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NMS-873 Leads to Dysfunctional Glycometabolism in A p97-Independent Manner in HCT116 Colon Cancer Cells. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14040764. [PMID: 35456598 PMCID: PMC9024726 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14040764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)–competitive p97 inhibitor CB-5339, the successor of CB-5083, is being evaluated in Phase 1 clinical trials for anti-cancer therapy. Different modes-of-action p97 inhibitors such as allosteric inhibitors are useful to overcome drug-induced resistance, one of the major problems of targeted therapy. We previously demonstrated that allosteric p97 inhibitor NMS-873 can overcome CB-5083-induced resistance in HCT116. Here we employed chemical proteomics and drug-induced thermal proteome changes to identify drug targets, in combination with drug-resistant cell lines to dissect on- and off-target effects. We found that NMS-873 but not CB-5083 affected glycometabolism. By establishing NMS-873-resistant HCT116 cell lines and performing both cell-based and proteomic analysis, we confirmed that NMS-873 dysregulates glycometabolism in a p97-independent manner. We then used proteome integral solubility alteration with a temperature-based method (PISA T) to identify NDUFAF5 as one of the potential targets of NMS-873 in the mitochondrial complex I. We also demonstrated that glycolysis inhibitor 2-DG enhanced the anti-proliferative effect of NMS-873. The polypharmacology of NMS-873 can be advantageous for anti-cancer therapy for colon cancer.
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Cazzato G, Colagrande A, Cimmino A, Abbatepaolo C, Bellitti E, Romita P, Lospalluti L, Foti C, Arezzo F, Loizzi V, Lettini T, Sablone S, Resta L, Cormio G, Ingravallo G, Rossi R. GLUT1, GLUT3 Expression and 18FDG-PET/CT in Human Malignant Melanoma: What Relationship Exists? New Insights and Perspectives. Cells 2021; 10:cells10113090. [PMID: 34831313 PMCID: PMC8624914 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malignant melanoma is the most aggressive of skin cancers and the 19th most common cancer worldwide, with an estimated age-standardized incidence rate of 2.8-3.1 per 100,000; although there have been clear advances in therapeutic treatment, the prognosis of MM patients with Breslow thickness greater than 1 mm is still quite poor today. The study of how melanoma cells manage to survive and proliferate by consuming glucose has been partially addressed in the literature, but some rather interesting results are starting to be present. METHODS A systematic review was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines and a search of PubMed and Web of Sciences (WoS) databases was performed until 27 September 2021 using the terms: glucose transporter 1 and 3 and GLUT1/3 in combination with each of the following: melanoma, neoplasm and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS In total, 46 records were initially identified in the literature search, of which six were duplicates. After screening for eligibility and inclusion criteria, 16 publications were ultimately included. CONCLUSIONS the results discussed regarding the role and expression of GLUT are still far from definitive, but further steps toward understanding and stopping this mechanism have, at least in part, been taken. New studies and new discoveries should lead to further clarification of some aspects since the various mechanisms of glucose uptake by neoplastic cells are not limited to the transporters of the GLUT family alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo Cazzato
- Section of Pathology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (DETO), University of Bari, “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.C.); (A.C.); (C.A.); (E.B.); (T.L.); (L.R.); (G.I.); (R.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-3405203641
| | - Anna Colagrande
- Section of Pathology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (DETO), University of Bari, “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.C.); (A.C.); (C.A.); (E.B.); (T.L.); (L.R.); (G.I.); (R.R.)
| | - Antonietta Cimmino
- Section of Pathology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (DETO), University of Bari, “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.C.); (A.C.); (C.A.); (E.B.); (T.L.); (L.R.); (G.I.); (R.R.)
| | - Caterina Abbatepaolo
- Section of Pathology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (DETO), University of Bari, “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.C.); (A.C.); (C.A.); (E.B.); (T.L.); (L.R.); (G.I.); (R.R.)
| | - Emilio Bellitti
- Section of Pathology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (DETO), University of Bari, “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.C.); (A.C.); (C.A.); (E.B.); (T.L.); (L.R.); (G.I.); (R.R.)
| | - Paolo Romita
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari, “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (P.R.); (L.L.); (C.F.)
| | - Lucia Lospalluti
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari, “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (P.R.); (L.L.); (C.F.)
| | - Caterina Foti
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari, “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (P.R.); (L.L.); (C.F.)
| | - Francesca Arezzo
- Section of Ginecology and Obstetrics, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari, “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (F.A.); (V.L.); (G.C.)
| | - Vera Loizzi
- Section of Ginecology and Obstetrics, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari, “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (F.A.); (V.L.); (G.C.)
| | - Teresa Lettini
- Section of Pathology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (DETO), University of Bari, “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.C.); (A.C.); (C.A.); (E.B.); (T.L.); (L.R.); (G.I.); (R.R.)
| | - Sara Sablone
- Section of Legal Medicine, Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Bari Policlinico Hospital, University of Bari, “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy;
| | - Leonardo Resta
- Section of Pathology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (DETO), University of Bari, “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.C.); (A.C.); (C.A.); (E.B.); (T.L.); (L.R.); (G.I.); (R.R.)
| | - Gennaro Cormio
- Section of Ginecology and Obstetrics, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari, “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (F.A.); (V.L.); (G.C.)
| | - Giuseppe Ingravallo
- Section of Pathology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (DETO), University of Bari, “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.C.); (A.C.); (C.A.); (E.B.); (T.L.); (L.R.); (G.I.); (R.R.)
| | - Roberta Rossi
- Section of Pathology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (DETO), University of Bari, “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.C.); (A.C.); (C.A.); (E.B.); (T.L.); (L.R.); (G.I.); (R.R.)
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Abstract
We have previously reported increased glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) expression in melanoma compared to benign nevi, associated with a significantly lower survival rate. GLUT1 upregulation was highly specific for distinguishing melanoma from benign nevi, yet poorly sensitive, likely because of expression of other GLUT isoforms. The purpose of this study was to evaluate GLUT2 and GLUT3, as melanoma biomarkers. A tissue microarray, consisting of 91 primary melanomas, 18 melanoma metastases, and 56 nevi, was examined using GLUT2 and GLUT3 immunohistochemistry. A semiquantitative scoring method was used to determine the percentage of positive tumor cells and staining intensity. GLUT2 was negative in all melanomas and benign nevi examined. Increased GLUT3 expression was more frequent in melanoma than in nevi (P < 0.0001), and in metastatic melanoma than in primary melanomas (P < 0.001). Of melanoma cases, 85.3% expressed either GLUT1 or GLUT3 or both, 39.4% of melanoma cases coexpressed GLUT1 and GLUT3, 17.4% of melanoma cases only expressed GLUT1, 28.4% of melanoma cases only expressed GLUT3, and 14.7% of melanoma cases were negative for both markers. Patients whose melanoma exhibited a high level of GLUT3 had significantly lower survival rates than those with low GLUT3 expression (P = 0.002). Evaluating both GLUT1 and GLUT3 increased the diagnostic value by increasing the sensitivity while the specificity remained high. In conclusion, GLUT2 was not expressed in melanocytes. GLUT3 expression was upregulated in melanoma compared with nevi, especially in those with worse prognosis. Similar to GLUT1, GLUT3 may serve as a useful diagnostic and prognostic marker.
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Ahl PJ, Hopkins RA, Xiang WW, Au B, Kaliaperumal N, Fairhurst AM, Connolly JE. Met-Flow, a strategy for single-cell metabolic analysis highlights dynamic changes in immune subpopulations. Commun Biol 2020; 3:305. [PMID: 32533056 PMCID: PMC7292829 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-1027-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A complex interaction of anabolic and catabolic metabolism underpins the ability of leukocytes to mount an immune response. Their capacity to respond to changing environments by metabolic reprogramming is crucial to effector function. However, current methods lack the ability to interrogate this network of metabolic pathways at single-cell level within a heterogeneous population. We present Met-Flow, a flow cytometry-based method capturing the metabolic state of immune cells by targeting key proteins and rate-limiting enzymes across multiple pathways. We demonstrate the ability to simultaneously measure divergent metabolic profiles and dynamic remodeling in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Using Met-Flow, we discovered that glucose restriction and metabolic remodeling drive the expansion of an inflammatory central memory T cell subset. This method captures the complex metabolic state of any cell as it relates to phenotype and function, leading to a greater understanding of the role of metabolic heterogeneity in immune responses. Patricia Ahl et al. present Met-Flow, a flow cytometry-based approach for capturing the metabolic state of immune cells across multiple pathways. The authors apply Met-Flow to a central memory T cell subset, showing the importance of glucose restriction and metabolic reprogramming to T cell polarization and expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia J Ahl
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, 138673, Singapore.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117545, Singapore
| | - Richard A Hopkins
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, 138673, Singapore.,Tessa Therapeutics Pte Ltd, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, 138673, Singapore
| | - Wen Wei Xiang
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, 138673, Singapore.,Tessa Therapeutics Pte Ltd, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, 138673, Singapore
| | - Bijin Au
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, 138673, Singapore
| | - Nivashini Kaliaperumal
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, 138673, Singapore
| | - Anna-Marie Fairhurst
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, 138673, Singapore
| | - John E Connolly
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, 138673, Singapore. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117545, Singapore. .,Institute of Biomedical Studies, Baylor University, Waco, TX, 76712, USA.
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5
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2-Deoxy-d-Glucose and Its Analogs: From Diagnostic to Therapeutic Agents. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 21:ijms21010234. [PMID: 31905745 PMCID: PMC6982256 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of 2-deoxy-d-glucose (2-DG) to interfere with d-glucose metabolism demonstrates that nutrient and energy deprivation is an efficient tool to suppress cancer cell growth and survival. Acting as a d-glucose mimic, 2-DG inhibits glycolysis due to formation and intracellular accumulation of 2-deoxy-d-glucose-6-phosphate (2-DG6P), inhibiting the function of hexokinase and glucose-6-phosphate isomerase, and inducing cell death. In addition to glycolysis inhibition, other molecular processes are also affected by 2-DG. Attempts to improve 2-DG’s drug-like properties, its role as a potential adjuvant for other chemotherapeutics, and novel 2-DG analogs as promising new anticancer agents are discussed in this review.
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6
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Důra M, Němejcová K, Jakša R, Bártů M, Kodet O, Tichá I, Michálková R, Dundr P. Expression of Glut-1 in Malignant Melanoma and Melanocytic Nevi: an Immunohistochemical Study of 400 Cases. Pathol Oncol Res 2017; 25:361-368. [PMID: 29128957 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-017-0363-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The glucose transporter-1 (Glut-1) is a cell membrane glycoprotein involved in glucose uptake. An increased expression of Glut-1 is an important cell adaptation mechanism against hypoxia. An upregulation of Glut-1 can be found in several types of malignant tumors, which are able to reprogram their metabolism from oxidative phosphorylation to aerobic glycolysis (Warburg effect). However, the data regarding melanocytic lesions is equivocal. We performed comprehensive immunohistochemical analysis of the Glut-1 expression in 225 malignant melanomas (MM) and 175 benign nevi. Only the membranous expression of Glut-1 was regarded as positive. The expression of Glut-1 (the cut-off for positivity was determined as H-score 15) was found in 69/225 malignant melanomas. The number of positive cases and the H-score of Glut-1 increased where there was a higher Breslow thickness (p < 0.00001) when comparing pT1- pT4 MM groups. All benign nevi were classified as negative. In conclusion, the membranous expression of Glut-1 is a common feature of a malignant melanoma but this type of expression is very rare in benign melanocytic nevi. Our results suggest that the membranous expression of Glut-1 can be used as a surrogate marker in the assessing of the biological nature of benign and malignant melanocytic lesions. However, despite its high specificity, the sensitivity of this marker is relatively low. Moreover, due to the fact that the increased expression of Glut-1 correlates with a shorter survival period (10-year disease free survival, recurrence free survival and metastasis free survival and MFS), it can be used as a prognostically adverse factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Důra
- Institute of Pathology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Studnickova 2, 12800, Prague 2, Czech Republic
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kristýna Němejcová
- Institute of Pathology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Studnickova 2, 12800, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Jakša
- Institute of Pathology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Studnickova 2, 12800, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Bártů
- Institute of Pathology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Studnickova 2, 12800, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Kodet
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Anatomy, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ivana Tichá
- Institute of Pathology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Studnickova 2, 12800, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Romana Michálková
- Institute of Pathology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Studnickova 2, 12800, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Dundr
- Institute of Pathology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Studnickova 2, 12800, Prague 2, Czech Republic.
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7
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Ferguson J, Smith M, Zudaire I, Wellbrock C, Arozarena I. Glucose availability controls ATF4-mediated MITF suppression to drive melanoma cell growth. Oncotarget 2017; 8:32946-32959. [PMID: 28380427 PMCID: PMC5464841 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well know that cancer cells have adopted an altered metabolism and that glucose is a major source of energy for these cells. In melanoma, enhanced glucose usage is favoured through the hyper-activated MAPK pathway, which suppresses OXPHOS and stimulates glycolysis. However, it has not been addressed how glucose availability impacts on melanoma specific signaling pathways that drive melanoma cell proliferation. Here we show that melanoma cells are dependent on high glucose levels for efficient growth. Thereby, glucose metabolism controls the expression of the melanoma fate transcription factor MITF, a master regulator of melanoma cell survival and proliferation, invasion and therapy resistance. Restriction of glucose availability to physiological concentrations induces the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Increased ROS levels lead to the up-regulation of AFT4, which in turn suppresses MITF expression by competing with CREB, an otherwise potent inducer of the MITF promoter. Our data give new insight into the complex regulation of MITF, a key regulator of melanoma biology, and support previous findings that link metabolic disorders such as hyperglycemia and diabetes with increased melanoma risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Ferguson
- Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, M13 9PT, Manchester, UK
| | - Michael Smith
- Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, M13 9PT, Manchester, UK
| | - Isabel Zudaire
- Navarrabiomed-Fundación Miguel Servet-Idisna, Calle Irunlarrea, 3 Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Claudia Wellbrock
- Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, M13 9PT, Manchester, UK
| | - Imanol Arozarena
- Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, M13 9PT, Manchester, UK
- Navarrabiomed-Fundación Miguel Servet-Idisna, Calle Irunlarrea, 3 Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
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8
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Koch A, Lang SA, Wild PJ, Gantner S, Mahli A, Spanier G, Berneburg M, Müller M, Bosserhoff AK, Hellerbrand C. Glucose transporter isoform 1 expression enhances metastasis of malignant melanoma cells. Oncotarget 2015; 6:32748-60. [PMID: 26293674 PMCID: PMC4741727 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The glucose transporter isoform 1 (GLUT1; SLC2A1) is a key rate-limiting factor in the transport of glucose into cancer cells. Enhanced GLUT1 expression and accelerated glycolysis have been found to promote aggressive growth in a range of tumor entities. However, it was unknown whether GLUT1 directly impacts metastasis. Here, we aimed at analyzing the expression and function of GLUT1 in malignant melanoma. Immunohistochemical analysis of 78 primary human melanomas on a tissue micro array showed that GLUT1 expression significantly correlated with the mitotic activity and a poor survival. To determine the functional role of GLUT1 in melanoma, we stably suppressed GLUT1 in the murine melanoma cell line B16 with shRNA. GLUT1 suppressed melanoma cells revealed significantly reduced proliferation, apoptosis resistance, migratory activity and matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2) expression. In a syngeneic murine model of hepatic metastasis, GLUT1-suppressed cells formed significantly less metastases and showed increased apoptosis compared to metastases formed by control cells. Treatment of four different human melanoma cell lines with a pharmacological GLUT1 inhibitor caused a dose-dependent reduction of proliferation, apoptosis resistance, migratory activity and MMP2 expression. Analysis of MAPK signal pathways showed that GLUT1 inhibition significantly decreased JNK activation, which regulates a wide range of targets in the metastatic cascade. In summary, our study provides functional evidence that enhanced GLUT1 expression in melanoma cells favors their metastatic behavior. These findings specify GLUT1 as an attractive therapeutic target and prognostic marker for this highly aggressive tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Koch
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sven Arke Lang
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Susanne Gantner
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Regensburg, Germany
| | - Abdo Mahli
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Regensburg, Germany
| | - Gerrit Spanier
- Department of Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Germany
| | - Mark Berneburg
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Regensburg, Germany
| | - Martina Müller
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Claus Hellerbrand
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Regensburg, Germany
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9
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Theodosakis N, Held MA, Marzuka-Alcala A, Meeth KM, Micevic G, Long GV, Scolyer RA, Stern DF, Bosenberg MW. BRAF Inhibition Decreases Cellular Glucose Uptake in Melanoma in Association with Reduction in Cell Volume. Mol Cancer Ther 2015; 14:1680-92. [PMID: 25948295 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-15-0080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BRAF kinase inhibitors have dramatically affected treatment of BRAF(V600E) (/) (K)-driven metastatic melanoma. Early responses assessed using [(18)F]fluorodeoxyglucose uptake-positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) have shown dramatic reduction of radiotracer signal within 2 weeks of treatment. Despite high response rates, relapse occurs in nearly all cases, frequently at sites of treated metastatic disease. It remains unclear whether initial loss of (18)FDG uptake is due to tumor cell death or other reasons. Here, we provide evidence of melanoma cell volume reduction in a patient cohort treated with BRAF inhibitors. We present data demonstrating that BRAF inhibition reduces melanoma glucose uptake per cell, but that this change is no longer significant following normalization for cell volume changes. We also demonstrate that volume normalization greatly reduces differences in transmembrane glucose transport and hexokinase-mediated phosphorylation. Mechanistic studies suggest that this loss of cell volume is due in large part to decreases in new protein translation as a consequence of vemurafenib treatment. Ultimately, our findings suggest that cell volume regulation constitutes an important physiologic parameter that may significantly contribute to radiographic changes observed in clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew A Held
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | | | - Katrina M Meeth
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Goran Micevic
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Georgina V Long
- Melanoma Institute of Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Discipline of Pathology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Richard A Scolyer
- Melanoma Institute of Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Discipline of Medicine, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David F Stern
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Marcus W Bosenberg
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut. Department of Dermatology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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10
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Slominski A, Kim TK, Brożyna AA, Janjetovic Z, Brooks DLP, Schwab LP, Skobowiat C, Jóźwicki W, Seagroves TN. The role of melanogenesis in regulation of melanoma behavior: melanogenesis leads to stimulation of HIF-1α expression and HIF-dependent attendant pathways. Arch Biochem Biophys 2014; 563:79-93. [PMID: 24997364 PMCID: PMC4221528 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2014.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Revised: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
To study the effect of melanogenesis on HIF-1α expression and attendant pathways, we used stable human and hamster melanoma cell lines in which the amelanotic vs. melanotic phenotypes are dependent upon the concentration of melanogenesis precursors in the culture media. The induction of melanin pigmentation led to significant up-regulation of HIF-1α, but not HIF-2α, protein in melanized cells for both lines. Similar upregulation of nuclear HIF-1α was observed in excisions of advanced melanotic vs. amelanotic melanomas. In cultured cells, melanogenesis also significantly stimulated expression of classical HIF-1-dependent target genes involved in angiogenesis and cellular metabolism, including glucose metabolism and stimulation of activity of key enzymes in the glycolytic pathway. Several other stress related genes containing putative HRE consensus sites were also upregulated by melanogenesis, concurrently with modulation of expression of HIF-1-independent genes encoding for steroidogenic enzymes, cytokines and growth factors. Immunohistochemical studies using a large panel of pigmented lesions revealed that higher levels of HIF-1α and GLUT-1 were detected in advanced melanomas in comparison to melanocytic nevi or thin melanomas localized to the skin. However, the effects on overall or disease free survival in melanoma patients were modest or absent for GLUT-1 or for HIF-1α, respectively. In conclusion, induction of the melanogenic pathway leads to robust upregulation of HIF-1-dependent and independent pathways in cultured melanoma cells, suggesting a key role for melanogenesis in regulation of cellular metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Slominski
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Tennessee HSC, Memphis, TN, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Tennessee HSC, Memphis, TN, USA; Center for Cancer Research, University of Tennessee HSC, Memphis, TN, USA.
| | - T-K Kim
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Tennessee HSC, Memphis, TN, USA; Center for Cancer Research, University of Tennessee HSC, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - A A Brożyna
- Department of Tumor Pathology and Pathomorphology, Oncology Centre - Prof. Franciszek Łukaszczyk Memorial Hospital, The Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Z Janjetovic
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Tennessee HSC, Memphis, TN, USA; Center for Cancer Research, University of Tennessee HSC, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - D L P Brooks
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Tennessee HSC, Memphis, TN, USA; Center for Cancer Research, University of Tennessee HSC, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - L P Schwab
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Tennessee HSC, Memphis, TN, USA; Center for Cancer Research, University of Tennessee HSC, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - C Skobowiat
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Tennessee HSC, Memphis, TN, USA; Center for Cancer Research, University of Tennessee HSC, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - W Jóźwicki
- Department of Tumor Pathology and Pathomorphology, Oncology Centre - Prof. Franciszek Łukaszczyk Memorial Hospital, The Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - T N Seagroves
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Tennessee HSC, Memphis, TN, USA; Center for Cancer Research, University of Tennessee HSC, Memphis, TN, USA
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Kuntz S, Mazerbourg S, Boisbrun M, Cerella C, Diederich M, Grillier-Vuissoz I, Flament S. Energy restriction mimetic agents to target cancer cells: comparison between 2-deoxyglucose and thiazolidinediones. Biochem Pharmacol 2014; 92:102-11. [PMID: 25083915 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2014.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Revised: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The use of energy restriction mimetic agents (ERMAs) to selectively target cancer cells addicted to glycolysis could be a promising therapeutic approach. Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) are synthetic agonists of the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)γ that were developed to treat type II diabetes. These compounds also display anticancer effects which appear mainly to be independent of their PPARγ agonist activity but the molecular mechanisms involved in the anticancer action are not yet well understood. Results obtained on ciglitazone derivatives, mainly in prostate cancer cell models, suggest that these compounds could act as ERMAs. In the present paper, we introduce how compounds like 2-deoxyglucose target the Warburg effect and then we discuss the possibility that the PPARγ-independent effects of various TZD could result from their action as ERMAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Kuntz
- Université de Lorraine, CRAN, UMR 7039, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, F-54506, France; CNRS, CRAN, UMR 7039, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, F-54506, France
| | - Sabine Mazerbourg
- Université de Lorraine, CRAN, UMR 7039, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, F-54506, France; CNRS, CRAN, UMR 7039, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, F-54506, France
| | - Michel Boisbrun
- Université de Lorraine, SRSMC, UMR 7565, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, F-54506, France; CNRS, SRSMC, UMR 7565, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, F-54506, France
| | - Claudia Cerella
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire du Cancer. Hôpital Kirchberg, L-2540, Luxembourg
| | - Marc Diederich
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire du Cancer. Hôpital Kirchberg, L-2540, Luxembourg; Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Isabelle Grillier-Vuissoz
- Université de Lorraine, CRAN, UMR 7039, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, F-54506, France; CNRS, CRAN, UMR 7039, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, F-54506, France
| | - Stephane Flament
- Université de Lorraine, CRAN, UMR 7039, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, F-54506, France; CNRS, CRAN, UMR 7039, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, F-54506, France.
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Biologic correlation between glucose transporters, hexokinase-II, Ki-67 and FDG uptake in malignant melanoma. Nucl Med Biol 2012; 39:1167-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2012.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Revised: 06/26/2012] [Accepted: 07/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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13
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Kirches E. Mitochondrial and nuclear genes of mitochondrial components in cancer. Curr Genomics 2011; 10:281-93. [PMID: 19949549 PMCID: PMC2709939 DOI: 10.2174/138920209788488517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2009] [Revised: 04/29/2009] [Accepted: 04/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the observation of aerobic glycolysis of tumor cells by Otto v. Warburg had demonstrated abnormalities of mitochondrial energy metabolism in cancer decades ago, there was no clear evidence for a functional role of mutant mitochondrial proteins in cancer development until the early years of the 21(st) century. In the year 2000, a major breakthrough was achieved by the observation, that several genes coding for subunits of the respiratory chain (ETC) complex II, succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) are tumor suppressor genes in heritable paragangliomas, fulfilling Knudson's classical two-hit hypothesis. A functional inactivation of both alleles by germline mutations and chromosomal losses in the tumor tissue was found in the patients. Later, SDH mutations were also identified in sporadic paragangliomas and pheochromocytomas. Genes of the mitochondrial ATP-synthase and of mitochondrial iron homeostasis have been implicated in cancer development at the level of cell culture and mouse experiments. In contrast to the well established role of some nuclear SDH genes, a functional impact of the mitochondrial genome itself (mtDNA) in cancer development remains unclear. Nevertheless, the extremely high frequency of mtDNA mutations in solid tumors raises the question, whether this small circular genome might be applicable to early cancer detection. This is a meaningful approach, especially in cancers, which tend to spread tumor cells early into bodily fluids or faeces, which can be screened by non-invasive methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Kirches
- Department of Neuropathology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
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14
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Carvalho KC, Cunha IW, Rocha RM, Ayala FR, Cajaíba MM, Begnami MD, Vilela RS, Paiva GR, Andrade RG, Soares FA. GLUT1 expression in malignant tumors and its use as an immunodiagnostic marker. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2011; 66:965-72. [PMID: 21808860 PMCID: PMC3129958 DOI: 10.1590/s1807-59322011000600008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2011] [Accepted: 02/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze glucose transporter 1 expression patterns in malignant tumors of various cell types and evaluate their diagnostic value by immunohistochemistry. INTRODUCTION Glucose is the major source of energy for cells, and glucose transporter 1 is the most common glucose transporter in humans. Glucose transporter 1 is aberrantly expressed in several tumor types. Studies have implicated glucose transporter 1 expression as a prognostic and diagnostic marker in tumors, primarily in conjunction with positron emission tomography scan data. METHODS Immunohistochemistry for glucose transporter 1 was performed in tissue microarray slides, comprising 1955 samples of malignant neoplasm from different cell types. RESULTS Sarcomas, lymphomas, melanomas and hepatoblastomas did not express glucose transporter 1. Forty-seven per cent of prostate adenocarcinomas were positive, as were 29% of thyroid, 10% of gastric and 5% of breast adenocarcinomas. Thirty-six per cent of squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck were positive, as were 42% of uterine cervix squamous cell carcinomas. Glioblastomas and retinoblastomas showed membranous glucose transporter 1 staining in 18.6% and 9.4% of all cases, respectively. Squamous cell carcinomas displayed membranous expression, whereas adenocarcinomas showed cytoplasmic glucose transporter 1 expression. CONCLUSION Glucose transporter 1 showed variable expression in various tumor types. Its absence in sarcomas, melanomas, hepatoblastomas and lymphomas suggests that other glucose transporters mediate the glycolytic pathway in these tumors. The data suggest that glucose transporter 1 is a valuable immunohistochemical marker that can be used to identify patients for evaluation by positron emission tomography scan. The function of cytoplasmic glucose transporter 1 in adenocarcinomas must be further examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kátia C Carvalho
- Departament of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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15
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Huang SK, Darfler MM, Nicholl MB, You J, Bemis KG, Tegeler TJ, Wang M, Wery JP, Chong KK, Nguyen L, Scolyer RA, Hoon DSB. LC/MS-based quantitative proteomic analysis of paraffin-embedded archival melanomas reveals potential proteomic biomarkers associated with metastasis. PLoS One 2009; 4:e4430. [PMID: 19221597 PMCID: PMC2637971 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2008] [Accepted: 01/01/2009] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Melanoma metastasis status is highly associated with the overall survival of patients; yet, little is known about proteomic changes during melanoma tumor progression. To better understand the changes in protein expression involved in melanoma progression and metastasis, and to identify potential biomarkers, we conducted a global quantitative proteomic analysis on archival metastatic and primary melanomas. Methodology and Findings A total of 16 metastatic and 8 primary cutaneous melanomas were assessed. Proteins were extracted from laser captured microdissected formalin fixed paraffin-embedded archival tissues by liquefying tissue cells. These preparations were analyzed by a LC/MS-based label-free protein quantification method. More than 1500 proteins were identified in the tissue lysates with a peptide ID confidence level of >75%. This approach identified 120 significant changes in protein levels. These proteins were identified from multiple peptides with high confidence identification and were expressed at significantly different levels in metastases as compared with primary melanomas (q-Value<0.05). Conclusions and Significance The differentially expressed proteins were classified by biological process or mapped into biological system networks, and several proteins were implicated by these analyses as cancer- or metastasis-related. These proteins represent potential biomarkers for tumor progression. The study successfully identified proteins that are differentially expressed in formalin fixed paraffin-embedded specimens of metastatic and primary melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon K. Huang
- Department of Molecular Oncology, John Wayne Cancer Institute at Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica, California, United States of America
| | - Marlene M. Darfler
- Expression Pathology, Inc., Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Michael B. Nicholl
- Department of Molecular Oncology, John Wayne Cancer Institute at Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica, California, United States of America
| | - Jinsam You
- Monarch LifeSciences LLC, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Kerry G. Bemis
- Monarch LifeSciences LLC, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Tony J. Tegeler
- Monarch LifeSciences LLC, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Mu Wang
- Monarch LifeSciences LLC, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Jean-Pierre Wery
- Monarch LifeSciences LLC, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Kelly K. Chong
- Department of Molecular Oncology, John Wayne Cancer Institute at Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica, California, United States of America
| | - Linhda Nguyen
- Department of Molecular Oncology, John Wayne Cancer Institute at Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica, California, United States of America
| | - Richard A. Scolyer
- Sydney Melanoma Unit, Sydney Cancer Center, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Dave S. B. Hoon
- Department of Molecular Oncology, John Wayne Cancer Institute at Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Tagg SLC, Foster PA, Leese MP, Potter BVL, Reed MJ, Purohit A, Newman SP. 2-Methoxyoestradiol-3,17-O,O-bis-sulphamate and 2-deoxy-D-glucose in combination: a potential treatment for breast and prostate cancer. Br J Cancer 2008; 99:1842-8. [PMID: 18985042 PMCID: PMC2600694 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6604752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug combination therapy is a key strategy to improve treatment efficacy and survival of cancer patients. In this study the effects of combining 2-methoxyoestradiol-3,17-O,O-bis-sulphamate (STX140), a microtubule disruptor, with 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2DG) were assessed in MCF-7 (breast) and LNCaP (prostate) xenograft models in vivo. In mice bearing MCF-7 xenografts, daily p.o. administration of STX140 (5 mg kg−1) resulted in a 46% (P<0.05) reduction of tumour volume. However, the combination of STX140 (5 mg kg−1 p.o.) and 2DG (2 g kg−1 i.p.) reduced tumour volume by 76% (P<0.001). 2-Methoxyoestradiol-3,17-O,O-bis-sulphamate also reduced tumour vessel density. 2-Deoxy-D-glucose alone had no significant effect on tumour volume or vessel density. A similar benefit of the combination treatment was observed in the LNCaP prostate xenograft model. In vitro the degree of inhibition of cell proliferation by STX140 was unaffected by oxygen concentrations. In contrast, the inhibition of proliferation by 2DG was enhanced under hypoxia by 20 and 25% in MCF-7 and LNCaP cells, respectively. The combination of STX140 and 2DG in LNCaP cells under normoxia or hypoxia inhibited proliferation to a greater extent than either compound alone. These results suggest that the antiangiogenic and microtubule disruption activities of STX140 may make tumours more susceptible to inhibition of glycolysis by 2DG. This is the first study to show the benefit of combining a microtubule disruptor with 2DG in the two most common solid tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L C Tagg
- Oncology Drug Discovery and Women's Health Group, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, St Mary's Hospital, London W2 1NY, UK
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17
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Parente P, Coli A, Massi G, Mangoni A, Fabrizi MM, Bigotti G. Immunohistochemical expression of the glucose transporters Glut-1 and Glut-3 in human malignant melanomas and benign melanocytic lesions. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2008; 27:34. [PMID: 18764953 PMCID: PMC2553059 DOI: 10.1186/1756-9966-27-34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2008] [Accepted: 09/02/2008] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Background Reported data indicate that cancer cells have increased rates of glucose metabolism, as determined by 18FDG-PET imaging in patients with malignancies. The results of many studies have demonstrated that the expression of glucose transporters, especially Glut-1, is increased in a variety of malignancies. This study was undertaken to assess the differential expression of Glut-1 and Glut-3 by benign and malignant melanocytic lesions. Methods Immunohistochemical staining for Glut-1 and Glut-3 was performed on paraffin-embedded tissue sections prepared from melanocytic nevi (12 cases), Spitz nevi (12 cases) and primary cutaneous malignant melanomas (20 cases). Results We observed immunoreactivity for Glut-1 in all melanocytic nevi, 9 of the 12 Spitz nevi and in 9 of the 20 malignant melanomas, whereas Glut-3 was expressed in all the melanocytic lesions, both benign and malignant. Conclusion These findings indicate that the glucose transporters Glut-1 and Glut-3 play a role in the glucose metabolism of melanocytic cells. Glut-1 was present in the majority of benign nevi, whereas its expression was downregulated in 55% of malignant melanomas. Our results suggest that glucose transporter Glut-1 expression can significantly discriminate between human malignant melanoma and benign melanocytic nevi, and support the idea that additional mechanisms other than Glut-1 may contribute to glucose uptake in melanomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Parente
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Catholic University Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.
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Abstract
F-18-FDG PET and PET/CT are useful for staging, predicting the prognosis, and evaluating recurrence and treatment response in hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) and cholangiocarcinomas. Increased F-18-FDG uptake within tumors could be a surrogate marker of aggressive behavior and poor clinical outcome, despite high false-negative rates in detecting primary intrahepatic low-grade HCCs and periductal-infiltrating cholangiocarcinomas. Dualtracer PET or PET/CT using carbon-11-acetate and F-18-FDG will increase diagnostic performance in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Doo Lee
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 250 Seongsan-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-752, South Korea.
| | - Won Jun Kang
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 250 Seongsan-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-752, South Korea
| | - Mijin Yun
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 250 Seongsan-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-752, South Korea
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19
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Deeken R, Engelmann JC, Efetova M, Czirjak T, Müller T, Kaiser WM, Tietz O, Krischke M, Mueller MJ, Palme K, Dandekar T, Hedrich R. An integrated view of gene expression and solute profiles of Arabidopsis tumors: a genome-wide approach. THE PLANT CELL 2006; 18:3617-34. [PMID: 17172353 PMCID: PMC1785400 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.106.044743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Transformation of plant cells with T-DNA of virulent agrobacteria is one of the most extreme triggers of developmental changes in higher plants. For rapid growth and development of resulting tumors, specific changes in the gene expression profile and metabolic adaptations are required. Increased transport and metabolic fluxes are critical preconditions for growth and tumor development. A functional genomics approach, using the Affymetrix whole genome microarray (approximately 22,800 genes), was applied to measure changes in gene expression. The solute pattern of Arabidopsis thaliana tumors and uninfected plant tissues was compared with the respective gene expression profile. Increased levels of anions, sugars, and amino acids were correlated with changes in the gene expression of specific enzymes and solute transporters. The expression profile of genes pivotal for energy metabolism, such as those involved in photosynthesis, mitochondrial electron transport, and fermentation, suggested that tumors produce C and N compounds heterotrophically and gain energy mainly anaerobically. Thus, understanding of gene-to-metabolite networks in plant tumors promotes the identification of mechanisms that control tumor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalia Deeken
- Julius-von-Sachs-Institute, Department of Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Wuerzburg, D-97082 Wuerzburg, Germany
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20
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Lampidis TJ, Kurtoglu M, Maher JC, Liu H, Krishan A, Sheft V, Szymanski S, Fokt I, Rudnicki WR, Ginalski K, Lesyng B, Priebe W. Efficacy of 2-halogen substituted D-glucose analogs in blocking glycolysis and killing "hypoxic tumor cells". Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2006; 58:725-34. [PMID: 16555088 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-006-0207-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2005] [Accepted: 02/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Since 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) is currently in phase I clinical trials to selectively target slow-growing hypoxic tumor cells, 2-halogenated D-glucose analogs were synthesized for improved activity. Given the fact that 2-DG competes with D-glucose for binding to hexokinase, in silico modeling of molecular interactions between hexokinase I and these new analogs was used to determine whether binding energies correlate with biological effects, i.e. inhibition of glycolysis and subsequent toxicity in hypoxic tumor cells. METHODS AND RESULTS Using a QSAR-like approach along with a flexible docking strategy, it was determined that the binding affinities of the analogs to hexokinase I decrease as a function of increasing halogen size as follows: 2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-FG) > 2-chloro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-CG) > 2-bromo-2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-BG). Furthermore, D-glucose was found to have the highest affinity followed by 2-FG and 2-DG, respectively. Similarly, flow cytometry and trypan blue exclusion assays showed that the efficacy of the halogenated analogs in preferentially inhibiting growth and killing hypoxic vs. aerobic cells increases as a function of their relative binding affinities. These results correlate with the inhibition of glycolysis as measured by lactate inhibition, i.e. ID50 1 mM for 2-FG, 6 mM for 2-CG and > 6 mM for 2-BG. Moreover, 2-FG was found to be more potent than 2-DG for both glycolytic inhibition and cytotoxicity. CONCLUSIONS Overall, our in vitro results suggest that 2-FG is more potent than 2-DG in killing hypoxic tumor cells, and therefore may be more clinically effective when combined with standard chemotherapeutic protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore J Lampidis
- School of Medicine and Sylvester Cancer Center, The University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
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21
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Wahl ML, Kenan DJ, Gonzalez-Gronow M, Pizzo SV. Angiostatin's molecular mechanism: aspects of specificity and regulation elucidated. J Cell Biochem 2005; 96:242-61. [PMID: 16094651 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.20480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Tumor growth requires the development of new vessels that sprout from pre-existing normal vessels in a process known as "angiogenesis" [Folkman (1971) N Engl J Med 285:1182-1186]. These new vessels arise from local capillaries, arteries, and veins in response to the release of soluble growth factors from the tumor mass, enabling these tumors to grow beyond the diffusion-limited size of approximately 2 mm diameter. Angiostatin, a naturally occurring inhibitor of angiogenesis, was discovered based on its ability to block tumor growth in vivo by inhibiting the formation of new tumor blood vessels [O'Reilly et al. (1994a) Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 59:471-482]. Angiostatin is a proteolytically derived internal fragment of plasminogen and may contain various members of the five plasminogen "kringle" domains, depending on the exact sites of proteolysis. Different forms of angiostatin have measurably different activities, suggesting that much remains to be elucidated about angiostatin biology. A number of groups have sought to identify the native cell surface binding site(s) for angiostatin, resulting in at least five different binding sites proposed for angiostatin on the surface of endothelial cells (EC). This review will consider the data supporting all of the various reported angiostatin binding sites and will focus particular attention on the angiostatin binding protein identified by our group: F(1)F(O) ATP synthase. There have been several developments in the quest to elucidate the mechanism of action of angiostatin and the regulation of its receptor. The purpose of this review is to describe the highlights of research on the mechanism of action of angiostatin, its' interaction with ATP synthase on the EC surface, modulators of its activity, and issues that should be explored in future research related to angiostatin and other anti-angiogenic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam L Wahl
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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22
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Yamada K, Brink I, Bissé E, Epting T, Engelhardt R. Factors influencing [F-18] 2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (F-18 FDG) uptake in melanoma cells: the role of proliferation rate, viability, glucose transporter expression and hexokinase activity. J Dermatol 2005; 32:316-34. [PMID: 16043894 DOI: 10.1111/j.1346-8138.2005.tb00903.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2004] [Accepted: 01/11/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Using human (SK-MEL 23, SK-MEL 24 and G361) and murine (B16) melanoma cell lines, the coregulatory potential of the uptake of the positron emission tomography (PET) tracer, [Fluorine-18] 2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (F-18 FDG) has been investigated in relationship to tumor characteristics. Comparative studies among the four melanoma cell lines demonstrated that the lowest FDG uptake in SK-MEL 24 corresponded strongly to the data for DT (population doubling time) and MTT (tetrazolium salt) cell viability as well as hexokinase (HK) activity, but was not related to the glucose transporter 1 (GLUT 1) expression level. Furthermore, the FDG uptake in each melanoma cell line measured by cell cycle kinetics was significantly positively correlated to both the proliferation index (PI=S/G2M phase fractions) and the cell viability, though with one exception relating to the PI of the lowest FDG uptake cell line, SK-MEL 24. No positive correlation was found between the expression of GLUT 1 and FDG uptake in any individual cell line. However, the HK activities in SK-MEL 23 and 24 showed considerable positive relationships with FDG uptake. Our present study suggests that both the proliferation rate and the cell viability of melanoma cells may be key factors for FDG uptake and that HK activity, rather than GLUT 1 expression, seems to be a major factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoshi Yamada
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, Hematology/Oncology, Freiburg University Medical Center, Hugstetter str. 55, 79106 Freiburg i Br., Germany
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Abstract
The concept of a glycolytic cancer cell was introduced by Warburg over 70 years ago. This perception has since become the rationale that drives a considerable proportion of basic research on cancer, and it influences the current strategies for the diagnosis, monitoring, and treatment of cancer. Here we review the data from the last 40 years on this issue. We conclude that there is no evidence that cancer cells are inherently glycolytic, but that some tumours might indeed be glycolytic in vivo as a result of their hypoxic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Lin Zu
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biochemical and Chemical Science, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia.
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24
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Abstract
There are many differences, at all levels of organization, between cancerous and normal cells. Two of these (oxygen delivery and glucose metabolism) are related and manifest as low intercellular oxygen tensions (pO(2)) and a glycolytic metabolic profile in tumours and/or cancer cells. It is becoming increasingly apparent that these characteristics of cancer combine to enhance both the survival and aggressiveness of cancer cells, and that they can adversely impact on some forms of treatment. But they are also exploited in current strategies of detection and monitoring of cancers. These are therefore characteristics with important implications for the crucial balance between the aggression and growth characteristics of a tumour, and our ability to detect and treat it. The interactions and the hierarchy of events leading to these manifestations are complex, not fully understood, and involve a pivotal and intriguing paradox. This paradox results in a seemingly contradictory state in which the most dangerous tumours are those that are the most hypoxic, but also those that are the most angiogenic. This review is a synthesis of the available data into a feasible hypothesis which offers a possible resolution of this paradox and provides a testable paradigm for tumour behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Guppy
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical and Chemical Sciences, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia.
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