1
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Assimakopoulos SF, Bhagani S, Aggeletopoulou I, Tsounis EP, Tsochatzis EA. The role of gut barrier dysfunction in postoperative complications in liver transplantation: pathophysiological and therapeutic considerations. Infection 2024; 52:723-736. [PMID: 38324146 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-024-02182-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Gut barrier dysfunction is a pivotal pathophysiological alteration in cirrhosis and end-stage liver disease, which is further aggravated during and after the operational procedures for liver transplantation (LT). In this review, we analyze the multifactorial disruption of all major levels of defense of the gut barrier (biological, mechanical, and immunological) and correlate with clinical implications. METHODS A narrative review of the literature was performed using PubMed, PubMed Central and Google from inception until November 29th, 2023. RESULTS Systemic translocation of indigenous bacteria through this dysfunctional barrier contributes to the early post-LT infectious complications, while endotoxin translocation, through activation of the systemic inflammatory response, is implicated in non-infectious complications including renal dysfunction and graft rejection. Bacterial infections are the main cause of early in-hospital mortality of LT patients and unraveling the pathophysiology of gut barrier failure is of outmost importance. CONCLUSION A pathophysiology-based approach to prophylactic or therapeutic interventions may lead to enhancement of gut barrier function eliminating its detrimental consequences and leading to better outcomes for LT patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stelios F Assimakopoulos
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Patras, University Hospital of Patras, Rion, 26504, Patras, Greece.
| | - Sanjay Bhagani
- Department of Infectious Diseases/HIV Medicine, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
| | - Ioanna Aggeletopoulou
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Efthymios P Tsounis
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Emmanuel A Tsochatzis
- UCL Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Royal Free Hospital and UCL, London, UK
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2
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Chang Y, Xu M, Zhang Y, Chen X, Sheng Y, Tao M, Zhang H, Xu Z, Hu S, Song J. Ruxolitinib attenuates acute rejection and can serve as an immune induction therapy in heart transplantation. Clin Immunol 2023; 257:109851. [PMID: 38008145 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2023.109851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
The benefits of IL2RA antagonists in heart transplant patients are controversial. We aimed to elucidate the effects of IL2RA antagonists and identify targets that could be better than IL2RA antagonists. By using single-cell RNA sequencing of immune cells at different time points in patients receiving IL2RA antagonists, we identified nineteen types of cells. We revealed higher IL2RA expression in regulatory T cells (Tregs), suggesting that IL2RA antagonists attenuated IL-2-induced Treg activation. CD4_C04_IFNGR1 and CD8_C05_IFITM2 which had more cytotoxic effects, remained elevated at later time points. IFNGR1 was upregulated in these two subtypes, but was not expressed in Treg. Ruxolitinib targeted the pathways of IFNGR1 (JAK1/2) while not affecting the pathway of IL-2-induced Tregs activation (JAK3). Ruxolitinib showed prolonged survival compared to IL2RA mAb-treated mice. Our study provided dynamic changes of immune cells after IL2RA antagonists treatment at single-cell resolution. Ruxolitinib has potential as a new immunoinduction therapy without affecting Treg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Chang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Preclinical Research and Evaluation for Cardiovascular Implant Materials, Animal Experimental Centre, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, China; The Cardiomyopathy Research Group at Fuwai Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Mengda Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Preclinical Research and Evaluation for Cardiovascular Implant Materials, Animal Experimental Centre, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, China; The Cardiomyopathy Research Group at Fuwai Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Preclinical Research and Evaluation for Cardiovascular Implant Materials, Animal Experimental Centre, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, China; The Cardiomyopathy Research Group at Fuwai Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Xiao Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Preclinical Research and Evaluation for Cardiovascular Implant Materials, Animal Experimental Centre, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, China; The Cardiomyopathy Research Group at Fuwai Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Yixuan Sheng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Preclinical Research and Evaluation for Cardiovascular Implant Materials, Animal Experimental Centre, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, China; The Cardiomyopathy Research Group at Fuwai Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Menghao Tao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Preclinical Research and Evaluation for Cardiovascular Implant Materials, Animal Experimental Centre, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, China; The Cardiomyopathy Research Group at Fuwai Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Hang Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Preclinical Research and Evaluation for Cardiovascular Implant Materials, Animal Experimental Centre, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, China; The Cardiomyopathy Research Group at Fuwai Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Zhenyu Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Preclinical Research and Evaluation for Cardiovascular Implant Materials, Animal Experimental Centre, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, China; The Cardiomyopathy Research Group at Fuwai Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Shengshou Hu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Preclinical Research and Evaluation for Cardiovascular Implant Materials, Animal Experimental Centre, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, China; The Cardiomyopathy Research Group at Fuwai Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing 100037, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenzhen 518057, China.
| | - Jiangping Song
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Preclinical Research and Evaluation for Cardiovascular Implant Materials, Animal Experimental Centre, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, China; The Cardiomyopathy Research Group at Fuwai Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing 100037, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenzhen 518057, China.
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3
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Sharma P, Arora A. Basic Understanding of Liver Transplant Immunology. J Clin Exp Hepatol 2023; 13:1091-1102. [PMID: 37975047 PMCID: PMC10643508 DOI: 10.1016/j.jceh.2023.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver is a specialized organ and plays an important role in our immune system. The liver constitutes parenchymal cells which are hepatocytes and cholangiocytes (60-80%) and non-parenchymal cells like liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs), hepatic satellite/Ito cells, Kupffer cells, neutrophils, mononuclear cells, T and B lymphocytes (conventional and non-conventional), natural killer cells, and natural killer T (NKT) cells. The liver mounts a rapid and strong immune response, under unfavorable conditions and acts as an immune tolerance to a variety of non-pathogenic antigens. This delicate and dynamic interaction between different kinds of immune cells in the liver maintains a balance between immune screening and immune tolerance. The liver allografts are privileged immunologically; however, allograft rejection is not uncommon and is classified as cell or antibody-mediated. Advancements in transplant immunology help in the prevention of allografts rejection by immune reactions of the host thus leading to better graft and host survival. Fewer patients may not require immunosuppression due to systemic donor-specific T-cell tolerance. The liver tolerance mechanism is poorly studied, and LSEC and unconventional lymphocytes play an important role that dampens T cell response either by inducing apoptosis of cells or inhibiting co-stimulatory pathways. Newer cell-based therapy based on Treg, dendritic cells, and mesenchymal stromal cells will probably change the future of immunosuppression. Various invasive and non-invasive biomarkers and artificial intelligence have also been investigated to predict graft survival, post-transplant complications, and immunotolerance in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveen Sharma
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Anil Arora
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
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4
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Zhang X, Li J, Liu T, Zhao M, Liang B, Chen H, Zhang Z. Identification of Key Biomarkers and Immune Infiltration in Liver Tissue after Bariatric Surgery. DISEASE MARKERS 2022; 2022:4369329. [PMID: 35789605 PMCID: PMC9250435 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4369329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Few drugs are clearly available for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH); nevertheless, mounting studies have provided sufficient evidence that bariatric surgery is efficient for multiple metabolic diseases, including NAFLD and NASH, while the molecular mechanisms are still poorly understood. Methods The mRNA expression profiling of GSE48452 and GSE83452 were retrieved and obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. The limma package was employed for identifying differentially expressed genes (DEGs), followed by clusterProfiler for performing Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses, and GSEA software for performing GSEA analyses. The PPI network analyses were constructed using Metascape online analyses. WGCNA was also utilized to identify and verify the hub genes. CIBERSORT tools contributed to the analysis of immune cell infiltration of liver diseases. Results We identify coexpressed differential genes including 10 upregulated and 55 downregulated genes in liver tissue after bariatric surgery. GO and KEGG enrichment analyses indicated that DEGs were remarkably involved in the immune response. GSEA demonstrated that DEGs were markedly enriched in the immune response before surgery, while most were enriched in metabolism after surgery. Seven genes were screened through the MCC algorithm and KME values, including SRGN, CD53, EVI2B, MPEG1, NCKAP1L, LCP1, and TYROBP. The mRNA levels of these genes were verified in the Attie Lab Diabetes Database, and only LCP1 was found to have significant differences and correlation with certain immune cells. Conclusion Our knowledge of the mechanisms by which bariatric surgery benefits the liver and the discovery of LCP1 is expected to serve as potential biomarkers or therapeutic targets for NAFLD and NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Pediatrics, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingxin Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tiancai Liu
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Institute of Antibody Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Min Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Baozhu Liang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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5
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del Rio ML, Perez-Simon JA, Rodriguez-Barbosa JI. Differential Engraftment of Parental A20 PD-L1 WT and PD-L1 KO Leukemia Cells in Semiallogeneic Recipients in the Context of PD-L1/PD-1 Interaction and NK Cell-Mediated Hybrid Resistance. Front Immunol 2022; 13:887348. [PMID: 35795681 PMCID: PMC9251058 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.887348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The contribution of natural killer (NK) cells to tumor rejection in the context of programmed death-ligand 1/programmed death 1 (PD-L1/PD-1) blockade is a matter of intense debate. To elucidate the role of PD-L1 expression on tumor cells and the functional consequences of engaging PD-1 receptor on cytotoxic cells, PD-L1 expression was genetically inactivated and WT or PD-L1-deficient parental tumor cells were adoptively transferred intravenously into F1 recipients. The engraftment of PD-L1-deficient A20 tumor cells in the spleen and liver of F1 recipients was impaired compared with A20 PD-L1 WT tumor counterparts. To elucidate the mechanism responsible for this differential tumor engraftment and determine the relevance of the role of the PD-L1/PD-1 pathway in the interplay of tumor cells/NK cells, a short-term competitive tumor implantation assay in the peritoneal cavity of semiallogeneic F1 recipients was designed. The results presented herein showed that NK cells killed target tumor cells with similar efficiency regardless of PD-L1 expression, whereas PD-L1 expression on A20 tumor cells conferred significant tumor protection against rejection by CD8 T cells confirming the role of the co-inhibitory receptor PD-1 in the modulation of their cytotoxic activity. In summary, PD-L1 expression on A20 leukemia tumor cells modulates CD8 T-cell-mediated responses to tumor-specific antigens but does not contribute to inhibit NK cell-mediated hybrid resistance, which correlates with the inability to detect PD-1 expression on NK cells neither under steady-state conditions nor under inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Luisa del Rio
- Transplantation Immunobiology and Immunotherapy Section, Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Leon, Leon, Spain
- CIBERONC Consortium, Accion Estrategica en Salud, Spain
- *Correspondence: Jose-Ignacio Rodriguez-Barbosa, ; Maria-Luisa del Rio,
| | - Jose-Antonio Perez-Simon
- CIBERONC Consortium, Accion Estrategica en Salud, Spain
- Department of Hematology, University Hospital Virgen del Rocio/Institute of Biomedicine [Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS)/Centro Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)/Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cáncer (CIBERONC)], Seville, Spain
| | - Jose-Ignacio Rodriguez-Barbosa
- Transplantation Immunobiology and Immunotherapy Section, Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Leon, Leon, Spain
- CIBERONC Consortium, Accion Estrategica en Salud, Spain
- *Correspondence: Jose-Ignacio Rodriguez-Barbosa, ; Maria-Luisa del Rio,
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6
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Teng Y, Huang Z, Yao L, Wang Y, Li T, Guo J, Wei R, Xia L, Wu Q. Emerging roles of long non-coding RNAs in allotransplant rejection. Transpl Immunol 2021; 70:101408. [PMID: 34015462 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2021.101408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Allotransplantation has extensively been employed for managing end-stage organ failure and malignant tumors. Acute and chronic post-transplant rejections are major causes of late morbidity and mortality after allotransplantation. However, there are no objective diagnostic criteria and specific therapy for post-transplant rejections. Owing to key advances in high-throughput RNA sequencing techniques, a wealth of studies have disclosed that long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) expression increased or decreased evidently in biopsies, blood, plasma, urine and specific cells of rejecting patients, and the dysregulated lncRNAs affected the cellular functions and differentiation of the immune system. Hence, we present an overview of the functions of lncRNAs expressed in various immune cells related to allotransplant rejection. Moreover, our review explores the regulatory interplay of relevant lncRNAs and recipients with or without allograft rejection after solid organ transplantations or hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, then discuss whether these relevant lncRNAs can be molecular biomarkers for diagnosis and new therapeutic targets in the management of post-transplanted patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Teng
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhenli Huang
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lan Yao
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yajun Wang
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Tingting Li
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jingjing Guo
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ruowen Wei
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Linghui Xia
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Qiuling Wu
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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7
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Choi JS, Park YJ, Kim SW. Three-dimensional Differentiated Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells Exhibit Robust Antifibrotic Potential and Ameliorates Mouse Liver Fibrosis. Cell Transplant 2021; 30:963689720987525. [PMID: 33555212 PMCID: PMC7876751 DOI: 10.1177/0963689720987525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, three-dimensional (3D)-cultured adipose mesenchymal stem cells (ASCs)
have provided an effective therapy for liver fibrosis. This study aimed to
enhance the potential of human ASCs for antifibrosis or hepatocyte regeneration
using a 3D culture system and investigate their therapeutic mechanism in
experimental liver fibrosis. ASC-3Dc were generated in a 3D culture system and
stimulated with four growth factors, namely epidermal growth factor,
insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1, fibroblast growth factor-2, and vascular
endothelial growth factor-A. The expression levels of antifibrotic or hepatic
regeneration factors were then measured using quantitative real-time polymerase
chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The therapeutic effects of
ASC-3Dc were determined using a liver fibrosis model induced by thioacetamide.
Histological analysis was performed to elucidate the therapeutic mechanism.
ASC-3Dc exhibited high levels of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), IGF-1, stromal
cell-derived factor (SDF)-1 genes, and protein expression. In addition,
injecting ASC-3Dc significantly prevented hepatic fibrosis and improved liver
function in vivo. Moreover, high numbers of ki-67-expressing hepatocytes were
detected in the ASC-3Dc-injected livers. Albumin-expressing ASC-3Dc engrafted in
fibrotic livers augmented HGF expression. Thus, short-term 3D-cultured ASCs may
be a novel alternative to the conventional treatment for liver damage in
clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ja Sung Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University College of Medicine, International St. Mary's Hospital, Incheon, Republic of Korea.,Both the authors contributed equally to this article
| | - Young-Jin Park
- Department of Family Medicine, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Dong-A University Medical Center, Busan, Republic of Korea.,Both the authors contributed equally to this article
| | - Sung-Whan Kim
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung, Republic of Korea
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8
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Ronca V, Wootton G, Milani C, Cain O. The Immunological Basis of Liver Allograft Rejection. Front Immunol 2020; 11:2155. [PMID: 32983177 PMCID: PMC7492390 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.02155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver allograft rejection remains a significant cause of morbidity and graft failure in liver transplant recipients. Rejection is caused by the recognition of non-self donor alloantigens by recipient T-cells. Antigen recognition results in proliferation and activation of T-cells in lymphoid tissue before migration to the allograft. Activated T-cells have a variety of effector mechanisms including direct T-cell mediated damage to bile ducts, endothelium and hepatocytes and indirect effects through cytokine production and recruitment of tissue-destructive inflammatory cells. These effects explain the histological appearances of typical acute T-cell mediated rejection. In addition, donor specific antibodies, most typically against HLA antigens, may give rise to antibody-mediated rejection causing damage to the allograft primarily through endothelial injury. However, as an immune-privileged site there are several mechanisms in the liver capable of overcoming rejection and promoting tolerance to the graft, particularly in the context of recruitment of regulatory T-cells and promotors of an immunosuppressive environment. Indeed, around 20% of transplant recipients can be successfully weaned from immunosuppression. Hence, the host immunological response to the liver allograft is best regarded as a balance between rejection-promoting and tolerance-promoting factors. Understanding this balance provides insight into potential mechanisms for novel anti-rejection therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Ronca
- Division of Gastroenterology and Centre for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan Bicocca, Milan, Italy.,National Institute of Health Research Liver Biomedical Research Unit Birmingham, Centre for Liver Research, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,Liver Unit, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Grace Wootton
- National Institute of Health Research Liver Biomedical Research Unit Birmingham, Centre for Liver Research, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Chiara Milani
- Division of Gastroenterology and Centre for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Owen Cain
- Department of Cellular Pathology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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Abstract
The human liver is an organ with a diverse array of immunologic functions. Its unique anatomic position that leads to it receiving all the mesenteric venous blood, combined with its unique micro anatomy, allows it to serve as a sentinel for the body's immune system. Hepatocytes, biliary epithelial cells, Kupffer cells, stellate cells, and liver sinusoidal endothelial cells express key molecules that recruit and activate innate and adaptive immunity. Additionally, a diverse array of lymphoid and myeloid immune cells resides within and traffics to the liver in specific circumstances. Derangement of these trafficking mechanisms underlies the pathophysiology of autoimmune liver diseases, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, and liver transplantation. Here, we review these pathways and interactions along with potential targets that have been identified to be exploited for therapeutic purposes.
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10
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Wu XB, He LN, Jiang BC, Shi H, Bai XQ, Zhang WW, Gao YJ. Spinal CXCL9 and CXCL11 are not involved in neuropathic pain despite an upregulation in the spinal cord following spinal nerve injury. Mol Pain 2018; 14:1744806918777401. [PMID: 29712506 PMCID: PMC5967156 DOI: 10.1177/1744806918777401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemokines-mediated neuroinflammation in the spinal cord plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of neuropathic pain. Chemokine CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11 have been identified as a same subfamily chemokine which bind to CXC chemokine receptor 3 to exert functions. Our recent work found that CXCL10 is upregulated in spinal astrocytes after spinal nerve ligation (SNL) and acts on chemokine receptor CXCR3 on neurons to contribute to central sensitization and neuropathic pain, but less is known about CXCL9 and CXCL11 in the maintenance of neuropathic pain. Here, we report that CXCL9 and CXCL11, same as CXCL10, were increased in spinal astrocytes after SNL. Surprisingly, inhibition of CXCL9 or CXCL11 by spinal injection of shRNA lentivirus did not attenuate SNL-induced neuropathic pain. In addition, intrathecal injection of CXCL9 and CXCL11 did not produce hyperalgesia or allodynia behaviors, and neither of them induced ERK activation, a marker of central sensitization. Whole-cell patch clamp recording on spinal neurons showed that CXCL9 and CXCL11 enhanced both excitatory synaptic transmission and inhibitory synaptic transmission, whereas CXCL10 only produced an increase in excitatory synaptic transmission. These results suggest that, although the expression of CXCL9 and CXCL11 are increased after SNL, they may not contribute to the maintenance of neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Bo Wu
- 1 Pain Research Laboratory, Institute of Nautical Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Li-Na He
- 1 Pain Research Laboratory, Institute of Nautical Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bao-Chun Jiang
- 1 Pain Research Laboratory, Institute of Nautical Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hui Shi
- 1 Pain Research Laboratory, Institute of Nautical Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xue-Qiang Bai
- 1 Pain Research Laboratory, Institute of Nautical Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wen-Wen Zhang
- 1 Pain Research Laboratory, Institute of Nautical Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yong-Jing Gao
- 1 Pain Research Laboratory, Institute of Nautical Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China.,2 Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
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11
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Abstract
Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) line the low shear, sinusoidal capillary channels of the liver and are the most abundant non-parenchymal hepatic cell population. LSECs do not simply form a barrier within the hepatic sinusoids but have vital physiological and immunological functions, including filtration, endocytosis, antigen presentation and leukocyte recruitment. Reflecting these multifunctional properties, LSECs display unique structural and phenotypic features that differentiate them from the capillary endothelium present within other organs. It is now clear that LSECs have a critical role in maintaining immune homeostasis within the liver and in mediating the immune response during acute and chronic liver injury. In this Review, we outline how LSECs influence the immune microenvironment within the liver and discuss their contribution to immune-mediated liver diseases and the complications of fibrosis and carcinogenesis.
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12
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Shao LN, Zhang ST, Zhou SH, Yu WJ, Liu M. Atypical Chemokine Receptor 1 polymorphism cannot be used as an indicator of liver fibrosis progression in Hepatitis C virus positive patients. Pak J Med Sci 2017; 33:1134-1137. [PMID: 29142552 PMCID: PMC5673721 DOI: 10.12669/pjms.335.12590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & Objective: Atypical chemokine receptor 1(ACKR1) represents an atypical chemokine receptor that can bind promiscuously to various chemokines. Chemokines play a crucial role to recruit leukocyte subsets migration through the endothelium and into liver against the virus during the progression of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Most HCV positive patients can lead to liver fibrosis. Hyaluronic acid (HA), laminin (LN), collagen IV(C-IV) and amino-terminal pro-peptide of Type-III pro-collagen (PIII NP) are indices of the extent of liver fibrosis. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between ACKR1 polymorphism and liver fibrosis with these four serum liver markers in HCV positive patients. Methods: From April 2015 to December 2015, a total of 210 patients (109 males and 101 females) with chronic HCV infection at Dalian Infectious Hospital were recruited to participate in this study. ACKR1 genotyping was using TaqMan probes method. HA, LN, C-IV and PIII NP were detected by using diagnostic kits. Results: We compared serum levels of HA, LN, C-IV and PIII NP between FY*A/FY*A and FY*A/FY*B patients and the differences were not significant (P=0.905, P=0.298, P=0.880 and P=0.470, respectively). Conclusions: This study has attempted to elucidate the role of ACKR1 polymorphism in liver fibrosis progression of HCV infection, our results demonstrated that ACKR1 polymorphism is not directly associated with the fibrogenesis in HCV positive patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Nan Shao
- Lin-Nan Shao, Dalian Blood Center, Dalian, Liaoning, 116001, China
| | - Shu-Ting Zhang
- Shu-Ting Zhang, Dalian Blood Center, Dalian, Liaoning, 116001, China
| | - Shi-Hang Zhou
- Shi-Hang Zhou, Dalian Blood Center, Dalian, Liaoning, 116001, China
| | - Wei-Jian Yu
- Wei-Jian Yu, Dalian Blood Center, Dalian, Liaoning, 116001, China
| | - Ming Liu
- Ming Liu, Department of Cell Biology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
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13
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Martrus G, Kautz T, Lunemann S, Richert L, Glau L, Salzberger W, Goebels H, Langeneckert A, Hess L, Poch T, Schramm C, Oldhafer KJ, Koch M, Tolosa E, Nashan B, Altfeld M. Proliferative capacity exhibited by human liver-resident CD49a+CD25+ NK cells. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0182532. [PMID: 28792982 PMCID: PMC5549915 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The recruitment and retention of Natural Killer (NK) cells in the liver are thought to play an important role during hepatotropic infections and liver cirrhosis. The aims of this study were to determine differences between liver-derived and peripheral blood-derived NK cells in the context of liver inflammation and cirrhosis. We conducted a prospective dual-center cross-sectional study in patients undergoing liver transplantation or tumor-free liver resections, in which both liver tissue and peripheral blood samples were obtained from each consenting study participants. Intrahepatic lymphocytes and PBMCs were stained, fixed and analyzed by flow cytometry. Our results showed that, within cirrhotic liver samples, intrahepatic NK cells were particularly enriched for CD49a+ NK cells when compared to tumor-free liver resection samples. CD49a+ liver-derived NK cells included populations of cells expressing CD25, CD34 and CXCR3. Moreover, CD49a+CD25+ liver-derived NK cells exhibited high proliferative capacity in vitro in response to low doses of IL-2. Our study identified a specific subset of CD49a+CD25+ NK cells in cirrhotic livers bearing functional features of proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glòria Martrus
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Kautz
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Lunemann
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Laura Richert
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
- Univ. Bordeaux, Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, team SISTM, UMR1219 and Inria, Bordeaux, France
| | - Laura Glau
- Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Salzberger
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hanna Goebels
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Annika Langeneckert
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Leonard Hess
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Poch
- First Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Schramm
- First Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Karl J. Oldhafer
- Department of General & Abdominal Surgery, Asklepios Hospital Barmbek, Semmelweis University of Medicine, Asklepios Campus, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martina Koch
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Transplant Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Eva Tolosa
- Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Björn Nashan
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Transplant Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marcus Altfeld
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Proteomic Analysis of Liver Proteins in a Rat Model of Chronic Restraint Stress-Induced Depression. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:7508316. [PMID: 28293639 PMCID: PMC5331273 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7508316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Depression is a global mental disorder disease and greatly threatened human health and stress is considered to be one of the important factors that lead to depression. In this study, we used newly developed iTRAQ labeling and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and mass spectrum united analysis technology obtained the 2176 accurate proteins. Successively, we used the GO analysis and IPA software to analyze the 98 differentially expressed proteins of liver in depression rats due to chronic restraint stress, showing a map of proteomics analysis of liver proteins from the aspects of related functions, disease and function analysis, canonical pathway analysis, and associated network. This study provide important information for comprehensively understanding the mechanisms of dysfunction or injury in the liver in depression.
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15
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Bender C, Christen S, Scholich K, Bayer M, Pfeilschifter JM, Hintermann E, Christen U. Islet-Expressed CXCL10 Promotes Autoimmune Destruction of Islet Isografts in Mice With Type 1 Diabetes. Diabetes 2017; 66:113-126. [PMID: 27797910 DOI: 10.2337/db16-0547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) results from the autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing β-cells in the pancreas. Thereby, the chemokine CXC-motif ligand 10 (CXCL10) plays an important role in the recruitment of autoaggressive lymphocytes to the islets of Langerhans. Transplantation of isolated islets as a promising therapy for T1D has been hampered by early graft rejection. Here, we investigated the influence of CXCL10 on the autoimmune destruction of islet isografts using RIP-LCMV mice expressing a lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) protein in the β-cells. RIP-LCMV islets express CXCL10 after isolation and maintain CXCL10 production after engraftment. Thus, we isolated islets from either normal or CXCL10-deficient RIP-LCMV mice and transferred them under the kidney capsule of diabetic RIP-LCMV mice. We found that the autoimmune destruction of CXCL10-deficient islet isografts was significantly reduced. The autoimmune destruction was also diminished in mice administered with an anti-CXCL10 antibody. The persistent protection from autoimmune destruction was paralleled by an increase in FoxP3+ regulatory T cells within the cellular infiltrates around the islet isografts. Consequently, CXCL10 might influence the cellular composition locally in the islet graft, thereby playing a role in the autoimmune destruction. CXCL10 might therefore constitute a potential therapeutic target to prolong islet graft survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Bender
- Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/Center for Drug Research, Development, and Safety (ZAFES), Goethe University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Selina Christen
- Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/Center for Drug Research, Development, and Safety (ZAFES), Goethe University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Klaus Scholich
- Institute for Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/Center for Drug Research, Development, and Safety (ZAFES), Goethe University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Monika Bayer
- Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/Center for Drug Research, Development, and Safety (ZAFES), Goethe University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Josef M Pfeilschifter
- Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/Center for Drug Research, Development, and Safety (ZAFES), Goethe University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Edith Hintermann
- Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/Center for Drug Research, Development, and Safety (ZAFES), Goethe University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Urs Christen
- Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/Center for Drug Research, Development, and Safety (ZAFES), Goethe University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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16
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Crescioli C. Chemokines and transplant outcome. Clin Biochem 2016; 49:355-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2015.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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17
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Choi J, Selmi C, Leung PSC, Kenny TP, Roskams T, Gershwin ME. Chemokine and chemokine receptors in autoimmunity: the case of primary biliary cholangitis. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2016; 12:661-72. [PMID: 26821815 DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.2016.1147956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines represent a major mediator of innate immunity and play a key role in the selective recruitment of cells during localized inflammatory responses. Beyond critical extracellular mediators of leukocyte trafficking, chemokines and their cognate receptors are expressed by a variety of resident and infiltrating cells (monocytes, lymphocytes, NK cells, mast cells, and NKT cells). Chemokines represent ideal candidates for mechanistic studies (particularly in murine models) to better understand the pathogenesis of chronic inflammation and possibly become biomarkers of disease. Nonetheless, therapeutic approaches targeting chemokines have led to unsatisfactory results in rheumatoid arthritis, while biologics against pro-inflammatory cytokines are being used worldwide with success. In this comprehensive review we will discuss the evidence supporting the involvement of chemokines and their specific receptors in mediating the effector cell response, utilizing the autoimmune/primary biliary cholangitis setting as a paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjung Choi
- a Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology , University of California Davis , Davis , CA , USA.,b Division of Rheumatology , CHA University Medical Center , Bundang , Korea
| | - Carlo Selmi
- c Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology , Humanitas Research Hospital , Rozzano , Italy.,d BIOMETRA Department , University of Milan , Milano , Italy
| | - Patrick S C Leung
- a Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology , University of California Davis , Davis , CA , USA
| | - Thomas P Kenny
- a Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology , University of California Davis , Davis , CA , USA
| | - Tania Roskams
- e Translational Cell and Tissue Research , University of Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
| | - M Eric Gershwin
- a Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology , University of California Davis , Davis , CA , USA
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18
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Chemokine Transfer by Liver Sinusoidal Endothelial Cells Contributes to the Recruitment of CD4+ T Cells into the Murine Liver. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123867. [PMID: 26052942 PMCID: PMC4460118 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukocyte adhesion and transmigration are central features governing immune surveillance and inflammatory reactions in body tissues. Within the liver sinusoids, chemokines initiate the first crucial step of T-cell migration into the hepatic tissue. We studied molecular mechanisms involved in endothelial chemokine supply during hepatic immune surveillance and liver inflammation and their impact on the recruitment of CD4+ T cells into the liver. In the murine model of Concanavalin A-induced T cell-mediated hepatitis, we showed that hepatic expression of the inflammatory CXC chemokine ligands (CXCL)9 and CXCL10 strongly increased whereas homeostatic CXCL12 significantly decreased. Consistently, CD4+ T cells expressing the CXC chemokine receptor (CXCR)3 accumulated within the inflamed liver tissue. In histology, CXCL9 was associated with liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSEC) which represent the first contact site for T-cell immigration into the liver. LSEC actively transferred basolaterally internalized CXCL12, CXCL9 and CXCL10 via clathrin-coated vesicles to CD4+ T cells leading to enhanced transmigration of CXCR4+ total CD4+ T cells and CXCR3+ effector/memory CD4+ T cells, respectively in vitro. LSEC-expressed CXCR4 mediated CXCL12 transport and blockage of endothelial CXCR4 inhibited CXCL12-dependent CD4+ T-cell transmigration. In contrast, CXCR3 was not involved in the endothelial transport of its ligands CXCL9 and CXCL10. The clathrin-specific inhibitor chlorpromazine blocked endothelial chemokine internalization and CD4+ T-cell transmigration in vitro as well as migration of CD4+ T cells into the inflamed liver in vivo. Moreover, hepatic accumulation of CXCR3+ CD4+ T cells during T cell-mediated hepatitis was strongly reduced after administration of chlorpromazine. These data demonstrate that LSEC actively provide perivascularly expressed homeostatic and inflammatory chemokines by CXCR4- and clathrin-dependent intracellular transport mechanisms thereby contributing to the hepatic recruitment of CD4+ T-cell populations during immune surveillance and liver inflammation.
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Van Raemdonck K, Van den Steen PE, Liekens S, Van Damme J, Struyf S. CXCR3 ligands in disease and therapy. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2015; 26:311-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2014.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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20
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Adams DH, Sanchez-Fueyo A, Samuel D. From immunosuppression to tolerance. J Hepatol 2015; 62:S170-85. [PMID: 25920086 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2015.02.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The past three decades have seen liver transplantation becoming a major therapeutic approach in the management of end-stage liver diseases. This is due to the dramatic improvement in survival after liver transplantation as a consequence of the improvement of surgical and anaesthetic techniques, of post-transplant medico-surgical management and of prevention of disease recurrence and other post-transplant complications. Improved use of post-transplant immunosuppression to prevent acute and chronic rejection is a major factor in these improved results. The liver has been shown to be more tolerogenic than other organs, and matching of donor and recipients is mainly limited to ABO blood group compatibility. However, long-term immunosuppression is required to avoid severe acute and chronic rejection and graft loss. With the current immunosuppression protocols, the risk of acute rejection requiring additional therapy is 10-40% and the risk of chronic rejection is below 5%. However, the development of histological lesions in the graft in long-term survivors suggest atypical forms of graft rejection may develop as a consequence of under-immunosuppression. The backbone of immunosuppression remains calcineurin inhibitors (CNI) mostly in association with steroids in the short-term and mycophenolate mofetil or mTOR inhibitors (everolimus). The occurrence of post-transplant complications related to the immunosuppressive therapy has led to the development of new protocols aimed at protecting renal function and preventing the development of de novo cancer and of dysmetabolic syndrome. However, there is no new class of immunosuppressive drugs in the pipeline able to replace current protocols in the near future. The aim of a full immune tolerance of the graft is rarely achieved since only 20% of selected patients can be weaned successfully off immunosuppression. In the future, immunosuppression will probably be more case oriented aiming to protect the graft from rejection and at reducing the risk of disease recurrence and complications related to immunosuppressive therapy. Such approaches will include strategies aiming to promote stable long-term immunological tolerance of the liver graft.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H Adams
- Centre for Liver Research and NIHR Biomedical Research Unit in Liver Disease, University of Birmingham and Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Edgbaston Birmingham B152TT, United Kingdom
| | - Alberto Sanchez-Fueyo
- Institute of Liver Studies, MRC Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, London SE5 9RS, United Kingdom
| | - Didier Samuel
- AP-HP Hôpital Paul-Brousse, Centre Hépato-Biliaire; Inserm, Research Unit 1193; Université Paris-Sud, Villejuif F-94800, France.
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Wheat R, Roberts C, Waterboer T, Steele J, Marsden J, Steven NM, Blackbourn DJ. Inflammatory cell distribution in primary merkel cell carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2014; 6:1047-64. [PMID: 24961933 PMCID: PMC4074816 DOI: 10.3390/cancers6021047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Revised: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is an aggressive poorly differentiated neuroendocrine cutaneous carcinoma associated with older age, immunodeficiency and Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) integrated within malignant cells. The presence of intra-tumoural CD8+ lymphocytes reportedly predicts better MCC-specific survival. In this study, the distribution of inflammatory cells and properties of CD8+ T lymphocytes within 20 primary MCC specimens were characterised using immunohistochemistry and multicolour immunofluorescent staining coupled to confocal microscopy. CD8+ cells and CD68+ macrophages were identified in 19/20 primary MCC. CD20+ B cells were present in 5/10, CD4+ cells in 10/10 and FoxP3+ cells in 7/10 specimens. Only two specimens had almost no inflammatory cells. Within specimens, inflammatory cells followed the same patchy distribution, focused at the edge of sheets and nodules and, in some cases, more intense in trabecular areas. CD8+ cells were outside vessels on the edge of tumour. Those few within malignant sheets typically lined up in fine septa not contacting MCC cells expressing MCPyV large T antigen. The homeostatic chemokine CXCL12 was expressed outside malignant nodules whereas its receptor CXCR4 was identified within tumour but not on CD8+ cells. CD8+ cells lacked CXCR3 and granzyme B expression irrespective of location within stroma versus malignant nodules or of the intensity of the intra-tumoural infiltrate. In summary, diverse inflammatory cells were organised around the margin of malignant deposits suggesting response to aberrant signaling, but were unable to penetrate the tumour microenvironment itself to enable an immune response against malignant cells or their polyomavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Wheat
- School of Cancer Sciences and CR UK Centre for Cancer Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Claudia Roberts
- School of Cancer Sciences and CR UK Centre for Cancer Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Tim Waterboer
- Infection and Cancer Program, DKFZ (German Cancer Research Centre), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Jane Steele
- Human Biomaterials Resource Centre, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Jerry Marsden
- University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, New Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Mindelsohn Way, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2WB, UK.
| | - Neil M Steven
- School of Cancer Sciences and CR UK Centre for Cancer Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
| | - David J Blackbourn
- Department of Microbial and Cellular Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, UK.
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22
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Antonelli A, Ferrari SM, Corrado A, Ferrannini E, Fallahi P. CXCR3, CXCL10 and type 1 diabetes. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2014; 25:57-65. [PMID: 24529741 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2014.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is due to antigen-specific assaults on the insulin producing pancreatic β-cells by diabetogenic T-helper (Th)1 cells. (C-X-C motif) ligand (CXCL)10, an interferon-γ inducible Th1 chemokine, and its receptor, (C-X-C motif) receptor (CXCR)3, have an important role in different autoimmune diseases. High circulating CXCL10 levels were detected in new onset T1D patients, in association with a Th1 autoimmune response. Furthermore β-cells produce CXCL10, under the influence of Th1 cytokines, that suppresses their proliferation. Viral β-cells infections induce cytokines and CXCL10 expression, inducing insulin-producing cell failure in T1D. CXCL10/CXCR3 system plays a critical role in the autoimmune process and in β-cells destruction in T1D. Blocking CXCL10 in new onset diabetes seems a possible approach for T1D treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Antonelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Savi, 10, I-56126 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Silvia Martina Ferrari
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Savi, 10, I-56126 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Alda Corrado
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Savi, 10, I-56126 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Ele Ferrannini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Savi, 10, I-56126 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Poupak Fallahi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Savi, 10, I-56126 Pisa, Italy.
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Shetty S, Adams DH, Hubscher SG. Post-transplant liver biopsy and the immune response: lessons for the clinician. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2014; 8:645-61. [DOI: 10.1586/eci.12.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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24
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Zhang Q, Reed EF. Array-based methods for diagnosis and prevention of transplant rejection. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2014; 6:165-78. [PMID: 16512777 DOI: 10.1586/14737159.6.2.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
DNA microarray is a microhybridization-based assay that is used to simultaneously study the expression of thousands of genes, thus providing a global view of gene expression in a tissue sample. This powerful technique has been adopted by many biomedical disciplines and will likely have a profound impact on the diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of human diseases. This review article presents an overview of the application of microarray technology to the field of solid-organ transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuheng Zhang
- Immunogenetics Center, Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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Chemokines in chronic liver allograft dysfunction pathogenesis and potential therapeutic targets. Clin Dev Immunol 2013; 2013:325318. [PMID: 24382971 PMCID: PMC3870628 DOI: 10.1155/2013/325318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Despite advances in immunosuppressive drugs, long-term success of liver transplantation is still limited by the development of chronic liver allograft dysfunction. Although the exact pathogenesis of chronic liver allograft dysfunction remains to be established, there is strong evidence that chemokines are involved in organ damage induced by inflammatory and immune responses after liver surgery. Chemokines are a group of low-molecular-weight molecules whose function includes angiogenesis, haematopoiesis, mitogenesis, organ fibrogenesis, tumour growth and metastasis, and participating in the development of the immune system and in inflammatory and immune responses. The purpose of this review is to collect all the research that has been done so far concerning chemokines and the pathogenesis of chronic liver allograft dysfunction and helpfully, to pave the way for designing therapeutic strategies and pharmaceutical agents to ameliorate chronic allograft dysfunction after liver transplantation.
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26
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Haïm-Boukobza S, Balabanian K, Teicher E, Bourgeade M, Perlemuter G, Roque-Afonso AM, Duclos-Vallee JC. Blockade of CCR5 to protect the liver graft in HIV/HCV co-infected patients. J Hepatol 2013; 59:613-5. [PMID: 23583366 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2013.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2012] [Revised: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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Recurrent diseases following liver transplantation: current concepts. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2013; 17:293-302. [PMID: 22498649 DOI: 10.1097/mot.0b013e32835365f6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Liver transplantation is the treatment of choice for patients with chronic end-stage liver disease. The posttransplant setting is complex, and an improved long-term graft and patient survival adds to the complexity. There are often multiple causes of graft dysfunction and the associated morbidity and disorder are varied. This review focuses on the current concepts of several recurrent diseases, emphasizing the interpretation of the posttransplant liver biopsies in long-term survivors as challenging and clinically more relevant then ever. It confirms the importance and the necessity of clinico-pathologic correlation in the posttransplant setting. RECENT FINDINGS The long-term graft and patient survival following liver transplantation has improved significantly over the past decade. The spectrum of histopathologic patterns seen in liver biopsies and our understanding of them have evolved and expanded considerably, so much so, that both pathologists and clinicians alike now recognize new and emerging disease patterns not previously encountered in the nontransplant setting. SUMMARY Typical histopathologic features are usually easily identified and interpreted in liver biopsies. There are, however, a number of atypical histopathologic patterns, especially in the setting of recurrent diseases, often modified by immunosuppression, or altered by other immune-mediated processes, autoimmunity, or hepatotoxicity. Several conditions and entities, especially in the late posttransplant setting, including atypical allograft rejection, idiopathic posttransplant hepatitis, the spectrum of changes seen in recurrent hepatitis C, nodular regenerative hyperplasia, and de-novo disease occurrence, to name a few, have all been recognized in the past several years.
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28
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Hisada M, Ota Y, Zhang X, Cameron AM, Gao B, Montgomery RA, Williams GM, Sun Z. Successful transplantation of reduced-sized rat alcoholic fatty livers made possible by mobilization of host stem cells. Am J Transplant 2012; 12:3246-56. [PMID: 22994609 PMCID: PMC4461878 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2012.04265.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Livers from Lewis rats fed with 7% alcohol for 5 weeks were used for transplantation. Reduced sized (50%) livers or whole livers were transplanted into normal DA recipients, which, in this strain combination, survive indefinitely when the donor has not been fed alcohol. However, none of the rats survived a whole fatty liver transplant while six of seven recipients of reduced sized alcoholic liver grafts survived long term. SDF-1 and HGF were significantly increased in reduced size liver grafts compared to whole liver grafts. Lineage-negative Thy-1+CXCR4+CD133+ stem cells were significantly increased in the peripheral blood and in allografts after reduced size fatty liver transplantation. In contrast, there were meager increases in cells reactive with anti Thy-1, CXCR4 and CD133 in peripheral blood and allografts in whole alcoholic liver recipients. The provision of plerixafor, a stem cell mobilizer, salvaged 5 of 10 whole fatty liver grafts. Conversely, blocking SDF-1 activity with neutralizing antibodies diminished stem cell recruitment and four of five reduced sized fatty liver recipients died. Thus chemokine insufficiency was associated with transplant failure of whole grafts, which was overcome by the increased regenerative requirements promoted by the small grafts and mediated by SDF-1 resulting in stem cell influx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Hisada
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Yoshihiro Ota
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Xiuying Zhang
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrew M Cameron
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Bin Gao
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, NIAAA, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Robert A Montgomery
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Zhaoli Sun
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Haugaa H, Thorgersen EB, Pharo A, Boberg KM, Foss A, Line PD, Sanengen T, Almaas R, Grindheim G, Waelgaard L, Pischke SE, Mollnes TE, Inge Tønnessen T. Inflammatory markers sampled by microdialysis catheters distinguish rejection from ischemia in liver grafts. Liver Transpl 2012; 18:1421-9. [PMID: 22767413 DOI: 10.1002/lt.23503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Rejection and ischemia are serious complications after liver transplantation. Early detection is mandatory, but specific markers are largely missing, particularly for rejection. The objective of this study was to explore the ability of microdialysis catheters inserted in liver grafts to detect and discriminate rejection and ischemia through postoperative measurements of inflammatory mediators. Microdialysis catheters with a 100-kDa pore size were inserted into 73 transplants after reperfusion. After the study's completion, complement activation product 5a (C5a), C-X-C motif chemokine 8 (CXCL8), CXCL10, interleukin-1 (IL-1) receptor antagonist, IL-6, IL-10, and macrophage inflammatory protein 1β were analyzed en bloc in all grafts with biopsy-confirmed rejection (n = 12), in grafts with vascular occlusion/ischemia (n = 4), and in reference grafts with a normal postoperative course of circulating transaminase and bilirubin levels (n = 17). The inflammatory mediators were elevated immediately after graft reperfusion and decreased toward low, stable values during the first 24 hours in nonischemic grafts. In grafts suffering from rejection, CXCL10 increased significantly (P = 0.008 versus the reference group and P = 0.002 versus the ischemia group) 2 to 5 days before increases in circulating alanine aminotransferase and bilirubin levels. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.81. Grafts with ischemia displayed increased levels of C5a (P = 0.002 versus the reference group and P = 0.008 versus the rejection group). The area under the curve was 0.99. IL-6 and CXCL8 increased with both ischemia and rejection. In conclusion, CXCL10 and C5a were found to be selective markers for rejection and ischemia, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Håkon Haugaa
- Division of Emergencies and Critical Care, Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
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Saiman Y, Friedman SL. The role of chemokines in acute liver injury. Front Physiol 2012; 3:213. [PMID: 22723782 PMCID: PMC3379724 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2012.00213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokines are small molecular weight proteins primarily known to drive migration of immune cell populations. In both acute and chronic liver injury, hepatic chemokine expression is induced resulting in inflammatory cell infiltration, angiogenesis, and cell activation and survival. During acute injury, massive parenchymal cell death due to apoptosis and/or necrosis leads to chemokine production by hepatocytes, cholangiocytes, Kupffer cells, hepatic stellate cells, and sinusoidal endothelial cells. The specific chemokine profile expressed during injury is dependent on both the type and course of injury. Hepatotoxicity by acetaminophen for example leads to cellular necrosis and activation of Toll-like receptors while the inciting insult in ischemia reperfusion injury produces reactive oxygen species and subsequent production of pro-inflammatory chemokines. Chemokine expression by these cells generates a chemoattractant gradient promoting infiltration by monocytes/macrophages, NK cells, NKT cells, neutrophils, B cells, and T cells whose activity are highly regulated by the specific chemokine profiles within the liver. Additionally, resident hepatic cells express chemokine receptors both in the normal and injured liver. While the role of these receptors in normal liver has not been well described, during injury, receptor up-regulation, and chemokine engagement leads to cellular survival, proliferation, apoptosis, fibrogenesis, and expression of additional chemokines and growth factors. Hepatic-derived chemokines can therefore function in both paracrine and autocrine fashions further expanding their role in liver disease. More recently it has been appreciated that chemokines can have diverging effects depending on their temporal expression pattern and the type of injury. A better understanding of chemokine/chemokine receptor axes will therefore pave the way for development of novel targeted therapies for the treatment of liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yedidya Saiman
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine New York, NY, USA
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31
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Takahashi T, Miura T, Nakamura J, Yamada S, Miura T, Yanagi M, Matsuda Y, Usuda H, Emura I, Tsuneyama K, He XS, Gershwin ME. Plasma cells and the chronic nonsuppurative destructive cholangitis of primary biliary cirrhosis. Hepatology 2012; 55:846-55. [PMID: 22031474 PMCID: PMC3272098 DOI: 10.1002/hep.24757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED There has been increased interest in the role of B cells in the pathogenesis of primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC). Although the vast majority of patients with this disease have anti-mitochondrial antibodies, there is no correlation of anti-mitochondrial antibody titer and/or presence with disease severity. Furthermore, in murine models of PBC, it has been suggested that depletion of B cells may exacerbate biliary pathology. To address this issue, we focused on a detailed phenotypic characterization of mononuclear cell infiltrates surrounding the intrahepatic bile ducts of patients with PBC, primary sclerosing cholangitis, autoimmune hepatitis, chronic hepatitis C, and graft-versus-host disease, including CD3, CD4, CD8, CD20, CD38, and immunoglobulin classes, as well as double immunohistochemical staining for CD38 and IgM. Interestingly, CD20 B lymphocytes, which are a precursor of plasma cells, were found in scattered locations or occasionally forming follicle-like aggregations but were not noted at the proximal location of chronic nonsuppurative destructive cholangitis. In contrast, there was a unique and distinct coronal arrangement of CD38 cells around the intrahepatic ducts in PBC but not controls; the majority of such cells were considered plasma cells based on their expression of intracellular immunoglobulins, including IgM and IgG, but not IgA. Patients with PBC who manifest this unique coronal arrangement were those with significantly higher titers of anti-mitochondrial antibodies. CONCLUSION These data collectively suggest a role for plasma cells in the specific destruction of intrahepatic bile ducts in PBC and confirm the increasing interest in plasma cells and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Takahashi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagaoka Red Cross Hospital, Nagaoka, Niigata, Japan.
| | - Tomofumi Miura
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagaoka Red Cross Hospital, Nagaoka, Niigata, Japan
| | - Junichiro Nakamura
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagaoka Red Cross Hospital, Nagaoka, Niigata, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yamada
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagaoka Red Cross Hospital, Nagaoka, Niigata, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Miura
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagaoka Red Cross Hospital, Nagaoka, Niigata, Japan
| | - Masahiko Yanagi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagaoka Red Cross Hospital, Nagaoka, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yasunobu Matsuda
- Division of Human Physiological Science, Department of Medical Technology, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Niigata University, Niigata, Niigata, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Usuda
- Division of Medical Technology, Nagaoka Red Cross Hospital, Nagaoka, Niigata, Japan
| | - Iwao Emura
- Division of Pathology, Nagaoka Red Cross Hospital, Nagaoka, Niigata, Japan
| | - Koichi Tsuneyama
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Graduate School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Research, Toyama University, Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Xiao-Song He
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - M. Eric Gershwin
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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Mendt M, Cardier JE. Stromal-derived factor-1 and its receptor, CXCR4, are constitutively expressed by mouse liver sinusoidal endothelial cells: implications for the regulation of hematopoietic cell migration to the liver during extramedullary hematopoiesis. Stem Cells Dev 2012; 21:2142-51. [PMID: 22121892 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2011.0565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Stromal-derived factor (SDF)-1 is the main regulating factor for trafficking/homing of hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) to the bone marrow (BM). It is possible that this chemokine may also play a fundamental role in regulating the migration of HSC to several organs during extramedullary hematopoiesis. Because liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSEC) constitute an extramedullary niche for HSC, it is possible that these cells represent one of the main cellular sources of SDF-1 at the liver. Here, we show that LSEC express SDF-1 at the mRNA and protein level. Biological assays showed that conditioned medium from LSEC (LSEC-CM) stimulated the migration of BM progenitor lineage-negative (BM/Lin⁻) cells. This effect was significantly reduced by AMD3100, indicating that the SDF-1/CXCR4 axis is involved in the stimulatory migrating effect induced by LSEC-CM. Early localization of HSC in SDF-1-expressing LSEC microenvironment together with increased levels of this chemokine in hepatic homogenates was found in an experimental model of liver extramedullary hematopoiesis. Flow cytometry studies showed that LSEC express the CXCR4 receptor. Functional assays showed that activation of this receptor by SDF-1 stimulated the migration of LSEC and increased the expression of PECAM-1. Our findings suggest that LSEC through the production of SDF-1 may constitute a fundamental niche for regulation of HSC migration to the liver. To our knowledge, this is the first report showing that LSEC not only express and secrete SDF-1, but also its receptor CXCR4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayela Mendt
- Unidad de Terapia Celular-Laboratorio de Patología Celular y Molecular, Centro de Medicina Experimental, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas-IVIC, Apartado, Caracas, Venezuela
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33
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Chen X, Mihalic J, Deignan J, Gustin DJ, Duquette J, Du X, Chan J, Fu Z, Johnson M, Li AR, Henne K, Sullivan T, Lemon B, Ma J, Miao S, Tonn G, Collins T, Medina JC. Discovery of potent and specific CXCR3 antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:357-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.10.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2011] [Revised: 10/28/2011] [Accepted: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Ono S, Obara H, Takayanagi A, Tanabe M, Kawachi S, Itano O, Shinoda M, Kitago M, Hibi T, Chiba T, Du W, Matsumoto K, Tilles AW, Yarmush ML, Aiso S, Shimizu N, Sakamoto M, Kitagawa Y. Suppressive effects of interleukin-18 on liver function in rat liver allografts. J Surg Res 2011; 176:293-300. [PMID: 21962809 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2011.07.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2011] [Revised: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 07/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interleukin-18 (IL-18) is a potent proinflammatory cytokine that augments both innate and acquired immune responses. It is also a crucial regulator of lymphocyte production of interferon-γ (IFN-γ), which can promote acute cellular rejection of transplanted solid organs. METHODS To evaluate the role of IL-18 in liver transplantation, we constructed an adenoviral vector encoding IL-18 binding protein (Adex-IL18bp), which specifically suppressed the biologic activity of IL-18, and examined the effect of this suppression on liver allografts by using a high-responder rat model (ACI to Lewis) of orthotopic liver transplantation (OLTx). Donor rats were given one intravenous injection of Adex-IL18bp or Adex-LacZ (control vector) 2 d before OLTx. RESULTS Seven days after OLTx, overexpression of IL-18bp resulting from the adenovirus gene transfer was associated with significantly decreased serum alanine aminotransferase levels and less histologic hepatic injury in recipient rats with Adex-IL18bp-pretreated donors compared with Adex-LacZ controls. Adex-IL18bp pretreatment also significantly prolonged rat/allograft survival, inhibited expression of IFN-γ, and reduced levels (versus control values) of both CXCL10 and CX3CL1, which can be induced by IFN-γ. CONCLUSION These results suggest that IL-18 has an important role in liver allograft rejection through IFN-γ and chemokines and that specific suppression of IL-18 may improve liver function early after transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeshi Ono
- Department of Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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35
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Christen S, Holdener M, Beerli C, Thoma G, Bayer M, Pfeilschifter JM, Hintermann E, Zerwes HG, Christen U. Small molecule CXCR3 antagonist NIBR2130 has only a limited impact on type 1 diabetes in a virus-induced mouse model. Clin Exp Immunol 2011; 165:318-28. [PMID: 21649647 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2011.04426.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
CXCL10 is one of the key chemokines involved in trafficking of autoaggressive T cells to the islets of Langerhans during the autoimmune destruction of beta cells in type 1 diabetes (T1D). Blockade of CXCL10 or genetic deletion of its receptor CXCR3 results in a reduction of T1D in animal models. As an alternative to the use of neutralizing monoclonal antibodies to CXCL10 or CXCR3 we evaluated the small molecule CXCR3 antagonist NIBR2130 in a virus-induced mouse model for T1D. We found that the overall frequency of T1D was not reduced in mice administered with NIBR2130. An initial slight delay of diabetes onset was not stable over time, because the mice turned diabetic upon removal of the antagonist. Accordingly, no significant differences were found in the islet infiltration rate and the frequency and activity of islet antigen-specific T cells between protected mice administered with NIBR2130 and control mice. Our data indicate that in contrast to direct inhibition of CXCL10, blockade of CXCR3 with the small molecule antagonist NIBR2130 has no impact on trafficking and/or activation of autoaggressive T cells and is not sufficient to prevent T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Christen
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, Klinikum der Goethe Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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36
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Knoblach T, Grandel B, Seiler J, Nevels M, Paulus C. Human cytomegalovirus IE1 protein elicits a type II interferon-like host cell response that depends on activated STAT1 but not interferon-γ. PLoS Pathog 2011; 7:e1002016. [PMID: 21533215 PMCID: PMC3077363 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Accepted: 02/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (hCMV) is a highly prevalent pathogen that, upon primary infection, establishes life-long persistence in all infected individuals. Acute hCMV infections cause a variety of diseases in humans with developmental or acquired immune deficits. In addition, persistent hCMV infection may contribute to various chronic disease conditions even in immunologically normal people. The pathogenesis of hCMV disease has been frequently linked to inflammatory host immune responses triggered by virus-infected cells. Moreover, hCMV infection activates numerous host genes many of which encode pro-inflammatory proteins. However, little is known about the relative contributions of individual viral gene products to these changes in cellular transcription. We systematically analyzed the effects of the hCMV 72-kDa immediate-early 1 (IE1) protein, a major transcriptional activator and antagonist of type I interferon (IFN) signaling, on the human transcriptome. Following expression under conditions closely mimicking the situation during productive infection, IE1 elicits a global type II IFN-like host cell response. This response is dominated by the selective up-regulation of immune stimulatory genes normally controlled by IFN-γ and includes the synthesis and secretion of pro-inflammatory chemokines. IE1-mediated induction of IFN-stimulated genes strictly depends on tyrosine-phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) and correlates with the nuclear accumulation and sequence-specific binding of STAT1 to IFN-γ-responsive promoters. However, neither synthesis nor secretion of IFN-γ or other IFNs seems to be required for the IE1-dependent effects on cellular gene expression. Our results demonstrate that a single hCMV protein can trigger a pro-inflammatory host transcriptional response via an unexpected STAT1-dependent but IFN-independent mechanism and identify IE1 as a candidate determinant of hCMV pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Knoblach
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg,
Regensburg, Germany
| | - Benedikt Grandel
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg,
Regensburg, Germany
| | - Jana Seiler
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg,
Regensburg, Germany
| | - Michael Nevels
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg,
Regensburg, Germany
| | - Christina Paulus
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg,
Regensburg, Germany
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37
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Lee JP, Bae JB, Yang SH, Cha RH, Seong EY, Park YJ, Ha J, Park MH, Paik JH, Kim YS. Genetic predisposition of donors affects the allograft outcome in kidney transplantation; polymorphisms of stromal-derived factor-1 and CXC receptor 4. PLoS One 2011; 6:e16710. [PMID: 21304904 PMCID: PMC3033398 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2010] [Accepted: 01/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic interaction between donor and recipient may dictate the impending
responses after transplantation. In this study, we evaluated the role of the
genetic predispositions of stromal-derived factor-1 (SDF1) [rs1801157
(G>A)] and CXC receptor 4 (CXCR4) [rs2228014 (C>T)] on
renal allograft outcomes. A total of 335 pairs of recipients and donors were
enrolled. Biopsy-proven acute rejection (BPAR) and long-term graft survival were
traced. Despite similar allele frequencies between donors and recipients, minor
allele of SDF1 rs1801157 (GA+AA) from donor, not from recipients, has a
protective effect on the development of BPAR compared to wild type donor (GG)
(P = 0.005). Adjustment for multiple
covariates did not affect this result (odds ratio 0.39, 95% C.I
0.20–0.76, P = 0.006). CXCR4
rs2228014 polymorphisms from donor or recipient did not affect the incidence of
acute rejection. SDF1 was differentially expressed in renal tubular epithelium
with acute rejection according to genetic variations of donor rs1801157 showing
higher expressions in the grafts from GG donors. Contrary to the development of
BPAR, the presence of minor allele rs1801157 A, especially homozygocity,
predisposed poor graft survival
(P = 0.001). This association was
significant after adjusting for several risk factors (hazard ratio 3.01;
95% C.I = 1.19–7.60;
P = 0.020). The allelic variation of
recipients, however, was not associated with graft loss. A donor-derived genetic
polymorphism of SDF1 has influenced the graft outcome. Thus, the genetic
predisposition of donor should be carefully considered in transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Pyo Lee
- Seoul National University Kidney Research
Institute, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong Bin Bae
- Seoul National University College of Medicine,
Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Hee Yang
- Seoul National University Kidney Research
Institute, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ran-hui Cha
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul
National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun Young Seong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan
National University School of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Yang Jin Park
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National
University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jongwon Ha
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National
University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Myoung Hee Park
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul
National University College of Medicine and Clinical Research Institute, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Jin Ho Paik
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National
University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yon Su Kim
- Seoul National University Kidney Research
Institute, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul
National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail:
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McGettrick HM, Buckley CD, Filer A, Rainger GE, Nash GB. Stromal cells differentially regulate neutrophil and lymphocyte recruitment through the endothelium. Immunology 2011; 131:357-70. [PMID: 20518822 PMCID: PMC2992690 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2010.03307.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Stromal fibroblasts modify the initial recruitment of leucocytes by endothelial cells (EC), but their effects on subsequent transendothelial migration remain unclear. Here, EC and dermal or synovial fibroblasts were cultured on opposite surfaces of 3-μm pore filters and incorporated in static or flow-based migration assays. Fibroblasts had little effect on tumour necrosis factor-α-induced transendothelial migration of neutrophils, but tended to increase the efficiency of migration away from the endothelium. Surprisingly, similar close contact between EC and fibroblasts strongly reduced lymphocyte migration in static assays, and nearly abolished stable lymphocyte adhesion from flow. Fibroblasts did not alter endothelial surface expression of adhesion molecules or messenger RNA for chemokines. Inhibition of attachment did not occur when EC-fibroblast contact was restricted by using 0.4-μm pore filters, but under these conditions pre-treatment with heparinase partially inhibited adhesion. In the 3-μm pore co-cultures, inhibition of metalloproteinase activity partially recovered lymphocyte adhesion, but addition of CXCL12 (SDF-1α) to the endothelial surface did not. Hence, the ability of EC to present activating chemokines for lymphocytes may have been enzymatically inhibited by direct contact with fibroblasts. To avoid contact, we cultured EC and fibroblasts on separate 3-μm pore filters one above the other. Here, fibroblasts promoted the transendothelial migration of lymphocytes. Fibroblasts generate CXCL12, but blockade of CXCL12 receptor had no effect on lymphocyte migration. While stromal cells can provide signal(s) promoting leucocyte migration away from the sub-endothelial space, direct cell contact (which might occur in damaged tissue) may cause disruption of chemokine signalling, specifically inhibiting lymphocyte rather than neutrophil recruitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen M McGettrick
- Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Medical School, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
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Berres ML, Trautwein C, Schmeding M, Eurich D, Tacke F, Bahra M, Neuhaus P, Neumann UP, Wasmuth HE. Serum chemokine CXC ligand 10 (CXCL10) predicts fibrosis progression after liver transplantation for hepatitis C infection. Hepatology 2011; 53:596-603. [PMID: 21274880 DOI: 10.1002/hep.24098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2010] [Accepted: 10/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The recurrence of liver fibrosis after liver transplantation (LT) for hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is responsible for graft loss and patient mortality. Although the contribution of the immune system to fibrosis recurrence is anticipated, systematic studies evaluating immune parameters as predictive markers of allograft fibrosis are lacking. The infiltration of immune cells into the graft is governed by chemokines. Here we assessed the predictive value of serum levels of chemokines [chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 9 (CXCL9), CXCL10, CXCL11, and chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2)] with respect to fibrosis recurrence after LT in 90 HCV-infected organ recipients. Chemokines were determined within the first and third years after LT and were correlated with histological fibrosis progression in protocol biopsy samples at 1, 3, 5, and 7 years (median follow-up = 3 years). The association of chemokines with fibrosis progression was assessed by univariate and multivariate analyses and by Cox regression analysis. The results for the analyzed chemokines showed that CXCL10 levels in the first year after LT were strongly associated with early fibrosis recurrence (P = 0.005) independently of risk confounders (including the donor age, HCV viral load, HCV genotype, acute rejection, and inflammatory activity). As assessed by Cox regression analysis, a CXCL10 serum level ≤ 140 pg/mL was significantly predictive of the absence of F2 fibrosis (P = 0.001), whereas a level ≤ 220 pg/mL early after LT predicted the absence of F3 fibrosis during follow-up (P = 0.035). CONCLUSION CXCL10 is an independent biomarker of the recurrence of significant fibrosis after LT for HCV infection. These results might guide patients' care after transplantation and help us to select optimal candidates for antiviral therapy post-LT.
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Driscoll CJ, Lyon D, McCain NL. Integrating genomics into biobehavioral research: a transplantation exemplar. Biol Res Nurs 2011; 13:340-5. [PMID: 21196421 DOI: 10.1177/1099800410389603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Biobehavioral research is becoming more established in nursing. This research paradigm includes a focus on the interactions of biological and behavioral variables and their impact on health outcomes. Nurse researchers have incorporated genomics as a research focus. However, biobehavioral and genomic approaches have often been viewed as separate paradigms. This article provides research exemplars from the liver transplantation population to illustrate how genomics can be integrated into a biobehavioral model of nursing research. Examples of how this integrated approach may be utilized to address gaps of knowledge are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn J Driscoll
- Virginia Commonwealth University School of Nursing, 1100 E. Leigh St, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.
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41
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Wu LC, Lu IW, Chung CF, Wu HY, Liu YT. Antiproliferative mechanisms of quercetin in rat activated hepatic stellate cells. Food Funct 2011; 2:204-12. [DOI: 10.1039/c0fo00158a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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42
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Müller M, Carter S, Hofer MJ, Campbell IL. Review: The chemokine receptor CXCR3 and its ligands CXCL9, CXCL10 and CXCL11 in neuroimmunity - a tale of conflict and conundrum. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2010; 36:368-87. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2990.2010.01089.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Abstract
Chemokines direct leukocyte trafficking and positioning within tissues, thus playing critical roles in regulating immune responses and inflammation. The chemokine system is complex, involving interactions between multiple chemokines and their receptors that operate in combinatorial cascades with adhesion molecules. The involvement of multiple chemokines and chemokine receptors in these processes brings flexibility and specificity to recruitment. The hepatic vascular bed is a unique low-flow environment through which leukocytes are recruited to the liver during homeostatic immune surveillance and in response to infection or injury. The rate of leukocyte recruitment and the nature of cells recruited through the sinusoids in response to inflammatory signals will shape the severity of disease. At one end of the spectrum, fulminant liver failure results from a rapid recruitment of leukocytes that leads to hepatocyte destruction and liver failure; at the other end, diseases such as chronic hepatitis C infection may progress over many years from hepatitis to fibrosis and cirrhosis. Chronic hepatitis is characterized by a T lymphocyte-rich infiltrate and the nature and outcome of hepatitis will depend on the T cell subsets recruited, their activation and function within the liver. Different subsets of effector T cells have been described based on their secretion of cytokines and specific functions. These include Th1 and Th2 cells, and more recently Th17 and Th9 cells, which are associated with different types of immune response and which express distinct patterns of chemokine receptors that promote their recruitment under particular conditions. The effector function of these cells is balanced by the recruitment of regulatory T cells that are able to suppress antigen-specific effectors to allow resolution of immune responses and restoration of immune homeostasis. Understanding the signals that are responsible for recruiting different lymphocyte subsets to the liver will elucidate disease pathogenesis and open up new therapeutic approaches to modulate recruitment in favor of resolution rather than injury.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - David H. Adams
- *Prof. David H. Adams, MD, FRCP, FmedSci, 5th Floor, Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham Medical School, Wolfson Drive, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT (UK), Tel. +44 121 415 8702, Fax +44 121 415 8701, E-Mail
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The Rap GTPases regulate the migration, invasiveness and in vivo dissemination of B-cell lymphomas. Oncogene 2009; 29:608-15. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2009.345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Crosby HA, Lalor PF, Ross E, Newsome PN, Adams DH. Adhesion of human haematopoietic (CD34+) stem cells to human liver compartments is integrin and CD44 dependent and modulated by CXCR3 and CXCR4. J Hepatol 2009; 51:734-49. [PMID: 19703720 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2009.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2008] [Revised: 06/09/2009] [Accepted: 06/16/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Haematopoietic stem cells (HSC) have previously been shown in some studies to migrate to damaged and diseased liver where a small proportion will engraft. Such cells can promote liver repair in rodent models of liver injury and lead to improved liver function in uncontrolled clinical studies. In order to maximize the engraftment of cells for clinical applications it is necessary to understand the molecular mechanisms that regulate stem cell recruitment and retention. Our aim therefore was to determine which factors where involved in adhesion of circulating HSC to liver endothelium and sequestration around epithelial cells within the liver. METHODS We examined the ability of CD34+ populations from peripheral and mobilized blood and the CD34-expressing cell line KG1a to bind to human hepatic sinusoidal endothelial (HSEC) and biliary epithelial cells (BEC) in vitro. RESULTS We report that all CD34(+) populations express alpha4beta1, beta2 integrins and CD44. Liver tissue sections and primary liver cells expressed the corresponding ligands VCAM-1/fibronectin, ICAM-1 and CD44. Pertussis toxin was shown to decrease binding of CD34(+) cells and the cells migrated to CXCR3 and CXCR4 ligands. CONCLUSIONS CD34(+) populations use alpha4beta1, beta2 integrins and CD44 receptors to bind to the ligands VCAM-1/fibronectin, ICAM-1, and hyaluronic acid expressed on sinusoidal vessels in tissue sections and to primary human HSEC. Binding to BEC was mediated by the interaction of beta1 and beta2 integrins with VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 respectively. A role for chemokines is supported by our finding that pertussis toxin inhibits CD34(+) cell adhesion to BEC and HSEC and by the ability of CD34(+) cells to migrate to CXCR3 and CXCR4 ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather A Crosby
- Centre for Liver Research and NIHR Biomedical Research Unit for Liver Disease, University of Birmingham and Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
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Oo YH, Adams DH. The role of chemokines in the recruitment of lymphocytes to the liver. J Autoimmun 2009; 34:45-54. [PMID: 19744827 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2009.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2009] [Accepted: 07/29/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines direct leukocyte trafficking and positioning within tissues. They thus play critical roles in regulating immune responses and inflammation. The chemokine system is complex involving interactions between multiple chemokines and their receptors that operate in combinatorial cascades with adhesion molecules. The involvement of multiple chemokines and chemokine receptors in these processes brings flexibility and specificity to recruitment. The hepatic vascular bed is a unique low flow environment through which leukocyte are recruited to the liver during homeostatic immune surveillance and in response to infection or injury. The rate of leukocyte recruitment and the nature of cells recruited through the sinusoids in response to inflammatory signals will shape the severity of disease. At one end of the spectrum fulminant liver failure results from a rapid recruitment of leukocytes that leads to hepatocyte destruction and liver failure at the other diseases such as chronic hepatitis C infection may progress over many years from hepatitis to fibrosis and cirrhosis. Chronic hepatitis is charactezised by a T lymphocyte rich infiltrate and the nature and outcome of hepatitis will depend on the T cell subsets recruited, their activation and function within the liver. Different subsets of effector T cells have been described based on their secretion of cytokines and specific functions. These include Th1 and Th2 cells and more recently Th17 and Th9 cells which are associated with different types of immune response and which express distinct patterns of chemokine receptors that promote their recruitment under particular conditions. The effector function of these cells is balanced by the recruitment of regulatory T cells that are able to suppress antigen-specific effectors to allow resolution of immune responses and restoration of immune homeostasis. Understanding the signals that are responsible for recruiting different lymphocyte subsets to the liver will elucidate disease pathogenesis and open up new therapeutic approaches to modulate recruitment in favour of resolution rather than injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye H Oo
- Centre for Liver Research, 5th Floor, Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Wolfson Drive, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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Borchers AT, Shimoda S, Bowlus C, Keen CL, Gershwin ME. Lymphocyte recruitment and homing to the liver in primary biliary cirrhosis and primary sclerosing cholangitis. Semin Immunopathol 2009; 31:309-22. [PMID: 19533132 PMCID: PMC2758172 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-009-0167-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2009] [Accepted: 05/27/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms operating in lymphocyte recruitment and homing to liver are reviewed. A literature review was performed on primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), progressive sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), and homing mechanisms; a total of 130 papers were selected for discussion. Available data suggest that in addition to a specific role for CCL25 in PSC, the CC chemokines CCL21 and CCL28 and the CXC chemokines CXCL9 and CXCL10 are involved in the recruitment of T lymphocytes into the portal tract in PBC and PSC. Once entering the liver, lymphocytes localize to bile duct and retain by the combinatorial or sequential action of CXCL12, CXCL16, CX3CL1, and CCL28 and possibly CXCL9 and CXCL10. The relative importance of these chemokines in the recruitment or the retention of lymphocytes around the bile ducts remains unclear. The available data remain limited but underscore the importance of recruitment and homing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea T Borchers
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis School of Medicine, 451 Health Sciences Drive, Suite 6510, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Polyclonal rabbit antithymocyte globulin exhibits consistent immunosuppressive capabilities beyond cell depletion. Transplantation 2009; 87:966-74. [PMID: 19352114 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0b013e31819c84b8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polyclonal antithymocyte globulins (ATGs) are used clinically to prevent and treat acute allograft rejection and are believed to modulate the immune response primarily by depleting T cells. However, nondepleting mechanisms may also be important mediators of graft survival. In the present study, 14 lots of thymoglobulin (rabbit ATG) were analyzed and compared for nondepletive immunomodulatory activities in vitro. METHODS Coincubation of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells with thymoglobulin induces CD4+CD25(high)Foxp3+ regulatory T cells, which were evaluated for consistent ability to suppress T-cell activation in mixed lymphocyte reactions. The consistency of CD2, CD3, CD11a, and CD45 antigen specificities in thymoglobulin was determined using flow cytometry to measure inhibition of fluorescent monoclonal antibody binding to Jurkat T cells. A transwell chemotaxis assay was established and used to evaluate ATG-mediated inhibition of stromal cell-derived factor (SDF)-1alpha-driven Jurkat T-cell migration. RESULTS Physiologic levels of thymoglobulin produced nondepletive immunomodulatory activities, which were consistent from batch to batch. All lots of thymoglobulin induced functionally immunosuppressive regulatory T cells and inhibited monoclonal antibody binding to key T-cell surface antigens. In addition, these studies provide the first demonstration that thymoglobulin effectively inhibits CXCR4/SDF-1alpha-driven T-cell chemotaxis. CONCLUSIONS This novel, systematic in vitro analysis of 14 different manufactured lots of thymoglobulin demonstrates the overall consistency of this product and provides further insights into nondepletive mechanisms by which thymoglobulin may generate durable immunoregulation and allograft survival.
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Abstract
Chronic infection with the hepatitis C virus, a noncytopathic hepatotropic RNA virus, affects over 170 million people worldwide. In the majority of cases, neither the early innate immune response nor the later adaptive immune response succeeds in clearing the virus, and the infection becomes chronic. Furthermore, in many patients, the ineffective inflammatory response drives fibrogenesis and the development of cirrhosis. It is critical to understand this immune pathology if preventative and curative therapies are to be developed. Chemokines are a superfamily of small proteins that promote leukocyte migration and orchestrate the immune response to viruses, including hepatitis C virus. Chemokines are crucial for viral elimination, but inappropriate persistence of expression in chronic hepatitis C infection can drive tissue damage and inflammation. Here we review the role of chemokines and their receptors in hepatitis C virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathis Heydtmann
- NIHR Biomedical Research Unit for Liver Disease, MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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