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Goyal L, Acebo R, Islam S, Ajmera K, Kaasam S. A Rare Case of Risperidone-Induced Hypothermia and Thrombocytopenia. Cureus 2022; 14:e24836. [PMID: 35547943 PMCID: PMC9090225 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.24836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychosis is a term defined in medical literature broadly as someone who has lost contact with reality. Psychosis is typically seen in multiple psychiatric disorders, for example, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and severe depression. It is also seen in patients abusing drugs and other underlying medical conditions like hepatic impairment, renal failure, etc. Typically, patients with psychosis will present with hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech, and behavior. Patients with psychosis are usually treated with antipsychotic medications. There are two types of antipsychotics: typical and atypical antipsychotics. Typical antipsychotics have a low safety profile and are associated with side effects like pancytopenia, hyperthermia, and hypothermia. Therefore, physicians and other medical professionals try to avoid prescribing typical antipsychotics for long-term use. Risperidone, an atypical antipsychotic, is considered relatively safe in patients compared to other antipsychotics. This case study will see risperidone causing hypothermia and thrombocytopenia in a healthy 34-year-old patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lokesh Goyal
- Hospital Medicine, CHRISTUS Spohn Hospital Corpus Christi - Shoreline, Corpus Christi, USA
| | - Raymond Acebo
- Internal Medicine, CHRISTUS Spohn Hospital Corpus Christi - Shoreline, Corpus Christi, USA
| | - Shah Islam
- Nephrology/Internal Medicine, CHRISTUS Spohn Hospital Corpus Christi - Shoreline, Corpus Christi, USA
| | - Kunal Ajmera
- Epidemiology, George Washington University, Washington, D.C., USA
| | - Sriveer Kaasam
- Hospital Medicine, CHRISTUS Spohn Hospital Corpus Christi - Shoreline, Corpus Christi, USA
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Therapeutic Effects of Risperidone against Spinal Cord Injury in a Rat Model of Asphyxial Cardiac Arrest: A Focus on Body Temperature, Paraplegia, Motor Neuron Damage, and Neuroinflammation. Vet Sci 2021; 8:vetsci8100230. [PMID: 34679060 PMCID: PMC8537088 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci8100230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac arrest (CA) causes severe spinal cord injury and evokes spinal cord disorders including paraplegia. It has been reported that risperidone, an antipsychotic drug, effectively protects neuronal cell death from transient ischemia injury in gerbil brains. However, until now, studies on the effects of risperidone on spinal cord injury after asphyxial CA (ACA) and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) are not sufficient. Therefore, this study investigated the effect of risperidone on hind limb motor deficits and neuronal damage/death in the lumbar part of the spinal cord following ACA in rats. Mortality, severe motor deficits in the hind limbs, and the damage/death (loss) of motor neurons located in the anterior horn were observed two days after ACA/CPR. These symptoms were significantly alleviated by risperidone (an atypical antipsychotic) treatment after ACA. In vehicle-treated rats, the immunoreactivities of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin 1-beta (IL-1β), as pro-inflammatory cytokines, were increased, and the immunoreactivities of IL-4 and IL-13, as anti-inflammatory cytokines, were reduced with time after ACA/CPR. In contrast, in risperidone-treated rats, the immunoreactivity of the pro-inflammatory cytokines was significantly decreased, and the anti-inflammatory cytokines were enhanced compared to vehicle-treated rats. In brief, risperidone treatment after ACA/CPR in rats significantly improved the survival rate and attenuated paralysis, the damage/death (loss) of motor neurons, and inflammation in the lumbar anterior horn. Thus, risperidone might be a therapeutic agent for paraplegia by attenuation of the damage/death (loss) of spinal motor neurons and neuroinflammation after ACA/CPR.
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Risperidone Treatment after Transient Ischemia Induces Hypothermia and Provides Neuroprotection in the Gerbil Hippocampus by Decreasing Oxidative Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20184621. [PMID: 31540405 PMCID: PMC6770640 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Compelling evidence from preclinical and clinical studies has shown that mild hypothermia is neuroprotective against ischemic stroke. We investigated the neuroprotective effect of post-risperidone (RIS) treatment against transient ischemic injury and its mechanisms in the gerbil brain. Transient ischemia (TI) was induced in the telencephalon by bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BCCAO) for 5 min under normothermic condition (37 ± 0.2 °C). Treatment of RIS induced hypothermia until 12 h after TI in the TI-induced animals under uncontrolled body temperature (UBT) compared to that under controlled body temperature (CBT) (about 37 °C). Neuroprotective effect was statistically significant when we used 5 and 10 mg/kg doses (p < 0.05, respectively). In the RIS-treated TI group, many CA1 pyramidal neurons of the hippocampus survived under UBT compared to those under CBT. In this group under UBT, post-treatment with RIS to TI-induced animals markedly attenuated the activation of glial cells, an increase of oxidative stress markers [dihydroethidium, 8-hydroxy-2' -deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), and 4-Hydroxynonenal (4-HNE)], and a decrease of superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) in their CA1 pyramidal neurons. Furthermore, RIS-induced hypothermia was significantly interrupted by NBOH-2C-CN hydrochloride (a selective 5-HT2A receptor agonist), but not bromocriptine mesylate (a D2 receptor agonist). Our findings indicate that RIS-induced hypothermia can effectively protect neuronal cell death from TI injury through attenuation of glial activation and maintenance of antioxidants, showing that 5-HT2A receptor is involved in RIS-induced hypothermia. Therefore, RIS could be introduced to reduce body temperature rapidly and might be applied to patients for hypothermic therapy following ischemic stroke.
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Zhang W, Yue X, Huang F, Liu R, Chen Y, Ruan C. Predicting drug-disease associations and their therapeutic function based on the drug-disease association bipartite network. Methods 2018; 145:51-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
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Monda V, Salerno M, Sessa F, Bernardini R, Valenzano A, Marsala G, Zammit C, Avola R, Carotenuto M, Messina G, Messina A. Functional Changes of Orexinergic Reaction to Psychoactive Substances. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:6362-6368. [PMID: 29307079 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0865-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
It is becoming increasingly apparent the importance of the central nervous system (CNS) as the major contributor to the regulation of systemic metabolism. Antipsychotic drugs are used often to treat several psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia and bipolar disorder However, antipsychotic drugs prescription, particularly the second-generation ones (SGAs), such as clozapine and olanzapine, is related to a considerable weight gain which usually leads to obesity. The aim of this paper is to assess the influence of orexin A on sympathetic and hyperthermic reactions to several neuroleptic drugs. Orexin A is a neuropeptide which effects both body temperature and food intake by increasing sympathetic activity. Orexin A-mediated hyperthermia is reduced by haloperidol and is blocked by clozapine and olanzapine. Orexin A-mediated body temperature elevation is increased by risperidone. These hyperthermic effects are delayed by quietapine. In this paper, it is discussed the orexinergic pathway activation by neuroleptic drugs and its influence on human therapeutic strategies. With the aim to determine that neuroleptic drugs mediate body temperature control through to the orexinergic system, we summarized our previously published data. Psychiatric disorders increase the risk of developing metabolic disorders (e.g., weight gain, increased blood pressure, and glucose or lipid levels). Therefore, the choice of antipsychotic drug to be prescribed, based on the relevant risks and benefits of each individual drug, has an essential role in human health prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Monda
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Monica Salerno
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Viale Pinto, 1, 71122, Foggia, Italy
| | - Francesco Sessa
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Viale Pinto, 1, 71122, Foggia, Italy
| | - Renato Bernardini
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Anna Valenzano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Viale Pinto, 1, 71122, Foggia, Italy
| | - Gabriella Marsala
- Struttura Complessa di Farmacia, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Ospedali Riuniti di Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Christian Zammit
- Anatomy Department, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, Msida, Malta
| | - Roberto Avola
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Marco Carotenuto
- Clinic of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Department of Mental Health, Physical and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Messina
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Viale Pinto, 1, 71122, Foggia, Italy.
| | - Antonietta Messina
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
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Zonnenberg C, Bueno-de-Mesquita JM, Ramlal D, Blom JD. Hypothermia due to Antipsychotic Medication: A Systematic Review. Front Psychiatry 2017; 8:165. [PMID: 28936184 PMCID: PMC5594062 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypothermia is a rare, but potentially fatal adverse effect of antipsychotic drug (APD) use. Although the opposite condition, hyperthermia, has been researched extensively in the context of the malignant antipsychotic syndrome, little is known about hypothermia due to APDs. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to review the literature on hypothermia in the context of APD use, and formulate implications for research and clinical care. METHODS A systematic search was made in PubMed and Ovid Medline. RESULTS The literature search yielded 433 articles, including 57 original case descriptions of hypothermia developed during APD use with non-toxic plasma levels. All cases together indicate that the risk of developing hypothermia is highest during the 7 days following initiation, or increase in dosage, of APDs, especially in the presence of additional predisposing factors, such as advanced age, exposure to cold, adjuvant use of benzodiazepines, and (subclinical) hypothyroidism. In addition, data derived from drug-monitoring agencies suggest that the prevalence of APD-related hypothermia is at least 10 times higher than suggested by the literature. CONCLUSION We conclude that health-care professionals need to monitor the body temperature of patients starting with (an increased dose of) APDs for a duration of 7-10 days to prevent hypothermia, especially in the presence of multiple risk factors. Moreover, systematic studies are needed to establish the actual prevalence of APD-related hypothermia as well as the relative risk for individual APDs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jan Dirk Blom
- Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, The Hague, Netherlands.,Faculty of Social Sciences, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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Perera MAL, Yogaratnam J. De Novo delayed onset hypothermia secondary to therapeutic doses of risperidone in bipolar affective disorder. Ther Adv Psychopharmacol 2014; 4:70-4. [PMID: 24688758 PMCID: PMC3952484 DOI: 10.1177/2045125313507740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The commonly reported side effects related to risperidone include dizziness, nausea, weight gain, sleep disturbances, and sexual dysfunction. A rather rare and very much less documented side effect of risperidone is hypothermia: traditionally defined as a drop in core body temperature below 35°C (95°F). We report a case of a 75-year-old woman who had been treated for bipolar affective disorder for nearly 3 years with risperidone went on to develop hypothermia which was reversed with the withdrawal of the offending drug. This case is unique as it reported a rare but potentially serious side effect occurring after a prolonged administration of risperidone contrary to the previous reports in which hypothermia occurred only a few hours or days after the administration of risperidone and occurred in a patient who was diagnosed as having bipolar affective disorder as opposed to schizophrenia, the most common psychiatric disorder associated with previously reported hypothermia. The authors would like to emphasize the importance of this idiosyncratic potentially life-threatening adverse effect of risperidone-induced hypothermia to all clinicians, which occurs regardless of the duration of drug intake, in order to help them identify the condition early and treat it effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jegan Yogaratnam
- General Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health, Angoda, Sri Lanka
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Sethi R, Kavuru B. Hypothermia secondary to ziprasidone use in a man with schizophrenia. Prim Care Companion CNS Disord 2012; 14:11l01338. [PMID: 23251855 DOI: 10.4088/pcc.11l01338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Roopa Sethi
- Department of Psychiatry, Carilion Clinic, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, Virginia, USA
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Docx MKF, Simons A, Ramet J, Mertens L, Govaert P. Olanzapine-associated hypothermia in an adolescent anorexic girl. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.4236/ojcd.2012.24017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Bookstaver PB, Miller AD. Possible long-acting risperidone-induced hypothermia precipitating phenytoin toxicity in an elderly patient. J Clin Pharm Ther 2010; 36:426-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2710.2010.01189.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Tubb MR, White CC, Wigle PR. Case report of valproate-induced hypothermia in a patient with schizoaffective disorder. PRIMARY CARE COMPANION TO THE JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PSYCHIATRY 2010; 11:363-4. [PMID: 20098533 DOI: 10.4088/pcc.08l00741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Tubb
- Department of Psychiatry , College of Pharmacy , and College of Medicine , University of Cincinnati, Ohio
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Vasireddi SR, Mall GD. Two Senior Men with a History of Schizophrenia. Psychiatr Ann 2009. [DOI: 10.3928/00485718-20091022-02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Hypothermia and rhabdomyolysis following olanzapine injection in an adolescent with schizophreniform disorder. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2009; 31:376-8. [PMID: 19555799 DOI: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2008.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2008] [Revised: 08/28/2008] [Accepted: 09/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Hypothermia and rhabdomyolysis are infrequent adverse effects of antipsychotic drugs. Here we report a case of an adolescent with schizophreniform disorder who developed both of them simultaneously after intramuscular injection of olanzapine. A 17-year-old male patient was hospitalized for treatment of psychotic symptoms, which persisted on risperidone 3 mg/day for 3 weeks. Then his antipsychotic drug was shifted to oral olanzapine 10 mg/day. The next day, he received intramuscular injection of olanzapine 5 mg and soon developed hypothermia, rhabdomyolysis, hypotension and bradycardia. These symptoms subsided gradually in the next 2 weeks after supportive treatment was given. Such adverse effects were not observed in the following 7 months. Possible pharmacological mechanisms were discussed. Physicians should be cautious about patients' clinical symptoms after giving olanzapine injection or rapid titration in dosage.
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Cope MB, Li X, Jumbo-Lucioni P, DiCostanzo CA, Jamison WG, Kesterson RA, Allison DB, Nagy TR. Risperidone alters food intake, core body temperature, and locomotor activity in mice. Physiol Behav 2008; 96:457-63. [PMID: 19084548 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2008.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2008] [Revised: 11/06/2008] [Accepted: 11/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Risperidone induces significant weight gain in female mice; however, the underlying mechanisms related to this effect are unknown. We investigated the effects of risperidone on locomotor activity, core body temperature, and uncoupling protein (UCP) and hypothalamic orexin mRNA expression. Female C57BL/6J mice were acclimated to individual housing and randomly assigned to either risperidone (4 mg/kg BW day) or placebo (PLA). Activity and body temperature were measured over 48-hour periods twice a week for 3 weeks. Food intake and body weights were measured weekly. UCP1 (BAT), UCP3 (gastrocnemius), and orexin (hypothalamus) mRNA expressions were measured using RT-PCR. Risperidone-treated mice consumed more food (p=0.050) and gained more weight (p=0.0001) than PLA-treated mice after 3 weeks. During the initial 2 days of treatment, there was an acute effect of treatment on activity (p=0.046), but not body temperature (p=0.290). During 3 weeks of treatment, average core body temperatures were higher in risperidone-treated mice compared to controls during the light phase (p=0.0001), and tended to be higher during the dark phase (p=0.057). Risperidone-treated mice exhibited lower activity levels than controls during the dark phase (p=0.006); there were no differences in activity during the light phase (p=0.47). UCP1 (p<0.01) and UCP3 (p<0.05) mRNA expressions were greater in risperidone-treated mice compared to controls, whereas, orexin mRNA expression was lower in risperidone-treated mice (p<0.01). These results suggest that risperidone-induced weight gain in mice is a consequence of increased energy intake and reduced activity, while the elevation in body temperature may be a result of thermogenic effect of food intake and elevated UCP1, UCP3, and a reduced hypothalamic orexin expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark B Cope
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, United States
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van Marum RJ, Wegewijs MA, Loonen AJM, Beers E. Hypothermia following antipsychotic drug use. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2007; 63:627-31. [PMID: 17401555 PMCID: PMC1914304 DOI: 10.1007/s00228-007-0294-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2006] [Accepted: 03/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Objective Hypothermia is an adverse drug reaction (ADR) of antipsychotic drug (APD) use. Risk factors for hypothermia in ADP users are unknown. We studied which risk factors for hypothermia can be identified based on case reports. Method Case reports of hypothermia in APD-users found in PUBMED or EMBASE were searched for risk factors. The WHO international database for Adverse Drug Reactions was searched for reports of hypothermia and APD use. Results The literature search resulted in 32 articles containing 43 case reports. In the WHO database, 480 reports were registered of patients developing hypothermia during the use of APDs which almost equals the number of reports for hyperthermia associated with APD use (n = 524). Hypothermia risk seems to be increased in the first days following start or dose increase of APs. APs with strong 5-HT2 antagonism seem to be more involved in hypothermia; 55% of hypothermia reports are for atypical antipsychotics. Schizophrenia was the most prevalent diagnosis in the case reports. Conclusion Especially in admitted patients who are not able to control their own environment or physical status, frequent measurements of body temperature (with a thermometer that can measure low body temperatures) must be performed in order to detect developing hypothermia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rob J van Marum
- Geriatric Department, University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 85500, 3508 AB, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Cope MB, Jumbo-Lucioni P, Walton RG, Kesterson RA, Allison DB, Nagy TR. No effect of dietary fat on short-term weight gain in mice treated with atypical antipsychotic drugs. Int J Obes (Lond) 2007; 31:1014-22. [PMID: 17224931 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0803533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Atypical antipsychotic drugs (AAD) induce significant weight gain in female C57BL/6J mice. The effect of dietary fat on weight gain and serum lipids in this model is unknown. OBJECTIVES Test the hypothesis that the obesigenic effects of these drugs are greater in the presence of a high-fat diet. METHODS Female C57BL/6J mice were treated with atypical antipsychotics for 3 weeks and fed either a low-fat or high-fat diet (4.6 vs 15.6% fat by wt). Food intake (FI), body weight (BW), body composition, and serum lipids were measured during treatment with optimized doses of olanzapine, quetiapine, and risperidone. Energy intake (EI) and feed efficiency (FE) were calculated. Group differences in change were analyzed via repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA). Serum lipid concentrations, EI and FE were compared using two-way ANOVA. RESULTS AAD-treated mice gained significantly more weight than controls after 3 weeks (P<0.001). Treatment and diet had significant effects on FI and EI over time (P<0.001). AAD-treated mice had significantly higher FE than controls (P<0.05); however, there was no significant drug by diet interaction (P=0.65). Risperidone low-fat mice gained significantly more absolute fat mass than placebo low-fat mice (P<0.05). All treatment groups, except quetiapine low-fat and olanzapine high-fat, gained significantly more absolute lean mass than placebo controls (P<0.05). Cholesterol levels were significantly lower in quetiapine and risperidone than placebo (P<0.05). Risperidone low-fat mice had significantly higher triglyceride levels than placebo and risperidone high-fat mice (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS A high-fat diet does not increase AAD-induced BW gain in female mice during a 3-week treatment period.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Cope
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-3360, USA
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