1
|
Yeh MY, Aggarwal S, Carrig M, Azeem A, Nguyen A, Devries S, Destache C, Nguyen T, Velagapudi M. Strongyloides stercoralis Infection in Humans: A Narrative Review of the Most Neglected Parasitic Disease. Cureus 2023; 15:e46908. [PMID: 37954715 PMCID: PMC10639005 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.46908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Strongyloidiasis is a helminth infection affecting 613.9 million people annually, mainly in the tropics and subtropics. The reported seroprevalence in the United States is 4% with most of the cases reported in immigrants. Human T-lympho-tropic virus 1 (HTLV-1) infections, hypogammaglobulinemia, immunosuppressant use - particularly steroid use, alcoholism, and malnutrition have been associated with an increased risk of strongyloidiasis. Recently, cases of strongyloidiasis hyperinfection syndrome have been described in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients treated with steroids as well. This brief review discusses the epidemiology, clinical features, management, and prevention of strongyloidiasis including some facts about the infection in pregnancy, transplant recipients, and COVID-19 patients. We conducted an online search using the PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases. Strongyloidiasis can be asymptomatic or present with mild symptoms. Strongyloides stercoralis is known to cause autoinfection. In immunocompromised individuals, it can present with severe symptoms, hyperinfection, or disseminated disease. Reported mortality in cases of disseminated Strongyloidiasis is 87.1%. Serology and detection of larvae in stool by direct microscopy are the most commonly used methods to diagnose strongyloidiasis. The drug of choice for the treatment is ivermectin. However, the use of ivermectin in human pregnancy is not well studied, and its teratogenic risks are unknown. Proactive screening of strongyloidiasis is necessary in immunocompromised individuals to prevent severe disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mary Y Yeh
- Internal Medicine, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, USA
| | - Sanjana Aggarwal
- Medicine, Hamdard Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, New Delhi, IND
| | - Margaret Carrig
- Internal Medicine, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, USA
| | - Ahad Azeem
- Infectious Diseases, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, USA
| | - Anny Nguyen
- Internal Medicine, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, USA
| | | | - Chris Destache
- Pharmacy Practice, Creighton University School of Pharmacy and Health Professions, Omaha, USA
| | - Toan Nguyen
- Internal Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, USA
| | - Manasa Velagapudi
- Infectious Diseases, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ashour DS, Othman AA. Parasite-bacteria interrelationship. Parasitol Res 2020; 119:3145-3164. [PMID: 32748037 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-020-06804-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Parasites and bacteria have co-evolved with humankind, and they interact all the time in a myriad of ways. For example, some bacterial infections result from parasite-dwelling bacteria as in the case of Salmonella infection during schistosomiasis. Other bacteria synergize with parasites in the evolution of human disease as in the case of the interplay between Wolbachia endosymbiont bacteria and filarial nematodes as well as the interaction between Gram-negative bacteria and Schistosoma haematobium in the pathogenesis of urinary bladder cancer. Moreover, secondary bacterial infections may complicate several parasitic diseases such as visceral leishmaniasis and malaria, due to immunosuppression of the host during parasitic infections. Also, bacteria may colonize the parasitic lesions; for example, hydatid cysts and skin lesions of ectoparasites. Remarkably, some parasitic helminths and arthropods exhibit antibacterial activity usually by the release of specific antimicrobial products. Lastly, some parasite-bacteria interactions are induced as when using probiotic bacteria to modulate the outcome of a variety of parasitic infections. In sum, parasite-bacteria interactions involve intricate processes that never cease to intrigue the researchers. However, understanding and exploiting these interactions could have prophylactic and curative potential for infections by both types of pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dalia S Ashour
- Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt.
| | - Ahmad A Othman
- Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
|
4
|
Abstract
A review of pulmonary infections of all types with diagnostic and morphological features.
Collapse
|
5
|
Vazquez Guillamet LJ, Saul Z, Miljkovich G, Vilchez GA, Mendonca N, Gourineni V, Lillo N, Pinto M, Baig A, Gangcuangco LM. Strongyloides Stercoralis Infection Among Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-Infected Patients in the United States of America: A Case Report and Review of Literature. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CASE REPORTS 2017; 18:339-346. [PMID: 28366929 PMCID: PMC5386446 DOI: 10.12659/ajcr.902626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Patient: Male, 61 Final Diagnosis: Strongyloides stercolaris-associated diarrhea Symptoms: Diarrhea • epigastric pain • nausea • weight loss Medication: Ivermectin Clinical Procedure: Colonic biopsies Specialty: Infectious Diseases
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Zane Saul
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale New Haven Health-Bridgeport Hospital, Bridgeport, CT, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Disease, Associates P.C. Stratford, Stratford, CT, USA
| | - Goran Miljkovich
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale New Haven Health-Bridgeport Hospital, Bridgeport, CT, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Disease, Associates P.C. Stratford, Stratford, CT, USA
| | | | - Nikolai Mendonca
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale New Haven Health-Bridgeport Hospital, Bridgeport, CT, USA
| | - Venkata Gourineni
- Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale New Haven Health-Bridgeport Hospital, Bridgeport, CT, USA
| | - Nicholas Lillo
- Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale New Haven Health-Bridgeport Hospital, Bridgeport, CT, USA
| | - Marguerite Pinto
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Aurengzaib Baig
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saba University School of Medicine, The Bottom, Saba, Netherlands
| | - Louie Mar Gangcuangco
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale New Haven Health-Bridgeport Hospital, Bridgeport, CT, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
The majority of the 30-100 million people infected with Strongyloides stercoralis, a soil transmitted intestinal nematode, have subclinical (or asymptomatic) infections. These infections are commonly chronic and longstanding because of the autoinfective process associated with its unique life cycle. A change in immune status can increase parasite numbers, leading to hyperinfection syndrome, dissemination, and death if unrecognized. Corticosteroid use and HTLV-1 infection are most commonly associated with the hyperinfection syndrome. Strongyloides adult parasites reside in the small intestine and induce immune responses both local and systemic that remain poorly characterized. Definitive diagnosis of S. stercoralis infection is based on stool examinations for larvae, but newer diagnostics - including new immunoassays and molecular tests - will assume primacy in the next few years. Although good treatment options exist for infection and control of this infection might be possible, S. stercoralis remains largely neglected.
Collapse
|
7
|
Toledo R, Muñoz-Antoli C, Esteban JG. Strongyloidiasis with emphasis on human infections and its different clinical forms. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2015; 88:165-241. [PMID: 25911368 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2015.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Strongyloidiasis (caused by Strongyloides stercoralis, and to a lesser extent by Strongyloides fuelleborni) is one of the most neglected tropical diseases with endemic areas and affecting more than 100 million people worldwide. Chronic infections in endemic areas can be maintained for decades through the autoinfective cycle with the L3 filariform larvae. In these endemic areas, misdiagnosis, inadequate treatment and the facilitation of the hyperinfection syndrome by immunosuppression are frequent and contribute to a high mortality rate. Despite the serious health impact of strongyloidiasis, it is a neglected disease and very little is known about this parasite and the disease when compared to other helminth infections. Control of the disease is difficult because of the many gaps in our knowledge of strongyloidiasis. We examine the recent literature on different aspects of strongyloidiasis with emphasis in those aspects that need further research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Toledo
- Departamento de Parasitología, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Strongyloides stercoralis infection complicating the central nervous system. NEUROPARASITOLOGY AND TROPICAL NEUROLOGY 2013; 114:229-34. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-53490-3.00017-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
|
9
|
Spieler P, Rössle M. Respiratory Tract and Mediastinum. ESSENTIALS OF DIAGNOSTIC PATHOLOGY 2012. [PMCID: PMC7122295 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-24719-4_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Normal cytology, abnormal and atypical cells, non-cellular components, and infectious cell changes are largely described together with benign, malignant, and neuroendocrine lesions regarding exfoliative and aspiration cytology of the lung. A separate section broadly addresses diagnostic findings and differential diagnoses in bronchoalveolar washings. The section ‘Fine needle aspiration biopsy of mediastinal disorders’ covers in particular biopsy techniques, accuracy of liquid-based cytology, and the complex lesions of the thymus gland. Cytodiagnostic algorithms of the major benign and malignant pulmonary and mediastinal lesions and their respective differential diagnoses are additionally presented in synoptic setups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Spieler
- Institut für Pathologie, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, Rorschacherstraße 95, 9007 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Rössle
- Institut für Klinische Pathologie, UniversitätsSpital Zürich, Schmelzbergstraße 12, 8091 Zürich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Varón de 69 años con meningitis recidivante. Med Clin (Barc) 2011; 136:167-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medcli.2010.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2010] [Accepted: 09/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
11
|
Karp CL, Mahanty S. Approach to the Patient with HIV and Coinfecting Tropical Infectious Diseases. TROPICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES: PRINCIPLES, PATHOGENS AND PRACTICE 2011. [PMCID: PMC7150329 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-7020-3935-5.00139-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
12
|
|
13
|
Galimberti R, Pontón A, Zaputovich FA, Velasquez L, Galimberti G, Torre A, Kowalczuk A. Disseminated strongyloidiasis in immunocompromised patients - report of three cases. Int J Dermatol 2009; 48:975-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-4632.2009.04082.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
14
|
Vilela EG, Clemente WT, Mira RRL, Torres HOG, Veloso LF, Fonseca LP, de Carvalho E Fonseca LR, Franca MDC, Lima AS. Strongyloides stercoralis hyperinfection syndrome after liver transplantation: case report and literature review. Transpl Infect Dis 2009; 11:132-6. [PMID: 18983416 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3062.2008.00350.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Strongyloides stercoralis is an intestinal nematode that causes human infections and whose life cycle has special features, including autoinfection. Strongyloides infection may be asymptomatic for years, owing to a low parasite load. During immunosuppressive therapy, however, if cellular immunity is depressed, autoinfection can occur at a higher rate, resulting in hyperinfection syndrome. In this specific circumstance, it can become a fatal illness. We describe a case of hyperinfection syndrome in a liver transplant recipient and also review the literature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E G Vilela
- Transplant Unit, Alfa Institute of Gastroenterology, Clinic Hospital, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Sridhara S, Simon N, Raghuraman U, Crowson N, Aggarwal V. Strongyloides stercoralis pancolitis in an immunocompetent patient. Gastrointest Endosc 2008; 68:196-9. [PMID: 18329026 DOI: 10.1016/j.gie.2007.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2007] [Accepted: 11/14/2007] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
|
16
|
Guyomard JL, Chevrier S, Bertholom JL, Guigen C, Charlin JF. [Finding of Strongyloides stercoralis infection, 25 years after leaving the endemic area, upon corticotherapy for ocular trauma]. J Fr Ophtalmol 2007; 30:e4. [PMID: 17318103 DOI: 10.1016/s0181-5512(07)89571-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In the field of ophthalmology, indications for high-dose corticotherapy are various. This paper reports the case of a Caledonian man who presented with intestinal strongyloidiasis, discovered 25 years after he had left the endemic area. A checkup before corticotherapy for traumatic retina edema provided the diagnosis of the infection. The authors emphasize the importance of searching for Strongyloidiasis stercoralis larva before initiating corticotherapy, as it is the main treatment responsible for parasitic dissemination. The most severe form of strongyloidiasis, the disseminated form, has a high mortality rate: 70%-90%. The definitive diagnostic test is enhanced larva recovery, which should be proposed to every patient returning from endemic area, people with precarious hygiene or with high eosinophilia or intestinal symptoms of chronic infection. Delay in diagnosing strongyloidiasis frequently results in death, despite vigorous treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J-L Guyomard
- Service d'Ophtalmologie, CHU de Pontchaillou, Rennes.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
Systemic strongyloidiasis is a rare but serious complication of intestinal strongyloidiasis. This condition occurs mainly in immunosuppressed patients and has a significant mortality rate. The use of immunosuppressive and cytotoxic treatment has increased its incidence. A better awareness of this infection with early diagnosis and treatment is essential. We report two cases of strongyloidiasis. The first, uncomplicated intestinal strongyloidiasis occurred in a 32-year-old HIV-positive women. The second case was fatal disseminated strongyloidiasis in a 14-year-old child who underwent prior surgery and radiotherapy with cortico sterpoid therapy for a malignant brain ganglioglioma. The pathological basis of intestinal and disseminated strongyloidiasis are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marc Pusztaszeri
- Institut Universitaire de Pathologie, Lausanne. Marc.Pusztaszeri@chuv-ch
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Concha R, Harrington W, Rogers AI. Intestinal strongyloidiasis: recognition, management, and determinants of outcome. J Clin Gastroenterol 2005; 39:203-11. [PMID: 15718861 DOI: 10.1097/01.mcg.0000152779.68900.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Significant advances have occurred in our understanding of the biology, immunology, and immunopathology of the usually asymptomatic human infection by the intestinal parasite, Strongyloides stercoralis. Factors that increase the risk for the occurrence of symptomatic intestinal hyperinfection and/or often-fatal disseminated strongyloidiasis have been better defined. The pathophysiology underlying these risk factors, whether disease-related or iatrogenically induced, is a compromised immune system leading to dysfunction of TH-2 helper cells. These specialized lymphocytes are central to maintaining the delicate balance that exists between the infected human host and the stabilized parasite. Recognition of risk factors that impair the function of TH-2 lymphocytes is essential to heightening the index of clinical suspicion enhancing earlier, accurate diagnosis, and the introduction of appropriate therapy. This review summarizes what is understood about infection by S. stercoralis; its focus will be on the epidemiology, diagnosis, clinical presentation patterns in the immunocompetent and immunocompromised human hosts, and recommended treatment regimens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Concha
- Division of Internal Medicine, University of Miami, 8501 SW 87th Court, Miami, FL 33173-4552, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
Strongyloides stercoralis is a unique parasite. It can complete its life cycle entirely within the human host. As a result, an autoinfection cycle is set up. As long as there is an intact immune system, the host can control the parasitic burden, and the organism may persist for years after the initial inoculum. Most infected individuals experience mild gastrointestinal or pulmonary symptoms that may fluctuate for years. When cell-mediated immunity becomes impaired (ie, corticosteroid use, malignancy, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome), the parasite burden will grow, disseminate, and cause hyperinfection. Strongyloidiasis is endemic in the tropical and subtropical areas of the world; additionally, it is also endemic in the southeastern United States. Strongyloidiasis is associated with asthma, preexisting lung disease, and immunosuppression, including acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Eosinophilia is not a prerequisite; therefore, the diagnosis of strongyloidiasis requires a high index of suspicion.
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
Strongyloides stercoralis is an intestinal nematode of humans that infects tens of millions of people worldwide. S. stercoralis is unique among intestinal nematodes in its ability to complete its life cycle within the host through an asexual autoinfective cycle, allowing the infection to persist in the host indefinitely. Under some conditions associated with immunocompromise, this autoinfective cycle can become amplified into a potentially fatal hyperinfection syndrome, characterized by increased numbers of infective filariform larvae in stool and sputum and clinical manifestations of the increased parasite burden and migration, such as gastrointestinal bleeding and respiratory distress. S. stercoralis hyperinfection is often accompanied by sepsis or meningitis with enteric organisms. Glucocorticoid treatment and human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 infection are the two conditions most specifically associated with triggering hyperinfection, but cases have been reported in association with hematologic malignancy, malnutrition, and AIDS. Anthelmintic agents such as ivermectin have been used successfully in treating the hyperinfection syndrome as well as for primary and secondary prevention of hyperinfection in patients whose exposure history and underlying condition put them at increased risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul B Keiser
- Helminth Immunology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Patil P, Jayshree RS, Acharya RS, Sridhar H, Babu G, Suresh TM. Fulminant fatal Strongyloides stercoralis infection in a postchemotherapy immunosuppressed cancer patient. MEDICAL AND PEDIATRIC ONCOLOGY 1999; 33:504-5. [PMID: 10531578 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-911x(199911)33:5<504::aid-mpo13>3.0.co;2-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P Patil
- Kidwai Memorial Institute Of Oncology, Bangalore, India.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Pacheco T, Oliveira L, Viana M, Rodrigues F, Gil A, da Rocha JP, de Abreu MC. Diagnóstico da estrongiloidíase num exame de rotina da expectoração com coloração pela técnica de Ziehi-Neelsen. REVISTA PORTUGUESA DE PNEUMOLOGIA 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0873-2159(15)30952-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
|
23
|
|
24
|
Cremades Romero MJ, Pellicer Ciscar C, Menéndez Villanueva R, Ricart Olmos C, Pastor-Guzmán A, Estellés Piera F, Igual Adell R, Gilabert Bonet MJ. [Strongyloides stercoralis infection in patients with bronchial obstructive pathology]. Arch Bronconeumol 1997; 33:384-8. [PMID: 9376938 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-2896(15)30564-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Strongyloides stercoralis infection was hardly seen in Spain until a few years ago but has recently been shown to be fairly common in some geographic areas. In the respiratory tract this germ can cause acute bronchospasms that make diagnosis difficult, particularly in patients with underlying bronchial disease. To determine if curing S. stercoralis infection is accompanied by clinical and functional improvement in patients with bronchial obstruction, we studied the evolution of 22 infected patients: 11 with no bronchopulmonary disease and 11 with chronic airway obstruction or asthma. The following variables were assessed in both groups at the moment of diagnosis of infection and four months after cure: levels of eosinophils and total serum IgE, respiratory symptoms, steroid doses and spirometric parameters. After four months we observed a significant decrease in eosinophil (16 versus 5%) and IgE (1,600 versus 770 IU/ml) levels in both groups. The number of bronchospasms and daily steroid doses required decreased in the group with bronchial disease. No significant differences were seen in spirometric parameters, however. The improvement in respiratory symptoms, blood parameters and need for medication leads us to believe that airway inflammation decreases after the infection has been eradicated, in spite of the lack of improvement in bronchial obstruction.
Collapse
|
25
|
Abstract
Pulmonary infections caused by several types of viruses and other miscellaneous organisms may cause disease in HIV infection. Evidence suggests that pulmonary conditions may result from infections of the lung by HIV itself. Other viruses, most commonly cytomegalovirus, may be primary perpetrators of pneumonitis or may contribute to diseases caused by coexisting infections. Although diagnosis and assessment of the clinical significance of these infections may be difficult, their recognition is of practical importance because potentially effective therapeutic agents are available for several of them. Miscellaneous infections such as pulmonary toxoplasmosis and pertussis are other uncommon but potentially treatable complications of HIV disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J M Wallace
- Department of Medicine, Olive View-UCLA Medical Center, Sylman, USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Cahill KM, Shevchuk M. Fulminant, systemic strongyloidiasis in AIDS. ANNALS OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND PARASITOLOGY 1996; 90:313-8. [PMID: 8758145 DOI: 10.1080/00034983.1996.11813056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The 15th known case of systemic Strongyloidiasis in an AIDS patient is recorded, with emphasis on the fulminant clinical cause and diffuse organ involvement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K M Cahill
- Department of International Health and Tropical Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Gutierrez Y, Bhatia P, Garbadawala ST, Dobson JR, Wallace TM, Carey TE. Strongyloides stercoralis eosinophilic granulomatous enterocolitis. Am J Surg Pathol 1996; 20:603-12. [PMID: 8619425 DOI: 10.1097/00000478-199605000-00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Six patients suffering from an unusual form of colitis produced by Strongyloides stercoralis hyperinfection are described. In contrast to the usual Strongyloides hyperinfection syndrome, in which small intestinal and pulmonary manifestations are seen in patients with some forms of immunodeficiency, the patients described here presented with only a characteristic transmural eosinophilic granulomatous inflammation affecting mostly the colonic wall and clinically mimicking ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease. This Strongyloides eosinophilic granulomatous enterocolitis apparently results from a florid inflammatory response by eosinophils, histiocytes, and giant cells with formation of granulomas that destroy the larvae entering the colon. This morphologic picture differs from that of the well-described hyperinfection syndrome, in which the bulk of the larvae pass through the colonic wall to complete the life cycle, with only a few larvae destroyed in the colon. The probable pathophysiologic mechanism of this unusual manifestation of hyperinfection is discussed based on the anatomic and clinical observations of patients who presented at different stages in the evolution of their condition and whose length of follow-up varied.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Gutierrez
- Department of Pathology, University Hospitals of Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Abstract
Strongyloides stercoralis usually causes chronic asymptomatic infection in humans. However, in patients with AIDS, malignancy, and individuals receiving corticosteroids, disseminated infection can develop, associated with an extremely high mortality rate and frequent treatment failure with thiabendazole. Recently, ivermectin was found to be very effective in such patients. The authors report a case of strongyloidiasis in a patient with hypogammaglobulinemia in which ivermectin failed to clear Strongyloides larvae from stool, despite repeated courses of treatment throughout 14 months.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Ashraf
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Medical Center, Knoxville, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Ashraf M, Gue CL, Baddour LM. Strongyloidiasis Refractory to Treatment With Ivermectin. Am J Med Sci 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9629(15)41679-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
30
|
Affiliation(s)
- D I Grove
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
|
32
|
Gordon SM, Gal AA, Solomon AR, Bryan JA. Disseminated strongyloidiasis with cutaneous manifestations in an immunocompromised host. J Am Acad Dermatol 1994; 31:255-9. [PMID: 8040411 DOI: 10.1016/s0190-9622(94)70158-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Recognition of the characteristic cutaneous eruption of disseminated strongyloidiasis can be crucial for early diagnosis and treatment of this potentially fatal infestation. We describe a corticosteroid-dependent elderly man who had a purpuric eruption. Filariform larvae of Strongyloides stercoralis were found in dermal granulomas and also in the sputum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S M Gordon
- Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Grady Memorial Hospital, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
|
34
|
Aydin H, Doppl W, Battmann A, Bohle RM, Klör HU. Opportunistic strongyloides stercoralis hyperinfection in lymphoma patients undergoing chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy--report of a case and review of the literature. Acta Oncol 1994; 33:78-80. [PMID: 8142133 DOI: 10.3109/02841869409098386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- H Aydin
- Dept. of Radiation Oncology, University of Giessen, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Lessnau KD, Can S, Talavera W. Disseminated Strongyloides stercoralis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. Treatment failure and a review of the literature. Chest 1993; 104:119-22. [PMID: 8325052 DOI: 10.1378/chest.104.1.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
We describe a North American human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive patient with Strongyloides stercoralis infection of the gastrointestinal tract, who required repeated "standard" courses of thiabendazole. Pulmonary infection with numerous roundworms developed, as suspected by bronchoalveolar lavage, and while he was receiving therapy, dissemination occurred. On autopsy, S stercoralis was recovered in the gastrointestinal tract, liver, lung, and heart. After a literature review, we conclude that HIV-positive patients have a higher risk of dissemination and "standard" treatment failure. This may occur without elevation of IgE or eosinophilia. Those patients may require prolonged courses of thiabendazole or alternatively ivermectin therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K D Lessnau
- Cabrini Medical Center, New York Medical College, New York 10003
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Wilkinson R, Leen CL. Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia and overt presentation of underlying Strongyloides stercoralis infection. J Infect 1993; 27:99-100. [PMID: 8370958 DOI: 10.1016/0163-4453(93)94153-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
|
37
|
Hassoun PM, Mark EJ. Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Weekly clinicopathological exercises. Case 43-1991. A 27-year-old man with AIDS, a cough, fever, and pulmonary infiltrates. N Engl J Med 1991; 325:1228-39. [PMID: 1922211 DOI: 10.1056/nejm199110243251707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
|