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Xu KZ, Tan XJ, Chang ZY, Li JJ, Jia AQ. 2-tert-Butyl-1,4-benzoquinone, a food additive oxidant, reduces virulence factors of Chromobacterium violaceum. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2022.113569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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2
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Chowdhury M, Lee N, Wey EQ. Chromobacterium violaceum causing disseminated soft tissue and pulmonary abscesses in a traveller returning from the Azores. Access Microbiol 2021; 3:000251. [PMID: 34888481 PMCID: PMC8650846 DOI: 10.1099/acmi.0.000251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This case report describes a 30-year-old male patient presenting with Chromobacterium violaceum cutaneous lesions who develops a subsequent bacteraemia, complicated by soft tissue and pulmonary abscesses. C. violaceum disease is a rare infection that can manifest in a spectrum from cutaneous lesions to disseminated disease and sepsis, the latter associated with high mortality. Although in the available literature there is a recommendation for a prolonged antibiotic course, we describe effective management with a shorter course of antibiotics. This case highlights the importance of not only considering a diagnosis of C. violaceum if there has been a high risk and appropriate exposure, but to also consider the changing epidemiology of the organism due to certain geographical areas becoming warmer due to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Chowdhury
- Royal Free Hospital, Royal Free Foundation NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Nathaniel Lee
- Royal Free Hospital, Royal Free Foundation NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Emmanuel Q Wey
- Royal Free Hospital, Royal Free Foundation NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,Centre for Clinical Microbiology, Division of Infection and Immunity University College London, London, UK
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3
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Alisjahbana B, Debora J, Susandi E, Darmawan G. Chromobacterium violaceum: A Review of an Unexpected Scourge. Int J Gen Med 2021; 14:3259-3270. [PMID: 34267544 PMCID: PMC8276824 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s272193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromobacterium violaceum is a common environmental bacterium that rarely causes disease in humans but has a high fatality rate if it does. Due to the rarity of the cases, clinicians are often unaware of the rapid progression of C. violaceum infection and its unexpected antibiotic resistance pattern, which contribute to the failure of patient management. Our review provides the clinical characteristics, possible sources of exposure, and comorbidities and determines factors associated with survival. We gathered information on 132 cases of C. violaceum causing disease in humans published between 1953 and 2020. Patients were predominantly male with a median age of 17.5, interquartile range (IQR) of 5.0-40.0 years, and a third of them were known to have immune deficiencies or comorbidities. Portals of entry were mainly through a wound in the leg and feet (28.0%), the torso (8.5%), or hands and arms (6.8%). It is not uncommon to acquire infection through unintended contact with contaminated water or dust through the mouth or inhalation. The median incubation period is 4.0 days (IQR 2.0-8.0 days) with a duration of clinical course of 17.5 days (IQR 8.0-30.8 days). The high rate of positive blood cultures (56.1%) and abscesses in internal organs (36.4%) shows the significant severity of this disease. Sepsis and Bacteremia were related to mortality with a risk ratio (RR) of 5.20 (95% CI, 0.831-32.58) and 2.14 (95% CI, 1.05-4.36), respectively. Appropriate antibiotic use prevented death at a RR 0.33 (95% CI, 0.21-0.52). Most patients who recovered and survived were treated with aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones and carbapenems. This review shows the malignant nature of C. violaceum infection and the need for clinicians to be aware and provide prompt source management for patients. Appropriate empiric and targeted antibiotic regiment guided by susceptibility test results is of vital importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bachti Alisjahbana
- Internal Medicine Department, Hasan Sadikin Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia.,Research Center for Care and Control of Infectious Diseases, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Josephine Debora
- Internal Medicine Department, Hasan Sadikin Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Evan Susandi
- Internal Medicine Department, Hasan Sadikin Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Guntur Darmawan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Krida Wacana Christian University, Jakarta, Indonesia
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4
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Case Report on Pleural Empyema Thoracis and Urinary Tract Infection Caused by Chromobacterium violaceum from Lagos, Nigeria. Case Rep Med 2019; 2019:5321484. [PMID: 30881460 PMCID: PMC6383417 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5321484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromobacterium violaceum has been implicated as an important cause of invasive diseases such as septicaemia in neonates and immune-compromised adults with high risk of misdiagnosis, mistreatment, and poor outcomes. Here, we report three new cases of C. violaceum infections in three different hospitalised patients with empyema thoracis (one case) and urinary tract infections (two cases) in a tertiary Hospital in Lagos, Nigeria, and the diagnosis was confirmed with the MALDI-TOF MS instrument. The patients were admitted and treated with parenteral antibiotics (ciprofloxacin, cefotaxime, and ceftriaxone) and discharged after clinical cure. Clinical and Laboratory findings from this study revealed C. violaceum as an emerging and an “underdiagnosed” pathogen causing human infections in Nigeria with ciprofloxacin identified as an effective empirical treatment. Follow-up of cases treated with microbiologically efficacious antibiotics indicates a good treatment outcome.
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Richard KR, Lovvorn JJ, Oliver SE, Ross SA, Benner KW, Kong MYF. Chromobacterium Violaceum Sepsis: Rethinking Conventional Therapy to Improve Outcome. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CASE REPORTS 2015; 16:740-4. [PMID: 26477750 PMCID: PMC4614536 DOI: 10.12659/ajcr.894509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Patient: Male, 11 Final Diagnosis: Chromobacterium violaceum infection Symptoms: Abscess • fever • rash Medication: — Clinical Procedure: ECMO Specialty: Critical Care Medicine
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen R Richard
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Joshua J Lovvorn
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Sara E Oliver
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Shannon A Ross
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Kim W Benner
- McWhorter School of Pharmacy, Samford University, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Michele Y F Kong
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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6
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Asymptomatic Bacteriuria Caused by Chromobacterium violaceum in an Immunocompetent Adult. Case Rep Med 2015; 2015:652036. [PMID: 26504464 PMCID: PMC4609412 DOI: 10.1155/2015/652036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Revised: 09/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Because of increasing antimicrobial resistance, the treatment of the asymptomatic bacteriuria is not considered except in specific circumstances like during pregnancy or before invasive urologic procedures. We are reporting a first case of asymptomatic bacteriuria caused by Chromobacterium violaceum in a 16-year-old male. With the reporting of the C. violaceum which is notorious for its high propensity for hematogenous dissemination causing fatal sepsis (with reported mortality rate up to 65–80%) if prompt proper treatment is not given, as causative agent of asymptomatic bacteriuria, it is recommended to treat the asymptomatic bacteriuria caused by this organism.
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7
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Skin, soft tissue and systemic bacterial infections following aquatic injuries and exposures. Am J Med Sci 2015; 349:269-75. [PMID: 25374398 DOI: 10.1097/maj.0000000000000366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
: Bacterial infections following aquatic injuries occur commonly in fishermen and vacationers after freshwater and saltwater exposures. Internet search engines were queried with the key words to describe the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic and treatment strategies and outcomes of both the superficial and the deeper invasive infections caused by more common, newly emerging and unusual aquatic bacterial pathogens. Main findings included the following: (1) aquatic injuries often result in gram-negative polymicrobial infections with marine bacteria; (2) most marine bacteria are resistant to 1st- and 2nd-generation penicillins and cephalosporins; (3) nontuberculous, mycobacterial infections should be considered in late-onset, culture-negative and antibiotic-resistant marine infections; (4) superficial marine infections and pre-existing wounds exposed to seawater may result in deeply invasive infections and sepsis in immunocompromised patients. With the exception of minor marine wounds demonstrating localized cellulitis, most other marine infections and all gram-negative and mycobacterial marine infections will require therapy with antibiotic combinations.
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de Oca-Mejía MM, Castillo-Juárez I, Martínez-Vázquez M, Soto-Hernandez M, García-Contreras R. Influence of quorum sensing in multiple phenotypes of the bacterial pathogen Chromobacterium violaceum. Pathog Dis 2014; 73:1-4. [PMID: 25722489 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftu019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromobacterium violaceum is a bacterial pathogen that communicates through quorum sensing (QS), via the C6-homoserine lactone signal (C6-HSL). It is well known that the production of the pigment violacein is controlled by QS in this microorganism, in fact QS-dependent violacein production is widely used as a marker to evaluate the efficiency of potential anti-QS molecules, such as those extracted from plants. In addition to violacein, the production of chitinase is also known to be controlled by QS, but besides those two phenotypes there is a lack of experimental studies aimed to discover additional process controlled by QS in this organism; therefore, in this work the production of exoprotease, aggregation, biofilm formation, swarming motility, H2O2 resistance as well as carbon and nitrogen utilization was determined in the wild-type strain and the QS negative mutant CVO26. Our results indicate that alkaline exoprotease activity is QS controlled in this organism, that QS increases aggregation, biofilm formation, swarming, that may increase H2O2 stress tolerance, and that it may influence the utilization of several carbon and nitrogen sources.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Rodolfo García-Contreras
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología 14080, México, México Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México 04510, Ciudad de México, México
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9
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Diaz JH. Skin and soft tissue infections following marine injuries and exposures in travelers. J Travel Med 2014; 21:207-13. [PMID: 24628985 DOI: 10.1111/jtm.12115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Revised: 11/23/2013] [Accepted: 12/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacterial skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) in travelers often follow insect bites and can present a broad spectrum of clinical manifestations ranging from impetigo to necrotizing cellulitis. Significant SSTIs can also follow marine injuries and exposures in travelers, and the etiologies are often marine bacteria. METHODS To meet the objectives of describing the pathogen-specific presenting clinical manifestations, diagnostic and treatment strategies, and outcomes of superficial and deep invasive infections in travelers caused by commonly encountered and newly emerging marine bacterial pathogens, Internet search engines were queried with the key words as MESH terms. RESULTS Travel medicine practitioners should maintain a high index of suspicion regarding potentially catastrophic, invasive bacterial infections, especially Aeromonas hydrophila, Vibrio vulnificus, Chromobacterium violaceum, and Shewanella infections, following marine injuries and exposures. CONCLUSIONS Travelers with well-known risk factors for the increasing severity of marine infections, including those with open wounds, suppressed immune systems, liver disease, alcoholism, hemochromatosis, hematological disease, diabetes, chronic renal disease, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, and cancer, should be cautioned about the risks of marine infections through exposures to marine animals, seawater, the preparation of live or freshly killed seafood, and the accidental ingestion of seawater or consumption of raw or undercooked seafood, especially shellfish. With the exception of minor marine wounds demonstrating localized cellulitis or spreading erysipeloid-type reactions, most other marine infections and all Gram-negative and mycobacterial marine infections will require therapy with antibiotic combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- James H Diaz
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health; Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center (LSUHSC), New Orleans, LA, USA
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10
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Hagiya H, Murase T, Suzuki M, Shibayama K, Kokumai Y, Watanabe N, Maki M, Otsuka F. Chromobacterium violaceum nosocomial pneumonia in two Japanese patients at an intensive care unit. J Infect Chemother 2013; 20:139-42. [PMID: 24548644 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiac.2013.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Revised: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Chromobacterium violaceum is sensitive to temperature and the infection is usually confined to tropical or subtropical regions. Since Japan has a warm climate, C. violaceum has been scarcely isolated from clinical specimens. With global warming, however, the geographical distribution of C. violaceum infection is likely to change. We report two cases of C. violaceum nosocomial pneumonia that occurred at an intensive care center in Japan. C. violaceum was first detected from a patient in the same center as a pathogenic organism of pneumonia. Later, the organism was isolated from sputum and a ventilator circuit tube of another patient in the center. The two patients were admitted to the center in nearby beds for several days. All of the pathogens were confirmed to be C. violaceum by the nucleic acid sequence of the 16S rRNA gene and were proven to be genetically identical organisms by pulsed field gel electrophoresis. Both patients were managed with well-humidified and heated oxygen using a venturi mask and ventilator to promote excretion of sputum. It was thought that the medical respiratory care devices that provide a humid and warm environment, an optimal condition for proliferation of C. violaceum, can contribute to C. violaceum infection in a hospital environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideharu Hagiya
- Department of General Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kitaku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan.
| | - Tomoko Murase
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Microbiology Division, Tsuyama Central Hospital, 1756 Kawasaki, Tsuyama, Okayama 708-0841, Japan
| | - Masato Suzuki
- Department of Bacteriology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Keigo Shibayama
- Department of Bacteriology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Yumi Kokumai
- Department of Nursing, Microbiology Division, Tsuyama Central Hospital, 1756 Kawasaki, Tsuyama, Okayama 708-0841, Japan
| | - Naoto Watanabe
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Microbiology Division, Tsuyama Central Hospital, 1756 Kawasaki, Tsuyama, Okayama 708-0841, Japan
| | - Miyako Maki
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Microbiology Division, Tsuyama Central Hospital, 1756 Kawasaki, Tsuyama, Okayama 708-0841, Japan
| | - Fumio Otsuka
- Department of General Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kitaku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
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11
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Erken M, Lutz C, McDougald D. The rise of pathogens: predation as a factor driving the evolution of human pathogens in the environment. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2013; 65:860-8. [PMID: 23354181 PMCID: PMC3637895 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-013-0189-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2012] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria in the environment must survive predation from bacteriophage, heterotrophic protists, and predatory bacteria. This selective pressure has resulted in the evolution of a variety of defense mechanisms, which can also function as virulence factors. Here we discuss the potential dual function of some of the mechanisms, which protect against heterotrophic protists, and how predation pressure leads to the evolution of pathogenicity. This is in accordance with the coincidental evolution hypothesis, which suggests that virulence factors arose as a response to other selective pressures, for example, predation rather than for virulence per se. In this review we discuss some of those environmental factors that may be associated with the rise of pathogens in the marine environment. In particular, we will discuss the role of heterotrophic protists in the evolution of virulence factors in marine bacteria. Finally, we will discuss the implications for expansion of current pathogens and emergence of new pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Erken
- Centre for Marine Bio-Innovation, School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052 Australia
| | - Carla Lutz
- Centre for Marine Bio-Innovation, School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052 Australia
| | - Diane McDougald
- Centre for Marine Bio-Innovation, School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052 Australia
- Advanced Environmental Biotechnology Centre, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 637551 Singapore
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12
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Ajithdoss DK, Porter BF, Calise DV, Libal MC, Edwards JF. Septicemia in a neonatal calf associated with Chromobacterium violaceum. Vet Pathol 2009; 46:71-4. [PMID: 19112118 DOI: 10.1354/vp.46-1-71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Chromobacterium violaceum infections are highly fatal and rarely reported in domestic animals. This report describes a fatal case of C. violaceum septicemia in a 7-day-old female beef calf. The calf had necrosuppurative omphalophlebitis, necrotizing interstitial pneumonia, necrosuppurative hepatitis and splenitis, anterior uveitis with hypopyon, suppurative polyarthritis, and disseminated hemorrhagic meningitis with multifocal necrotizing encephalitis. Histologically, clusters of gram-negative bacilli were found in many of the lesions. C. violaceum was isolated in high numbers from the lungs, liver, spleen, carpus, and in pure culture from the cerebrospinal fluid. To our knowledge, this is the first case report of chromobacteriosis in a calf.
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Affiliation(s)
- D K Ajithdoss
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4467, USA.
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13
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Martinez P, Mattar S. Fatal septicemia caused by Chromobacterium violaceum in a child from Colombia. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2008; 49:391-3. [PMID: 18157408 DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46652007000600011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2007] [Accepted: 04/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A 4-year old child living in Colombia presented with a history of fever and severe abdominal pain for four days. The patient developed pneumonia, septic shock, multiple organ failure and died on the fifth day of hospitalization. Chromobacterium violaceum was isolated from admission blood cultures and was resistant to ampicillin, cephalosporins, carbapenems and aminoglycosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Martinez
- Tropical Biological Research Institute, University of Cordoba, Monteria, Colombia.
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14
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Crosse PA, Soares K, Wheeler JL, Cooke KL, Adin CA, O'Kelley JJ, Levy JK. Chromobacterium violaceum infection in two dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2007; 42:154-9. [PMID: 16527917 DOI: 10.5326/0420154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Chromobacterium violaceum is a saprophyte of soil and water in tropical and subtropical environments that is associated with rare but highly fatal infections in animals and humans. Systemic infection was diagnosed in two critically ill dogs from Florida. Fever was absent in both dogs. Both dogs were treated surgically and provided with intensive care, but only one survived. The identification of characteristic, violet-pigmented bacterial colonies on routine microbial cultures should alert microbiologists and clinicians to the likelihood of this dangerous pathogen. Because of the rapidly progressive nature of this infection, empirical antibiotic administration with fluoroquinolones should be employed pending susceptibility testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia A Crosse
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
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15
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Lifschitz V, Cacciamani A, Merino LA. Infección de partes blandas en una paciente diabética oriunda de una región subtropical. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2006; 24:467-8. [PMID: 16956538 DOI: 10.1157/13091787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Lifschitz
- Laboratorio de Bacteriología. Hospital J. R. Vidal, Parasitología e Inmunología. Facultad de Medicina. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Sargento Cabral. Corrientes. Argentina
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16
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Brown KL, Stein A, Morrell DS. Ecthyma gangrenosum and septic shock syndrome secondary to Chromobacterium violaceum. J Am Acad Dermatol 2006; 54:S224-8. [PMID: 16631946 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2005.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2005] [Revised: 06/30/2005] [Accepted: 07/04/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Chromobacterium violaceum is a gram-negative bacterium of soil and water in tropical and subtropical environments. Typically, it is considered a bacterium of low virulence although, uncommonly, it causes human infection, particularly in persons with defects in host defenses. Infection generally follows exposure of broken skin to contaminated water and soil, and is often characterized by pustules, lymphadenitis, fever, and vomiting, as well as rapid dissemination and a high mortality rate. Unfortunately, because C violaceum is ubiquitous, it is often dismissed as a contaminant when cultured. Because rapid diagnosis (by taking appropriate specimens) and treatment are vital to a good prognosis, it is imperative that physicians be aware of this organism. In addition, patients with chromobacterial infections should have an immunologic workup because infections in immunocompetent individuals are rare. Here we report an aggressive yet nonfatal case of C violaceum septicemia in an adolescent male, diagnosed through a punch biopsy of a skin lesion, and resulting in a new diagnosis of chronic granulomatous disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine L Brown
- Department of Dermatology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA.
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17
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Dias JP, Silvany C, Saraiva MM, Ruf HR, Guzmán JD, Carmo EH. [Chromobacteriosis in Ilhéus, Bahia: epidemiologic, clinical and laboratorial investigation]. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2006; 38:503-6. [PMID: 16410927 DOI: 10.1590/s0037-86822005000600011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In April/2004, a group of people traveled to a farm in a town in the south of Bahia and afterwards, three teenagers from the same family developed symptoms of severe septicemia and two died. The Health Department carried out an epidemiologic, clinical, laboratory and environmental investigation that resulted in the identification of Chromobacterium violaceum, in biological material from one of them, water and soil. This is the first report of the disease in Bahia State.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juarez P Dias
- Secretaria de Saúde do Estado da Bahia, Salvador, BA.
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18
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Scholz HC, Witte A, Tomaso H, Al Dahouk S, Neubauer H. Detection of Chromobacterium violaceum by multiplex PCR targeting the prgI, spaO, invG, and sipB genes. Syst Appl Microbiol 2005; 29:45-8. [PMID: 16423655 DOI: 10.1016/j.syapm.2005.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Based on the recently completed genomic sequence of Chromobacterium violaceum American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) 12472 a multiplex PCR assay targeting the prgI, spaO, invG, and sipB genes of the Salmonella SPI-1 homologue type-III secretion system was developed. PCR products of 255bp (prgI), 749bp (spaO), 1685bp (invG), and 1752bp (sipB) were successfully amplified simultaneously in a single reaction with all Chr. violaceum strains investigated whereas other bacteria tested negative. The detection limit for pure cultures in multiplex PCR analysis was 100CFU. The developed assay significantly improves rapid identification of Chr. violaceum and allows its differentiation from closely related organisms.
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19
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Sirinavin S, Techasaensiri C, Benjaponpitak S, Pornkul R, Vorachit M. Invasive Chromobacterium violaceum infection in children: case report and review. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2005; 24:559-61. [PMID: 15933571 DOI: 10.1097/01.inf.0000164761.81491.3f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A 3.3-year-old boy developed Chromobacterium violaceum abscesses of lungs, liver and spleen and was successfully treated. He had chronic granulomatous disease (CGD). Twenty-five episodes of invasive C. violaceum infection in 24 children were reviewed. All 9 CGD and 10 nonbacteremic cases survived, but 12 of 16 (75%) non-CGD and 12 of 15 (80%) bacteremic patients died.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayomporn Sirinavin
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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20
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Abstract
A 5-year-old infant with diarrhea had heavy growth of Chromobacterium violaceum cultured from stool. This organism is restricted geographically between latitudes 35 degrees N and 35 degrees S. It can cause sepsis and various focal infections but is not a well-known cause of diarrhea.
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Moore CC, Lane JE, Stephens JL. Successful treatment of an infant with Chromobacterium violaceum sepsis. Clin Infect Dis 2001; 32:E107-10. [PMID: 11247733 DOI: 10.1086/319356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2000] [Revised: 08/28/2000] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromobacterium violaceum sepsis, a rarely reported phenomenon, has a high mortality rate. We report a unique case of C. violaceum sepsis in an infant. A 4-month-old girl presented to our institution with fever, pustular skin lesions, and distended abdomen, as well as diminished activity and mental status. Radiological investigation revealed brain, lung, and hepatic abscesses. The infant was successfully treated with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and ciprofloxacin.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C Moore
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Mercer University School of Medicine, Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon, GA 31201, USA
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Dyer NW, Krogh DF, DeVold R, Wilson SL, White DG. Chromobacteriosis in a Chinese red panda (Ailurus fulgens styani). J Vet Diagn Invest 2000; 12:177-9. [PMID: 10730953 DOI: 10.1177/104063870001200217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
An adult Chinese red panda (Ailurus fulgens styani) transported by airplane from Florida to a North Dakota zoo died 1 week after arrival. Grossly, an interscapular abscess, subcutaneous inflammation, lymphadenitis, and pulmonary abscesses were observed. Microscopic findings included necrotizing inflammation in liver, lung, lymph node, and spleen. Chromobacterium violaceum was cultured from the interscapular abscess, liver, lung, and spleen and was injected into Swiss Webster mice. These mice died 18 hours postinoculation, and C. violaceum was cultured from liver, lung, and spleen. Chromobacterium violaceum is a sporadically reported but highly virulent pathogenic bacterium of both animals and humans typically found as a soil and water inhabitant of tropical and subtropical regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- N W Dyer
- Department of Veterinary and Microbiological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo 58105, USA
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