Identification of potential markers for the detection of pancreatic cancer through comparative serum protein expression profiling

Exploring novel protein-based biomarkers for advancing breast cancer diagnosis: A review

This review provides a contemporary examination of the evolving landscape of breast cancer (BC) diagnosis, focusing on the pivotal role of novel protein-based biomarkers. The overview begins by elucidating the multifaceted nature of BC, exploring its prevalence, subtypes, and clinical complexities. A critical emphasis is placed on the transformative impact of proteomics, dissecting the proteome to unravel the molecular intricacies of BC. Navigating through various sources of samples crucial for biomarker investigations, the review underscores the significance of robust sample processing methods and their validation in ensuring reliable outcomes. The central theme of the review revolves around the identification and evaluation of novel protein-based biomarkers. Cutting-edge discoveries are summarised, shedding light on emerging biomarkers poised for clinical application. Nevertheless, the review candidly addresses the challenges inherent in biomarker discovery, including issues of standardisation, reproducibility, and the complex heterogeneity of BC. The future direction section envisions innovative strategies and technologies to overcome existing challenges. In conclusion, the review summarises the current state of BC biomarker research, offering insights into the intricacies of proteomic investigations. As precision medicine gains momentum, the integration of novel protein-based biomarkers emerges as a promising avenue for enhancing the accuracy and efficacy of BC diagnosis. This review serves as a compass for researchers and clinicians navigating the evolving landscape of BC biomarker discovery, guiding them toward transformative advancements in diagnostic precision and personalised patient care.

Clinical development of a blood biomarker using apolipoprotein-A2 isoforms for early detection of pancreatic cancer

BACKGROUND

We have previously reported apolipoprotein A2-isoforms (apoA2-is) as candidate plasma biomarkers for early-stage pancreatic cancer. The aim of this study was the clinical development of apoA2-is.

METHODS

We established a new enzyme-linked immunosorbent sandwich assay for apoA2-is under the Japanese medical device Quality Management System requirements and performed in vitro diagnostic tests with prespecified end points using 2732 plasma samples. The clinical equivalence and significance of apoA2-is were compared with CA19-9.

RESULTS

The point estimate of the area under the curve to distinguish between pancreatic cancer (n = 106) and healthy controls (n = 106) was higher for apoA2-ATQ/AT [0.879, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.832-0.925] than for CA19-9 (0.849, 95% CI 0.793-0.905) and achieved the primary end point. The cutoff apoA2-ATQ/AT of 59.5 μg/mL was defined based on a specificity of 95% in 2000 healthy samples, and the reliability of specificities was confirmed in two independent healthy cohorts as 95.3% (n = 106, 95% CI 89.4-98.0%) and 95.8% (n = 400, 95% CI 93.3-97.3%). The sensitivities of apoA2-ATQ/AT for detecting both stage I (47.4%) and I/II (50%) pancreatic cancers were higher than those of CA19-9 (36.8% and 46.7%, respectively). The combination of apoA2-ATQ/AT (cutoff, 59.5 μg/mL) and CA19-9 (37 U/mL) increased the sensitivity for pancreatic cancer to 87.7% compared with 69.8% for CA19-9 alone. The clinical performance of apoA2-is was blindly confirmed by the National Cancer Institute Early Detection Research Network.

CONCLUSIONS

The clinical performance of ApoA2-ATQ/AT as a blood biomarker is equivalent to or better than that of CA19-9.

Cyfra 21.1: A Useful Tumour Marker in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma: Cross-Sectional Study

BACKGROUND

Pancreatic cancer is a challenging disease, often requiring invasive procedures for diagnosis. Reliable tumour markers are essential for ensuring early detection and better patient outcomes. Although Carbohydrate Antigen 19-9 is the most commonly used marker, it is marred by low predictive accuracy and high false positivity. Carcino Embryonic Antigen also has limited practical use. A novel antigen, Cytokeratin fragment 21-1, is gaining significance for its diagnostic value in various tumours.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This prospective study aimed to evaluate the potential of Cytokeratin fragment 21-1 in comparison with Carbohydrate Antigen 19-9 and Carcino Embryonic Antigen in diagnosing pancreatic cancer. From January 2016 to December 2019, 45 patients with confirmed pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma were included in this cross-sectional study.

RESULTS

Carbohydrate Antigen 19-9 was raised in 22 patients, Carcino Embryonic Antigen was elevated in 17, and Cytokeratin fragment 21-1 was elevated in 30 cases. Carbohydrate Antigen 19-9 was found to be elevated in the presence of jaundice. Both Carbohydrate Antigen 19-9 and Cytokeratin fragment 21-1 had good correlation with stage of cancer, while Carcino Embryonic Antigen had very minimal correlation.

CONCLUSION

In this study, Cytokeratin fragment 21-1 was elevated in a higher number of cases than Carbohydrate Antigen 19-9 and Carcino Embryonic Antigen. Both Cytokeratin fragment 21-1 and Carbohydrate Antigen 19-9 correlated well with cancer stage. Also Cytokeratin fragment 21-1 was not affected by jaundice, unlike Carbohydrate Antigen 19-9. Therefore, Cytokeratin fragment 21-1 has the potential to be an effective individual tumour marker in pancreatic cancer.

Multimodal Imaging of Pancreatic Cancer Microenvironment in Response to an Antiglycolytic Drug

Lipid metabolism and glycolysis play crucial roles in the progression and metastasis of cancer, and the use of 3-bromopyruvate (3-BP) as an antiglycolytic agent has shown promise in killing pancreatic cancer cells. However, developing an effective strategy to avoid chemoresistance requires the ability to probe the interaction of cancer drugs with complex tumor-associated microenvironments (TAMs). Unfortunately, no robust and multiplexed molecular imaging technology is currently available to analyze TAMs. In this study, the simultaneous profiling of three protein biomarkers using SERS nanotags and antibody-functionalized nanoparticles in a syngeneic mouse model of pancreatic cancer (PC) is demonstrated. This allows for comprehensive information about biomarkers and TAM alterations before and after treatment. These multimodal imaging techniques include surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), immunohistochemistry (IHC), polarized light microscopy, second harmonic generation (SHG) microscopy, fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM), and untargeted liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis. The study reveals the efficacy of 3-BP in treating pancreatic cancer and identifies drug treatment-induced lipid species remodeling and associated pathways through bioinformatics analysis.

Diagnostic value of serum carbohydrate antigen 19-9 in pancreatic cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9) is the most widely used serum biomarker for detecting pancreatic cancer (PC). Since early diagnosis is important for improving PC prognosis, a comprehensive understanding of the diagnostic performance of CA19-9 is critical. This study focused on comprehensive evaluation of the efficacy of CA19-9 in PC diagnosis. Literature research was based on the seven databases. Studies released from January 2002 to January 2022 focused on the efficacy of CA19-9 in the detection of PC were included. Summarized sensitivity, specificity, and sROC/accuracy of discrimination (AUC) were estimated. Potential publication bias was measured with Funnel plot and Egger's test. Meta-regression was performed to detect possible causes of heterogeneity. Subgroup analysis was used to assess the diagnostic efficacy of CA19-9 under different conditions. The study is registered on PROSPERO (CRD42021253861). Seventy-nine studies containing 20 991 participants who met the criteria were included. The pooled sensitivity, specificity, and AUC of CA19-9 in diagnose PC were 72% (95% CI, 71-73%), 86% (95% CI, 85-86%), and 0.8474 (95% CI, 0.8272-0.8676). Subgroup analysis suggested that the diagnostic efficiency of CA19-9 in studies with healthy controls was the highest, followed by intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm, in pancreatitis and diabetes were consistent with the overall result. Our analysis showed that serum CA19-9 had high and stable diagnostic efficacy for PC (not affected by diabetes). Subgroup analysis showed that serum CA19-9 yielded highest effectiveness in the diagnosis of pancreatic precancerous lesions, which indicated an irreplaceable clinical value in the early detection and warning value for PC.

The HDL particle composition determines its antitumor activity in pancreatic cancer

Despite enormous efforts to improve therapeutic options, pancreatic cancer remains a fatal disease and is expected to become the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the next decade. Previous research identified lipid metabolic pathways to be highly enriched in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cells. Thereby, cholesterol uptake and synthesis promotes growth advantage to and chemotherapy resistance for PDAC tumor cells. Here, we demonstrate that high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-mediated efficient cholesterol removal from cancer cells results in PDAC cell growth reduction and induction of apoptosis in vitro. This effect is driven by an HDL particle composition-dependent interaction with SR-B1 and ABCA1 on cancer cells. AAV-mediated overexpression of APOA1 and rHDL injections decreased PDAC tumor development in vivo. Interestingly, plasma samples from pancreatic-cancer patients displayed a significantly reduced APOA1-to-SAA1 ratio and a reduced cholesterol efflux capacity compared with healthy donors. We conclude that efficient, HDL-mediated cholesterol depletion represents an interesting strategy to interfere with the aggressive growth characteristics of PDAC.

Apolipoprotein A-II, a Player in Multiple Processes and Diseases

Apolipoprotein A-II (apoA-II) is the second most abundant apolipoprotein in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles, playing an important role in lipid metabolism. Human and murine apoA-II proteins have dissimilar properties, partially because human apoA-II is dimeric whereas the murine homolog is a monomer, suggesting that the role of apoA-II may be quite different in humans and mice. As a component of HDL, apoA-II influences lipid metabolism, being directly or indirectly involved in vascular diseases. Clinical and epidemiological studies resulted in conflicting findings regarding the proatherogenic or atheroprotective role of apoA-II. Human apoA-II deficiency has little influence on lipoprotein levels with no obvious clinical consequences, while murine apoA-II deficiency causes HDL deficit in mice. In humans, an increased plasma apoA-II concentration causes hypertriglyceridemia and lowers HDL levels. This dyslipidemia leads to glucose intolerance, and the ensuing high blood glucose enhances apoA-II transcription, generating a vicious circle that may cause type 2 diabetes (T2D). ApoA-II is also used as a biomarker in various diseases, such as pancreatic cancer. Herein, we provide a review of the most recent findings regarding the roles of apoA-II and its functions in various physiological processes and disease states, such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, amyloidosis, hepatitis, insulin resistance, obesity, and T2D.

Risk stratification of pancreatic cancer by a blood test for apolipoprotein A2-isoforms

Though pancreatic cancer is uncommon, with an age-adjusted annual incidence of 12.9 cases per 100,000 person-years, it is considered a refractory cancer due to the mortality of 11.0 per 100,000 person-years. To efficiently identify patients with potentially surgically-curable pancreatic cancer, high-risk individuals (HRIs) for pancreatic cancer should be identified by easily and minimally invasive methods from the general population. We have identified unique processing patterns in the C-terminal amino acids of apolipoprotein A2 homodimer in the blood of patients with pancreatic cancer and in HRIs, and we called them apoA2-isoforms (apoA2-i). We then established an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to measure circulating apoA2-i in the blood stream. The diagnostic accuracy of apoA2-i to distinguish pancreatic cancer HRIs was verified by several retrospective studies, blind testing with the National Cancer Institute (NCI) Early Detection Research Network (EDRN), a prospective study with prediagnostic samples organized by the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) study, and the prospective screening study of pancreatic cancer in Kobe.The apoA2-i blood test is a potential biomarker to identify HRIs and the curative stage of pancreatic cancer in the general population.

Noninvasive risk stratification of intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasia with malignant potential by serum apolipoprotein-A2-isoforms

Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMNs) are premalignant lesions of pancreatic cancer. An accurate serum biomarker, which allows earlier identification of asymptomatic individuals with high-risk for developing cancer, is of urgent need. Apolipoprotein A2-isoforms (apoA2-i) have previously been identified as biomarkers in pancreatic cancer. This study investigates a potential clinical application of the serum apoA2-i for risk stratification of IPMN and associated cancer. The concentrations of apoA2-i were retrospectively determined in 523 patient sera specimen, composed of 305 IPMNs with preinvasive lesions with different grades of dysplasia and invasive cancer, 140 pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, 78 with other cystic lesions and healthy controls cohorts, using an apoA2-i enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit. The diagnostic performance of serum apoA2-i was assessed and compared to routine clinical marker CA 19-9. ApoA2-i levels were significantly reduced in all IPMN samples regardless of stage compared to healthy controls. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis of IPMNs with high-grade dysplasia and IPMN with associated carcinoma revealed the area under curve (AUC) of 0.91 and >0.94, respectively. The respective sensitivities were 70% and 83% with a specificity of 95%, and significantly higher than the gold standard biomarker CA 19-9. AUC values of apoA2-i for detecting IPMN-associated carcinoma of colloid and ductal subtypes were 0.990 and 0.885, respectively. ApoA2-i has the potential to early detect the risk of malignancy of patients with IPMN. The serological apoA2-i test in combination with imaging modalities could help improve the diagnosis of IPMN malignancy. Further validation in larger and independent international cohort studies is needed.

Low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels are associated with malignant intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms: A multicenter study

BACKGROUND

Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMNs) can potentially undergo malignant transformation. Studies have shown that high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) was associated with the risk of cancer. In this study, the association between HDL-c and the incidence of malignancy in IPMNs was investigated.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

226 patients with histologically proven IPMNs who underwent surgery were included in the present study. Patients were assigned to a training group (n = 151) and validation group (n = 75). Patients' demographic information, clinical data, and histopathological evaluation findings were obtained from medical records. Malignant IPMNs were defined as lesions that showed high grade dysplasia and invasive carcinoma. Logistic regression analyses were used to show the association between HDL-c and malignant IPMNs. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were generated to analyze predictive performance.

RESULTS

The prevalence of low HDL-c levels was higher in patients with malignant IPMNs than in those with non-malignant IPMNs (P < 0.01) in both the training group and validation group. The prevalence of malignant IPMNs decreased with an increase in HDL-c levels both in patients with all types of IPMNs, as well as in those with branch-duct IPMNs (BD-IPMNs).Logistic analysis showed that low HDL-c levels were associated with malignant IPMNs (odds ratio (OR) = 20.56, 95 % confidence interval (CI): 2.58-163.64, P < 0.01) in all types of IPMNs and BD-IPMNs (OR = 17.6, 95 %CI: 1.16-268.46, P = 0.02 ).The predictive performance of mural nodules plus low HDL-c levels was higher than that of mural nodules alone or mural nodules plus cyst size for the identification of malignant BD-IPMNs.

CONCLUSIONS

HDL-c levels may serve a potential biomarker for identifying malignant IPMNs and improve the predictive ability of malignancy in BD-IPMNs.

Significant Implications of APOA1 Gene Sequence Variations and Its Protein Expression in Bladder Cancer

Apolipoprotein A1 (APOA1) is a potential biomarker because of its variable concentration in different types of cancers. The current study is the first of its kind to evaluate the association between the APOA1 genotypes of −75 G/A and +83 C/T in tandem with the APOA1 protein expression in urine samples to find out the risk and potential relationship for differentially expressed urinary proteins and APOA1 genotypes. The study included 108 cases of bladder tumors and 150 healthy controls that were frequency matched to cases with respect to age, sex, and smoking status. Genotyping was performed using PCR-RFLP and the urinary expression of the APOA1 protein was done using ELISA. Bladder tumor cases were significantly associated with the APOA1 −75 AA genotype (p < 0.05), while the APOA1 +83 C/T heterozygotes showed an association with cases (p < 0.05). The overall distribution of the different haplotypes showed a marked difference between the cases and controls in GT when compared with the wild type GC (p < 0.03). Bladder tumor cases that carried the variant genotype APOA1 −75AA were found more (70.0%) with a higher expression (≥20 ng/mL)of the APOA1 urinary protein and differed significantly against wild type GG (p = 0.03). Again, in low grade bladder tumors, urinary APOA1 protein was exhibited significantly more (52.4% vs. 15.4% high grade) with a higher expression (≥20 ng), while high grade tumor cases (84.6% vs. 47.5% low grade) showed a lower APOA1 expression (<20 ng/mL) (O.R = 6.08, p = 0.002). A strong association was observed between APOA1 −75G/A and risk for bladder tumor and its relation to urinary protein expression, which substantiates its possible role as a marker for the risk assessment of the disease and as a promising diagnostic marker for different grades of malignant bladder tumors.

Biomarkers in the diagnosis of pancreatic cancer: Are we closer to finding the golden ticket?

Pancreatic cancer (PC) is a leading cause of cancer related mortality on a global scale. The disease itself is associated with a dismal prognosis, partly due to its silent nature resulting in patients presenting with advanced disease at the time of diagnosis. To combat this, there has been an explosion in the last decade of potential candidate biomarkers in the research setting in the hope that a diagnostic biomarker may provide a glimmer of hope in what is otherwise quite a substantial clinical dilemma. Currently, serum carbohydrate antigen 19-9 is utilized in the diagnostic work-up of patients diagnosed with PC however this biomarker lacks the sensitivity and specificity associated with a gold-standard marker. In the search for a biomarker that is both sensitive and specific for the diagnosis of PC, there has been a paradigm shift towards a focus on liquid biopsy and the use of diagnostic panels which has subsequently proved to have efficacy in the diagnosis of PC. Currently, promising developments in the field of early detection on PC using diagnostic biomarkers include the detection of microRNA (miRNA) in serum and circulating tumour cells. Both these modalities, although in their infancy and yet to be widely accepted into routine clinical practice, possess merit in the early detection of PC. We reviewed over 300 biomarkers with the aim to provide an in-depth summary of the current state-of-play regarding diagnostic biomarkers in PC (serum, urinary, salivary, faecal, pancreatic juice and biliary fluid).

Betulinic Acid Affects the Energy-Related Proteomic Profiling in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Cells

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an aggressive disease with a 5-year survival rate of <8%. Therefore, finding new treatment strategies against PDAC cells is an imperative issue. Betulinic acid (BA), a plant-derived natural compound, has shown great potential to combat cancer owing to its versatile physiological functions. In this study, we observed the impacts of BA on the cell viability and migratory ability of PDAC cell lines, and screened differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) by an LC-MS/MS-based proteomics analysis. Our results showed that BA significantly inhibited the viability and migratory ability of PDAC cells under a relatively low dosage without affecting normal pancreatic cells. Moreover, a functional analysis revealed that BA-induced downregulation of protein clusters that participate in mitochondrial complex 1 activity and oxidative phosphorylation, which was related to decreased expressions of RNA polymerase mitochondrial (POLRMT) and translational activator of cytochrome c oxidase (TACO1), suggesting that the influence on mitochondrial function explains the effect of BA on PDAC cell growth and migration. In addition, BA also dramatically increased Apolipoprotein A1 (APOA1) expression and decreased NLR family CARD domain-containing protein 4 (NLRC4) expression, which may be involved in the dampening of PDAC migration. Notably, altered expression patterns of APOA1 and NLRC4 indicated a favorable clinical prognosis of PDAC. Based on these findings, we identified potential proteins and pathways regulated by BA from a proteomics perspective, which provides a therapeutic window for PDAC.

Blood biomarkers for differential diagnosis and early detection of pancreatic cancer

Pancreatic cancer is currently the most lethal tumor entity and case numbers are rising. It will soon be the second most frequent cause of cancer-related death in the Western world. Mortality is close to incidence and patient survival after diagnosis stands at about five months. Blood-based diagnostics could be one crucial factor for improving this dismal situation and is at a stage that could make this possible. Here, we are reviewing the current state of affairs with its problems and promises, looking at various molecule types. Reported results are evaluated in the overall context. Also, we are proposing steps toward clinical utility that should advance the development toward clinical application by improving biomarker quality but also by defining distinct clinical objectives and the respective diagnostic accuracies required to achieve them. Many of the discussed points and conclusions are highly relevant to other solid tumors, too.

Apolipoprotein A1 and Low-Density Lipoprotein as Risk Factors for Intraocular Metastases in Postmenopausal Breast Cancer

BACKGROUND

The outcomes of patients with postmenopausal breast cancer(PBC) can be improved through the early detection of intraocular metastases(IOMs). In this study, we investigated patients with PBC, and compared those with IOMs with those with non-intraocular metastases(NIOMs) in terms of blood lipid levels, and then differentiated the risk factors associated with IOMs.

METHODS

Student's t-test and a chi-square test were used to discriminate between the IOMs and NIOMs groups. After establishing a Poisson regression model to analyze risk factors, we plotted receiver operating characteristic curves(ROC) to assess the quality of risk factors predicting IOMs.

RESULTS

The incidence of IOMs in PBC was 1.16%. There was no significant difference in terms of histopathology between the 2 groups. The levels of total cholesterol (TC), apolipoprotein A1(APOA1) and low-density lipoprotein(LDL) in IOMs were significantly lower than in NIOMs groups. Poisson regression suggested that low levels of APOA1 and LDL were risk factors for IOMs (P = 0.002 and P < 0.001, respectively). ROC curve analysis demonstrated that the cut-off values of APOA1 and LDL were 1.025 g/L and 2.415 mmol/L. The highest prediction accuracy for IOMs involved the combination of APOA1 and LDL (AUC = 0.881, P < 0.001).

CONCLUSION

Our research demonstrates that low levels of APOA1 and LDL efficiently predict IOMs in PBC as risk factors, and the combination of APOA1 and LDL was more predictive than single factors.

Screening and identification of key genes between liver hepatocellular carcinoma (LIHC) and cholangiocarcinoma (CHOL) by bioinformatic analysis

BACKGROUND

Liver hepatocellular carcinoma (LIHC) and cholangiocarcinoma (CHOL) are common primary liver cancers worldwide. Liver stem cells have biopotential to differentiate into either hepatocytes and cholangiocytes, the phenotypic overlap between LIHC and CHOL has been acceptable as a continuous liver cancer spectrum. However, few studies directly investigated the underlying molecular mechanisms between LIHC and CHOL.

METHOD

To identify the candidate genes between LIHC and CHOL, three data series including GSE31370, GSE15765 and GSE40367 were downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, and function enrichment analyses were performed. The protein-protein interaction network (PPI) was constructed and the module analysis was performed using STRING and Cytoscape.

RESULTS

A total of 171 DEGs were identified, consisting of 49 downregulated genes and 122 upregulated genes. Compared with CHOL, the enriched functions of the DEGs mainly included steroid metabolic process, acute inflammatory response, coagulation. Meanwhile, the pathway of KEGG enrichment analyses showed that the upregulated gene(s) were mainly enriched complement and coagulation cascades, cholesterol metabolism and PPAR signaling pathway, while the downregulated gene(s) were mainly enriched in ECM-receptor interaction, focal adhesion, bile secretion. Similarly, the most significant module was identified and biological process analysis revealed that these genes were mainly enriched in regulation of blood coagulation, acute inflammatory response, complement and coagulation cascades. Finally, two (ITIH2 and APOA2) of 10 hub genes had been screened out to help differential diagnosis.

CONCLUSION

171 DEGs and two (ITIH2 and APOA2) of 10 hub genes identified in the present study help us understand the different molecular mechanisms between LIHC and CHOL, and provide candidate targets for differential diagnosis.

Label-free proteomics reveals serum proteins whose levels differ between pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma patients with short or long survival

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is the most common and aggressive type of pancreatic cancer, with a 5-year survival rate that is less than 10%. New biomarkers to aid in predicting the prognosis of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma patients are needed. Previous proteomic studies have to a great extent focused on finding proteins of value for the diagnosis of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. There is a lack of studies that have profiled the serum or plasma proteome in order to discover candidates for new prognostic biomarkers. In this study, we have used ultra-performance liquid chromatography-ultra-definition mass spectrometry to analyze the serum samples of 21 pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma patients with short or long survival. Statistical analysis discovered 31 proteins whose expression differed significantly between pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma patients with short or long survival. Pathway analysis discovered multiple canonical pathways enriched in this data set, with several pathways having roles in inflammation and lipid metabolism. The serum proteins identified here, which include complement components and several enzymes, could be of value as candidates for new noninvasive prognostic markers.

Macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1/growth differentiation factor-15 in premalignant and neoplastic tumours in a high-risk pancreatic cancer cohort

BACKGROUND

Pancreatic cancer (PC) is a leading cause of cancer related mortality worldwide, with poor survival due to late diagnosis. Currently, biomarkers have limited use in early diagnosis of PC. Macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1 or growth differentiation factor-15 (MIC-1/GDF15) has been implicated as a potential serum biomarker in PC and other malignancies.

AIM

To determine the role of MIC-1/GDF15 in detecting pre-malignant pancreatic lesions and neoplastic tumours in an asymptomatic high-risk cohort part of Australian Pancreatic Cancer Screening Program.

METHODS

A feasibility prospective single centre cohort study was performed. Participants recruited for yearly surveillance with endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) had serial fasting blood samples collected before EUS for MIC-1/GDF15, C-reactive protein and carbohydrate antigen 19-9. Patients were stratified into five groups based on EUS findings: Normal; pancreatic cysts, branch-duct intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm; diffuse non-specific abnormalities; and neoplastic tumours. MIC-1/GDF15 serum levels were quantified using ELISA. Participants in whom EUS demonstrated abnormalities but not malignancy were closely followed up with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computed tomography.

RESULTS

One hundred twenty participants were prospectively recruited from 2011-2018. Forty-seven participants (39.2%) had an abnormal EUS and five participants (4.2%) were diagnosed with neoplastic tumours, three by EUS (two pancreatic and one liver) and two by MRI/computed tomography (breast cancer, bladder cancer), which were performed for follow up of abnormal EUS. Baseline serum MIC-1/GDF15 was a significant predictor of neoplastic tumours on receiver operator characteristic curve analysis [area under curve (AUC) = 0.814, P = 0.023]. Baseline serum MIC-1/GDF15 had moderate predictive capacity for branch-duct intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (AUC = 0.644) and neoplastic tumours noted on EUS (AUC = 0.793), however this was not significant (P = 0.188 and 0.081 respectively). Serial serum MIC-1/GDF15 did not demonstrate a significant percentage change between a normal and abnormal EUS (P = 0.213). Median baseline MIC-1/GDF15 was greater in those with neoplastic tumours (Median = 1039.6, interquartile range = 727.0-1977.7) compared to those diagnosed with a benign lesion (Median = 570.1, interquartile range = 460.7-865.2) on EUS and MRI (P = 0.012).

CONCLUSION

In this pilot study MIC-1/GDF15 has predictive capacity for neoplastic tumours in asymptomatic individuals with a genetic predisposition for PC. Further imagining may be warranted in patients with abnormal EUS and raised serum MIC-1/GDF15. Larger multicentric prospective studies are required to further define the role of MIC-1/GDF15 as a serological biomarker in pre-malignant pancreatic lesions and neoplastic tumours.

Identification of potential cervical cancer serum biomarkers in Thai patients

Cervical cancer is one of the most common causes of cancer-associated mortality in females worldwide. Serum biomarkers are important tools for diagnosis, disease staging, monitoring treatment and detecting recurrence in different types of cancer. However, only a small number of established biomarkers have been used for clinical diagnosis of cervical cancer. Therefore, the identification of minimally invasive, sensitive and highly specific biomarkers for detection of cervical cancer may improve outcomes. In the present pilot study, changes in disease-relevant proteins in 31 patients with cervical cancer were compared with 16 healthy controls. The Human 14 Multiple Affinity Removal system was used to deplete the 14 most abundant serum proteins to decrease sample complexity and to enrich proteins that exhibited decreased levels of abundance in the serum samples. Immunoaffinity-depleted serum samples were analyzed by in-gel digestion, followed by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry analysis and data processing. Automated quantitative western blot assays and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to evaluate the differential protein expression levels between the two groups. Capillary electrophoresis-based western blot analysis was performed to quantitatively determine serum levels of the candidate biomarkers. Significantly increased levels of α-1-antitrypsin (A1AT) and pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase 2 (PYCR2) were detected, whereas the levels of transthyretin (TTR), apolipoprotein A-I (ApoA-I), vitamin D binding protein (VDBP) and multimerin-1 (MMRN1) were significantly decreased in patients with cervical cancer compared with the healthy controls. ROC curve analysis indicated that the sensitivity and specificity was improved through the combination of the 6 candidate biomarkers. In summary, the results demonstrated that 6 candidate biomarkers (A1AT, PYCR2, TTR, ApoA-I, VDBP and MMRN1) exhibited significantly different expression between serum samples from healthy controls and patients with cervical cancer. These proteins may represent potential biomarkers for distinguishing patients with cervical cancer from healthy controls and for differentiation of patient subgroups.

Apolipoprotein B/Apolipoprotein A-I Ratio Is a Better Predictor of Cancer Mortality Compared with C-Reactive Protein: Results from Two Multi-Ethnic US Populations

BACKGROUND

There is a lack of evidence regarding the link between apolipoproteins and cancer mortality. By using two nationally representative samples of US adults, we prospectively evaluated the associations between apolipoprotein B (apoB) levels and apoB/apoA-I ratio with cancer mortality. We also examined the role of C-reactive protein (CRP) in these associations.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Adults aged ≥20 years, enrolled in the 3rd National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III, 1988-1994) and continuous NHANES (2005-2010), and followed up to 31 December 2011, were included in the analysis. Multiple Cox regressions were applied to evaluate the associations between the variables of interest and cancer mortality.

RESULTS

Overall, 7695 participants were included (mean age: 49.2 years; 50.4% men, median follow-up: 19.1 years). In the fully adjusted model, participants in the highest quartile (Q4) of apoB/apoA-I had a significantly greater risk for cancer mortality (hazard ratio (HR): 1.40; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.25-1.93) compared with those in the first quartile (Q1). In the same model, a positive and significant association between apoB levels and cancer mortality was observed for individuals in Q3 (HR: 1.12; 95% CI: 1.09-1.16) and Q4 (HR: 1.17; 95% CI: 1.09-1.25) compared with those in Q1. When CRP levels were added in the analysis, the apoB/apoA-I ratio, but not apoB levels, remained significantly related to cancer mortality (Q4 = HR: 1.17; 95% CI: 1.09-1.25). In contrast, CRP levels were not able to predict cancer death after correction for apoB/apoA-I ratio.

CONCLUSIONS

In a large representative sample of the US adult population, the apoB/apoA-I ratio and apoB levels significantly predicted cancer mortality, independently of several cardiometabolic risk factors. The predictive value of apoB/apoA-I, but not apoB levels, remained significant after taking into account CRP, whereas CRP was not associated with cancer mortality after adjustment for apoB/apoA-I ratio. If further evidence supports our findings, apoA-I and apoB measurements could be considered in general healthcare policies.

Serum Apolipoprotein A-I Combined With C-Reactive Protein Serves As A Novel Prognostic Stratification System For Colorectal Cancer

Background and objective

Noninvasive prognostic tools for colorectal cancer (CRC) are urgently needed. This study was designed to investigate the prognostic value of preoperative serum lipid and lipoprotein concentrations (including ApoA-I, Apo-B, HDL-C, LDL-C, TC and TG) and CRP levels retrospectively in CRC patients.

Methods

Preoperative serum lipid and lipoprotein concentrations (including ApoA-I, Apo-B, HDL-C, LDL-C, TC and TG) and CRP levels were analyzed retrospectively in 250 patients with CRC. The prognostic significance of these indexes was determined by univariate and multivariate Cox hazard models.

Results

CRC patients with higher levels of ApoA-I and HDL-C and lower levels of CRP had significantly longer overall survival (OS, log rank test, p<0.05). Based on univariate analysis, ApoA-I levels (p=0.002), CRP levels (p=0.007), HDL-C levels (p=0.005), pT classification (p=0.005), pN classification (p<0.001), pM classification (p<0.001) and pTNM stage (p<0.001) were significantly associated with OS. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression analysis indicated that ApoA-I levels (HR: 1.52, p=0.023), CRP levels (HR: 1.85, p=0.035) and pTNM stage (HR: 2.53, p< 0.001) were independent predictors of CRC survival. The included patients were then stratified into three tiers based on the ApoA-I and CRP levels. In the whole cohort, the OS and disease-free survival differed significantly between the low-risk (ApoA-I≥1.08 mg/dL and CRP<3.04 mg/dL), medium-risk (ApoA-I≥1.08 mg/dL or CRP<3.04 mg/dL), and high-risk (ApoA-I<1.08 mg/dL and CRP ≥3.04 mg/dL) groups (p=0.001 and p=0.004).

Conclusion

Decreased levels of ApoA-I and HDL-C and increased levels of CRP were predictive of poor prognosis among patients with CRC. In addition, the combination of ApoA-I and CRP can serve as a novel prognostic stratification system for more accurate clinical staging of CRC.

Apolipoprotein A-I (ApoA-I), Immunity, Inflammation and Cancer

Apolipoprotein A-I (ApoA-I), the major protein component of high-density lipoproteins (HDL) is a multifunctional protein, involved in cholesterol traffic and inflammatory and immune response regulation. Many studies revealing alterations of ApoA-I during the development and progression of various types of cancer suggest that serum ApoA-I levels may represent a useful biomarker contributing to better estimation of cancer risk, early cancer diagnosis, follow up, and prognosis stratification of cancer patients. In addition, recent in vitro and animal studies disclose a more direct, tumor suppressive role of ApoA-I in cancer pathogenesis, which involves anti-inflammatory and immune-modulatory mechanisms. Herein, we review recent epidemiologic, clinicopathologic, and mechanistic studies investigating the role of ApoA-I in cancer biology, which suggest that enhancing the tumor suppressive activity of ApoA-I may contribute to better cancer prevention and treatment.

Proteomics analysis identified serum biomarkers for occupational benzene exposure and chronic benzene poisoning

The study aimed to find novel effect biomarkers for occupational benzene exposure and chronic benzene poisoning (CBP), which might also provide clues to the mechanism of benzene toxicity.We performed a comparative serological proteome analysis between healthy control workers with no benzene exposure, workers with short-term benzene exposure, workers with long-term benzene exposure, and CBP patients using 2D-DIGE and MALDI-TOF-MS. Two of the differentially expressed proteins were then selected to be validated by immune turbidimetric analysis.A total of 10 proteins were found to be significantly altered between different groups. The identified deferentially expressed proteins were classified according to their molecular functions, biological processes, and protein classes. The alteration of 2 important serum proteins among them, apolipoprotein A-I and transthyretin, were further confirmed.Our findings suggest that the identified differential proteins could be used as biomarkers for occupational benzene exposure and CBP, and they may also help elucidate the mechanisms of benzene toxicity.

HDL in Endocrine Carcinomas: Biomarker, Drug Carrier, and Potential Therapeutic

High-density lipoprotein (HDL) have long been studied for their protective role against cardiovascular diseases, however recently relationship between HDL and cancer came into focus. Several epidemiological studies have shown an inverse correlation between HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) and cancer risk, and some have even implied that HDL-C can be used as a predictive measure for survival prognosis in for specific sub-population of certain types of cancer. HDL itself is an endogenous nanoparticle capable of removing excess cholesterol from the periphery and returning it to the liver for excretion. One of the main receptors for HDL, scavenger receptor type B-I (SR-BI), is highly upregulated in endocrine cancers, notably due to the high demand for cholesterol by cancer cells. Thus, the potential to exploit administration of cholesterol-free reconstituted or synthetic HDL (sHDL) to deplete cholesterol in endocrine cancer cell and stunt their growth of use chemotherapeutic drug loaded sHDL to target payload delivery to cancer cell has become increasingly attractive. This review focuses on the role of HDL and HDL-C in cancer and application of sHDLs as endocrine cancer therapeutics.

Pancreatic Fat Content Detected by Computed Tomography and Its Significant Relationship With Intraductal Papillary Mucinous Neoplasm

OBJECTIVES

Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMNs) are premalignant lesions of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas (PDACs). Fat accumulation in the pancreas is increasingly recognized as a cause of PDAC. We aimed to identify factors that are relevant between IPMN and metabolic-related factors, including pancreatic fat.

METHODS

The database for 781 subjects who underwent a health checkup and upper abdominal magnetic resonance imaging was searched and computed tomography attenuation indexes (pancreatic and spleen attenuation, pancreas-to-spleen attenuation ratio) were decided by measuring the regions of interest in the pancreas and spleen on nonenhanced images, using Hounsfield units. Eighty-five subjects from each of the IPMN and noncyst groups were matched for age, sex, and glycemic status and statistically compared in clinical characteristics.

RESULTS

There was no difference in metabolic-related factors except for apolipoprotein A1 and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol between the 2 groups in univariate analysis. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that both indexes were significantly associated with IPMN (odds ratio, 0.905 [95% confidence intervals, 0.851-0.963; P = 0.002]; odds ratio, 0.006 [95% confidence intervals, 0.000-0.152; P = 0.002]).

CONCLUSIONS

Pancreatic fat content measured by computed tomography was significantly associated with IPMN. These results suggest that IPMN may develop secondary to pancreatic steatosis that could be an overlapping risk factor for PDAC and IPMN.

Subventricular zone involvement in Glioblastoma - A proteomic evaluation and clinicoradiological correlation

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), the most malignant of all gliomas is characterized by a high degree of heterogeneity and poor response to treatment. The sub-ventricular zone (SVZ) is the major site of neurogenesis in the brain and is rich in neural stem cells. Based on the proximity of the GBM tumors to the SVZ, the tumors can be further classified into SVZ+ and SVZ−. The tumors located in close contact with the SVZ are classified as SVZ+, while the tumors located distantly from the SVZ are classified as SVZ−. To gain an insight into the increased aggressiveness of SVZ+ over SVZ− tumors, we have used proteomics techniques like 2D-DIGE and LC-MS/MS to investigate any possible proteomic differences between the two subtypes. Serum proteomic analysis revealed significant alterations of various acute phase proteins and lipid carrying proteins, while tissue proteomic analysis revealed significant alterations in cytoskeletal, lipid binding, chaperone and cell cycle regulating proteins, which are already known to be associated with disease pathobiology. These findings provide cues to molecular basis behind increased aggressiveness of SVZ+ GBM tumors over SVZ− GBM tumors and plausible therapeutic targets to improve treatment modalities for these highly invasive tumors.

Detection of Circulating Tumor Cells Using Negative Enrichment Immunofluorescence and an In Situ Hybridization System in Pancreatic Cancer

Pancreatic cancer (PC) is the most lethal type of gastrointestinal cancer, and early detection and monitoring is an urgent problem. Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are emerging as a non-invasive biomarker for tumor detection. However, the low sensitivity is a main problem in the traditional CellSearch System for detecting CTCs, especially in patients with PC. In this study, we used negative enrichment (NE), immunofluorescence and in situ hybridization (FISH) of chromosome 8 (NE-iFISH) to capture and identify CTCs in PC patients. We showed that the NE-iFISH system exhibited a dramatically high detection rate of CTCs in PC patients (90%). The diagnostic rate of PC reached 97.5% when combining CTCs ≥ 2 and carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9) > 37 µmol/L. The 1-year survival in the group of CTCs < 3 was significantly higher than that of CTCs ≥ 3 (p = 0.043). In addition, we analyzed the role of chromosomal instability in CTCs detection. The group of triploid (three hybridization signals of chromosome 8) CTCs ≥ 3 showed a shorter 1-year survival (p = 0.0279) and overall survival (p = 0.0188) than the group with triploid CTCs < 3. Importantly, the triploid CTC number but not the overall CTC counts could be a predictor of chemo-sensitivity. Moreover, circulating tumor microembolus (CTMs) were found in stage IV patients, and were positively related to the poor response to chemotherapy. In conclusion, the NE-iFISH system significantly improved the positive detection rate of CTCs and triploid CTC could be used to predict prognosis or the response to the chemotherapy of PC patients. CTM is a potential indicator of the chemotherapeutic effect in advanced PC patients.

Nomogram basing pre-treatment parameters predicting early response for locally advanced rectal cancer with neoadjuvant chemotherapy alone: a subgroup efficacy analysis of FOWARC study

Objective

To develop an accurate model with pre-treatment parameters to predict tumor regression and down-staging in locally advanced rectal cancer patients, basing the cohort of preoperative chemotherapy alone in FOWARC study.

Patients and Methods

From Jan 2011 to Feb 2015, complete data was available for 137 out of 165 patients who received preoperative chemotherapy alone. All pre-treatment clinical parameters were collected. Tumor regression grade (TRG) 0-1 was defined as good regression, and pathological TNM stage (ypTNM) 0-I after neoadjuvant treatment was defined as good down-staging. Nomogram was established to predict tumor regression and down-staging. The predictive performance of the model was assessed with concordance index and calibration plots.

Results

Of the 137 patients, 10 had TRG 0 (complete regression); 32 patients, TRG 1; and 95 patients, TRG 2 and 3 (poor regression); 56 (40.9%) patients were classified as good down-staging with ypTNM stage 0-I. The predictive nomograms were developed to predict the probability of TRG 0-1 and good down-staging with a C-index of 0.72 (95% CI: 0.604-0.797) and 0.76 (95% CI: 0.681-0.844). Calibration plots showed good statistical performance on internal validation. Predictive factors in the models included tumor length, tumor circumferential extent, age, and ApoA1.

Conclusions

The model based on available clinical parameters could accurately predict early efficacy with neoadjuvant mFOLFOX6 chemotherapy alone, which might help in patient selection for optimized treatment.

Serum apolipoprotein A-I is a novel prognostic indicator for non-metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Background

We investigated the value of pretreatment serum apolipoprotein A-I (ApoA-I) in complementing TNM staging in the prognosis of non-metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC).

Patients and methods

We retrospectively reviewed 1196 newly diagnosed patients with non-metastatic NPC. Disease-specific survival (DSS), distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS), and locoregional recurrence-free survival (LRFS) rates were compared according to serum ApoA-I level. Multivariate analysis was performed to assess the prognostic value of serum ApoA-I.

Results

The 5-year DSS, DMFS, and LRFS rates for patients with elevated or decreased serum ApoA-I were 81.3% versus 69.3% (P < 0.001), 83.4% versus 67.4% (P < 0.001), and 80.9% versus 67.3% (P < 0.001), respectively. ApoA-I ≥ 1.025 g/L was an independent prognostic factor for superior DSS, DMFS, and LRFS in multivariate analysis. After stratification by clinical stage, serum ApoA-I remained a clinically and statistically significant predictor of prognosis.

Conclusion

Our data suggest that the level of ApoA-I at diagnosis is a novel independent prognostic marker that could complement clinical staging for risk definition in non-metastatic NPC.

Identification of Novel Serum Autoantibodies for Differential Diagnosis of Autoimmune Pancreatitis and Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma

OBJECTIVES

The lack of specific biochemical markers is a major drawback for the diagnosis of autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP). The aims were to characterize the autoantibody profiles in AIP and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) and to identify circulating autoantibodies that could be diagnostic markers differentiating PDAC and the AIP subtypes.

METHODS

Tissue lysates obtained from the resected pancreas of patients with AIP and patients with PDAC were separated by 2-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis subsequently immunoblotted with autologous sera. The immunoreactive spots were subjected to nanoscale liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry to identify serum autoantibodies to tissue-derived autoantigens associated with AIP and PDAC. Autoantibody concentrations for selected autoantigens were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays.

RESULTS

A total of 115 immunoreactive spots were identified by 2-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis/immunobloting. Nanoscale liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry-based analysis revealed 68 autoantigens in AIP, 26 in PDAC, and 21 present in both diseases. Assessment of 13 selected AIP autoantibody serum levels revealed that 7 of them had significantly higher titers in AIP versus PDAC. IgG-directed against transaldolase could significantly differentiate between the 2 AIP subtypes.

CONCLUSIONS

The novel panel of AIP autoantibodies is promising to supplement the predictive tests for AIP of the currently known autoantigens and represent a basis for a combined blood test to differentiate AIP from PDAC in the future.

Potential usefulness of apolipoprotein A2 isoforms for screening and risk stratification of pancreatic cancer

Given the low incidence of pancreatic cancer in the general population, screening of pancreatic cancer in the general population using invasive modalities is not feasible. Combination of invasive screening with noninvasive biomarkers for pancreatic cancer and its precancerous lesions has the potential to reduce mortality due to pancreatic cancer. In this review, we focus on biomarkers found in the blood that can indicate early-stage pancreatic cancer, and we discuss current strategies for screening for pancreatic cancer. We recently identified a unique alteration in apolipoprotein A2 isoforms in pancreatic cancer and its precancerous lesions, and we describe its clinical usefulness as a potential biomarker for the early detection and risk stratification of pancreatic cancer.

Differential Diagnosis of Autoimmune Pancreatitis From Pancreatic Cancer by Analysis of Serum Gelatinase Levels

OBJECTIVES

The aim of this study was to analyze serum gelatinases as part of the clinical strategy for the preoperative differentiation between autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). The finding of differential markers will prevent unnecessary surgical resection and allow optimal treatment of these diseases.

METHODS

Quantitative gelatin zymography was applied to analyze all individual gelatinase forms in serum and to define proteinase alterations associated with AIP and PDAC. For this purpose, sera of 130 patients, being 29 with AIP, 33 with chronic pancreatitis, 32 with PDAC, and 36 healthy controls, were first assayed for gelatinase levels by quantitative zymography before further validation by the analysis with commercial sandwich enzyme linked immunosorbent assays.

RESULTS

Serum profiling data obtained by zymography analysis revealed that gelatinase B/matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9), the neutrophil gelatinase B-associated lipocalin/MMP-9 complex, and gelatinase A/MMP-2 levels were significantly increased in patients with AIP. These proteins are promising markers to discriminate between AIP and PDAC. The best composite parameter, being the ratio of total MMP-9 over MMP-2 levels, can predict 93% of the AIP and 75% of the PDAC correctly. With enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, we confirmed the zymography results.

CONCLUSIONS

Differential gelatinase serum profiles as AIP markers, together with other clinical tests, help to assure the diagnosis of PDAC or AIP.

High level of serum apolipoprotein A-I is a favorable prognostic factor for overall survival in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma

Background

Noninvasive prognostic tools for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) are urgently needed. Serum lipids and lipoproteins are used for the prognosis of certain diseases; however, the prognostic value of serum apolipoprotein A-I (ApoA-I) in ESCC has not been described.

Methods

Pre-treatment serum lipids and lipoprotein concentrations (including ApoA-I, Apo-B, HDL-C, LDL-C, TC and TG) were analyzed retrospectively and compared between 210 patients with ESCC and 219 healthy controls. The prognostic significance of serum lipids and lipoproteins was determined by univariate and multivariate Cox hazard models in ESCC.

Results

Clinical characteristics (age, sex, pT status, pN status, pM status, pTNM status, histological differentiation or alcohol index) had no influence on baseline ApoA-I level. Serum ApoA-I, HDL-C, LDL-C, and TC levels were significantly lower and Apo-B was significantly higher in ESCC patients than in normal controls. On univariate analysis, ApoA-I, alcohol index, pT status, pN status and pTNM status were associated with significantly poor survival, and ApoA-I (p = 0.039), alcohol index (p = 0.037) and pTNM status (p = 0.000) were identified as prognostic factors associated with shorter survival in the multivariate analysis.

Conclusions

Overall survival was shorter in ESCC patients with decreased pre-treatment ApoA-I levels. Our findings suggest that serum ApoA-I level should be evaluated as a predictor of survival in patients with ESCC.

Apolipoproteins as Differentiating and Predictive Markers for Assessing Clinical Outcomes in Patients with Small Cell Lung Cancer

PURPOSE

The present study aimed to investigate the value of apolipoproteins, including ApoA-1, ApoC-III, and ApoE, in patients with small cell lung cancer (SCLC) as potential biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis, and cancer progression.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Lung samples were collected from 89 patients with SCLC. Nineteen lung samples from non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients and 12 normal lung tissues were used as controls. Expression profiles of ApoA-1, ApoC-III, and ApoE in different samples were examined using immunohistochemical methods, and the expression levels were correlated with cancer types, treatment, and outcomes using chi-square and Mann-Whitney tests.

RESULTS

Expression of ApoA-1 and ApoC-III in SCLC was significantly different, compared with that in NSCLC and normal lung tissues, and was correlated with recurrence of SCLC. Patients undergoing neoadjuvant chemotherapy before surgery showed significantly reduced expression of ApoA-1 and increased expression of ApoC-III and ApoE. Nevertheless, the expression levels of ApoA-1, ApoC-III, and ApoE were not correlated with SCLC staging.

CONCLUSION

ApoA-1 and ApoC-III may be used as differentiating and predictive markers for SCLC. ApoA-1, ApoC-III, and ApoE may be used to monitor the efficacy of chemotherapy.

Apolipoprotein A-I and Cancer

High-density lipoprotein (HDL) and apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I), the predominant protein in plasma HDL, have long been the focus of intense studies in the field of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. ApoA-I, in large part, is responsible for HDL assembly and its main atheroprotective function, that of shuttling excess cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver for excretion (reverse cholesterol transport). Recently, a protective role for HDL in cancer was suggested from several large clinical studies where an inverse relationship between plasma HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) levels and risk of developing cancer was noted. This notion has now been tested and found to be supported in mouse tumor studies, where increasing levels of apoA-I/HDL were discovered to protect against tumor development and provision of human apoA-I was therapeutic against established tumors. This mini-review discusses the emerging role of apoA-I in tumor biology and its potential as cancer therapeutic.

Plasma biomarker for detection of early stage pancreatic cancer and risk factors for pancreatic malignancy using antibodies for apolipoprotein-AII isoforms

We recently reported that circulating apolipoprotein AII (apoAII) isoforms apoAII-ATQ/AT (C-terminal truncations of the apoAII homo-dimer) decline significantly in pancreatic cancer and thus might serve as plasma biomarkers for the early detection of this disease. We report here the development of novel enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) for measurement of apoAII-ATQ/AT and their clinical applicability for early detection of pancreatic cancer. Plasma and serum concentrations of apoAII-ATQ/AT were measured in three independent cohorts, which comprised healthy control subjects and patients with pancreatic cancer and gastroenterologic diseases (n = 1156). These cohorts included 151 cases of stage I/II pancreatic cancer. ApoAII-ATQ/AT not only distinguished the early stages of pancreatic cancer from healthy controls but also identified patients at high risk for pancreatic malignancy. AUC values of apoAII-ATQ/AT to detect early stage pancreatic cancer were higher than those of CA19–9 in all independent cohorts. ApoAII-ATQ/AT is a potential biomarker for screening patients for the early stage of pancreatic cancer and identifying patients at risk for pancreatic malignancy (161 words).

Apolipoprotein A-I: A Molecule of Diverse Function

Apolipoprotein A-I (apo A-I) an indispensable component and a major structural protein of high-density lipoprotein (HDL), plays a vital role in reverse cholesterol transport and cellular cholesterol homeostasis since its identification. Its multifunctional role in immunity, inflammation, apoptosis, viral, bacterial infection etc. has crossed its boundary of its potential of protecting cardiovascular system and lowering cardiovascular disease risk, attributing HDL to be known as a protective fat removal particle. Its structural homology with prostacyclin stabilization factor has contributed to its anti-clotting and anti-aggregatory effect on platelet which has potentiated its cardio-protective role as well as its therapeutic efficacy against Alzheimer's disease. The binding affinity and neutralising action against endotoxin lipopolysaccharide, reduces the toxic manifestations of septic shock. As a negative acute phase protein, it blocks T-cell signalling of macrophages. However the recently identified anti-tumor activity of apo A-I has been highlighted in various models of melanoma, lung cancer, ovarian cancer, lymphoblastic leukaemia, gastric as well as pancreatic cancers. These cancer fighting effects are directed towards regression of tumor size and distant metastasis by its immuno modulatory activity as well as its clearing effect on serum lysophospholipids. This lowering effect on lysophospholipid concentration is utilized by apo A-I mimetic peptides to be used in retarding tumor cell proliferation and as a potential cancer therapeutic agent. Not only that, it inhibits the tumor associated neo-angiogenesis as well as brings down the matrix degrading enzymes associated with tumor metastasis. However this efficient therapeutic potential of apo A-I as an anti tumor agent awaits further future experimental studies in humans.

Correlation of apolipoprotein A-I kinetics with survival and response to first-line platinum-based chemotherapy in advanced non-small cell lung cancer

The aim of this study was to determine whether apolipoprotein A-I (ApoA-I) kinetics predict the overall survival in patients with advanced-stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) during platinum-based first-line therapy. A total of 125 NSCLC patients from January 2008 to September 2014 were retrospectively reviewed. Serum ApoA-I level was measured at baseline and thereafter at the start of each palliative chemotherapy cycle for all patients. Patients were divided into four groups according to ApoA-I kinetics. Patients whose ApoA-I ≥ 1.01 g/L and never decreased during treatment, patients whose ApoA-I ≥ 1.01 g/L and decreased (ApoA-I < 1.01 g/L) at least one time during treatment, patients whose ApoA-I < 1.01 g/L and normalized (ApoA-I ≥ 1.01) at least one time during treatment, and patients whose ApoA-I < 1.01 g/L and never normalized during treatment were assigned to non-decreased, decreased, normalized, and non-normalized ApoA-I groups, respectively. Overall survival rates were significantly different between the four groups, with 2-year survival rates of 88.6 and 17.5 % for the non-decreased and the decreased ApoA-I groups, respectively, and none survived 2 years later in the normalized and the non-normalized ApoA-I groups. When compared with the non-decreased group, the hazard ratios of death were 0.05, 0.44, and 1.73 in the normalized, decreased, and non-normalized groups, respectively (P < 0.001). Normalization of ApoA-I was associated with a low risk of progression, whereas patients with a decreased level of ApoA-I showed a progression of disease in most cases. ApoA-I can be a novel, widely available biomarker for patients with NSCLC.

Apolipoprotein C1 (APOC1) as a novel diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for lung cancer: A marker phase I trial

BACKGROUND

Tumor cells continuously evolve over time in response to host pressures. However, explanations as to how tumor cells are influenced by the inflammatory tumor microenvironment over time are, to date, poorly defined. We hypothesized that prognostic biomarkers could be obtained by exploring the expression of inflammation-associated genes between early and late stage lung cancer tumor samples.

METHODS

Candidate inflammation-associated genes, apolipoprotein C-1 (APOC1), MMP1, KMO)1, CXCL5, CXCL)7, IL-1α, IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-6 were verified by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Gene expression profiles and immunofluorescence staining of 30 lung cancer tissues were compared.

RESULTS

Expressions of APOC1 and IL-6 mRNA on tumor tissues in late stage disease were significantly higher than in early stage lung cancer samples. Immunofluorescence staining of tumor samples showed that the expression of APOC1 gradually increased from early to late stage in lung cancer patients. The expression levels of IL-6 and APOC1 in tumor samples were positively correlated; however, no prognostic value of APOC1 can be identified in serum samples.

CONCLUSIONS

We found that the level of tumor APOC1 was highly expressed in late stage lung cancer. Further research is warranted to determine the molecular mechanisms underlying the cross talk of APOC1 and IL-6 in tumor progression. An expanded sample size marker phase II study may lead to the discovery of new lung cancer therapeutics targeting APOC1.

Biomarkers for pancreatic cancer: Recent achievements in proteomics and genomics through classical and multivariate statistical methods

Pancreatic cancer (PC) is one of the most aggressive and lethal neoplastic diseases. A valid alternative to the usual invasive diagnostic tools would certainly be the determination of biomarkers in peripheral fluids to provide less invasive tools for early diagnosis. Nowadays, biomarkers are generally investigated mainly in peripheral blood and tissues through high-throughput omics techniques comparing control vs pathological samples. The results can be evaluated by two main strategies: (1) classical methods in which the identification of significant biomarkers is accomplished by monovariate statistical tests where each biomarker is considered as independent from the others; and (2) multivariate methods, taking into consideration the correlations existing among the biomarkers themselves. This last approach is very powerful since it allows the identification of pools of biomarkers with diagnostic and prognostic performances which are superior to single markers in terms of sensitivity, specificity and robustness. Multivariate techniques are usually applied with variable selection procedures to provide a restricted set of biomarkers with the best predictive ability; however, standard selection methods are usually aimed at the identification of the smallest set of variables with the best predictive ability and exhaustivity is usually neglected. The exhaustive search for biomarkers is instead an important alternative to standard variable selection since it can provide information about the etiology of the pathology by producing a comprehensive set of markers. In this review, the most recent applications of the omics techniques (proteomics, genomics and metabolomics) to the identification of exploratory biomarkers for PC will be presented with particular regard to the statistical methods adopted for their identification. The basic theory related to classical and multivariate methods for identification of biomarkers is presented and then, the most recent applications in this field are discussed.

Elevated apolipoprotein A-I levels are associated with favorable prognosis in metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma

The survival outcomes of patients with metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) differ significantly between individuals. Serum lipids and lipoproteins have been reported to be associated with prognosis in some cancers, but it has not been studied in metastatic NPC. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether serum lipid and lipoproteins could predict the prognosis of metastatic NPC patients. Eight hundred and seven patients with metastatic NPC were analyzed retrospectively, and the values of serum lipids and lipoproteins at baseline were retrieved. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis and univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards analyses were used to evaluate the associations of serum lipids and lipoproteins with overall survival (OS). Univariate analysis revealed that higher values of baseline cholesterol (≥4.655 mmol/L), baseline high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (≥0.965 mmol/L), and baseline apolipoprotein A-I (ApoA-I) (≥1.065 g/L) were significantly associated with superior OS (p < 0.001), respectively. Multivariate Cox proportional hazard analysis showed that higher ApoA-I level (vs. lower ApoA-I level, HR 0.64, 95 % CI 0.52-0.80, p < 0.001) was an independent protective factor against progression. In addition, higher body mass index, earlier N stages, single lesion, and absence of liver metastasis were also revealed to be independent protective factors. In conclusion, the elevated baseline ApoA-I level may predict those patients likely to have a favorable OS.

Analysis of the differences of serum protein mass spectrometry in patients with triple negative breast cancer and non-triple negative breast cancer

The objective of the present study was to investigate differences of serum protein mass spectrometry in patients with triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) and non-TNBC and thus to search for candidate serum protein biomarkers for identification and diagnosis of TNBC. Thirty serum samples from patients with TNBC without any treatment and 30 serum samples from patients with non-TNBC without any treatment were detected by using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and matrix-assisted laser dissociation tandem time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS). PDQest 7.0 software of Bio-Rad was adopted to screen differentially expressed proteins. Protein ID retrieval was conducted by using Mascot software to confirm the results of differential proteins. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis profiles were obtained successfully. A total of 16 differential protein loci were discovered by analyzing patient sera of the two groups using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis analysis software. Ten differential proteins were identified by mass spectrometric analysis in the 16 differential proteins. Combined with database and literature search results, it is speculated that the specifically upregulated proteins and downregulated proteins including transthyretin, haptoglobin, and antitrypsin may be the potential markers for early diagnosis of TNBC. Comparing the TNBC patients with the non-TNBC patients, there are differences in serum protein compositions. The ten differential proteins discovered in the present study provide reference basis for further improving early diagnosis and identification and diagnosis index of TNBC. Especially, transthyretin, haptoglobin, and antitrypsin show dramatic significances for the early diagnosis of TNBC.

Identification of ApoA1, HPX and POTEE genes by omic analysis in breast cancer

Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women and accounts for 23% of all female types of cancers. It is well recognized that breast cancer represents a heterogeneous group of tumors, and the molecular events involved in the progression to cancer remain undetermined. Moreover, available prognostic and predictive markers are not sufficient for the accurate determination of the risk for many breast cancer patients. Thus, it is necessary to discover new molecular markers for accurate prediction of clinical outcome and individualized therapy. In the present study, we performed omics-based whole-genome trancriptomic and whole proteomic profiling with network and pathway analyses of breast tumors to identify gene expression patterns related to clinical outcome. A total of 20 samples from tumors and 14 normal appearing breast tissues were analyzed using both gene expression microarrays and LC-MS/MS. We identified 585 downregulated and 413 upregulated genes by gene expression microarrays. Among these genes, HPX, POTEE and ApoA1 were the most significant genes correlated with the proteomic profile. Our data revealed that these identified genes are closely related to breast cancer and may be involved in robust detection of disease progression.

Prediagnostic serum biomarkers as early detection tools for pancreatic cancer in a large prospective cohort study

BACKGROUND

The clinical management of pancreatic cancer is severely hampered by the absence of effective screening tools.

METHODS

Sixty-seven biomarkers were evaluated in prediagnostic sera obtained from cases of pancreatic cancer enrolled in the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial (PLCO).

RESULTS

The panel of CA 19-9, OPN, and OPG, identified in a prior retrospective study, was not effective. CA 19-9, CEA, NSE, bHCG, CEACAM1 and PRL were significantly altered in sera obtained from cases greater than 1 year prior to diagnosis. Levels of CA 19-9, CA 125, CEA, PRL, and IL-8 were negatively associated with time to diagnosis. A training/validation study using alternate halves of the PLCO set failed to identify a biomarker panel with significantly improved performance over CA 19-9 alone. When the entire PLCO set was used for training at a specificity (SP) of 95%, a panel of CA 19-9, CEA, and Cyfra 21-1 provided significantly elevated sensitivity (SN) levels of 32.4% and 29.7% in samples collected <1 and >1 year prior to diagnosis, respectively, compared to SN levels of 25.7% and 17.2% for CA 19-9 alone.

CONCLUSIONS

Most biomarkers identified in previously conducted case/control studies are ineffective in prediagnostic samples, however several biomarkers were identified as significantly altered up to 35 months prior to diagnosis. Two newly derived biomarker combinations offered advantage over CA 19-9 alone in terms of SN, particularly in samples collected >1 year prior to diagnosis. However, the efficacy of biomarker-based tools remains limited at present. Several biomarkers demonstrated significant velocity related to time to diagnosis, an observation which may offer considerable potential for enhancements in early detection.

Serum differential protein identification of Xinjiang Kazakh esophageal cancer patients based on the two-dimensional liquid-phase chromatography and LTQ MS

The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of chemo-radiotherapy on serum protein expression of the esophageal cancer patients and discover potential biomarkers by detecting serum proteins mass spectrometry of the healthy Kazakh people in Xinjiang as well as the patients before and after their chemo-radiotherapy. In order to separate and compare the three serum samples (the healthy group's, the patients' before and after chemo-radiotherapy) with two-dimensional protein liquid chromatography system (Proteome LabTM PF-2D), then detect the differential protein spots with linear trap quadruple mass spectrometer (LTQ MS/MS). (1) The Kazakh esophageal cancer patients got 21 expressed protein spots peaks with significant difference after chemo-radiotherapy compared with before; before the treatment there were 10 different expressed protein spots compared with the healthy group, and after it there were four peaks in the expression of protein spots compared with the healthy group. (2) After LTQ mass spectrometric detection, 22 proteins were up-regulated in serum samples of the healthy group, 22 were up-regulated of the patients before medical treatment and 5 were up-regulated after chemo-radiotherapy. (3) 8 proteins including APOA1 can be served as serum markers in Kazakh esophageal cancer diagnosis, and proteins like CLU can be served as serum markers in judging the resistance and sensitivity towards chemo-radiotherapy. (4) The abnormal expressions of APOC2, APOC3, Antithrombin-III in esophageal cancer were discovered for the first time. Specific protein spots related to Xinjiang Kazakh esophageal cancer diagnosis and chemo-radiotherapy can be identified in the serum, which will probably become a maker in Kazakh esophageal cancer diagnosis and therapeutic evaluation.