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Wuellner S, Bonauto D. Are plumbing apprentice graduates safer than their non-apprentice peers? Workers' compensation claims among journey level plumbers by apprenticeship participation. JOURNAL OF SAFETY RESEARCH 2022; 83:349-356. [PMID: 36481026 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsr.2022.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Apprenticeships combine mentored on-the-job training with related instruction to develop a workforce with the skills sought by employers. Workplace safety is an important component of apprenticeship training. Whether that training results in fewer work injuries, however, is largely unknown. METHOD We linked Washington's registered apprenticeship data, plumber certification (licensing) data, employment data, and workers' compensation claims to compare claim rates among journey level plumbers (JLP) by apprenticeship participation. We used negative binomial regression models to estimate rates of total claims, wage replacement/disability claims, acute injuries, and musculoskeletal disorders (MSD), adjusted for worker characteristics. RESULTS Among JLP certified between 2000 and 2018, rates among JLP with no apprenticeship training were 46% higher for total workers' compensation claims (adjusted Rate Ratio (aRR) = 1.46, 95% CI: 1.26-1.69) and 60% higher for wage replacement/disability claims (aRR = 1.60, 95% CI: 1.22-2.11), compared to rates among JLP who completed a plumbing apprenticeship. Apprentice graduates experienced a greater decline in the rate of total claims between the 5 years preceding JLP certification and the years after certification (55.3% vs. 41.4% among JLP with no apprenticeship training). Greater rate reductions among JLP apprentice graduates were also observed for acute injuries and MSD, although the decline in MSD was not significantly different from the decline among JLP with no apprenticeship training. CONCLUSIONS Successful completion of a plumbing apprenticeship program is associated with fewer work injuries throughout the career of a JLP. Apprenticeships appear to play a key role in reducing work injuries among JLP, especially acute injuries. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS Apprenticeships are an effective model for reducing workplace injuries. The mechanisms by which apprenticeship training improves workplace safety should be identified to better inform injury prevention efforts among apprentices as well as among workers outside of a formal apprenticeship arrangement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Wuellner
- Washington State Dept. of Labor and Industries, Safety and Health Assessment and Research for Prevention (SHARP) Program, PO Box 44330, Olympia, WA 98504, United States.
| | - David Bonauto
- Washington State Dept. of Labor and Industries, Safety and Health Assessment and Research for Prevention (SHARP) Program, PO Box 44330, Olympia, WA 98504, United States
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Sultan-Taïeb H, Villeneuve T, Chastang JF, Niedhammer I. Burden of cardiovascular diseases and depression attributable to psychosocial work exposures in 28 European countries. Eur J Public Health 2022; 32:586-592. [PMID: 35726873 PMCID: PMC9341678 DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckac066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to estimate the annual burden of cardiovascular diseases and depression attributable to five psychosocial work exposures in 28 European Union countries (EU28) in 2015. METHODS Based on available attributable fraction estimates, the study covered five exposures, job strain, effort-reward imbalance, job insecurity, long working hours and workplace bullying; and five outcomes, coronary/ischemic heart diseases (CHD), stroke, atrial fibrillation, peripheral artery disease and depression. We estimated the burden attributable to each exposure separately and all exposures together. We calculated Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALY) rate per 100 000 workers in each country for each outcome attributable to each exposure and tested the differences between countries and between genders using the Wald test. RESULTS The overall burden of CHD attributable to the five studied psychosocial work exposures together was estimated at 173 629 DALYs for men and 39 238 for women, 5092 deaths for men and 1098 for women in EU28 in 2015. The overall burden of depression was estimated at 528 549 DALYs for men and 344 151 for women (respectively 7862 and 1823 deaths). The three highest burdens in DALYs in EU28 in 2015 were found for depression attributable to job strain (546 502 DALYs), job insecurity (294 680 DALYs) and workplace bullying (276 337 DALYs). Significant differences between countries were observed for DALY rates per 100 000 workers. CONCLUSIONS Such results are necessary as decision tools for decision-makers (governments, employers and trade unions) when defining public health priorities and work stress preventive strategies in Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Sultan-Taïeb
- School of Management, Université du Québec à Montréal (ESG-UQAM), Montréal, Qc, Canada
| | - Tania Villeneuve
- School of Management, Université du Québec à Montréal (ESG-UQAM), Montréal, Qc, Canada
| | - Jean-François Chastang
- INSERM, Univ Angers, Univ Rennes, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, Epidemiology in Occupational Health and Ergonomics (ESTER) Team, Angers, France
| | - Isabelle Niedhammer
- INSERM, Univ Angers, Univ Rennes, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, Epidemiology in Occupational Health and Ergonomics (ESTER) Team, Angers, France
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Wurzelbacher SJ, Meyers AR, Lampl MP, Timothy Bushnell P, Bertke SJ, Robins DC, Tseng CY, Naber SJ. Workers' compensation claim counts and rates by injury event/exposure among state-insured private employers in Ohio, 2007-2017. JOURNAL OF SAFETY RESEARCH 2021; 79:148-167. [PMID: 34847999 PMCID: PMC9026720 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsr.2021.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study analyzed workers' compensation (WC) claims among private employers insured by the Ohio state-based WC carrier to identify high-risk industries by detailed cause of injury. METHODS A machine learning algorithm was used to code each claim by U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) event/exposure. The codes assigned to lost-time (LT) claims with lower algorithm probabilities of accurate classification or those LT claims with high costs were manually reviewed. WC data were linked with the state's unemployment insurance (UI) data to identify the employer's industry and number of employees. BLS data on hours worked per employee were used to estimate full-time equivalents (FTE) and calculate rates of WC claims per 100 FTE. RESULTS 140,780 LT claims and 633,373 medical-only claims were analyzed. Although counts and rates of LT WC claims declined from 2007 to 2017, the shares of leading LT injury event/exposures remained largely unchanged. LT claims due to Overexertion and Bodily Reaction (33.0%) were most common, followed by Falls, Slips, and Trips (31.4%), Contact with Objects and Equipment (22.5%), Transportation Incidents (7.0%), Exposure to Harmful Substances or Environments (2.8%), Violence and Other Injuries by Persons or Animals (2.5%), and Fires and Explosions (0.4%). These findings are consistent with other reported data. The proportions of injury event/exposures varied by industry, and high-risk industries were identified. CONCLUSIONS Injuries have been reduced, but prevention challenges remain in certain industries. Available evidence on intervention effectiveness was summarized and mapped to the analysis results to demonstrate how the results can guide prevention efforts. Practical Applications: Employers, safety/health practitioners, researchers, WC insurers, and bureaus can use these data and machine learning methods to understand industry differences in the level and mix of risks, as well as industry trends, and to tailor safety, health, and disability prevention services and research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Wurzelbacher
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1090 Tusculum Ave, Cincinnati, OH 45226-1998, United States.
| | - Alysha R Meyers
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1090 Tusculum Ave, Cincinnati, OH 45226-1998, United States.
| | - Michael P Lampl
- Ohio Bureau of Workers' Compensation, 30 W Spring St Ste L1, Columbus, OH 43215, United States.
| | - P Timothy Bushnell
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1090 Tusculum Ave, Cincinnati, OH 45226-1998, United States.
| | - Stephen J Bertke
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1090 Tusculum Ave, Cincinnati, OH 45226-1998, United States.
| | - David C Robins
- Ohio Bureau of Workers' Compensation, 30 W Spring St Ste L1, Columbus, OH 43215, United States.
| | - Chih-Yu Tseng
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1090 Tusculum Ave, Cincinnati, OH 45226-1998, United States.
| | - Steven J Naber
- Ohio Bureau of Workers' Compensation, 30 W Spring St Ste L1, Columbus, OH 43215, United States.
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Do Injured Workers Receive Opioid Prescriptions Outside the Workers' Compensation System?: The Case of Private Group Health Insurances. J Occup Environ Med 2021; 62:e515-e522. [PMID: 32890222 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000001961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We explored the impact of workplace injury on receiving opioid prescriptions from employer-sponsored private group health insurances (GHI) and how long injured workers receive opioid prescriptions after injury. METHODS We used a difference-in-differences method and MarketScan databases for the years 2013 to 2015. RESULTS Estimated odds for injured workers relative to noninjured workers to receive opioid prescriptions from the GHI within 60 and 180 days from the index date of injury were 4.9 and 1.5, respectively. In addition, the number of opioid prescriptions received within 60 days of injury was 2.5 times higher. CONCLUSION Workplace injury could be a risk factor for both short and long-term prescription opioid use. Studies that use only workers' compensation medical claim data likely underestimate the magnitude of the impact of workplace injuries on opioid prescriptions.
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Yang L, Branscum A, Bovbjerg V, Cude C, Weston C, Kincl L. Assessing disabling and non-disabling injuries and illnesses using accepted workers compensation claims data to prioritize industries of high risk for Oregon young workers. JOURNAL OF SAFETY RESEARCH 2021; 77:241-254. [PMID: 34092315 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsr.2021.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Young workers are especially vulnerable to occupational injuries and illnesses. There is a continued need to investigate injury burden among young workers across demographics and industry to inform targeted interventions. Workers compensation (WC) claims are important for quantifying work-related injuries and illnesses, however published studies have focused on disabling claims. This study extended previous research on Oregon young workers by including the most recent WC claims data to identify patterns of injury and high risk industries. METHODS We obtained all accepted disabling claims (N = 13,360) and a significant portion of non-disabling claims (N = 24,660) on workers aged 24 years and under from 2013 to 2018. Claim count, rate and cost were calculated by year, age, gender, industry, and injury type. A prevention index (PI) method was used to rank industries in order to inform prevention efforts. RESULTS Average annual disabling and non-disabling claim rates were 111.6 and 401.3 per 10,000 young workers. Workers aged 19-21 (disabling: 119.0 per 10,000 and non-disabling: 429.3) and 22-24 years (115.7 and 396.4) and male workers (145.3 and 509.0) had higher claim rates than workers aged 14-18 (80.6 and 297.0) and female workers (79.8 and 282.9). The most frequent injury types were "struck by/against" (35.6%) and "work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs)" (19.5%). High risk industries included agriculture, construction, and manufacturing for both genders combined. For female young workers, the highest risk industry was healthcare. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated the added value of non-disabling WC claims data. Using both disabling and non-disabling data and PI method, agriculture, construction, manufacturing and healthcare industries were identified as priority workplaces to prevent common and costly injuries among Oregon young workers. Practical Applications: While the industries identified are considered hazardous for all workers, findings in this study can guide targeted research and prevention efforts specific to young workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Yang
- Oregon State University, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, United States.
| | - Adam Branscum
- Oregon State University, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, United States
| | - Viktor Bovbjerg
- Oregon State University, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, United States
| | - Curtis Cude
- Oregon Health Authority, Public Health Division, United States
| | - Crystal Weston
- Oregon Health Authority, Public Health Division, United States
| | - Laurel Kincl
- Oregon State University, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, United States
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Baidwan NK, Ramirez MR, Gerr F, Boonstra D, Cavanaugh JE, Casteel C. Cost, Severity and Prevalence of Agricultural-Related Injury Workers' Compensation Claims in Farming Operations from 14 U.S. States. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:4309. [PMID: 33921635 PMCID: PMC8072536 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18084309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
(1) Background: There is no national surveillance of agricultural injuries, despite agricultural occupations being among the most hazardous in the U.S. This effort uses workers' compensation (WC) data to estimate the burden of agricultural injuries and the likelihood of experiencing an injury by body part involved, cause, and nature in farming operations. (2) Methods: WC data from 2010 to 2016 provided by a large insurance company covering small to medium-sized farm operations from 14 U.S. states was used. We investigated the associations between injury characteristics and WC costs and the risk of having a more severe versus a less severe claim. The proportion of costs attributable to specific claim types was calculated. (3) Results: Of a total 1000 claims, 67% were medical only. The total cost incurred by WC payable claims (n = 866) was USD 21.5 million. Of this, 96% was attributable to more severe claims resulting in disabilities or death. The most common body part injured was the distal upper extremity. Falling or flying objects and collisions were the most expensive and common causes of injury. (4) Conclusions: Characterizing the cost and severity of agricultural injury by key injury characteristics may be useful when prioritizing prevention efforts in partnership with insurance companies and agricultural operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navneet Kaur Baidwan
- UAB/Lakeshore Collaborative, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Marizen R. Ramirez
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
| | - Fred Gerr
- Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa, IA 52246, USA; (F.G.); (C.C.)
| | - Daniel Boonstra
- Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa, IA 52242, USA; (D.B.); (J.E.C.)
| | - Joseph E. Cavanaugh
- Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa, IA 52242, USA; (D.B.); (J.E.C.)
| | - Carri Casteel
- Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa, IA 52246, USA; (F.G.); (C.C.)
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Wurzelbacher SJ, Lampl MP, Bertke SJ, Tseng CY. The effectiveness of ergonomic interventions in material handling operations. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2020; 87:103139. [PMID: 32501244 PMCID: PMC8669597 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2020.103139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the effectiveness of ergonomic interventions in material handling operations involving 33 employers and 535 employees from 2012 to 2017. Outcomes included employee-reported low back/upper extremity pain and safety incidents at baseline, every three months, and annually for up to two years. A total of 32.5% of employees completed at least one survey, while 13.6% completed all nine surveys over two years. Among highly exposed employees (who reported handling >= 50 lbs. > 33% of the time), upper extremity pain frequency and severity were lower among those who reported using the intervention routinely versus those that reported using their body strength alone to handle objects >= 50 lbs. After excluding from analyses one employer that used anti-fatigue mats, low back pain frequency was also significantly lower among highly exposed intervention users. In conclusion, there was some evidence that the interventions were effective in reducing employee-reported pain for highly exposed employees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Wurzelbacher
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1090 Tusculum Ave, MS R-14, Cincinnati, OH, 45226-1998, USA.
| | - Michael P Lampl
- Ohio Bureau of Workers' Compensation, Division of Safety & Hygiene, 13430 Yarmouth, Dr.Pickerington, OH, 43147, USA.
| | - Stephen J Bertke
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1090 Tusculum Ave, MS R-13, Cincinnati, OH, 45226-1998, USA.
| | - Chih-Yu Tseng
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1090 Tusculum Ave, MS R-13, Cincinnati, OH, 45226-1998, USA.
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Wenzel JL, Dixon AN, Patel AB, Webb JC, Satarasinghe PN, Ali S, Brown CVR, Wolf JS, Osterberg EC. Occupational traumatic injuries rarely affect genitourinary organs: a retrospective, comparative study. World J Urol 2020; 38:505-510. [PMID: 31065794 PMCID: PMC7222859 DOI: 10.1007/s00345-019-02796-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the mechanisms of injury associated with occupational injuries (OI) to genitourinary (GU) organs and compare GU OIs with GU non-OIs. METHODS A single institution, retrospective study was conducted at a level 1 trauma center between 2010 and 2016 of all patients with GU injuries. OI was defined as any traumatic event that occurred in the workplace requiring hospital admission. Types of occupations were recorded in addition to the location of injury, mechanisms of injury, concomitant injuries, operative interventions, total cost, and mortality. GU OI patients were then compared to GU non-OI patients. RESULTS 623 patients suffered a GU injury, of which 39 (6.3%) had a GU OI. Fall (43%) was the most common mechanism of injury; followed by motor vehicle collision/motorcycle crash (31%), crush injury (18%), and pedestrian struck (8%). The adrenal gland (38%) and kidney (38%) were the most commonly injured organs. There was no difference in mortality (13% GU OI vs. 15% GU non-OI, p = 0.70) or total direct cost ($21,192 ± 28,543 GU OI vs. $28,215 ± 32,332 GU non-OI, p = 0.45). Total costs were decreased with mortality from a GU injury (odds ratio (OR) 0.3, CI 0.26-0.59; p = < 0.001) and increased with higher injury severity scores (OR 1.1, CI 1.09-1.2; p = < 0.0001). Total costs were not affected by OI status. CONCLUSIONS Occupational GU trauma presents with similar patterns of injury, hospital course, and direct cost as GU trauma that occurs in non-occupational settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Wenzel
- Dell Seton Medical Center, Dell Medical School, University of Texas, 1313 Red River Street, ANNEX Building, Suite A2, Austin, TX, 78701, USA.
| | - Ashley N Dixon
- Dell Seton Medical Center, Dell Medical School, University of Texas, 1313 Red River Street, ANNEX Building, Suite A2, Austin, TX, 78701, USA
| | - Anish B Patel
- Dell Seton Medical Center, Dell Medical School, University of Texas, 1313 Red River Street, ANNEX Building, Suite A2, Austin, TX, 78701, USA
| | - Jack C Webb
- Dell Seton Medical Center, Dell Medical School, University of Texas, 1313 Red River Street, ANNEX Building, Suite A2, Austin, TX, 78701, USA
| | - Praveen N Satarasinghe
- Dell Seton Medical Center, Dell Medical School, University of Texas, 1313 Red River Street, ANNEX Building, Suite A2, Austin, TX, 78701, USA
| | - Sadia Ali
- Dell Seton Medical Center, Dell Medical School, University of Texas, 1313 Red River Street, ANNEX Building, Suite A2, Austin, TX, 78701, USA
| | - Carlos V R Brown
- Dell Seton Medical Center, Dell Medical School, University of Texas, 1313 Red River Street, ANNEX Building, Suite A2, Austin, TX, 78701, USA
| | - J Stuart Wolf
- Dell Seton Medical Center, Dell Medical School, University of Texas, 1313 Red River Street, ANNEX Building, Suite A2, Austin, TX, 78701, USA
| | - E Charles Osterberg
- Dell Seton Medical Center, Dell Medical School, University of Texas, 1313 Red River Street, ANNEX Building, Suite A2, Austin, TX, 78701, USA
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Al‐Tarawneh IS, Wurzelbacher SJ, Bertke SJ. Comparative analyses of workers' compensation claims of injury among temporary and permanent employed workers in Ohio. Am J Ind Med 2020; 63:3-22. [PMID: 31541504 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.23049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A small but increasing number of studies have examined the risk of injury among temporary workers compared to that among workers in permanent employer arrangements. The purpose of this study was to conduct a comparative analysis of injury risk among temporary and permanent employer workers using a large dataset of workers' compensation (WC) claims of injury. METHODS Over 1.3 million accepted WC claims in Ohio during the years 2001 to 2013 were analyzed, including 45 046 claims from workers employed by temporary services agencies. General descriptive statistics, injury rates and rate ratios (temporary to permanent workers) were calculated by injury type and event, industry group, and industry manual classes. RESULTS Injured temporary workers were younger and had less tenure compared to injured permanent workers. Temporary workers had higher injury rates, and lower lost-time and medical costs. Differences in injury rates between temporary and permanent workers varied by injury event, industry, and manual class. CONCLUSION Temporary workers had higher overall injury rates than permanent workers, controlling for industry manual class. These differences were pronounced for certain industries and injury events. We were not able to control for age and tenure of the worker, so it is not clear how these factors affected observed results. These findings were mostly similar to those from other studies using WC data from the states of Washington and Illinois. Together, these studies provide insights to improve injury prevention among temporary workers, however, additional research is still needed to improve safety and health programming for this group of workers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Steven J. Wurzelbacher
- Division of Field Studies and EngineeringNational Institute for Occupational Safety and HealthCincinnati Ohio
| | - Stephen J. Bertke
- Division of Field Studies and EngineeringNational Institute for Occupational Safety and HealthCincinnati Ohio
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Applying Machine Learning to Workers' Compensation Data to Identify Industry-Specific Ergonomic and Safety Prevention Priorities: Ohio, 2001 to 2011. J Occup Environ Med 2019; 60:55-73. [PMID: 28953071 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000001162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study leveraged a state workers' compensation claims database and machine learning techniques to target prevention efforts by injury causation and industry. METHODS Injury causation auto-coding methods were developed to code more than 1.2 million Ohio Bureau of Workers' Compensation claims for this study. Industry groups were ranked for soft-tissue musculoskeletal claims that may have been preventable with biomechanical ergonomic (ERGO) or slip/trip/fall (STF) interventions. RESULTS On the basis of the average of claim count and rate ranks for more than 200 industry groups, Skilled Nursing Facilities (ERGO) and General Freight Trucking (STF) were the highest risk for lost-time claims (>7 days). CONCLUSION This study created a third, major causation-specific U.S. occupational injury surveillance system. These findings are being used to focus prevention resources on specific occupational injury types in specific industry groups, especially in Ohio. Other state bureaus or insurers may use similar methods.
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Wurzelbacher SJ, Al-Tarawneh IS, Meyers AR, Bushnell P, Lampl MP, Robins DC, Tseng CY, Wei C, Bertke SJ, Raudabaugh JA, Haviland TM, Schnorr TM. Development of methods for using workers' compensation data for surveillance and prevention of occupational injuries among State-insured private employers in Ohio. Am J Ind Med 2016; 59:1087-1104. [PMID: 27667651 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.22653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Workers' compensation (WC) claims data may be useful for identifying high-risk industries and developing prevention strategies. METHODS WC claims data from private-industry employers insured by the Ohio state-based workers' compensation carrier from 2001 to 2011 were linked with the state's unemployment insurance (UI) data on the employer's industry and number of employees. National Labor Productivity and Costs survey data were used to adjust UI data and estimate full-time equivalents (FTE). Rates of WC claims per 100 FTE were computed and Poisson regression was used to evaluate differences in rates. RESULTS Most industries showed substantial claim count and rate reductions from 2001 to 2008, followed by a leveling or slight increase in claim count and rate from 2009 to 2011. Despite reductions, there were industry groups that had consistently higher rates. CONCLUSION WC claims data linked to employment data could be used to prioritize industries for injury research and prevention activities among State-insured private employers. Am. J. Ind. Med. 59:1087-1104, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J. Wurzelbacher
- Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations, and Field Studies, Center for Workers’ Compensation Studies; National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health; Cincinnati Ohio
| | | | - Alysha R. Meyers
- Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations, and Field Studies, Center for Workers’ Compensation Studies; National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health; Cincinnati Ohio
| | - P.Timothy Bushnell
- Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations, and Field Studies, Center for Workers’ Compensation Studies; National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health; Cincinnati Ohio
| | - Michael P. Lampl
- Division of Safety and Hygiene; Ohio Bureau of Workers’ Compensation; Columbus Ohio
| | - David C. Robins
- Division of Safety and Hygiene; Ohio Bureau of Workers’ Compensation; Columbus Ohio
| | - Chih-Yu Tseng
- Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations, and Field Studies, Center for Workers’ Compensation Studies; National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health; Cincinnati Ohio
| | - Chia Wei
- Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations, and Field Studies, Center for Workers’ Compensation Studies; National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health; Cincinnati Ohio
| | - Stephen J. Bertke
- Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations, and Field Studies, Center for Workers’ Compensation Studies; National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health; Cincinnati Ohio
| | | | - Thomas M. Haviland
- Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations, and Field Studies, Center for Workers’ Compensation Studies; National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health; Cincinnati Ohio
| | - Teresa M. Schnorr
- Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations, and Field Studies, Center for Workers’ Compensation Studies; National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health; Cincinnati Ohio
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Mujuru P, Mutambudzi M. Injuries and Seasonal Risks among Young Workers in West Virginia—A 10-Year Retrospective Descriptive Analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 55:381-7. [PMID: 17896652 DOI: 10.1177/216507990705500906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
This study used workers' compensation data to examine seasonal trends of compensable injuries among workers 14 to 24 years old during a 10-year period. These workers had higher rates of occupational injuries in major classes of industry (e.g., service, manufacturing, and agriculture) during summer and non-summer months. The overall rate of occupational injury was significantly higher for male workers than female workers in all age groups ( p & .001). Young workers experienced occupational injuries within less than 3 hours of starting a shift. Among males, injury rates were highest in the manufacturing industry for those 14 to 18 years old and in the service industry for those 22 to 24 years old for both seasons. These results indicate that preventing injuries among young workers should be a primary concern of education and health and safety professionals and parents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscah Mujuru
- Department of Community Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
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Rappin CL, Wuellner SE, Bonauto DK. Employer reasons for failing to report eligible workers' compensation claims in the BLS survey of occupational injuries and illnesses. Am J Ind Med 2016; 59:343-56. [PMID: 26970051 PMCID: PMC5069593 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.22582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Background Little research has been done to identify reasons employers fail to report some injuries and illnesses in the Bureau of Labor Statistics Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses (SOII). Methods We interviewed the 2012 Washington SOII respondents from establishments that had failed to report one or more eligible workers’ compensation claims in the SOII about their reasons for not reporting specific claims. Qualitative content analysis methods were used to identify themes and patterns in the responses. Results Non‐compliance with OSHA recordkeeping or SOII reporting instructions and data entry errors led to unreported claims. Some employers refused to include claims because they did not consider the injury to be work‐related, despite workers’ compensation eligibility. Participant responses brought the SOII eligibility of some claims into question. Conclusion Systematic and non‐systematic errors lead to SOII underreporting. Insufficient recordkeeping systems and limited knowledge of reporting requirements are barriers to accurate workplace injury records. Am. J. Ind. Med. 59:343–356, 2016. © 2016 The Authors. American Journal of Industrial Medicine Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina L. Rappin
- Safety and Health Assessment and Research for Prevention (SHARP) ProgramWashington State Department of Labor and IndustriesOlympiaWashington
| | - Sara E. Wuellner
- Safety and Health Assessment and Research for Prevention (SHARP) ProgramWashington State Department of Labor and IndustriesOlympiaWashington
| | - David K. Bonauto
- Safety and Health Assessment and Research for Prevention (SHARP) ProgramWashington State Department of Labor and IndustriesOlympiaWashington
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Wuellner SE, Adams DA, Bonauto DK. Unreported workers' compensation claims to the BLS Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses: Establishment factors. Am J Ind Med 2016; 59:274-89. [PMID: 26792563 PMCID: PMC5066642 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.22563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Background Studies suggest employers underreport injuries to the Bureau of Labor Statistics Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses (SOII); less is known about reporting differences by establishment characteristics. Methods We linked SOII data to Washington State workers’ compensation claims data, using unemployment insurance data to improve linking accuracy. We used multivariable regression models to estimate incidence ratios (IR) of unreported workers’ compensation claims for establishment characteristics. Results An estimated 70% of workers’ compensation claims were reported in SOII. Claims among state and local government establishments were most likely to be reported. Compared to large manufacturing establishments, unreported claims were most common among small educational services establishments (IR = 2.47, 95%CI: 1.52–4.01) and large construction establishments (IR = 2.05, 95%CI: 1.77–2.37). Conclusions Underreporting of workers’ compensation claims to SOII varies by establishment characteristics, obscuring true differences in work injury incidence. Findings may differ from previous research due to differences in study methods. Am. J. Ind. Med. 59:274–289, 2016. © 2016 The Authors. American Journal of Industrial Medicine Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara E. Wuellner
- Washington State Department of Labor and IndustriesSafety and Health Assessment and Research for Prevention (SHARP) ProgramOlympiaWashington
| | - Darrin A. Adams
- Washington State Department of Labor and IndustriesSafety and Health Assessment and Research for Prevention (SHARP) ProgramOlympiaWashington
| | - David K. Bonauto
- Washington State Department of Labor and IndustriesSafety and Health Assessment and Research for Prevention (SHARP) ProgramOlympiaWashington
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Lefkowitz D, Pechter E, Fitzsimmons K, Lumia M, Stephens AC, Davis L, Flattery J, Weinberg J, Harrison RJ, Reilly MJ, Filios MS, White GE, Rosenman KD. Isocyanates and work-related asthma: Findings from California, Massachusetts, Michigan, and New Jersey, 1993-2008. Am J Ind Med 2015; 58:1138-49. [PMID: 26351141 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.22527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Isocyanates remain a leading cause of work-related asthma (WRA). METHODS Two independent data systems were analyzed for the period 1993-2008: (1) State-based WRA case surveillance data on persons with isocyanate-induced WRA from four states, and (2) Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Integrated Management Information System (IMIS) isocyanate air sampling results. RESULTS We identified 368 cases of isocyanate-induced WRA from 32 industries and 678 OSHA isocyanate air samples with detectable levels from 31 industries. Seventeen industries were unique to one or the other dataset. CONCLUSION Isocyanate-induced WRA continues to occur in a wide variety of industries. Two data systems uncovered industries with isocyanate exposures and/or illness. Improved control measures and standards, including medical surveillance, are needed. More emphasis is needed on task-specific guidance, spill clean-up procedures, skin and respiratory protection, and targeted medical monitoring to mitigate the hazards of isocyanate use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Lefkowitz
- Environmental & Occupational Health Surveillance Program; New Jersey Department of Health; Trenton New Jersey
| | - Elise Pechter
- Occupational Health Surveillance Program; Massachusetts Department of Public Health; Boston Massachusetts
| | - Kathleen Fitzsimmons
- Occupational Health Surveillance Program; Massachusetts Department of Public Health; Boston Massachusetts
| | - Margaret Lumia
- Environmental & Occupational Health Surveillance Program; New Jersey Department of Health; Trenton New Jersey
| | - Alicia C. Stephens
- Environmental & Occupational Health Surveillance Program; New Jersey Department of Health; Trenton New Jersey
| | - Letitia Davis
- Occupational Health Surveillance Program; Massachusetts Department of Public Health; Boston Massachusetts
| | - Jennifer Flattery
- Occupational Health Branch; California Department of Public Health; Richmond California
| | - Justine Weinberg
- Public Health Institute; Contractor to California Department of Public Health; Richmond California
| | - Robert J. Harrison
- Occupational Health Branch; California Department of Public Health; Richmond California
| | - Mary Jo Reilly
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine; Michigan State University; East Lansing Michigan
| | - Margaret S. Filios
- Division of Respiratory Disease Studies; National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Morgantown West Virginia
| | - Gretchen E. White
- Division of Respiratory Disease Studies; National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Morgantown West Virginia
- University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health; Department of Epidemiology; Pittsburgh Pennsylvania
| | - Kenneth D. Rosenman
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine; Michigan State University; East Lansing Michigan
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Asfaw A, Pana-Cryan R, Bushnell T, Sauter S. Musculoskeletal disorders and associated healthcare costs among family members of injured workers. Am J Ind Med 2015; 58:1205-16. [PMID: 26331972 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.22500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research has infrequently looked beyond the injured worker when gauging the burden of occupational injury. OBJECTIVES We explored the relationship between occupational injury and musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) among family members of injured workers. DATA AND METHODS We used 2005 and 2006 Truven Health Analytics databases, which contain information on workers' compensation and family healthcare claims. We used descriptive analyses, and negative binomial and two-part models. RESULTS Family members of severely injured workers had a 15% increase in the total number of MSD outpatient claims and a 34% increase in the mean cost of MSD claims compared to family members of non-severely injured workers within 3 months after injury. Extrapolating cost results to the national level implies that severe occupational injury would be associated with between $29 and $33 million additional cost of family member outpatient MSD claims. CONCLUSION Occupational injury can impose a formerly unrecognized health burden on family members of injured workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abay Asfaw
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)-National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH); Economic Research and Support Office (ERSO); Washington District of Columbia
| | - Regina Pana-Cryan
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)-National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH); Economic Research and Support Office (ERSO); Washington District of Columbia
| | - Tim Bushnell
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)-National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH); Economic Research and Support Office (ERSO); Cincinnati Ohio
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Rivière S, Penven E, Cadéac-Birman H, Roquelaure Y, Valenty M. Underreporting of musculoskeletal disorders in 10 regions in France in 2009. Am J Ind Med 2014; 57:1174-80. [PMID: 25223517 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.22364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Underreporting of occupational diseases (OD) has been quantified, in particular in the United States, but little information is available in other countries. The aim of this study was to evaluate underreporting of musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) in France in 2009. METHODS We calculated an indicator that approximated the underreporting rate of MSD in 10 regions of France. Two databases were used: data on OD compensated by insurance funding and data from the surveillance program for uncompensated work-related diseases. Analyses were performed for carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) and elbow, shoulder, and lumbar spine MSD. RESULTS The underreporting rate was estimated at 59% (range 52-64%) for CTS, 73% (range 67-79%) for elbow MSD, 69% (range 63-74%) for shoulder MSD, and 63% (range 50-76%) for lumbar spine MSD. CONCLUSIONS This study revealed that MSD are substantially underreported in France, as in the United States, despite the differences in workers' compensation systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Rivière
- Department of Occupational Health (DST); French Institute for Public Health Surveillance (InVS); Saint-Maurice France
| | | | - Hélène Cadéac-Birman
- Regional Directorates for Businesses, Competition Policy, Consumer Affairs, Labour and Employment (DIRECCTE); Work Medical Inspection; Toulouse France
| | - Yves Roquelaure
- LUNAM; University of Angers, Laboratory of Ergonomics and Epidemiology in Occupational Health; Angers France
| | - Madeleine Valenty
- Department of Occupational Health (DST); French Institute for Public Health Surveillance (InVS); Saint-Maurice France
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Tucker S, Diekrager D, Turner N, Kelloway EK. Work-related injury underreporting among young workers: prevalence, gender differences, and explanations for underreporting. JOURNAL OF SAFETY RESEARCH 2014; 50:67-73. [PMID: 25142362 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsr.2014.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although notifying an employer of a lost-time work-related injury is a legal requirement in many jurisdictions, employees frequently do not report such injuries. METHOD Based on data from 21,345 young part-time Canadian workers (55% male), we found that 21% of respondents had experienced at least one lost-time injury, with about half reporting the injury to an employer and a doctor. RESULTS Respondents provided 10 reasons for avoiding reporting lost-time injuries, with perceived low severity of the injury, negative reactions of others, and ambiguity about whether work caused the injury as the most common ones. Additional analysis of these categories revealed that young males cited concern about their self-identity as a reason for not reporting an injury more often than young females did. We discuss the findings in terms of implications for management practice (i.e., educating young workers about accurate injury reporting) and public policy. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS Targeted campaigns should be developed for young workers, especially young male workers, who are less likely to report injuries than young female workers, to understand the importance of and to encourage injury reporting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Tucker
- University of Regina, Faculty of Business Administration, Canada.
| | - Dayle Diekrager
- University of Regina, Faculty of Business Administration, Canada
| | - Nick Turner
- University of Manitoba, School of Business, Canada
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Serrier H, Sultan-Taieb H, Luce D, Bejean S. Estimating the social cost of respiratory cancer cases attributable to occupational exposures in France. THE EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF HEALTH ECONOMICS : HEPAC : HEALTH ECONOMICS IN PREVENTION AND CARE 2014; 15:661-73. [PMID: 23974964 DOI: 10.1007/s10198-013-0528-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The objective of this article was to estimate the social cost of respiratory cancer cases attributable to occupational risk factors in France in 2010. METHODS According to the attributable fraction method and based on available epidemiological data from the literature, we estimated the number of respiratory cancer cases due to each identified risk factor. We used the cost-of-illness method with a prevalence-based approach. We took into account the direct and indirect costs. We estimated the cost of production losses due to morbidity (absenteeism and presenteeism) and mortality costs (years of production losses) in the market and nonmarket spheres. RESULTS The social cost of lung, larynx, sinonasal and mesothelioma cancer caused by exposure to asbestos, chromium, diesel engine exhaust, paint, crystalline silica, wood and leather dust in France in 2010 were estimated at between 917 and 2,181 million euros. Between 795 and 2,011 million euros (87-92%) of total costs were due to lung cancer alone. Asbestos was by far the risk factor representing the greatest cost to French society in 2010 at between 531 and 1,538 million euros (58-71%), ahead of diesel engine exhaust, representing an estimated social cost of between 233 and 336 million euros, and crystalline silica (119-229 million euros). Indirect costs represented about 66% of total costs. CONCLUSION Our assessment shows the magnitude of the economic impact of occupational respiratory cancers. It allows comparisons between countries and provides valuable information for policy-makers responsible for defining public health priorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Serrier
- Laboratoire d'Économie et Gestion, Pôle Économie Gestion, Université de Bourgogne, 2 boulevard Gabriel, BP 26611, 21066, Dijon Cedex, France,
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Siqueira CE, Gaydos M, Monforton C, Slatin C, Borkowski L, Dooley P, Liebman A, Rosenberg E, Shor G, Keifer M. Effects of social, economic, and labor policies on occupational health disparities. Am J Ind Med 2014; 57:557-72. [PMID: 23606055 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.22186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This article introduces some key labor, economic, and social policies that historically and currently impact occupational health disparities in the United States. METHODS We conducted a broad review of the peer-reviewed and gray literature on the effects of social, economic, and labor policies on occupational health disparities. RESULTS Many populations such as tipped workers, public employees, immigrant workers, and misclassified workers are not protected by current laws and policies, including worker's compensation or Occupational Safety and Health Administration enforcement of standards. Local and state initiatives, such as living wage laws and community benefit agreements, as well as multiagency law enforcement contribute to reducing occupational health disparities. CONCLUSIONS There is a need to build coalitions and collaborations to command the resources necessary to identify, and then reduce and eliminate occupational disparities by establishing healthy, safe, and just work for all.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Eduardo Siqueira
- Mauricio Gastón Institute of Latino Community Development and Public Policy; University of Massachusetts; Boston Massachusetts
| | - Megan Gaydos
- Program on Health, Equity, and Sustainability; San Francisco Department of Public Health; San Francisco California
| | - Celeste Monforton
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health and Health Services; George Washington University; Washington District of Columbia
| | - Craig Slatin
- Department of Community Health and Sustainability; University of Massachusetts; Lowell Lowell Massachusetts
| | - Liz Borkowski
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health and Health Services; George Washington University; Washington District of Columbia
| | - Peter Dooley
- LaborSafe Health and Safety Consulting; Dexter Michigan
| | - Amy Liebman
- Migrant Clinicians Network; Salisbury Maryland
| | | | - Glenn Shor
- UC Berkeley School of Public Health, Center for Occupational and Environmental Health, Safe Transportation Research and Education Center (SafeTREC); University of California; Berkeley Berkeley, California
| | - Matthew Keifer
- National Farm Medicine Center, Dean Emanuel Endowed Chair and Director; Marshfield Clinic Research Foundation; Marshfield Wisconsin
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Stock S, Nicolakakis N, Raïq H, Messing K, Lippel K, Turcot A. Underreporting work absences for nontraumatic work-related musculoskeletal disorders to workers' compensation: results of a 2007-2008 survey of the Québec working population. Am J Public Health 2014; 104:e94-e101. [PMID: 24432882 PMCID: PMC3953776 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2013.301562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We examined underestimation of nontraumatic work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) stemming from underreporting to workers' compensation (WC). METHODS In data from the 2007 to 2008 Québec Survey on Working and Employment Conditions and Occupational Health and Safety we estimated, among nonmanagement salaried employees (NMSEs) (1) the prevalence of WMSDs and resulting work absence, (2) the proportion with WMSD-associated work absence who filed a WC claim, and (3) among those who did not file a claim, the proportion who received no replacement income. We modeled factors associated with not filing with multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS Eighteen percent of NMSEs reported a WMSD, among whom 22.3% were absent from work. More than 80% of those absent did not file a WC claim, and 31.4% had no replacement income. Factors associated with not filing were higher personal income, higher seniority, shorter work absence, and not being unionized. CONCLUSIONS The high level of WMSD underreporting highlights the limits of WC data for surveillance and prevention. Without WC benefits, injured workers may have reduced job protection and access to rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Stock
- The authors are with the Scientific Group on Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorders, Québec Institute of Public Health, Montréal, Canada
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Qin J, Kurowski A, Gore R, Punnett L. The impact of workplace factors on filing of workers' compensation claims among nursing home workers. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2014; 15:29. [PMID: 24476529 PMCID: PMC3912896 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2474-15-29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Injuries reported to workers’ compensation (WC) system are often used to estimate incidence of health outcomes and evaluate interventions in musculoskeletal epidemiology studies. However, WC claims represent a relatively small subset of all musculoskeletal disorders among employed individuals, and perhaps not a representative subset. This study determined the influence of workplace and individual factors on filing of workers’ compensation claims by nursing home employees with back pain. Methods Surveys were conducted in 18 skilled nursing facilities in four U.S. states. Self-administered questionnaires obtained information on demographic characteristics, working environment, and health behaviors/status. Employees who reported low back pain at least once in four questionnaire surveys were included. WC claims from the same facilities were obtained from the employer’s workers compensation insurer and matched by employee name. The dichotomous dependent variable was filing of back-related worker’s compensation claim. Association with predictors of interest, including pain severity, physical job demand, job strain, social support, schedule control, and safety climate, was assessed using multivariate regression modeling. Individual characteristics were tested as potential confounders. Results Pain severity level was significantly associated with filing low-back related claims (odds ratio (OR) = 1.49, 95% CI = 1.18 – 1.87). Higher physical demands at work (OR = 1.07, 95% CI = 1.01 – 1.14) also increased the likelihood of claim filing. Higher job strain (OR = 0.83, 95% CI = 0.73 – 0.94), social support at work (OR = 0.90, 95% CI = 0.82 – 0.99), and education (OR = 0.79, 95% CI = 0.71 – 0.89) decreased the likelihood of claim filing. Conclusions The results suggest that the WC system captured the most severe occupational injuries. Workplace factors had additional influence on workers’ decision to file claims, after adjusting for low back pain severity. Education was correlated with worker’s socioeconomic status; its influence on claim filing is difficult to interpret because of the possible mixed effects of working conditions, self-efficacy, and content knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Laura Punnett
- Department of Work Environment, University of Massachusetts Lowell, One University Avenue, 01854 Lowell, MA, USA.
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Do zero-cost workers' compensation medical claims really have zero costs? The impact of workplace injury on group health insurance utilization and costs. J Occup Environ Med 2013; 55:1394-400. [PMID: 24316724 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000000030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Previous research suggests that non-workers' compensation (WC) insurance systems, such as group health insurance (GHI), Medicare, or Medicaid, at least partially cover work-related injury and illness costs. This study further examined GHI utilization and costs. METHODS Using two-part model, we compared those outcomes immediately after injuries for which accepted WC medical claims made zero or positive medical payments. RESULTS Controlling for pre-injury GHI utilization and costs and other covariates, our results indicated that post-injury GHI utilization and costs increased regardless of whether a WC medical claim was zero or positive. The increases were highest for zero-cost WC medical claims. CONCLUSION Our national estimates showed that zero-cost WC medical claims alone could cost the GHI $212 million per year.
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Sultan-Taïeb H, Chastang JF, Mansouri M, Niedhammer I. The annual costs of cardiovascular diseases and mental disorders attributable to job strain in France. BMC Public Health 2013; 13:748. [PMID: 23941511 PMCID: PMC3751631 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-13-748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Work stress has become a major occupational risk factor in industrialized countries and an important economic issue. The objective was to estimate the annual costs of coronary heart diseases (CHD) and mental disorders (MD) attributable to job strain exposure according to Karasek's model in France for the year 2003 from a societal perspective. METHODS We produced attributable fraction estimates which were applied to the number of cases (morbidity and mortality) and the costs of CHD and MD. Relative risk estimates came from a systematic literature review of prospective studies. We conducted meta-analyses based on this selection of studies. Prevalence of exposure to job strain came from the national SUMER survey conducted in France in 2003. Costs included direct medical costs and indirect costs: production losses due to sick leaves and premature deaths. RESULTS Between 8.8 and 10.2% of CHD morbidity was attributable to job strain, and between 9.4 and 11.2% of CHD mortality was attributable to this exposure for men. Between 15.2 and 19.8% of MD was attributable to job strain for men, and between 14.3 and 27.1% for women. As a whole, between 450 000 and 590 000 cases of diseases and 910-1130 deaths were attributable to job strain for men. From 730 000 to 1 380 000 cases of diseases and from 150 to 280 deaths were attributable to job strain for women. The total number of sick leave days amounted from 5 to 6.6 million days for men, and from 8.5 to 16 million days for women. The total costs of CHD and MD attributable to job strain exposure ranged from 1.8 to 3 billion euros for the year 2003 (0.12-0.19% GDP). Medical costs accounted for 11% of the total costs, value of life costs accounted for 13-15% and sick leave costs for 74-77%. The cost of CHD was estimated at 113-133 million euros and the cost of MD was between 1.7 - 2.8 billion euros in 2003. CONCLUSION This study on the economic burden of diseases attributable to job strain in France provides relevant insights for policy-makers when defining public health priorities for prevention policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Sultan-Taïeb
- Département d’organisation et ressources humaines, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Centre de recherche interdisciplinaire sur la biologie, la santé, la société et l’environnement (CINBIOSE), Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Laboratoire d’Économie Gestion (UMR CNRS 5118), Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Jean-François Chastang
- INSERM, U1018, CESP Centre for research in epidemiology and population health, Epidemiology of occupational and social determinants of health team, Villejuif, France
- Univ Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France
- Université de Versailles St-Quentin, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France
| | - Malika Mansouri
- Laboratoire d’Économie Gestion (UMR CNRS 5118), Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Isabelle Niedhammer
- INSERM, U1018, CESP Centre for research in epidemiology and population health, Epidemiology of occupational and social determinants of health team, Villejuif, France
- Univ Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France
- Université de Versailles St-Quentin, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France
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Ladou J, Teitelbaum DT, Egilman DS, Frank AL, Kramer SN, Huff J. American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine (ACOEM): A Professional Association in Service to Industry. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2013; 13:404-26. [DOI: 10.1179/oeh.2007.13.4.404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Groenewold MR, Baron SL. The proportion of work-related emergency department visits not expected to be paid by workers' compensation: implications for occupational health surveillance, research, policy, and health equity. Health Serv Res 2013; 48:1939-59. [PMID: 23662682 DOI: 10.1111/1475-6773.12066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine trends in the proportion of work-related emergency department visits not expected to be paid by workers' compensation during 2003-2006, and to identify demographic and clinical correlates of such visits. DATA SOURCE A total of 3,881 work-related emergency department visit records drawn from the 2003-2006 National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Surveys. STUDY DESIGN Secondary, cross-sectional analyses of work-related emergency department visit data were performed. Odds ratios and 95 percent confidence intervals were modeled using logistic regression. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS A substantial and increasing proportion of work-related emergency department visits in the United States were not expected to be paid by workers' compensation. Private insurance, Medicaid, Medicare, and workers themselves were expected to pay for 40 percent of the work-related emergency department visits with this percentage increasing annually. Work-related visits by blacks, in the South, to for-profit hospitals and for work-related illnesses were all more likely not to be paid by workers' compensation. CONCLUSIONS Emergency department-based surveillance and research that determine work-relatedness on the basis of expected payment by workers' compensation systematically underestimate the occurrence of occupational illness and injury. This has important methodological and policy implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Groenewold
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cincinnati, OH
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Lipscomb HJ, Nolan J, Patterson D, Sticca V, Myers DJ. Safety, incentives, and the reporting of work-related injuries among union carpenters: "you're pretty much screwed if you get hurt at work". Am J Ind Med 2013; 56:389-99. [PMID: 23109103 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.22128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the high-risk construction industry little is known about the prevalence or effects of programs offering rewards for workers and/or their supervisors for improved safety records or those that punish workers in some way for injury. METHODS We conducted an anonymous survey of 1,020 carpenter apprentices in three union training programs to document prevalence of their exposure to such efforts. We explored associations between perceptions of the reporting of work-related injury and elements of these programs. RESULTS Fifty-eight percent (58%; n = 592) reported some safety incentive or negative consequence of work-related injuries on their current jobsite. Reporting of work-related injuries was 50% less prevalent when workers were disciplined for injury experiences. Otherwise, we saw minimal evidence of association between injury reporting practices and safety incentive programs. However, considerable evidence of fear of reprisal for reporting injuries was revealed. Less than half (46.4%) reported that work-related injuries were reported in their current workplace all or most of the time; over 30% said they were almost never or rarely reported. CONCLUSIONS There are multiple layers of disincentives to the reporting of work-related injuries that hamper understanding of risk and pose threats to workplace safety and productivity. These pressures do not arise in a vacuum and are likely influenced by a host of contextual factors. Efforts that help us understand variation across jobsites and time could be enlightening; such inquiries may require mixed methodologies and should be framed with consideration for the upper tiers of the public health hierarchy of hazard control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hester J Lipscomb
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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Park RM, Bhattacharya A. Uncompensated consequences of workplace injuries and illness: long-term disability and early termination. JOURNAL OF SAFETY RESEARCH 2013; 44:119-124. [PMID: 23398713 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsr.2012.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Revised: 07/05/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
PROBLEM Costs related to early retirement, termination, or long-term disability could fall outside workers' compensation (WC). METHOD Statistical models examined early retirement, long-term disability status, or early termination related to WC claims. RESULTS The WC-associated early-termination rate ratio was 1.20 (95% CI=1.14-1.28) for hourly nonunion employees, 1.05 (95% CI=0.97-1.13) for hourly union employees, and 3.43 (95% CI=3.11-3.79) for salaried nonunion employees. In the manufacturing-durable sector the WC-associated rate ratio was 1.58 (95% CI=1.42-1.76) for hourly nonunion employees and 1.23 (95% CI=1.10-1.38) for union hourly employees. In contrast, in transportation-utilities-communications, the rate ratio was 0.52 (95% CI=0.46-0.59) for hourly nonunion and 1.22 (95% CI=1.08-1.38) for union hourly employees. DISCUSSION Uncompensated costs of workplace injuries and illnesses may result from adverse events previously compensated by WC. In some workplaces reduced termination rates with prior WC suggests added costs to employers. SUMMARY Conditions leading to WC claims have cost implications related to early - or delayed - removal from the workforce. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY Additional costs from work-related injury or illness that are not covered by workers compensation may result from the effect of continuing impairment on the subsequent early termination (or prolonging) of employment. These costs would accrue to both employers and employees and are not generally included in global estimates of the burden of workplace injuries and illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Park
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH 45226, USA.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES We examined if injured workers were more likely than noninjured workers to be treated for depression after an occupational injury and estimated the cost paid by group medical insurance. METHOD Nearly 367,900 injured and noninjured workers were drawn from the 2005 Thomson Reuters MarketScan data. Descriptive, logistic, and two-part model regression analyses were used. RESULTS The odds of injured workers being treated for depression within the study period were 45% higher than those of noninjured workers (95% confidence interval, 1.17-1.78). The unconditional average cost of outpatient depression treatment was 63% higher for injured workers than for noninjured workers. CONCLUSIONS Injured workers were more likely than noninjured workers to suffer from depression during the study period. Consequently, additional costs are incurred for treating injured workers' depression; these costs were not covered by the workers' compensation system.
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Bhattacharya A, Park RM. Excess healthcare costs associated with prior workers' compensation activity. Am J Ind Med 2012; 55:1018-27. [PMID: 22968954 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.22112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Workers compensation (WC) does not fully compensate workplace injuries and illnesses. This work examines whether cost shifting occurs to group health insurance for work-related injuries and illnesses. METHODS Thomson Reuters MarketScan databases of medical insurance claims were used. WC and other benefit system data, employee status and types of medical insurance coverage were also available. Medical cost was analyzed using two-part models: the first part modeled the monthly probability of a worker having any group health medical claims, and the second part modeled the total monthly cost of those medical claims. Models included an estimate of a worker's annual medical costs prior to a WC claim. The predicted monthly medical costs were derived by retransformation using Duan's smearing factor. RESULTS Individuals with prior WC claims were more likely to file a group health medical claim compared to those with no prior WC claims (OR = 1.25) and incurred a higher average monthly medical costs (among nonunion hourly men aged 18-34 years with prior WC claims: $203.72 vs. $160.29 with no prior claim, an increase of $43). These increases were observed in all industrial sectors with the service sector having the highest monthly increase ($66). DISCUSSION The results reveal that individuals with prior WC claims had higher probability of filing a group health medical claim and higher average monthly medical costs in all sectors. This suggests that a part of employer liability costs related to WC gets shifted to the group health medical insurance system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anasua Bhattacharya
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, Ohio 45226, USA.
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Asfaw A, Pana-Cryan R, Bushnell PT. Incidence and costs of family member hospitalization following injuries of workers' compensation claimants. Am J Ind Med 2012; 55:1028-36. [PMID: 22968927 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.22110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The consequences of occupational injuries for the health of family members have rarely been studied. We hypothesized that non-fatal occupational injury would increase the incidence and costs of hospitalization among workers' families, and that family members of severely injured workers would be likely to experience greater increases in hospitalizations than family members of non-severely injured workers. DATA AND METHODS We used the MarketScan databases from Thomson Reuters for 2002-2005, which include workers' compensation and inpatient medical care claims data for injured workers' families. We used a before-after analysis to compare the odds and costs of family hospitalization 3 months before and after the index occupational injury among 18,411 families. Severe injuries were defined by receipt of indemnity payments and at least 7 days of lost work. Family hospitalizations were measured by the incidence of hospitalization of at least one family member. RESULTS Among families of all injured workers, the odds of at least one family member being hospitalized were 31% higher [95% confidence intervals (CI) = 1.11-1.55] in the 3 months following occupational injury than in the 3 months preceding injury. Among the families of severely injured workers, the odds of hospitalization were 56% higher [95% CI = 1.05-2.34] in the 3 months following injury. Hospitalization costs were found to rise by approximately the same percentage as hospitalization incidence. CONCLUSION The impact of occupational injury may extend beyond the workplace and adversely affect the health and inpatient medical care use of family members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abay Asfaw
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)-National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)-Office of the Director, Washington, District of Columbia 20201, USA.
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Yu W, Yu ITS, Li Z, Wang X, Sun T, Lin H, Wan S, Qiu H, Xie S. Work-related injuries and musculoskeletal disorders among factory workers in a major city of China. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2012; 48:457-463. [PMID: 22664712 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2012.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2011] [Revised: 02/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This study describes the frequency of occurrence of work-related injuries and musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) among factory workers in Shenzhen, China, and examines the determinants of injuries and MSDs. A cross-sectional survey was conducted with 3479 frontline workers in 60 factories during 2008-2009. We calculated the annual incidence rates of work-related injuries and the prevalence rates of MSD (based on the Nordic Standard Form) for the factory workers. Logistic regression analysis was applied to explore the associations between potential risk factors and occupational injury and MSD. Among all participating workers, 8.3% reported acute traumatic injuries in the previous 12 months. The event-based incidence rate was 119.6 per 1000 person-years. About half of the frontline workers reported suffering from MSDs during the previous 12 months. The injury risk was reduced for female workers (Odds ratio, OR: 0.48; 95% confidence interval, CI: 0.36-0.66) and those with higher educational levels, but increased in workers with over 55 work hours/week (OR: 1.64; 95% CI: 1.21-2.22), high mental stress at work (OR: 3.50; 95% CI: 1.70-7.19) and previous injury history (OR: 3.94; 95% CI: 2.78-5.58). The MSD risk was increased among female workers (OR: 1.58; 95% CI: 1.34-1.87), and those with over 55 work hours/week (OR: 1.56; 95% CI: 1.28-1.90), high mental stress at work (OR: 3.16; 95% CI: 2.04-4.89) and a past injury history (OR: 3.04; 95% CI: 2.14-4.32). High proportions of frontline workers were affected by work injuries and MSDs in these factories in China. Long work hours, high mental stress at work and previous injury history were important risk factors for work-related injury and MSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhou Yu
- China Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 27 Nanwei Road, 100050, Beijing, China
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Spieler EA, Burton JF. The lack of correspondence between work-related disability and receipt of workers' compensation benefits. Am J Ind Med 2012; 55:487-505. [PMID: 22271439 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.21034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies suggest that many persons with disabilities caused by work do not receive workers' compensation benefits. METHODS Data from surveys of persons with disabilities were used to estimate the proportion of disability due to work-related injuries and diseases. Studies examining the proportion of workers with work-related disability who received workers' compensation benefits were reviewed. Legal and other factors explaining the lack of receipt of workers' compensation benefits were examined. RESULTS Many workers with disabilities caused by work do not receive workers' compensation benefits. The obstacles to compensation include increasingly restrictive rules for compensability in many state workers' compensation programs. CONCLUSIONS A substantial proportion of persons with work-related disabilities do not receive workers' compensation benefits. The solutions to this problem, such as providing healthcare to workers regardless of the source of injuries or diseases, are complicated and controversial, and will be difficult to implement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A Spieler
- School of Law, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Levine DI, Toffel MW, Johnson MS. Randomized Government Safety Inspections Reduce Worker Injuries with No Detectable Job Loss. Science 2012; 336:907-11. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1215191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Davis LK, Hunt PR, Hackman HH, McKeown LN, Ozonoff VV. Use of statewide electronic emergency department data for occupational injury surveillance: a feasibility study in Massachusetts. Am J Ind Med 2012; 55:344-52. [PMID: 22125024 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.21035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Statewide datasets of emergency department (ED) visits may be useful for occupational injury surveillance. Using data from 12 hospitals, we evaluated two indicators of work-relatedness in reported ED data and the availability of employment information in medical charts. METHODS Workers' compensation as payer and/or "yes" in an injury-at-work field were used to define probable work-related (PWR) injury visits in the Massachusetts ED dataset. Charts were reviewed for a sample of 1,002 PWR and 250 probable nonwork-related (PNWR) cases. RESULTS Using chart information as the gold standard, indicators of work-relatedness had a sensitivity of 82%, specificity of 97%, and predictive value positive of 86%. Employer name was in charts for 89% of PWR and 42% of PNWR cases. Occupation was available for 34% of PWR cases. CONCLUSION Electronic ED data are useful for state surveillance of occupational injuries. Improvements in attribution of work-relatedness and collection of available employer identifiers and occupational information would enhance its usefulness. The performance of indicators of work-relatedness in ED datasets should be examined in different states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letitia K Davis
- Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Occupational Health Surveillance Program, 250 Washington St., Boston, MA 02108, USA.
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Beach J, Burstyn I, Cherry N. Estimating the extent and distribution of new-onset adult asthma in British Columbia using frequentist and Bayesian approaches. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 56:719-27. [PMID: 22378842 DOI: 10.1093/annhyg/mes004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We previously described a method to identify the incidence of new-onset adult asthma (NOAA) in Alberta by industry and occupation, utilizing Workers' Compensation Board (WCB) and physician billing data. The aim of this study was to extend this method to data from British Columbia (BC) so as to compare the two provinces and to incorporate Bayesian methodology into estimates of risk. METHODS WCB claims for any reason 1995-2004 were linked to physician billing data. NOAA was defined as a billing for asthma (ICD-9 493) in the 12 months before a WCB claim without asthma in the previous 3 years. Incidence was calculated by occupation and industry. In a matched case-referent analysis, associations with exposures were examined using an asthma-specific job exposure matrix (JEM). Posterior distributions from the Alberta analysis and estimated misclassification parameters were used as priors in the Bayesian analysis of the BC data. RESULTS Among 1 118 239 eligible WCB claims the incidence of NOAA was 1.4%. Sixteen occupations and 44 industries had a significantly increased risk; six industries had a decreased risk. The JEM identified wood dust [odds ratio (OR) 1.55, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.08-2.24] and animal antigens (OR 1.66, 95% CI 1.17-2.36) as related to an increased risk of NOAA. Exposure to isocyanates was associated with decreased risk (OR 0.57, 95% CI 0.39-0.85). Bayesian analyses taking account of exposure misclassification and informative priors resulted in posterior distributions of ORs with lower boundary of 95% credible intervals >1.00 for almost all exposures. CONCLUSIONS The distribution of NOAA in BC appeared somewhat similar to that in Alberta, except for isocyanates. Bayesian analyses allowed incorporation of prior evidence into risk estimates, permitting reconsideration of the apparently protective effect of isocyanate exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Beach
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2T4, Canada.
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Abstract
CONTEXT The allocation of scarce health care resources requires a knowledge of disease costs. Whereas many studies of a variety of diseases are available, few focus on job-related injuries and illnesses. This article provides estimates of the national costs of occupational injury and illness among civilians in the United States for 2007. METHODS This study provides estimates of both the incidence of fatal and nonfatal injuries and nonfatal illnesses and the prevalence of fatal diseases as well as both medical and indirect (productivity) costs. To generate the estimates, I combined primary and secondary data sources with parameters from the literature and model assumptions. My primary sources were injury, disease, employment, and inflation data from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) as well as costs data from the National Council on Compensation Insurance and the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project. My secondary sources were the National Academy of Social Insurance, literature estimates of Attributable Fractions (AF) of diseases with occupational components, and national estimates for all health care costs. Critical model assumptions were applied to the underreporting of injuries, wage-replacement rates, and AFs. Total costs were calculated by multiplying the number of cases by the average cost per case. A sensitivity analysis tested for the effects of the most consequential assumptions. Numerous improvements over earlier studies included reliance on BLS data for government workers and ten specific cancer sites rather than only one broad cancer category. FINDINGS The number of fatal and nonfatal injuries in 2007 was estimated to be more than 5,600 and almost 8,559,000, respectively, at a cost of $6 billion and $186 billion. The number of fatal and nonfatal illnesses was estimated at more than 53,000 and nearly 427,000, respectively, with cost estimates of $46 billion and $12 billion. For injuries and diseases combined, medical cost estimates were $67 billion (27% of the total), and indirect costs were almost $183 billion (73%). Injuries comprised 77 percent of the total, and diseases accounted for 23 percent. The total estimated costs were approximately $250 billion, compared with the inflation-adjusted cost of $217 billion for 1992. CONCLUSIONS The medical and indirect costs of occupational injuries and illnesses are sizable, at least as large as the cost of cancer. Workers' compensation covers less than 25 percent of these costs, so all members of society share the burden. The contributions of job-related injuries and illnesses to the overall cost of medical care and ill health are greater than generally assumed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Paul Leigh
- Center for Healthcare Policy and Research and Department of Public Health Sciences, UC Davis Medical School, MS1C, Davis, CA 95616-5270, USA.
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Luckhaupt SE, Calvert GM. Work-relatedness of selected chronic medical conditions and workers' compensation utilization: National health interview survey occupational health supplement data. Am J Ind Med 2010; 53:1252-63. [PMID: 20721967 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.20885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An occupational health supplement (OHS) to the 1988 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) bypassed many limitations of traditional occupational health surveillance systems, but the data collected about chronic work-related conditions have not yet been reported. METHODS We calculated the prevalence and proportion of cases related to work for the aggregation of 13 chronic conditions included in the NHIS-OHS, and for 11 conditions individually. For each of nine conditions, and for the aggregation of all conditions, we also calculated the prevalence of workers' compensation claims filed. RESULTS The overall prevalence of work-related chronic conditions was 7.5% (SE = 0.16). The work-related conditions with the highest prevalence were repeated trouble with the back/neck/spine (4.91%; SE = 0.13) and trouble hearing (1.14%; SE = 0.06). Overall, workers' compensation claims were filed for 39.0% (SE = 1.00) of work-related cases. CONCLUSIONS The burden of work-related illnesses in the US is substantial, and the workers' compensation system is underutilized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara E Luckhaupt
- Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations, and Field Studies, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Many workers with one Workers' Compensation Board (WCB) claim make further claims. If the characteristics of the job, initial injury or worker were predictive of an early second claim, interventions at the time of return to work after the first claim might be effective in reducing the burden of work-related injury. This report explores the characteristic of those who make a second claim. METHODS Records of all Alberta WCB claims from January 1, 1995, to December 31, 2004, for individuals 18 to < 66 years old were reviewed. For each individual's first claim, sex and age of claimant, type of injury, type of accident, occupation, industry, an indicator of company size, and industry claim rate were extracted, as well as the date of any second claim. The likelihood of second claim and mean time to second claim were estimated. Multivariate analyses were performed using Cox regression. RESULTS 1,047,828 claims were identified from 490,230 individuals. Of these, 49.2% had at least two claims. In the multivariate model a reduced time to second claim was associated with male sex, younger age and some types of injury and accident. Machining trades were at highest risk of early second claim (hazard ratio [HR] 2.54 compared with administration), and of the industry sectors manufacturing was at highest risk (HR 1.37 compared with business, personal and professional services). CONCLUSION Some caution is needed in interpreting these data as they may be affected by under-reporting and job changes between claims. Nonetheless, they suggest that there remains room for interventions to reduce the considerable differences in risk of a second claim among workers, jobs and industries.
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Lipscomb HJ, Dement JM, Silverstein B, Cameron W, Glazner JE. Who is paying the bills? Health care costs for musculoskeletal back disorders, Washington State Union Carpenters, 1989-2003. J Occup Environ Med 2010; 51:1185-92. [PMID: 19749603 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0b013e3181b68d0a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Factors associated with private health insurance payment rates for musculoskeletal back disorders were examined among a 15-year cohort of union carpenters. Payment patterns were contrasted with work-related back injury rates over time. METHODS Negative binomial regression was used to assess payment rates; generalized estimated equations accounted for multiple observations per person and cost correlation within subjects. RESULTS Payment rates increased after work-related injury and with the number of injuries. Increasing private payments and deductibles (inflation-adjusted and discounted) were observed in contrast with a marked decline in reported work-related injuries. CONCLUSIONS Private insurance payments do not appear to be independent of work-related back injury. Findings suggest cost-shifting from workers' compensation to the union-provided health insurance and to the worker; they also provide a warning regarding reliance on workers' compensation statistics for surveillance of work-related disorders or disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hester J Lipscomb
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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Galizzi M, Miesmaa P, Punnett L, Slatin C. Injured Workers' Underreporting in the Health Care Industry: An Analysis Using Quantitative, Qualitative, and Observational Data. INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS 2010; 49:22-43. [PMID: 29725137 PMCID: PMC5929155 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-232x.2009.00585.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Underreporting of occupational injuries was examined in four health care facilities using quantitative, qualitative, and observational data. Occupational Safety and Health Administration logs accounted for only one-third of the workers' compensation records; 45 percent of injured workers followed by survey had workers' compensation claims. Workers reported 63 percent of serious occupational injuries. Underreporting is explained by time pressure and workers' doubts about eligibility, reputation, income loss, and career prospects. Though aware of underreporting, managers subtly believe in workers' moral hazard behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Galizzi
- Department of Economics, University of Massachusetts Low-ell, FA 302 F, One University Avenue, Lowell, MA 01854; currently unaffiliated, formerly with Center for Health Promotion and Research, University of Massachusetts Lowell; Department of Work Environment, University of Massachusetts Lowell, FA 302 F, One University Avenue, Lowell, MA 01854; Department of Community Health and Sustainability, University of Massachusetts Lowell, FA 302 F, One University Avenue, Lowell, MA 01854
| | - Petra Miesmaa
- Department of Economics, University of Massachusetts Low-ell, FA 302 F, One University Avenue, Lowell, MA 01854; currently unaffiliated, formerly with Center for Health Promotion and Research, University of Massachusetts Lowell; Department of Work Environment, University of Massachusetts Lowell, FA 302 F, One University Avenue, Lowell, MA 01854; Department of Community Health and Sustainability, University of Massachusetts Lowell, FA 302 F, One University Avenue, Lowell, MA 01854
| | - Laura Punnett
- Department of Economics, University of Massachusetts Low-ell, FA 302 F, One University Avenue, Lowell, MA 01854; currently unaffiliated, formerly with Center for Health Promotion and Research, University of Massachusetts Lowell; Department of Work Environment, University of Massachusetts Lowell, FA 302 F, One University Avenue, Lowell, MA 01854; Department of Community Health and Sustainability, University of Massachusetts Lowell, FA 302 F, One University Avenue, Lowell, MA 01854
| | - Craig Slatin
- Department of Economics, University of Massachusetts Low-ell, FA 302 F, One University Avenue, Lowell, MA 01854; currently unaffiliated, formerly with Center for Health Promotion and Research, University of Massachusetts Lowell; Department of Work Environment, University of Massachusetts Lowell, FA 302 F, One University Avenue, Lowell, MA 01854; Department of Community Health and Sustainability, University of Massachusetts Lowell, FA 302 F, One University Avenue, Lowell, MA 01854
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Quinlan M, Sokas RK. Community campaigns, supply chains, and protecting the health and well-being of workers. Am J Public Health 2009; 99 Suppl 3:S538-46. [PMID: 19890154 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2008.149120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The growth of contingent work (also known as precarious employment), the informal sector, and business practices that diffuse employer responsibility for worker health and safety (such as outsourcing and the development of extended national and international contracting networks [supply chains]) pose a serious threat to occupational health and safety that disproportionately affects low-wage, ethnic minority, and immigrant workers. Drawing on cases from the United States and Australia, we examine the role that community-based campaigns can play in meeting these challenges, including several successful campaigns that incorporate supply chain regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Quinlan
- School of Organization and Management, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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Cherry N, Beach J, Burstyn I, Fan X, Guo N, Kapur N. Data linkage to estimate the extent and distribution of occupational disease: new onset adult asthma in Alberta, Canada. Am J Ind Med 2009; 52:831-40. [PMID: 19753592 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.20753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although occupational asthma is a well recognized and preventable disease, the numbers of cases presenting for compensation may be far lower than the true incidence. METHODS Workers' Compensation Board (WCB) claims for any reason 1995-2004 were linked to physician billing data. New onset adult asthma (NOAA) was defined as a billing for asthma (ICD-9 code of 493) in the 12 months prior to a WCB claim without asthma in the previous 3 years. Incidence was calculated by occupation, industry and, in a case-referent analysis, exposures estimated from an asthma specific job exposure matrix. RESULTS There were 782,908 WCB eligible claims, with an incidence rate for NOAA of 1.6%: 23 occupations and 21 industries had a significantly increased risk. Isocyanates (OR 1.54: 95% CI 1.01-2.36) and exposure to mixed agricultural allergens (OR = 1.59: 95% CI 1.17-2.18) were related to NOAA overall, as were exposures to cleaning chemicals in men (OR = 1.91:95% CI 1.34-2.73). Estimates of the number of cases of occupational asthma suggested a range of 4% to about half for the proportion compensated. CONCLUSIONS Data linkage of administrative records can demonstrate under-reporting of occupational asthma and indicate areas for prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Cherry
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada.
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Lenderink AF, Spreeuwers D, van der Klink JJL, van Dijk FJH. Information and feedback to improve occupational physicians' reporting of occupational diseases: a randomised controlled trial. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2009; 83:381-8. [PMID: 19830449 PMCID: PMC2836252 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-009-0468-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2009] [Accepted: 09/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To assess the effectiveness of supplying occupational physicians (OPs) with targeted and stage-matched information or with feedback on reporting occupational diseases to the national registry in the Netherlands. Methods In a randomized controlled design, 1076 OPs were divided into three groups based on previous reporting behaviour: precontemplators not considering reporting, contemplators considering reporting and actioners reporting occupational diseases. Precontemplators and contemplators were randomly assigned to receive stage-matched, stage-mismatched or general information. Actioners were randomly assigned to receive personalized or standardized feedback upon notification. Outcome measures were the number of OPs reporting and the number of reported occupational diseases in a 180-day period before and after the intervention. Results Precontemplators were significantly more male and self-employed compared to contemplators and actioners. There was no significant effect of stage-matched information versus stage-mismatched or general information on the percentage of reporting OPs and on the mean number of notifications in each group. Receiving any information affected reporting more in contemplators than in precontemplators. The mean number of notifications in actioners increased more after personalized feedback than after standardized feedback, but the difference was not significant. Conclusions This study supports the concept that contemplators are more susceptible to receiving information but could not confirm an effect of stage-matching this information on reporting occupational diseases to the national registry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annet F Lenderink
- Netherlands Centre for Occupational Diseases, Coronel Institute of Occupational Health, Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, PO Box 22660, 1100 DD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Punnett L, Cherniack M, Henning R, Morse T, Faghri P. A conceptual framework for integrating workplace health promotion and occupational ergonomics programs. Public Health Rep 2009; 124 Suppl 1:16-25. [PMID: 19618803 DOI: 10.1177/00333549091244s103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, and mental health are all associated with the physical and psychosocial conditions of work, as well as with individual health behaviors. An integrated approach to workplace health-promotion programs should include attention to the work environment, especially in light of recent findings that work organization influences so-called lifestyle or health behaviors. Macroergonomics provides a framework to improve both physical and organizational features of work and, in the process, to empower individual workers. The Center for the Promotion of Health in the New England Workplace (CPH-NEW) is a research-to-practice effort examining the effectiveness of worksite programs that combine occupational safety and health--especially ergonomics--with health promotion, emphasizing the contribution of work organization to both. Two intervention studies are underway in three different sectors: health care, corrections, and manufacturing. Each study features participatory structures to facilitate employee input into health goal-setting, program design and development, and evaluation, with the goal of enhanced effectiveness and longer-term sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Punnett
- Center for the Promotion of Health in the New England Workplace, University of Massachusetts Lowell, One University Avenue, Lowell, MA 01854, USA.
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Health Care Utilization for Musculoskeletal Back Disorders, Washington State Union Carpenters, 1989–2003. J Occup Environ Med 2009; 51:604-11. [DOI: 10.1097/jom.0b013e31819c561c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Douphrate DI, Rosecrance JC, Stallones L, Reynolds SJ, Gilkey DP. Livestock-handling injuries in agriculture: an analysis of Colorado workers' compensation data. Am J Ind Med 2009; 52:391-407. [PMID: 19197949 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.20686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have reported that livestock-handling injuries are among the most severe of agricultural injuries. This study identifies the costs, characteristics, and contributing factors associated with livestock-handling injuries among Colorado dairy farmers, cattle/livestock raisers, and cattle dealers. METHODS A 10-year (1997-2006) history of Colorado's workers' compensation claims data was used for analysis. Descriptive analyses of livestock-handling injury claims were performed. Claim cost analysis was also conducted. The agent-host-environment epidemiological model was used to analyze injury event descriptions. RESULTS A total of 1,114 livestock-handling claims were analyzed. Claims associated with milking parlor tasks represented nearly 50% of injuries among dairy workers. Claims associated with riding horseback, sorting/penning cattle, and livestock-handling equipment represented high proportions of livestock-handling injuries among cattle/livestock raisers and cattle dealers. Claims associated with livestock-handling represented the highest percentage of high-cost and high-severity injuries in all three sectors. CONCLUSIONS Livestock-handling injuries are a significant problem, more costly, and result in more time off work than other causes of agricultural injuries. There is a strong and compelling need to develop cost-effective interventions to reduce the number of livestock-handling injuries in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- David I Douphrate
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1681, USA.
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Feehan LM, Sheps SS. Work-related hand fracture injuries in British Columbia, Canada: a population-based BC-linked health data-set study. HAND THERAPY 2009. [DOI: 10.1258/ht.2009.009002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Objective To define population-based incidence, demographics and claim rates, as well as clinical presentation and claims duration and costs for work-related hand fractures in British Columbia (BC), Canada in 2001. Methods A BC-linked health data-set one-year retrospective review of all reported work-place hand fracture injuries in BC in 2001 with additional evaluation of individual health care and claims data from randomly selected individuals with a compensation claim in 2001. Results There were 14,654 hand fractures, of which 14% (2085) were work related; an annual incidence rate of 11/10,000 workers. Males accounted for 88% (1488/2085) of the fractures and the mean age was 39 (SD: ±12). Only 60% (290/482) of randomly selected people filed a compensation claim. Of these claims, 90% (260) had a validated hand fracture injury, 72% (218) were non-articular and 13% (38) had complex associated tissue injuries. About 69% (180) had no or simple closed reduction, 82% (213) had no additional fixation, 63% (163) were immobilized for at least 21 days and 9% (24) developed a secondary complication that required surgery. Average days off work was 46 (range 0–290) and average claims cost was $5500 CDN (range $145–$56,900). Conclusions Hand fractures are a common workplace injury in BC, with a significant proportion of workers not claiming compensation. These injuries generally presented clinically as simple fractures that were managed conservatively with few complications. Despite this, there was still a significant socioeconomic burden primarily due to lost work-place productivity due to time loss from work. These findings likely reflect similar trends for work-related hand fractures throughout Canada and other countries with similar health care and workers' compensation systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynne M Feehan
- Health Care and Epidemiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Samuel S Sheps
- Health Care and Epidemiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Souza NSS, Santana VS, Albuquerque-Oliveira PR, Barbosa-Branco A. Doenças do trabalho e benefícios previdenciários relacionados à saúde, Bahia, 2000. Rev Saude Publica 2008; 42:630-8. [DOI: 10.1590/s0034-89102008000400008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2007] [Accepted: 03/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJETIVO: Estimar a contribuição das doenças relacionadas ao trabalho nos afastamentos por problemas de saúde em geral e ocupacionais. MÉTODOS: Foram analisados dados sociodemográficos, ocupacionais e de saúde referentes a 29.658 registros dos benefícios por incapacidade temporária concedidos por agravos à saúde pelo Instituto Nacional do Seguro Social, no Estado da Bahia, em 2000. Foram considerados casos todos os diagnósticos clínicos constantes da CID-10, com exceção das causas externas e fatores que influenciam o contato com os serviços de saúde. A vinculação do diagnóstico com a ocupação baseou-se no código CID-10 e se a espécie do benefício era "acidentária". RESULTADOS: Dentre os benefícios, 3,1% foram concedidos para doenças do trabalho: 70% eram doenças do sistema osteomuscular e do tecido conjuntivo e 14,5% do sistema nervoso. No geral, benefícios concedidos numa freqüência maior que o dobro da esperada foram: para tenossinovites na indústria da transformação (Razão de Proporção-RP=2,70), síndrome do túnel do carpo na intermediação financeira (RP=2,43) e transtornos do disco lombar no ramo de transporte, correio e telecomunicações (RP=2,17). Entretanto, não foi estabelecido nexo causal para estas doenças, nesses ramos de atividade, em percentual significativo de benefícios. CONCLUSÕES: Os resultados sugerem a existência de possíveis fatores de risco ocupacionais para enfermidades nesses ramos de atividade, como também o sub-registro da vinculação das patologias com o trabalho, camuflando a responsabilidade das empresas e a perspectiva de prevenção pela reorganização do trabalho.
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