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Hoogevest P, Tiemessen H, Metselaar JM, Drescher S, Fahr A. The Use of Phospholipids to Make Pharmaceutical Form Line Extensions. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.202000297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Hoogevest
- Phospholipid Research Center Im Neuenheimer Feld 515 Heidelberg 69120D‐69120 Germany
| | - Harry Tiemessen
- Technical & Research Development PHAD PDU Specialty Novartis Campus Physical Garden (WSJ 177) 2.14 Basel CH‐4002 Switzerland
| | - Josbert M. Metselaar
- Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, RWTH Aachen University Clinic Aachen D‐52074 Germany
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine RWTH Aachen University Aachen D‐52074 Germany
| | - Simon Drescher
- Phospholipid Research Center Im Neuenheimer Feld 515 Heidelberg D‐69120 Germany
| | - Alfred Fahr
- Professor Emeritus, Pharmaceutical Technology Friedrich‐Schiller‐University Jena Jena Germany
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Final Report on the Safety Assessment of Peg-30,-33,-35,-36, ANd-40 Castor Oil and Peg-30 and-40 Hydrogenated Castor Oil. Int J Toxicol 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/109158197227189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
PEG Castor Oils and PEG Hydrogenated Castor Oils are a family of polyethylene glycol derivatives of castor oil and hydrogenated castor oil that are used in over 500 formulations representing a wide variety of cosmetic products. They are used as skin conditioning agents and as surfactants (emulsifying and or solubilizing agents). The PEG Castor Oils and PEG Hydrogenated Castor Oils include various chain lengths, depending on the quantity of ethylene oxide used in synthesis. Although not all polymer lengths have been studied, it is considered acceptable to extrapolate the results of the few that have been studied to allingredients in the family. Because a principal noncosmetic use of PEG Castor Oils is as solvents for intravenous drugs, clinical data are available that indicate intravenous exposure can result in cardiovascular changes. Results from animal studies indicate very high LD50 values, with some evidence of acute nephrotoxicity in rats but not in rabbits. Short-term studies with intravenous exposure produced some evidence of toxicity in dogs but not in rabbits. Intramusuclar injection produced no toxicity in several species, including dogs. Subchronic oral studies also were negative. No dermal or ocular irritation was observed in studies in rabbits. Irritation was seen during induction, but no sen-sitization was found on challenge in guinea-pig studies using up to 50% PEG-35 Castor Oil; however, thisingredient was found to be a potent adjuvant in guinea pigs and mice. No evidence of developmental toxicity was seen in mice and rat feeding studies. Theseingredients, tested as vehicle controls, produced no mutagenic or carcinogenic effect. Clinical data are generally negative for irritation and sensitization, although some anaphylactoid reactions have been seen in studies of intravenous drugs in which PEG-35 Castor Oil was used as the vehicle. Because the maximum concentration used in animal sensitization studies was 50% for PEG Castor Oils and 100% for PEG Hydrogenated Castor Oils, it was concluded that PEG Castor Oils are safe for use in cosmetic formulations up to a concentration of 50% and that PEG Hydrogenated Castor Oils are safe as used in cosmetic formulations.
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Ehinger KHJ, Hansson MJ, Sjövall F, Elmér E. Bioequivalence and tolerability assessment of a novel intravenous ciclosporin lipid emulsion compared to branded ciclosporin in Cremophor ® EL. Clin Drug Investig 2013; 33:25-34. [PMID: 23179472 PMCID: PMC3586182 DOI: 10.1007/s40261-012-0029-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ciclosporin is used as an immunosuppressant in current clinical practice but recent research implies novel indications for the drug, such as neuro- and cardioprotection. The intravenous formulation currently on the market, Sandimmune(®) Injection (Sandimmune(®)), uses Cremophor(®) EL as emulsifying excipient. Cremophor(®) EL is known to cause hypersensitivity reactions in some patients, ranging from skin reactions to potentially fatal anaphylactic shock. OBJECTIVES The primary objective was to assess if CicloMulsion(®), a Cremophor(®) EL-free lipid emulsion of ciclosporin for intravenous administration, is bioequivalent to Sandimmune(®), and the secondary objective was to compare the tolerability profiles of the two preparations. METHODS This was a single-centre, open-label, subject-blind, laboratory-blind, single-dose, randomized, two-treatment, two-period, two-sequence crossover study of the pharmacokinetics of two formulations of intravenous ciclosporin. Fifty-two healthy volunteer subjects were administered 5 mg/kg of each of the two formulations of ciclosporin as a 4-h intravenous infusion. The last blood sample was acquired 48 h after the end of the infusion. Bioequivalence assessments according to current guidelines were performed. RESULTS The geometric mean ratios for CicloMulsion(®)/Sandimmune(®) (90 % confidence interval [CI]) were 0.90 (0.88, 0.92) for AUC(0-last) (area under the blood concentration-time curve from time zero to time of last measurable concentration) and 0.95 (0.92, 0.97) for C(max) (maximum blood concentration). For all additional variables analysed, the 90 % CIs were also within the accepted bioequivalence range of 0.80-1.25. One anaphylactoid and one anaphylactic reaction, both classified as serious adverse events, were reported after treatment with Sandimmune(®). No serious adverse events were recorded after treatment with CicloMulsion(®). CONCLUSION We have assessed the pharmacokinetics and tolerability of a new Cremophor(®) EL-free lipid emulsion of ciclosporin, CicloMulsion(®), compared to Sandimmune(®). The proportion of adverse events was significantly higher for the Cremophor(®) EL-based product Sandimmune(®). We conclude that CicloMulsion(®) is bioequivalent to Sandimmune(®) and exhibits fewer adverse reactions.
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N'Guessan BB, Sanchez H, Zoll J, Ribera F, Dufour S, Lampert E, Kindo M, Geny B, Ventura-Clapier R, Mettauer B. Oxidative capacities of cardiac and skeletal muscles of heart transplant recipients: mitochondrial effects of cyclosporin-A and its vehicle Cremophor-EL. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2012; 28:151-60. [DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Revised: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 09/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Banga N'Guessan
- Service de Physiologie Clinique et des Explorations Fonctionnelles; équipe d'accueil EA3072 Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg; 67091 Strasbourg Cedex France
- Laboratoire de Physiologie, Pharmacologie et Phytothérapie; UFR SN, Université d'Abobo-Adjamé; 02 BP 801 Abidjan 02 Abidjan Côte d'Ivoire
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; School of Pharmacy; College of Health Sciences; University of Ghana; PO Box KB 52 Korle Bu Accra Ghana
| | - Hervé Sanchez
- Département des facteurs humains; CRSSA; BP 87, 38702 La-Tronche Cedex France
| | - Joffrey Zoll
- Service de Physiologie Clinique et des Explorations Fonctionnelles; équipe d'accueil EA3072 Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg; 67091 Strasbourg Cedex France
| | - Florence Ribera
- Service de Physiologie Clinique et des Explorations Fonctionnelles; équipe d'accueil EA3072 Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg; 67091 Strasbourg Cedex France
| | - Stéphane Dufour
- Service de Physiologie Clinique et des Explorations Fonctionnelles; équipe d'accueil EA3072 Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg; 67091 Strasbourg Cedex France
| | - Eliane Lampert
- Service de Physiologie Clinique et des Explorations Fonctionnelles; équipe d'accueil EA3072 Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg; 67091 Strasbourg Cedex France
| | - Michel Kindo
- Service de chirurgie cardiaque Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg; 67091 Strasbourg Cedex France
| | - Bernard Geny
- Service de Physiologie Clinique et des Explorations Fonctionnelles; équipe d'accueil EA3072 Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg; 67091 Strasbourg Cedex France
| | - Renée Ventura-Clapier
- Signalisation et Physiopathologie Cardiaque U-769 INSERM; Université Paris-Sud; Châtenay-Malabry F-92296 France
| | - Bertrand Mettauer
- Service de Physiologie Clinique et des Explorations Fonctionnelles; équipe d'accueil EA3072 Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg; 67091 Strasbourg Cedex France
- Service de Cardiologie; Hôpitaux Civils de Colmar; 68024 Colmar Cedex France
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Wang W, Ao L, Rayburn ER, Xu H, Zhang X, Zhang X, Nag SA, Wu X, Wang MH, Wang H, Van Meir EG, Zhang R. KCN1, a novel synthetic sulfonamide anticancer agent: in vitro and in vivo anti-pancreatic cancer activities and preclinical pharmacology. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44883. [PMID: 23028659 PMCID: PMC3441526 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2012] [Accepted: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to determine the in vitro and in vivo anti-cancer activity and pharmacological properties of 3,4-dimethoxy-N-[(2,2-dimethyl-2H-chromen-6-yl)methyl]-N-phenylbenzenesulfonamide, KCN1. In the present study, we investigated the in vitro activity of KCN1 on cell proliferation and cell cycle distribution of pancreatic cancer cells, using the MTT and BrdUrd assays, and flow cytometry. The in vivo anti-cancer effects of KCN1 were evaluated in two distinct xenograft models of pancreatic cancer. We also developed an HPLC method for the quantitation of the compound, and examined its stability in mouse plasma, plasma protein binding, and degradation by mouse S9 microsomal enzymes. Furthermore, we examined the pharmacokinetics of KCN1 following intravenous or intraperitoneal injection in mice. Results showed that, in a dose-dependent manner, KCN1 inhibited cell growth and induced cell cycle arrest in human pancreatic cancer cells in vitro, and showed in vivo anticancer efficacy in mice bearing Panc-1 or Mia Paca-2 tumor xenografts. The HPLC method provided linear detection of KCN1 in all of the matrices in the range from 0.1 to 100 µM, and had a lower limit of detection of 0.085 µM in mouse plasma. KCN1 was very stable in mouse plasma, extensively plasma bound, and metabolized by S9 microsomal enzymes. The pharmacokinetic studies indicated that KCN1 could be detected in all of the tissues examined, most for at least 24 h. In conclusion, our preclinical data indicate that KCN1 is a potential therapeutic agent for pancreatic cancer, providing a basis for its future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas, United States of America
- Cancer Biology Center, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas, United States of America
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Lin Ao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas, United States of America
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth R. Rayburn
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Hongxia Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas, United States of America
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Xiangrong Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas, United States of America
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Xu Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas, United States of America
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Subhasree Ashok Nag
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas, United States of America
| | - Xuming Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas, United States of America
- Nantong Cancer Hospital, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Ming-Hai Wang
- Cancer Biology Center, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas, United States of America
| | - Hui Wang
- Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Erwin G. Van Meir
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail: (EGVM); (RZ)
| | - Ruiwen Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas, United States of America
- Cancer Biology Center, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas, United States of America
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- * E-mail: (EGVM); (RZ)
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Yin S, Kaluz S, Devi NS, Jabbar AA, de Noronha RG, Mun J, Zhang Z, Boreddy PR, Wang W, Wang Z, Abbruscato T, Chen Z, Olson JJ, Zhang R, Goodman MM, Nicolaou KC, Van Meir EG. Arylsulfonamide KCN1 inhibits in vivo glioma growth and interferes with HIF signaling by disrupting HIF-1α interaction with cofactors p300/CBP. Clin Cancer Res 2012; 18:6623-33. [PMID: 22923450 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-0861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) plays a critical role in tumor adaptation to hypoxia, and its elevated expression correlates with poor prognosis and treatment failure in patients with cancer. In this study, we determined whether 3,4-dimethoxy-N-[(2,2-dimethyl-2H-chromen-6-yl)methyl]-N-phenylbenzenesulfonamide, KCN1, the lead inhibitor in a novel class of arylsulfonamide inhibitors of the HIF-1 pathway, had antitumorigenic properties in vivo and further defined its mechanism of action. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We studied the inhibitory effect of systemic KCN1 delivery on the growth of human brain tumors in mice. To define mechanisms of KCN1 anti-HIF activities, we examined its influence on the assembly of a functional HIF-1α/HIF-1β/p300 transcription complex. RESULTS KCN1 specifically inhibited HIF reporter gene activity in several glioma cell lines at the nanomolar level. KCN1 also downregulated transcription of endogenous HIF-1 target genes, such as VEGF, Glut-1, and carbonic anhydrase 9, in a hypoxia-responsive element (HRE)-dependent manner. KCN1 potently inhibited the growth of subcutaneous malignant glioma tumor xenografts with minimal adverse effects on the host. It also induced a temporary survival benefit in an intracranial model of glioma but had no effect in a model of melanoma metastasis to the brain. Mechanistically, KCN1 did not downregulate the levels of HIF-1α or other components of the HIF transcriptional complex; rather, it antagonized hypoxia-inducible transcription by disrupting the interaction of HIF-1α with transcriptional coactivators p300/CBP. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the new HIF pathway inhibitor KCN1 has antitumor activity in mouse models, supporting its further translation for the treatment of human tumors displaying hypoxia or HIF overexpression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoman Yin
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, 30322, USA
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van Hoogevest P, Liu X, Fahr A. Drug delivery strategies for poorly water-soluble drugs: the industrial perspective. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2011; 8:1481-500. [PMID: 21895540 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2011.614228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION For poorly soluble compounds, a good bioavailability is typically needed to assess the therapeutic index and the suitability of the compound for technical development. In industry, the selection of the delivery technology is not only driven by technical targets, but also by constraints, such as production costs, time required for development and the intellectual property situation. AREAS COVERED This review covers current developments in parenteral and oral delivery technologies and products for poorly water-soluble compounds, such as nano-suspensions, solid dispersions and liposomes. In addition, the use of biorelevant dissolution media to assess dissolution and solubility properties is described. Suggestions are also included to systematically address development hurdles typical of poorly water-soluble compounds intended for parenteral or oral administration. EXPERT OPINION A holistic assessment is recommended to select the appropriate delivery technology by taking into account technical as well as intellectual property considerations. Therefore, first and foremost, a comprehensive physico-chemical characterization of poorly water-soluble compounds can provide the key for a successful selection and development outcome. In this context, the identified physical form of the compound in the formulation is used as a guide for a risk-benefit assessment of the selected oral delivery technology. The potential of nano-suspensions for intravenous administration is unclear. In the case of oral administration, nano-suspensions are mainly used to improve the oral absorption characteristics of micronized formulations. The development of an in situ instantaneous solubilization method, based on stable, standardized liposomes with low toxicity, opens new avenues to solubilize poorly water-soluble compounds.
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Role of phospholipids in the oral and parenteral delivery of poorly water soluble drugs. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/s1773-2247(11)50001-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Toxicological Study and Efficacy of Blank and Paclitaxel-Loaded Lipid Nanocapsules After i.v. Administration in Mice. Pharm Res 2010; 27:421-30. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-009-0024-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2009] [Accepted: 12/01/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Effect of tacrolimus derivatives on immunosuppression. Arch Pharm Res 2009; 32:549-57. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-009-1411-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2008] [Revised: 02/27/2009] [Accepted: 03/03/2009] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Ambros B, Duke-Novakovski T, Pasloske KS. Comparison of the anesthetic efficacy and cardiopulmonary effects of continuous rate infusions of alfaxalone-2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin and propofol in dogs. Am J Vet Res 2008; 69:1391-8. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.69.11.1391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Chen Q, Huang Z, Luck D, Beckers J, Brun PH, Wilson BC, Scherz A, Salomon Y, Hetzel FW. Preclinical Studies in Normal Canine Prostate of a Novel Palladium-Bacteriopheophorbide (WST09) Photosensitizer for Photodynamic Therapy of Prostate Cancer¶. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2002)0760438psincp2.0.co2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Huang Z, Chen Q, Luck D, Beckers J, Wilson BC, Trncic N, Larue SM, Blanc D, Hetzel FW. Studies of a vascular-acting photosensitizer, Pd-bacteriopheophorbide (Tookad), in normal canine prostate and spontaneous canine prostate cancer. Lasers Surg Med 2006; 36:390-7. [PMID: 15856509 PMCID: PMC1201403 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.20177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Photodynamic therapy (PDT) mediated with Tookad (Pd-bacteriopheophorbide, WST09) was investigated pre-clinically as part of a program to develop an alternative modality for treating prostate cancer. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS Spontaneous canine prostate cancer and normal canine prostate were used as the animal models. Interstitial PDT was performed by IV infusion of the photosensitizer and irradiating the prostates with a diode laser (763 nm). The prostates were harvested 1-week post-PDT and subjected to histopathologic examinations. The effects of the drug doses and light doses were studied for one- and two-session PDT. Pharmacokinetics were studied using HPLC assay. The feasibility of using perfusing CT scans for assessing PDT lesions was also evaluated. RESULTS Tookad is a vascular-acting drug and clears rapidly from the circulation. Tookad-PDT-induced lesions, in both normal and cancerous prostates, were characterized by marked hemorrhagic necrosis. CONCLUSIONS Tookad-PDT is very effective in ablating prostatic tissue through its vascular effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Huang
- HealthONE Alliance, Denver, Colorado 80203, USA.
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Gustafson DL, Long ME, Bradshaw EL, Merz AL, Kerzic PJ. P450 induction alters paclitaxel pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution with multiple dosing. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2005; 56:248-54. [PMID: 15856231 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-004-0988-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2004] [Accepted: 11/16/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Paclitaxel (Taxol) is an effective agent against a broad range of human cancers. Studies on the metabolism and disposition of paclitaxel have shown that it is primarily eliminated via hepatic metabolism by P450 enzymes (2C8 and 3A4) to essentially inactive metabolites, and that biliary and gut transport by P-glycoprotein (PGP) as well as urinary elimination of the parent compound play relatively minor roles. Recent studies in vitro have shown that paclitaxel treatment increases the level of CYP2C8 and CYP3A4 in human hepatocytes as well as PGP in colon tumor cells. The data suggest that previous paclitaxel exposure may influence metabolism and elimination of subsequent doses. Further, since weekly paclitaxel dose schedules are becoming more common as opposed to the original every 21-day dosing, the likelihood of enzyme induction from previous doses impacting that from subsequent doses is increased. METHODS To study the potential for such sequence-dependent alterations in paclitaxel pharmacokinetics, we carried out pharmacokinetic studies in mouse plasma and tissues following day 1 and days 1 and 5 dosing at 20 mg/kg. Paclitaxel concentrations were determined by a sensitive LC/MS/MS assay out to 16 h post-dosing in plasma, liver, kidney, gut and heart. The effect of paclitaxel treatment on hepatic expression of PGP and P450 isoforms (CYP2C and CYP3A) was determined to elucidate the mechanism by which paclitaxel disposition is altered by previous drug exposure. RESULTS Pharmacokinetic analysis of the data showed that plasma and tissue AUC values after treatment on day 5 following a dose on day 1 were between 50% and 74% of those determined following a single dose on day 1. The terminal elimination half-life was not different. Activity and protein levels for CYP2C in liver were elevated at 24 and 96 h after paclitaxel dosing. Cremophor EL, a carrier solvent for paclitaxel, also caused elevated CYP2C activity. Neither CYP3A nor PGP levels in liver were altered by paclitaxel or Cremophor EL treatment at the 24-h and 96-h time points. The levels of 6alpha-OH-paclitaxel in feces were increased on day 5 as opposed to day 1 while paclitaxel levels in feces were unchanged. CONCLUSIONS The results of our studies showed that paclitaxel pharmacokinetics are altered by previous paclitaxel exposure up to 96 h earlier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L Gustafson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, C-238, Denver, CO 80262, USA.
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Chung Y, Cho H. Preparation of highly water soluble tacrolimus derivatives: poly(Ethylene glycol) esters as potential prodrugs. Arch Pharm Res 2004; 27:878-83. [PMID: 15460452 DOI: 10.1007/bf02980183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Tacrolimus (FK506), which is isolated from Streptomyces tsukubaensis, is a new potent immunosuppressant. Because of poor solubility in water, the conventional intravenous dosage forms of tacrolimus contain surfactants such as cremophor EL (BASF Wyandotte Co.) or hydrogenated polyoxy 60 castor oil (HCO-60) which may cause adverse effects. This study relates to a polymer-tacrolimus conjugate, which can be dissolved in water, formed by chemically binding the sparingly soluble drug, tacrolimus, with the water soluble polymer, methoxypoly(ethylene glycol) (mPEG). Water soluble tacrolimus-mPEG conjugates have been synthesized and shown to be function in vitro as prodrugs. These conjugates are in the form of an ester wherein the 24-, 32- or 24,32-positions are esterified. The desired 24-, 32- or 24,32-esterified compounds were obtained by initially acylating of tacrolimus with iodoacetic acid at the 24-, 32-, or 24,32-positions and then reacting the resulting acylated tacrolimus with a mPEG in the presence of a base such as sodium bicarbonate. These conjugates were converted again into tacrolimus by the action of enzymes in human liver homogenate, and the half-lives of the conjugates are approximately 10 min in the homogenate, indicating that the esterified tacrolimus derivatives may be practically applicable as a prodrug for the immunosuppressant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongseog Chung
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Basic Science, Chungbuk National University, Chungbuk 361-763, Korea.
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Chen Q, Huang Z, Luck D, Beckers J, Brun PH, Wilson BC, Scherz A, Salomon Y, Hetzel FW. Preclinical studies in normal canine prostate of a novel palladium-bacteriopheophorbide (WST09) photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy of prostate cancers. Photochem Photobiol 2002; 76:438-45. [PMID: 12405153 DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2002)076<0438:psincp>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) uses light to activate a photosensitizer to achieve localized tumor control. In this study, PDT mediated by a second-generation photosensitizer, palladium-bacteriopheophorbide WST09 (Tookad) was investigated as an alternative therapy for prostate cancer. Normal canine prostate was used as the animal model. PDT was performed by irradiating the surgically exposed prostate superficially or interstitially at 763 nm to different total fluences (100 or 200 J/cm2; 50, 100 or 200 J/cm) at 5 or 15 min after intravenous administration of the drug (2 mg/kg). Areas on the bladder and colon were also irradiated. The local light fluence rate and temperature were monitored by interstitial probes in the prostate. All animals recovered well, without urethral complications. During the 1 week to 3 month post-treatment period, the prostates were harvested for histopathological examination. The PDT-induced lesions showed uniform hemorrhagic necrosis and atrophy, were well delineated from the adjacent normal tissue and increased linearly in diameter with the logarithm of the delivered light fluence. A maximum PDT-induced lesion size of over 3 cm diameter could be achieved with a single interstitial treatment. There was no damage to the bladder or rectum caused by scattered light from the prostate. The bladder and rectum were also directly irradiated with PDT. At 80 J/cm2, a full-depth necrosis was observed but resulted in no perforation. At 40 J/cm2, PDT produced minimal damage to the bladder or rectum. On the basis of optical dosimetry, we have estimated that 20 J/cm2 is the fluence required to produce prostatic necrosis. Thus, the normal structure adjacent to the prostate can be safely preserved with careful dosimetry. At therapeutic PDT levels, there was no structural or functional urethral damage even when the urethra was within the treated region. Hence, Tookad-PDT appears to be a promising candidate for prostate ablation in patients with recurrent, or possibly even primary, prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Chen
- HealthONE Alliance, Denver, CO 80218, USA.
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17
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Riegert-Johnson DL, Volcheck GW. The incidence of anaphylaxis following intravenous phytonadione (vitamin K1): a 5-year retrospective review. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2002; 89:400-6. [PMID: 12392385 DOI: 10.1016/s1081-1206(10)62042-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phytonadione (vitamin K1) administered intravenously (i.v.) has been associated with anaphylaxis, although the incidence is not known. The anaphylaxis is thought to be attributable to the solubilizing vehicle, polyethoxylated castor oil (Cremophor EL, BASF AG, Ludwingshafen, Germany). OBJECTIVE To estimate the incidence of anaphylaxis after i.v. administration of phytonadione. METHODS A retrospective review of anaphylaxis after i.v. phytonadione over a 58-month period at a large academic center was performed. During the period of the study a protocol for the administration of i.v. phytonadione was in place. A review of computerized records and survey of staff identified cases of anaphylaxis meeting predefined inclusion criteria. In addition, a literature review was performed for articles concerning anaphylaxis after i.v. phytonadione. RESULTS Over the 58 months of the study, a total of 6,572 doses of i.v. phytonadione were administered. Two cases of anaphylaxis after i.v. phytonadione were identified. The incidence of anaphylaxis was 3 per 10,000 doses with 95% confidence intervals of 0.04 to 11 per 10,000 doses. The literature review identified 14 cases meeting inclusion criteria with no reviews of the literature or estimates of incidence. CONCLUSIONS The incidence of anaphylaxis after i.v. phytonadione is overall comparable or slightly less than other drugs known to cause anaphylaxis. We do not recommend routine pretreatment with antihistamines or corticosteroids before administration of phytonadione.
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18
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Mark M, Walter R, Meredith DO, Reinhart WH. Commercial taxane formulations induce stomatocytosis and increase blood viscosity. Br J Pharmacol 2001; 134:1207-14. [PMID: 11704640 PMCID: PMC1573070 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0704387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
1. Taxanes are antineoplastic drugs which have cardiovascular side effects of unknown mechanism. We investigated their influence on blood viscosity and erythrocyte morphology. 2. Whole blood was incubated in vitro with increasing concentrations of Taxol, Taxotere, paclitaxel (0-100 microM) and the vehicles Cremophor-EL and Tween 80 (0-5% vol) for 1 h at 37 degrees C. Plasma and whole blood viscosity (Haematocrit 45%) were measured and erythrocyte morphology was assessed on glutaraldehyde-fixed cells. The same investigations were performed in seven patients before and after a Taxol-infusion. 3. Taxol and Taxotere induced a dose- and time-dependent stomatocytic shape transformation of erythrocytes. Paclitaxel alone had no effect, but the vehicles cremophor-EL and Tween 80, used in Taxol and Taxotere, respectively, induced a comparable degree of stomatocytosis. This suggests a preferential intercalation of these substances into the inner hemileaflet of the membrane lipid bilayer. Associated with this shape change a dose-dependent increase in plasma and whole blood viscosity was observed. Neither shape nor viscosity changes were reversible upon removal of the agents. After the infusion of 130-300 mg Taxol in patients a slight shift towards stomatocytosis and an increase in whole blood viscosity at high shear rate from 5.09+/-0.30 to 5.44+/-0.38 mPa.s (P<0.05) were confirmed. 4. Commercial taxane drug formulations induce stomatocytosis and increase blood viscosity, which is due to their formulation vehicles. These findings may contribute to the understanding of the cardiovascular side effects of these drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Mark
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kantonsspital, CH-7000 Chur, Switzerland
| | - Roland Walter
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical Clinic B, University Hospital, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Walter H Reinhart
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kantonsspital, CH-7000 Chur, Switzerland
- Author for correspondence:
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Sanchez H, Zoll J, Bigard X, Veksler V, Mettauer B, Lampert E, Lonsdorfer J, Ventura-Clapier R. Effect of cyclosporin A and its vehicle on cardiac and skeletal muscle mitochondria: relationship to efficacy of the respiratory chain. Br J Pharmacol 2001; 133:781-8. [PMID: 11454650 PMCID: PMC1572839 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0704129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Although cyclosporin (CsA) is considered to be the best immunosuppressive molecule in transplantation, it has been suspected to alter mitochondrial respiration of various tissues. We evaluated the acute effect of CsA and its vehicle on maximal oxidative capacity (V(max)) of cardiac, soleus and gastrocnemius muscles of rats by an oxygraphic method in saponin skinned muscle fibres. The effects of Sandimmun (a formulation of CsA), vehicle of Sandimmun (cremophor and ethanol (EtOH)), CsA in EtOH and EtOH alone were tested. Increasing concentrations (5 - 20 - 50 - 100 microM) of CsA (or vehicles) were used. Sandimmun profoundly altered the V(max) of all muscles. For example, at 20 microM, inhibition reached 18+/-3, 23+/-5, 45+/-5%, for heart, soleus and gastrocnemius respectively. There were only minor effects of CsA diluted in EtOH and EtOH alone on V(max) of cardiac muscle. Because the effects of vehicle on V(max) were similar or higher than those of Sandimmun, the inhibition of oxidative capacity could be entirely attributed to the vehicle for all muscles. Next, we investigated the potential sites of action of the vehicle on the different complexes of the mitochondrial respiratory chain by using specific substrates and inhibitors. The vehicle affected mitochondrial respiration mainly at the level of complex I ( approximately -85% in skeletal muscles, and -32% in heart), but also at complex IV ( approximately -26% for all muscles). The mechanism of action of the vehicle on the mitochondrial membrane and the implications for the clinical use of immunosuppressive drugs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Sanchez
- Unité de Bioénergétique et Environnement, Centre de Recherches du Service de Santé des Armées, Ave du Maquis du Grésivaudan, 38702 La Tronche Cedex, France.
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20
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Aszalos A, Ladányi A, Bocsi J, Szende B. Induction of apoptosis in MDR1 expressing cells by daunorubicin with combinations of suboptimal concentrations of P-glycoprotein modulators. Cancer Lett 2001; 167:157-62. [PMID: 11369136 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3835(01)00488-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The application of most agents with the capacity to reverse multidrug resistance (MDR) via modulation of the multidrug transporter P-glycoprotein (Pgp) was shown to be associated with toxic side-effects. For this reason, we have investigated the effect of combinations of suboptimal concentrations of Pgp blockers on the induction of apoptosis and growth arrest in daunorubicin (D) treated, MDR1 gene transfected cells. We used verapamil, PSC833 and Cremophor EL as Pgp modulators, which affect the function of Pgp by different mechanisms. Treatment of NIH3T3/MDR1 cells with combinations of suboptimal concentrations of Pgp modulators in the presence of D caused apoptosis and G(2) arrest to the same extent as optimal concentrations of singly used blockers. We conclude that combinations of suboptimal concentrations of Pgp modulators may cause effective sensitization of resistant tumor cells, and at the same time, may avoid the frequently observed toxic effects experienced in clinical trials with a single modifier applied at the optimal dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Aszalos
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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21
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Meyer TH, Böhler J, Frahm AW. Determination of Cremophor EL in plasma after sample preparation with solid phase extraction and plasma protein precipitation. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2001; 24:495-506. [PMID: 11199229 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(00)00435-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The non-ionic emulsifier Cremophor EL can be quantified using a special potentiometric titration technique with barium chloride activation and precipitation with sodium tetraphenylborate. The end point of the titration is indicated by an ionsensitive coated wire electrode which responds to an excess of tetraphenylborate ions. Sample preparation is necessary to quantify the excipient in plasma of patients receiving ciclosporin formulations with Cremophor EL (Sandimmun), since plasma proteins cause disturbances of the titration. Solid phase extraction was tested with various sorbent materials. Although some of the sorbents yielded good extraction rates of Cremophor EL from aqueous solutions, the extraction rates from plasma were significantly lower. Therefore, plasma protein precipitation with acetonitrile has been examined as an alternative to SPE and has been proved the superior method. Using the precipitation technique, a recovery rate of above 90% was achieved. Furthermore, the limit of detection from plasma was found to be 30 microg, in analogy to the determination from aqueous solutions. The combination of the plasma protein precipitation with the potentiometric titration allows quantitation and thus pharmakokinetic investigations of Cremophor EL in patients treated with Sandimmun after kidney-transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- T H Meyer
- Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
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22
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Masters TN, Fokin AA, Schaper J, Lorenz-Meyer S, Pool L, Gong G, Robicsek F. Extending myocardial viability during heart preservation with cyclosporine A. J Card Surg 2000; 15:392-402. [PMID: 11678462 DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-8191.2000.tb01299.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM OF STUDY Hypothermic preservation (PRES) of donor hearts is limited to 12-14 hours for complete functional recovery after reperfusion. In a canine heterotopic heart transplant model, 50% to 60% functional recovery returned after 18 hours of PRES with University of Wisconsin (UW) solution. Concomitant with functional changes were marked increases in apoptotic cells at 2 (2.69%) and 6 (5.98%) hours of reperfusion with a concomitant decrease in lamin B1 (2% and 7.6%, respectively) with no evidence of necrotic cells. These results suggested that blockade of apoptosis may prolong myocardial viability during PRES and reperfusion. METHODS Donor hearts were subjected to 18 and 24 hours of PRES (2 degrees C to 4 degrees C) with and without cyclosporine A (CyS) treatment (apoptosis blocker). CyS was given to the donor animal (10 mg/kg), in the PRES solution (10(-5) mol/L), slowly infused during the PRES period (1 mL/min), and also to the recipient animal (2.5 mg/kg). RESULTS After 18 hours of PRES with CyS, function returned to 100% within 1 hour and stayed at this level throughout a 6-hour recovery period. Apoptotic myocytes were reduced (55%) after 18 hours PRES with CyS treatment, and 6-hour reperfusion lamin B1 was reduced to only 3.7%. Twenty-four hour PRES in UW resulted in no functional recovery. However, after CyS treatment, functional recovery returned to 100% after 4 hours of reperfusion. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and creatine phosphate (CP) concentrations were surprisingly the same with or without CyS treatment at 18 hours and lower with 24 hours. CONCLUSIONS Use of CyS in the PRES solution prolongs myocardial viability during donor heart PRES. The mechanism of action may be associated with the mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) pore via cyclophilin D binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- T N Masters
- Heineman Medical Research Center, Carolinas HealthCare System, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA
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23
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Cao L, Sun D, Cruz T, Moscarello MA, Ludwin SK, Whitaker JN. Inhibition of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in the Lewis rat by paclitaxel. J Neuroimmunol 2000; 108:103-11. [PMID: 10900343 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(00)00268-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model for multiple sclerosis (MS), is useful for preclinical testing for agents to be considered for treatment for this human demyelinating disease. Microtubules in lymphocytes play an important role in the cascade of human T cell activation, and paclitaxel (PTX), a microtubule stabilizer, can inhibit T cell function. A new formulation of micellar PTX, free of Cremophor and ethanol, was tested for its effect on the induction of EAE in Lewis rats. Adoptive EAE was induced with an encephalitogenic T cell line activated with guinea pig myelin basic protein (GP MBP) peptide 68-88. PTX (10 mg/kg) was administered 24 and 72 h after cell transfer. The clinical signs, fulminating in controls, were completely blocked by PTX, but mild CNS inflammation remained unaltered. A similar dose of PTX, given on days 6 and 8 to animals developing active EAE after immunization with GP MBP peptide 68-88 in complete Freund's adjuvant, greatly reduced the severity of paralysis and delayed the onset of disease by 8-9 days. Marked weight loss and severe toxicity were noted with higher and more prolonged administration. In vitro micellar PTX inhibited activation of encephalitogenic T cells by both specific antigen and mitogen. Lower doses and longer treatment programs may provide effective treatment with acceptable adverse effects with this agent in the treatment of inflammatory demyelinating disease.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antigens/immunology
- Chemistry, Pharmaceutical
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/drug therapy
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Female
- Freund's Adjuvant
- Guinea Pigs
- Immunization, Passive
- Inflammation/drug therapy
- Inflammation/immunology
- Inflammation/pathology
- Lymphocyte Activation/drug effects
- Micelles
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Multiple Sclerosis/drug therapy
- Myelin Basic Protein/immunology
- Paclitaxel/adverse effects
- Paclitaxel/pharmacology
- Paclitaxel/therapeutic use
- Paralysis/drug therapy
- Paralysis/prevention & control
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred Lew
- T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Weight Loss/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- L Cao
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 619 19th Street South, JT 1205, Birmingham, AL 35249-7340 , USA
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24
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Sanchez H, Bigard X, Veksler V, Mettauer B, Lampert E, Lonsdorfer J, Ventura-Clapier R. Immunosuppressive treatment affects cardiac and skeletal muscle mitochondria by the toxic effect of vehicle. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2000; 32:323-31. [PMID: 10722807 DOI: 10.1006/jmcc.1999.1078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In order to examine whether immunosuppressive treatment could be responsible for the reduced exercise capacity of heart transplant recipients (HTR), we studied the effects of long-term immunosuppressive treatment with cyclosporin A (CsA) and its vehicle (2/3 cremophor and 1/3 alcohol diluted in olive oil) on in situ mitochondrial respiration of different muscles. Rats were fed for 3 weeks with 10 or 25 mg/kg/day CsA in its vehicle (CsA10 and CsA25 groups), or vehicle or H(2)O. Oxygen consumption rate was measured in saponin skinned fibers without (V(0)) and with ADP until maximal respiration (V(max)) was reached and K(M)for ADP as well as V(max)were calculated using non-linear fit of the Michaelis-Menten equation. In the cardiac muscle of the CsA25 group, V(0)and V(max)were decreased by immunosuppressive treatment respectively from 6.33+/-0.51 to 3.18+/-0.3micromol O(2)/min/g dw (P<0.001) and from 29.0+/-1.5 to 18.1+/-1.6micromol O(2)/min/g dw (P<0.001), an effect which could be entirely attributed to the vehicle itself, with no difference between CsA10 and CsA25. Regulation of cardiac mitochondrial respiration by ADP was altered by vehicle with the K(M)for ADP decreasing from 371+/-37 to 180+/-21microm(P<0.001). A similar trend was observed in the diaphragm or soleus, although to a lesser extent. In contrast, V(0)and V(max)decreased in glycolytic gastrocnemius muscle respectively from 1.7+/-0.2 to 0.94+/-0.14 (P<0. 01) and from 6.8+/-0.3 to 5.1+/-0.4micromol O(2)/min/g dw (P<0.001) in the CsA25 group, but the main effects could be attributed to CsA itself. It was concluded that immunosuppressive treatment induces a deleterious effect on cardiac and skeletal muscle oxidative capacities, mainly due to cremophor, the main component of vehicle.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Sanchez
- Unité de Bioénergétique et Environnement, Centre de Recherches du Service de Santé des Armées, Ave du Maquis du Grésivaudan, 38702, La Tronche Cedex, France
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25
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Kunkel M, Meyer T, Böhler J, Keller E, Frahm AW. Titrimetric determination of Cremophor EL in aqueous solutions and biofluids: part 2: ruggedness of the method with respect to biofluids. J Pharm Biomed Anal 1999; 21:911-22. [PMID: 10703959 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(99)00212-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A titration method for Cremophor EL, as a multicomponent mixture commonly used as non-ionic emulgent for manufacturing certain parenteralia, was developed for quantitative routine analysis in biofluids. A coated wire electrode is used as the end-point indicator in potentiometric titrations of Cremophor EL with sodium tetraphenylborate. The method tolerates a broad pH range, addition of alkanols and components of drug formulations and is sufficiently rugged. Reliable results are obtained at 20 degrees C. Disturbing ions from biofluid matrices can be masked or complexed by addition of formaldehyde, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and sodium fluoride. Sodium hydroxide is used for the required adjustment of the samples to pH 10. Cremophor EL spiked urine samples can be determined directly, whereas the true value of the emulgent content in the case of Cremophor EL spiked plasma samples is achieved by means of a conventional method.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kunkel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
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26
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Braun-Dullaeus RC, Feussner M, Walker G, Hopmann H, Kraemer HJ, Grimminger F, Tillmanns H, Haberbosch W. Cyclosporine-induced coronary artery constriction--dissociation between thromboxane release and coronary vasospasm. J Heart Lung Transplant 1999; 18:328-35. [PMID: 10226897 DOI: 10.1016/s1053-2498(98)00041-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclosporine influences vascular tone, including that of coronary arteries. But its effect on myocardial prostanoid release, which may contribute to a drug-induced coronary and/or myocardial dysfunction, remains unknown. We used the isolated perfused rat heart to study the effect of cyclosporine on both the mechanical function parameters and myocardial prostanoid release into the effluent by ELISA. Cyclosporine (5 microM) induced an increase of perfusion pressure from 40 +/- 3 to 73 +/- 4 mm Hg within 60 minutes (p < 0.001), reflecting an increase of coronary tone. Cyclosporine did not affect heart rate but contractility (+dp/dtmax) tended to decrease, although not significantly. The drug's effect on coronary tone was rapidly reversible upon withdrawal. Cyclosporine perfusion resulted in an increase of thromboxane B2 liberation from 236 +/- 150 to 1321 +/- 354 pg/ml effluent (p < 0.001), whereas the 6-keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha release was unaffected. The vehicle cremophor did not change any of these parameters. Neither inhibition of myocardial prostanoid formation with acetylsalicylic acid nor thromboxane receptor blockade prevented the cyclosporine-induced increase of perfusion pressure. However, perfusion with nitroglycerin or the voltage-sensitive calcium channel antagonist nifedipine in addition to cyclosporine were able to prevent the increase of perfusion pressure. This is the first time it has been demonstrated that cyclosporine induces an acute release of the prostanoid thromboxane within the myocardium. Despite the resulting imbalance in favor of the vasoconstrictive prostanoid, a dependency of the cyclosporine-induced increase of coronary tone on this imbalance was excluded. Conversely, nitric oxide donation or calcium channel blockade were able to prevent the negative effect of the drug on coronary tone, supporting the concept of endothelium-dependent and/or myogenic mechanism of cyclosporine toxicity on the coronary vascular bed.
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Braun-Dullaeus RC, Feussner M, Walker G, Tillmanns H, Haberbosch W. Comparison of in vitro cardiovascular function with in vivo echocardiographic assessment after long-term administration of cyclosporine to rats. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1998; 31:828-32. [PMID: 9641466 DOI: 10.1097/00005344-199806000-00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Clinical reports indicate that cyclosporine is able to induce heart failure without rejection after heart transplantation. This supposition is supported by ex vivo animal studies, yet ex vivo studies do not account for the potential of counter-regulatory mechanisms, and the clinical observations seem rare in comparison with the number of patients treated with cyclosporine. We hypothesized that cyclosporine administration to rats would fail to exhibit any effect on myocardial contractility in vivo notwithstanding a negative influence ex vivo. Transthoracic echocardiographic examinations (two-dimensional targeted M-mode tracings) were done in a blinded fashion before and after 1-week treatment of rats (10 or 20 mg/kg/day cyclosporine i.p. vs. vehicle). After excision of the hearts, contractility and changes in coronary tone were determined ex vivo during flow-constant perfusion. Neither cyclosporine nor vehicle treatment resulted in changes of echocardiographic parameters (left ventricular diameter, fractional shortening). The heart rate was significantly increased in the high-dose cyclosporine group. This group showed a significant 38% reduction of contractility during the subsequent perfusion ex vivo, whereas low-dose cyclosporine or vehicle had no effect on myocardial performance. Vasoconstriction did not account for this impairment, because coronary tone was unaltered. Cyclosporine, given in doses used in animal studies, impairs myocardial contractility ex vivo but fails to exhibit any effect on myocardial performance in vivo, possibly because of an increase in sympathetic tone. Considering that the denervated transplanted heart in humans is even sensitized to adrenergic stimuli, our finding makes unlikely a clinical contribution of cyclosporine to failure after orthotopic heart transplantation.
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Abstract
The aim of this review is to introduce some molecular targets for cancer chemotherapy, with comments on their mode of action, preclinical and clinical results. The representatives of the following groups are covered: phosphorylation inhibitors, protein kinase modulators, receptor antagonists, immunomodulators, differentiating agents, multidrug resistance modulation, telomerase inhibitors, and bioreductive agents.
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Barnette RE, Wendling WW, Schweiger JW, Brister NW, Schartel SA, Chen D, Shuman CA, McClurken JB, Jeevanandam V. Intravenous vitamin K1 prior to orthotopic heart transplantation: effects in vivo and in vitro. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1997; 41:78-83. [PMID: 9061118 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-6576.1997.tb04616.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitamin K1 is used to reverse warfarin's anticoagulant action. It is unclear whether intravenous vitamin K1 is safe or efficacious prior to urgent cardiac surgery. METHODS We retrospectively and prospectively examined the effects of preoperative intravenous vitamin K1 in vivo (administered for warfarin reversal immediately before heart transplantation) on intraoperative blood product utilization, hemodynamics and coagulation parameters. We also determined the direct effects of vitamin K1 in vitro on rings of human saphenous vein and internal mammary artery. RESULTS In the retrospective limb, 29 of 67 patients were administered vitamin K1 preoperatively via slow intravenous infusion. Vitamin K1 administration produced no adverse outcome but did not affect subsequent perioperative use of blood products. In the prospective limb (n = 10), vitamin K1 significantly (P < or = 0.01, Student t-test) altered mean arterial pressure (from 85 +/- 15 to 76 +/- 16 mmHg), systemic vascular resistance (from 1364 +/- 308 to 1078 +/- 252 dyn.s.cm-5), and cardiac index (from 2.3 +/- 0.3 to 2.7 +/- 0.3 L/min/m2) (mean +/- SD). Significant decreases in prothrombin time (19.8 +/- 2.7 to 17.7 +/- 1.8 s) and activated clotting time (164 +/- 26 to 137 +/- 24 s) were observed at 60 min. In vitro vitamin K1 (10(-7) to 10(-4) M) had no effect on the tone of noradrenaline-constricted rings. CONCLUSIONS Vitamin K1, administered by intravenous infusion prior to heart transplantation, did not alter subsequent perioperative blood product administration. Vitamin K1 rapidly reversed the anticoagulant effect of warfarin and produced modest hemodynamic changes. The decrease in systemic vascular resistance is probably not due to a direct effect of vitamin K1 on vascular smooth muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Barnette
- Department of Anesthesiology, Temple University Hospital, Philadelphia, USA
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30
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Hwang M, Ahn CH, Pine PS, Yin JJ, Hrycyna CA, Licht T, Aszalos A. Effect of combination of suboptimal concentrations of P-glycoprotein blockers on the proliferation of MDR1 gene expressing cells. Int J Cancer 1996; 65:389-97. [PMID: 8575863 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0215(19960126)65:3<389::aid-ijc19>3.0.co;2-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Pharmacologically active in vivo doses of P-glycoprotein (Pgp) blockers, specifically verapamil, Cremophor EL and PSC833 cause toxicity in addition to that from the concomitantly used cancer chemotherapeutic drugs. It was shown before that these blockers cause different types of toxicities in vivo. We found that these 3 chemically distinct Pgp blockers exert different biophysical effects on the membranes of L1210 MDR cells. They also affect the general metabolism of these cells differently, but all block affinity labeling of Pgp. We could also show that the combination of suboptimal doses of these blockers can restore the uptake of the Pgp substrate rhodamine 123 into L1210MDR, 3T3MDR and KB-VI cells and can reduce the survival rate of these cells when treated in combination with daunorubicin. Our results suggest that the combination of suboptimal doses of these Pgp blockers may be advantageous in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hwang
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Washington, DC 20204, USA
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Lee MJ, Straubinger RM, Jusko WJ. Physicochemical, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluation of liposomal tacrolimus (FK 506) in rats. Pharm Res 1995; 12:1055-9. [PMID: 7494802 DOI: 10.1023/a:1016222817860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Tacrolimus (FK 506) is a new potent immunosuppressant. Because of poor water solubility, the conventional intravenous dosage forms of FK 506 (C-FK 506) contain surfactants such as HCO-60 which may cause adverse effects. We sought a liposomal formulation of FK 506 (L-FK 506) containing endogenous phospholipids to target drug to the spleen, a major organ controlling the immune system. METHODS L-FK 506, consisting of 0.1 micron diameter vesicles of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylglycerol (molar ratio 9:1) and 7.5 mole% drug, was evaluated for in vitro stability. The intravenous disposition profile, spleen distribution, and immunosuppression of L-FK 506 was compared with that of C-FK 506 in the rat after single doses of 0.3 mg/kg. RESULTS The L-FK 506 showed good in vitro stability. L-FK 506 exhibited an increased volume of distribution at steady-state (Vss) (from 3.41 to 14.71 L/kg) and increased mean residence time (MRT) (from 2.83 to 16.07 hr). FK 506 concentrations in spleen were increased by 40% at 10 hr after administration of the liposomal formulation. The pharmacodynamics of L-FK 506, evaluated by the extent of inhibition of splenocyte proliferation, was comparable to that of C-FK 506. CONCLUSIONS Liposomal FK 506 may be an improved dosage form for parenteral use.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutics, State University of New York at Buffalo 14260, USA
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Andreoni KA, O'Donnell CP, Burdick JF, Robotham JL. Hepatic and renal blood flow responses to a clinical dose of intravenous cyclosporine in the pig. IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY 1994; 28:87-94. [PMID: 8002291 DOI: 10.1016/0162-3109(94)90024-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The immunosuppressant Cyclosporine A (CsA) is considered to induce nephrotoxicity in part by causing vasoconstriction of the glomerular afferent arterioles. Although CsA is widely used in hepatic transplantation, little is known concerning its effects on hepatic blood flow. We used ultrasonic flow probes in an anesthetized swine model to measure the effects of a single 60 min infusion of a clinically comparable dose of CsA (5 mg/kg per h) on hepatic, renal, and supraceliac descending aortic blood flows (n = 7 swine). To account for any change in systemic output or systemic vascular resistance during the 60 min CsA infusion that may non-specifically affect hepatic and renal blood flows, the total hepatic (portal vein plus hepatic artery) and renal blood flows were reported relative to the supraceliac descending aortic blood flow (termed 'fractional' total hepatic and renal blood flows). The fractional total hepatic blood flow decreased significantly (p < 0.05) by 40 min of CsA infusion vs baseline, and continued to decrease throughout the infusion (baseline = 0.38 +/- 0.03 units vs 0.28 +2- 0.05 units by 60 min of CsA infusion). During the recovery period, the fractional total hepatic blood flow increased to a value which was not different from baseline (recovery = 0.38 +2- 0.03 units). Fractional right renal artery blood flow did not change significantly from baseline at any time during the CsA infusion or during the recovery period. We conclude that a single, clinically comparable dose of CsA results in a significant decrease in total hepatic blood flow, and that this decrease is greater than that seen in renal blood flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Andreoni
- Department of Surgery and Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21215
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