may have different roles in the regulation of pH in intra- or extracellular compartments. To throw more light on the role of pancreatic carbonic anhydrase II, we examined its expression and subcellular distribution in Capan-1 cells. Immunocytochemical analysis by light, confocal, and electron microscopy, as well as immunoblotting of cell homogenates or purified plasma membranes, was performed. A carbonic anhydrase II of 29 kD associated by weak bonds to the inner leaflet of apical plasma membranes of polarized cells was detected. This enzyme was co-localized with markers of Golgi compartments. Moreover, the defect of its targeting to apical plasma membranes in cells treated with brefeldin A was indicative of its transport by the Golgi apparatus. We show here that a carbonic anhydrase II is associated with the inner leaflet of apical plasma membranes and with the cytosolic side of the endomembranes of human cancerous pancreatic duct cells (Capan-1). These observations point to a role for this enzyme in the regulation of intra- and extracellular pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Alvarez
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire des Epithéliums, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
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Kadison A, Kim J, Maldonado T, Crisera C, Prasadan K, Manna P, Preuett B, Hembree M, Longaker M, Gittes G. Retinoid signaling directs secondary lineage selection in pancreatic organogenesis. J Pediatr Surg 2001; 36:1150-6. [PMID: 11479845 DOI: 10.1053/jpsu.2001.25734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Retinoid signaling plays an important role in many differentiation pathways. Retinoid signaling has been implicated in the induction of differentiation by pancreatic ductal cancer cell lines and in patients with pancreatic cancer. The authors wished to better understand the role of retinoid signaling in pancreatic development. METHODS Embryonic pancreas was harvested from mice at serial gestational ages and immunohistochemical analysis was performed for retinoic acid receptors (RAR-alpha, RAR-beta, RAR-gamma), and retinoid X receptors (RXR-alpha, RXR-beta, and RXR-gamma). Also, early embryonic pancreases were cultured for 7 days with exogenous 9-cis retinoic acid (9cRA) or all-trans retinoic acid (atRA) and analyzed histologically and immunohistochemically. RESULTS Retinoid receptors were expressed in a lineage-specific distribution, with stronger expression for many in the exocrine compartment. The receptors were not often expressed until late gestation. Exogenous 9cRA induced predominantly ducts instead of acini, plus more mature endocrine (islet) architecture. Exogenous atRA induced predominantly acini instead of ducts, with no apparent endocrine effect. CONCLUSIONS Retinoids may have an important role in pancreatic differentiation, with a particular effect on secondary lineage selection between ductal and acinar phenotype. Because the control of ductal versus acinar differentiation has been implicated strongly in the pathogenesis of pancreatic ductal carcinoma, these results may lay the groundwork for studies in the mechanism of induced differentiation of pancreatic ductal cancer by retinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kadison
- Laboratory for Surgical Organogenesis, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
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15
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Löhr M, Müller P, Zauner I, Schmidt C, Trautmann B, Thévenod F, Capellá G, Farré A, Liebe S, Jesenofsky R, Jesnowski R. Immortalized bovine pancreatic duct cells become tumorigenic after transfection with mutant k-ras. Virchows Arch 2001; 438:581-90. [PMID: 11469690 DOI: 10.1007/s004280100397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Mutation of the K-ras gene is thought to be an early and important event in pancreatic carcinogenesis. In order to study the role of this molecular alteration in the transition from the normal to the neoplastic pancreatic cell, bovine pancreatic duct cells were first immortalized by SV40 large T antigen (Ag) complementary (c)DNA transfection and then transfected with a mutated K-ras gene. As did primary duct cells, the immortalized duct cells (more than 100 passages) expressed cytokeratins, carbonic anhydrase type-II, cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), and multidrug resistance (mdr). They grew as a single layer after transplantation under plastic domes and formed three-dimensional structures resembling ducts when grown on Matrigel. Cell growth was stimulated by insulin, epidermal growth factor (EGF), transforming growth factor (TGF)-alpha, but cells did not respond to gastrin and CCK-8. They did not form colonies in soft agar nor did they form tumors in nude mice. Immortalized cells transfected with mutated K-ras acquired the ability to form tumors after orthotopic injection into the nude mouse pancreas. It is concluded that SV 40 immortalized bovine pancreatic
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Polyomavirus Transforming/genetics
- Biomarkers/analysis
- Cattle
- Cell Division/drug effects
- Cell Line, Transformed
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/chemistry
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/pathology
- Clone Cells
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- Epidermal Growth Factor/pharmacology
- Epithelial Cells/drug effects
- Epithelial Cells/metabolism
- Epithelial Cells/pathology
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect
- Genes, ras/genetics
- Insulin/pharmacology
- Mice
- Mice, Nude
- Mutation
- Pancreatic Ducts/drug effects
- Pancreatic Ducts/metabolism
- Pancreatic Ducts/pathology
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/chemistry
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/genetics
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/pathology
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- RNA, Viral/biosynthesis
- Transfection/methods
- Transforming Growth Factor alpha/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- M Löhr
- Department of Medicine IV, Molecular Gastroenterology, Medical Faculty of Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany.
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16
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Abstract
Recently, an increasing number of carbonic anhydrase (CA) isozymes have been discovered in the human pancreas. These isozymes are classified as the CA family with various molecular structures and different subcellular localizations: cytoplasmic CA II, mitochondrial CA VB, secretory CA VI, membrane-bound CA IV, and transmembrane CA IX and XII. However, there is little evidence concerning their pathophysiological roles. Here, we reviewed the expression of CA isozymes in the human pancreas and proposed hypotheses related to their physiological and pathological roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Nishimori
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Kochi Medical School, Japan.
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17
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Abstract
Both acinar and duct cell-specific gene products are expressed by pancreatic adenocarcinoma. In order to begin to understand the mechanisms by which genes of both cell types are expressed in pancreatic adenocarcinoma, an understanding of the underlying transcription factors is important. PDX1 plays an important role in the development of the pancreas and is also expressed in the adult pancreas; it is known to be involved in the regulation of expression of both acinar and islet cell-specific gene products. We have examined pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell lines and have determined that they also express PDX1, making it a candidate transcription factor for the abnormal regulation of these acinar and duc cell gene products.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Frazier
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030-4095, USA.
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18
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Nishimori I, FujikawaAdachi K, Onishi S, Hollingsworth MA. Carbonic anhydrase in human pancreas: hypotheses for the pathophysiological roles of CA isozymes. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1999; 880:5-16. [PMID: 10415846 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb09505.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Among more than ten isozymes of the carbonic anhydrase (CA) family, only cytoplasmic CA II and membrane-bound CA IX have been reported to be expressed in human pancreas. To study the mRNA expression of CA isozymes in human pancreas, reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)-Southern blot analysis and cDNA sequencing following RT-PCR were employed. CA II, IV, VI, IX, and XII were clearly identified in polyA+ RNA from normal human pancreas by RT-PCR-Southern blotting. Results with cultured pancreatic tumor cell, lines suggest that CA II, IV, IX, and XII are expressed in the ductal cells, and CA VI is expressed in the acinar cells. We propose a hypothesis for the pathophysiological function of CA isozymes in human pancreas; (1) the intraluminal CA isozymes (CA IV, VI, and possibly XII) form a mutually complementary system with cytoplasmic CA II to regulate the luminal pH of the pancreatic duct system and work as a self-defense mechanism against pancreatitis; (2) CA II and other CA isozymes play a pathological role in the autoimmune process of idiopathic chronic pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Nishimori
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Kochi Medical School, Japan.
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19
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El-Metwally TH, Adrian TE. Optimization of treatment conditions for studying the anticancer effects of retinoids using pancreatic adenocarcinoma as a model. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1999; 257:596-603. [PMID: 10198257 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1999.0502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Retinoids are natural differentiation-inducing compounds that are promising as anticancer agents. Cancer cell lines are valuable in the investigation of the potential of retinoids for the treatment of specific cancers. However, using different treatment conditions but the same cell lines, investigators have produced markedly contradictory results for the effectiveness of retinoids. The present study examined different factors in the treatment conditions that may have masked or interfered with the effects of retinoids and, thereby, resulted in this conflict. Our studies revealed that the effects of retinoids on cancer cell proliferation were influenced by serum, the choice of vehicle (DMSO vs ethanol) and its concentration, phenol red, the degree of cellular confluence, and the method of assessing proliferation (cell number or [3H]thymidine uptake vs the MTT assay). Optimized conditions were the use of serum-free, ethanol-free, and phenol red-free media, investigating cells in the log phase of growth, using </=0.01% DMSO as the vehicle, and monitoring proliferation by cell number or [3H]thymidine incorporation into DNA measured after TCA precipitation. Using these conditions, retinoids were found to exhibit potent antiproliferative effects in pancreatic cancer cells with a variety of degrees of differentiation, even in cell lines previously documented as being retinoid resistant. Retinoids also induced morphological changes and cellular death that may indicate terminal differentiation and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- T H El-Metwally
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, Nebraska, 68154, USA.
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20
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Pasqualini E, Caillol N, Panicot L, Mas E, Lloubes R, Lombardo D. Molecular cloning of the oncofetal isoform of the human pancreatic bile salt-dependent lipase. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:28208-18. [PMID: 9774442 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.273.43.28208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Specific transcripts for bile salt-dependent lipase (BSDL), a 100-kDa glycoprotein secreted by the human pancreas, were immunodetected in BxPC-3 and SOJ-6 pancreatic tumoral cell lines. Sequencing of fragments, obtained by mRNA reverse transcription and amplification, confirmed the presence of BSDL transcripts in these cancer cells. The protein was detected in lysates of pancreatic tumoral cells, where it was mainly associated with membranes. Only a minute amount of the enzyme was detected in the culture media. Immunofluorescence studies demonstrated that in SOJ-6 cells, BSDL colocates with the p58 Golgi protein and suggested that the protein may be sequestrated within the Golgi compartment. These results demonstrated that BSDL is expressed in human pancreatic tumoral cells and cannot be secreted (or for the least very poorly). Subsequently, a cDNA covering the entire sequence of BSDL was obtained by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. The sequence of this cDNA indicated that the N-terminal domain encoded by exons 1-10 was identical to that of BSDL expressed by the human normal pancreas. However, the sequence corresponding to exon 11, which should code for the 16 tandem-repeated identical mucin-like sequences of BSDL, was deleted by 330 base pairs (bp) and encoded only 6 of these repeated sequences. We conclude that this truncated variant of BSDL would be its oncofetal form, referred to as feto-acinar pancreatic protein. We then investigated whether the deletion of 330 bp affected the secretion of the protein. For this purpose, the cDNA corresponding to the mature form of the BSDL variant expressed in SOJ-6 cells was cloned into an expression/secretion vector and transfected into CHO-K1 cells. Results indicated that the variant of BSDL isolated from SOJ-6 cells was expressed and secreted by transfected cells. However, the level of BSDL secreted by these transfected CHO-K1 cells was significantly higher than that observed for SOJ-6 cells. Consequently, the retention of the oncofetal variant of BSDL observed in human pancreatic tumoral cells might not result from inherent properties of the protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Pasqualini
- INSERM U260, Faculté de Médecine-Timone, 27 Blv Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille, France
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21
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al-Nakkash L, Simmons NL, Lingard JM, Argent BE. Adenylate cyclase activity in human pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell lines. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PANCREATOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF PANCREATOLOGY 1996; 19:39-47. [PMID: 8656026 DOI: 10.1007/bf02788374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
CONCLUSION BxPC-3, Hs 766T, Capan-2, Panc-1, and Capan-1 cells possess receptors for VIP and beta-adrenergic agonists that are functionally coupled to adenylate cyclase. In this respect, they resemble pancreatic duct cells. However, we speculate that the process of neoplastic transformation has either downregulated the expression of secretin receptors or led to a defect in the receptor itself, placing a question mark over the usefulness of these adenocarcinoma cell lines as models of the pancreatic ductal epithelium BACKGROUND Because of the importance of ducts in pancreatic disease, we wished to establish which duct cells receptors are functional on adenocarcinoma cell lines. METHODS We investigated the expression of agonist-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity in six human pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell lines. Known stimulants of pancreatic ductal secretion, VIP, PHI, secretin, beta-adrenergic, and dopamine, were tested. RESULTS For responsive cell lines, VIP was the most effective stimulant followed by adrenaline, isoprenaline, PHI, and secretin. Dopamine was without effect. Since high concentrations of PHI and secretin were required to stimulate cyclase activity, their effect is probably mediated by VIP receptors. Based on the degree of stimulation observed with the individual agonist, Hs 766T and BxPC-3 were the most responsive cell lines, followed by Capan-2 and Capan-1, and finally Panc-1. MIAPaCa-2 cells did not respond to any of the agonists tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- L al-Nakkash
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University Medical School, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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22
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Frazier ML, Fernández E, de Llorens R, Brown NM, Pathak S, Cleary KR, Abbruzzese JL, Berry K, Olive M, Le Maistre A, Evans DB. Pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell line, MDAPanc-28, with features of both acinar and ductal cells. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PANCREATOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF PANCREATOLOGY 1996; 19:31-8. [PMID: 8656025 DOI: 10.1007/bf02788373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
CONCLUSION We established a new human pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell line, MDAPanc-28. Studies on this new line indicate that it expressed both acinar and ductal gene products suggesting that the patterns of gene expression in the pancreatic adenocarcinoma from which this cell line arose have features similar to those of the protodifferentiated cells hypothesized by Rutter and his colleagues for the developing pancreas (1,2). BACKGROUND The cell line arose from a tumor that, like most pancreatic adenocarcinomas, was ductal on the basis of its histological appearance. METHODS Once the cell line was established in culture, they were subjected to cytogenetic analysis and tested for their ability to grow in nude mice. RNA from the cells was analyzed by Northern blot analysis and PCR of reverse transcribed cDNA for the expression of both acinar and duct cell gene products. DNA was analyzed for the presence of mutated K-ras at codon 12. RESULTS The cell line expressed trypsin and ribonuclease RNA, which are considered to be acinar cell markers, and carbonic anhydrase II (CAII), which is considered to be a duct-cell markers. The histological appearance of xenografts in nude mice was similar to that of the tumor from which the cell line was established. The chromosome number varied between 46 and 60.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Frazier
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology and Digestive Diseases, University of Texas, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77025, USA
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23
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Parkkila S, Parkkila AK, Juvonen T, Lehto VP, Rajaniemi H. Immunohistochemical demonstration of the carbonic anhydrase isoenzymes I and II in pancreatic tumours. THE HISTOCHEMICAL JOURNAL 1995; 27:133-8. [PMID: 7775197 DOI: 10.1007/bf00243908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The location of carbonic anhydrase (CA) isoenzymes I, II and VI in normal and neoplastic pancreatic tissue was studied using polyclonal antisera and the immunoperoxidase technique. Samples were obtained from patients with well-differentiated (n = 4), moderately differentiated (n = 1) and poorly differentiated (n = 4) ductal adenocarcinomas, cystadenocarcinoma (n = 2), adenosquamous carcinoma (n = 1), acinar adenocarcinoma (n = 1), gastrinoma (n = 3), insulinoma (n = 3) and glucagonoma (n = 1). The control specimens were from a patient with traumatic laceration of the pancreas. The normal and malignant endocrine tissue showed intense positive staining for CA I localized in the cells expressing glucagon. In the exocrine pancreatic tissue, CA II was detected in the normal and neoplastic ductal epithelium. No specific staining was detected with anti-CA VI serum in either normal or malignant tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Parkkila
- University of Oulu, Department of Anatomy, Finland
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Fernández E, Fallon MJ, Frazier ML, de Llorens R, Cuchillo CM. Expression of acinar and ductal products in Capan-1 cells growing in synthetic serum and serum-free media. Cancer 1994; 73:2285-95. [PMID: 7513248 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0142(19940501)73:9<2285::aid-cncr2820730909>3.0.co;2-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Capan-1 is a human pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell line of presumed ductal origin. This is based on the histologic appearance of the tumor from which it arose. Yet considerable controversy exists regarding the actual cell of origin for these exocrine carcinomas. Two acinar antigens, ribonuclease and trypsin, were analyzed in cells growing in synthetic serum. METHODS Capan-1 cells were adapted to grow in basal medium supplemented with synthetic serum, because fetal bovine serum (FBS) normally used to culture cells contains bovine ribonuclease, which can interfere with measurements of the ribonuclease secretion. These cells were also adapted to grow in different serum-free media, allowing us to determine its minimal growth requirements. The presence of ribonuclease in Capan-1 and PANC-1 conditioned media was monitored by activity. Other acinar and ductal markers were monitored using Northern blot analysis. RESULTS Capan-1, PANC-1, IBF-CP3, and MDAAmp-7 cell lines were successfully adapted to grow in synthetic serum by means of the adaptation protocol reported here. The adaptation of Capan-1 to serum-free media showed that the cells are capable of growing in a medium containing insulin, transferrin, selenium, a nonprotein carrier, and lipoic and linoleic acids. Northern blot analysis showed the expression of carbonic anhydrase II, cytokeratin 18, ribonuclease, and trypsin in Capan-1 cells growing in FBS and synthetic serum. No changes in morphology, karyotype, or gene expression were observed in these cells as a result of the adaptation process. CONCLUSION The cell line Capan-1 is expressing some ductal as well as acinar products despite its supposed ductal origin. The expression of trypsin at the mRNA level and ribonuclease at mRNA and protein levels is shown in Capan-1 cells. The protein expression will be further investigated as the cell line has been adapted to grow in synthetic serum and serum-free media with no apparent changes with respect to their growth in FBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Fernández
- Institut de Biologia Fonamental Vicent Villar Palasi, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
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