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Filardo S, Roberto M, Di Risola D, Mosca L, Di Pietro M, Sessa R. Olea europaea L-derived secoiridoids: Beneficial health effects and potential therapeutic approaches. Pharmacol Ther 2024; 254:108595. [PMID: 38301769 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2024.108595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Over the years, health challenges have become increasingly complex and global and, at the beginning of the 21st century, chronic diseases, including cardiovascular, neurological, and chronic respiratory diseases, as well as cancer and diabetes, have been identified by World Health Organization as one of the biggest threats to human health. Recently, antimicrobial resistance has also emerged as a growing problem of public health for the management of infectious diseases. In this scenario, the exploration of natural products as supplementation or alternative therapeutic options is acquiring great importance, and, among them, the olive tree, Olea europaea L, specifically leaves, fruits, and oil, has been increasingly investigated for its health promoting properties. Traditionally, these properties have been largely attributed to the high concentration of monounsaturated fatty acids, although, in recent years, beneficial effects have also been associated to other components, particularly polyphenols. Among them, the most interesting group is represented by Olea europaea L secoiridoids, comprising oleuropein, oleocanthal, oleacein, and ligstroside, which display anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, cardioprotective, neuroprotective and anticancer activities. This review provides an overview of the multiple health beneficial effects, the molecular mechanisms, and the potential applications of secoiridoids from Olea europaea L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Filardo
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University, p.le Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Mattioli Roberto
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy and Medicine, Sapienza University, p.le Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Daniel Di Risola
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy and Medicine, Sapienza University, p.le Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Luciana Mosca
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy and Medicine, Sapienza University, p.le Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Marisa Di Pietro
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University, p.le Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Rosa Sessa
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University, p.le Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
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Jiménez-Sánchez A, Martínez-Ortega AJ, Remón-Ruiz PJ, Piñar-Gutiérrez A, Pereira-Cunill JL, García-Luna PP. Therapeutic Properties and Use of Extra Virgin Olive Oil in Clinical Nutrition: A Narrative Review and Literature Update. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14071440. [PMID: 35406067 PMCID: PMC9003415 DOI: 10.3390/nu14071440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) is a cornerstone of the Mediterranean diet (MedD). In this narrative review, we synthesize and illustrate the various characteristics and clinical applications of EVOO and its components—such as oleic acid, hydroxytyrosol, and oleuropein—in the field of clinical nutrition and dietetics. The evidence is split into diet therapy, oleic acid-based enteral nutrition formulations and oral supplementation formulations, oleic acid-based parenteral nutrition, and nutraceutical supplementation of minor components of EVOO. EVOO has diverse beneficial health properties, and current evidence supports the use of whole EVOO in diet therapy and the supplementation of its minor components to improve cardiovascular health, lipoprotein metabolism, and diabetes mellitus in clinical nutrition. Nevertheless, more intervention studies in humans are needed to chisel specific recommendations for its therapeutic use through different formulations in other specific diseases and clinical populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Jiménez-Sánchez
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Avda. Manuel Siurot s/n, 41013 Seville, Spain; (P.J.R.-R.); (A.P.-G.); (J.L.P.-C.)
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Manuel Siurot s/n, 41013 Seville, Spain;
- Correspondence: (A.J.-S.); (P.P.G.-L.)
| | - Antonio Jesús Martínez-Ortega
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Manuel Siurot s/n, 41013 Seville, Spain;
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital Torrecárdenas, C. Hermandad de Donantes de Sangre, s/n, 04009 Almería, Spain
| | - Pablo Jesús Remón-Ruiz
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Avda. Manuel Siurot s/n, 41013 Seville, Spain; (P.J.R.-R.); (A.P.-G.); (J.L.P.-C.)
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Manuel Siurot s/n, 41013 Seville, Spain;
| | - Ana Piñar-Gutiérrez
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Avda. Manuel Siurot s/n, 41013 Seville, Spain; (P.J.R.-R.); (A.P.-G.); (J.L.P.-C.)
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Manuel Siurot s/n, 41013 Seville, Spain;
| | - José Luis Pereira-Cunill
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Avda. Manuel Siurot s/n, 41013 Seville, Spain; (P.J.R.-R.); (A.P.-G.); (J.L.P.-C.)
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Manuel Siurot s/n, 41013 Seville, Spain;
| | - Pedro Pablo García-Luna
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Avda. Manuel Siurot s/n, 41013 Seville, Spain; (P.J.R.-R.); (A.P.-G.); (J.L.P.-C.)
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Manuel Siurot s/n, 41013 Seville, Spain;
- Correspondence: (A.J.-S.); (P.P.G.-L.)
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Alsharif KF, Almalki AA, Al-Amer O, Mufti AH, Theyab A, Lokman MS, Ramadan SS, Almeer RS, Hafez MM, Kassab RB, Abdel Moneim AE. Oleuropein protects against lipopolysaccharide-induced sepsis and alleviates inflammatory responses in mice. IUBMB Life 2020; 72:2121-2132. [PMID: 32710811 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis results from a major systemic inflammatory response and can induce disorders in multiple organs. The present study evaluated the potential protective effects of oleuropein (OLE) against hyperinflammatory responses during lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced sepsis in mice. Sixty male Balb/c mice were randomly categorized into five groups of 12 animals each: control, intraperitoneally injected with OLE (50 mg/kg), injected with LPS (10 mg/kg, intraperitoneal), and two groups administered OLE (25 and 50 mg/kg) for 3 days prior to LPS injection. Twenty-four hours after lipopolysaccharide injection, the animals were sacrificed. Serum, liver, and kidney tissue samples were collected for biochemical analyses, histopathological examinations, and investigation of inflammation-related gene expression. OLE pretreatment significantly reduced liver damage parameters (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase) and kidney damage parameters (blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, and kidney injury molecule-1) in the septic mice. OLE pretreatment ameliorated LPS-induced liver and kidney histological changes. OLE significantly mitigated the increased levels of malondialdehyde in the liver and kidneys and reduced levels of reduced glutathione induced by LPS. LPS injection also resulted in increased expression of the proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6) and inflammation-related genes (Nos2, Hmgb1, Mpo, Cd46, Map2k4, and Map2k7) in the hepatic and renal tissues. OLE reduced these expressions to ameliorate the inflammatory response. Moreover, OLE pretreatment enhanced the survival rate of septic mice. In conclusion, OLE alleviated the inflammatory response to protect against LPS-induced sepsis in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalaf F Alsharif
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulraheem A Almalki
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Osama Al-Amer
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia.,Genome and Biotechnology Unit, Faculty of Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad H Mufti
- Medical Genetics Department, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Mekkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman Theyab
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Security Forces Hospital, Mecca, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maha S Lokman
- Biology Department, College of Science and Humanities, Prince Sattam Bin Abdul Aziz University, Alkharj, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Zoology and Entomology, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Shimaa S Ramadan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rafa S Almeer
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed M Hafez
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahram Canadian University (ACU), Giza, Egypt
| | - Rami B Kassab
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt.,Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Arts, Al Baha University, Almakhwah, Al Baha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed E Abdel Moneim
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
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Cho WY, Kim DH, Lee HJ, Yeon SJ, Lee CH. Quality characteristic and antioxidant activity of yogurt containing olive leaf hot water extract. CYTA - JOURNAL OF FOOD 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/19476337.2019.1640797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Won-Young Cho
- Department of food science and biotechnology of animal resources, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Da-Hee Kim
- Department of food science and biotechnology of animal resources, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha-Jung Lee
- Department of food science and biotechnology of animal resources, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Jung Yeon
- Department of food science and biotechnology of animal resources, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chi-Ho Lee
- Department of food science and biotechnology of animal resources, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Nediani C, Ruzzolini J, Romani A, Calorini L. Oleuropein, a Bioactive Compound from Olea europaea L., as a Potential Preventive and Therapeutic Agent in Non-Communicable Diseases. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:E578. [PMID: 31766676 PMCID: PMC6943788 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8120578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing scientific literature data suggest that the intake of natural bioactive compounds plays a critical role in preventing or reducing the occurrence of human chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Oleuropein, the main phenolic component of Olea europaea L., has attracted scientific attention for its several health beneficial properties such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, cardio- and neuro-protective, and anti-cancer. This article is a narrative review focused on the current literature concerning the effect of oleuropein in NCDs, such as neuro- and cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney diseases, and cancer, by its putative antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity, but also for its other peculiar actions such as an autophagy inducer and amyloid fibril growth inhibitor and, finally, for its anti-cancer effect. Despite the increasing number of published studies, looking at the beneficial effects of oleuropein, there is limited clinical evidence focused on the benefits of this polyphenol as a nutraceutical product in humans, and many problems are still to be resolved about its bioavailability, bioaccessibility, and dosage. Thus, future clinical randomized trials are needed to establish the relation between the beneficial effects and the mechanisms of action occurring in the human body in response to the intake of oleuropein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Nediani
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio”, University of Florence, viale Morgagni 50, 50134 Florence, Italy; (J.R.); (L.C.)
| | - Jessica Ruzzolini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio”, University of Florence, viale Morgagni 50, 50134 Florence, Italy; (J.R.); (L.C.)
| | - Annalisa Romani
- PHYTOLAB (Pharmaceutical, Cosmetic, Food Supplement, Technology and Analysis)-DiSIA, University of Florence, Via U. Schiff, 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy;
| | - Lido Calorini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio”, University of Florence, viale Morgagni 50, 50134 Florence, Italy; (J.R.); (L.C.)
- Istituto Toscano Tumori and Center of Excellence for Research, Transfer and High Education (DENOTHE), University of Florence, Piazza di San Marco 4, 50121 Florence, Italy
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Shimao R, Muroi H, Furukawa K, Toyomizu M, Kikusato M. Effects of low-dose oleuropein diet supplementation on the oxidative status of skeletal muscles and plasma hormonal concentration of growing broiler chickens. Br Poult Sci 2019; 60:784-789. [PMID: 31524499 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2019.1662886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
1. Oleuropein (Ole) is a major phenolic compound in Olea europaea, with anti-oxidative, anti-obesity, and anti-inflammatory properties. To explore the effect of Ole on the physiology and metabolism of poultry, this study, evaluated the effects of feeding low-dose Ole on the growth performance, metabolic hormonal status, muscle oxidative status in growing broiler chickens.2. Thirty-two 8-day-old chickens were assigned to four different treatments, and fed either 0 (control), 0.1, 0.5, or 2.5 ppm Ole-supplemented diets for 2 weeks.3. There were no differences in the body weight gain, feed consumption, and feed efficiency during the feeding periods between the groups tested. Birds fed Ole 0.5- and 2.5 ppm-supplemented diets exhibited a significant decrease in muscle carbonyl content compared to the control group. In the group fed Ole 0.5 ppm, the mRNA expression levels of mitochondrial ROS-reducing factors: avian uncoupling protein and manganese superoxide dismutase, as well as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1-α, sirtuin-1 and -3 (each of which co-ordinately induce the transcription of the previous two factors) were upregulated compared to the control group, and the changes were independent of plasma noradrenaline and thyroid hormone levels. The group fed Ole-2.5 ppm did not show such transcriptional changes, but exhibited a higher corticosterone concentration.4. This study demonstrates that ingesting a low dose of Ole can reduce muscle oxidative damage, and that the suppression machinery may differ depending on the amount of Ole ingested by growing broiler chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Shimao
- Animal Nutrition, Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - H Muroi
- Animal Nutrition, Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - K Furukawa
- Animal Nutrition, Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - M Toyomizu
- Animal Nutrition, Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - M Kikusato
- Animal Nutrition, Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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Metabolite Profiles in Sepsis: Developing Prognostic Tools Based on the Type of Infection. Crit Care Med 2017; 44:1649-62. [PMID: 27097292 DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0000000000001740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Currently used biomarkers insufficiently discriminate between patients with systemic inflammatory response syndrome of non-infectious origin and sepsis. The aim of this study was to identify surrogate markers that distinguish between systemic inflammatory response syndrome and sepsis as well as the underlying type of infection by targeted metabolomics. DESIGN Retrospective analysis. SETTINGS Six sites of the Hellenic Sepsis Study Group and at Jena University Hospital. PATIENTS A total of 406 patients were analyzed: 66 fulfilling criteria for diagnosis of systemic inflammatory response syndrome, 100 for community-acquired pneumonia, 112 for urinary tract infection, 83 for intra-abdominal infection and 45 for bloodstream infection. Patients were divided into test cohort (n = 268) and confirmation cohort (n = 138). INTERVENTIONS A total of 186 metabolites were determined by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Serum concentrations of most acylcarnitines, glycerophospholipids and sphingolipids were altered in sepsis compared to systemic inflammatory response syndrome. A regression model combining the sphingolipid SM C22:3 and the glycerophospholipid lysoPCaC24:0 was discovered for sepsis diagnosis with a sensitivity of 84.1% and specificity of 85.7%. Furthermore, specific metabolites could be used for the discrimination of different types of infection. The glycerophospholipid lysoPCaC26:1 identified patients with community-acquired pneumonia in sepsis or severe sepsis/septic shock. Within severe sepsis/septic shock, patients with bloodstream infection could be discriminated by a decrease of acetylornithine. Changes of metabolites between sepsis and severe sepsis/septic shock also varied according to the underlying type of infection, showing that putrescine, lysoPCaC18:0 and SM C16:1 are associated with unfavorable outcome in community-acquired pneumonia, intra-abdominal infections and bloodstream infections, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Using a metabolomics approach, single metabolites are identified that allow a good, albeit at about 14% false positive rate of sepsis diagnosis. Additionally, metabolites might be also useful for differentiation and prognosis according to the type of underlying infection. However, confirmation of the findings in ongoing studies is mandatory before they can be applied in the development of novel diagnostic tools for the management of sepsis.
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Li X, Liu Y, Jia Q, LaMacchia V, O’Donoghue K, Huang Z. A systems biology approach to investigate the antimicrobial activity of oleuropein. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 43:1705-1717. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-016-1841-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Oleuropein and its hydrolysis products are olive phenolic compounds that have antimicrobial effects on a variety of pathogens, with the potential to be utilized in food and pharmaceutical products. While the existing research is mainly focused on individual genes or enzymes that are regulated by oleuropein for antimicrobial activities, little work has been done to integrate intracellular genes, enzymes and metabolic reactions for a systematic investigation of antimicrobial mechanism of oleuropein. In this study, the first genome-scale modeling method was developed to predict the system-level changes of intracellular metabolism triggered by oleuropein in Staphylococcus aureus, a common food-borne pathogen. To simulate the antimicrobial effect, an existing S. aureus genome-scale metabolic model was extended by adding the missing nitric oxide reactions, and exchange rates of potassium, phosphate and glutamate were adjusted in the model as suggested by previous research to mimic the stress imposed by oleuropein on S. aureus. The developed modeling approach was able to match S. aureus growth rates with experimental data for five oleuropein concentrations. The reactions with large flux change were identified and the enzymes of fifteen of these reactions were validated by existing research for their important roles in oleuropein metabolism. When compared with experimental data, the up/down gene regulations of 80% of these enzymes were correctly predicted by our modeling approach. This study indicates that the genome-scale modeling approach provides a promising avenue for revealing the intracellular metabolism of oleuropein antimicrobial properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianhua Li
- grid.267871.d Department of Chemical Engineering Villanova University Villanova PA USA
| | - Yanhong Liu
- grid.417548.b 0000000404786311 Molecular Characterization of Foodborne Pathogens, Eastern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service U.S. Department of Agriculture 600 East Mermaid Lane 19038 Wyndmoor PA USA
| | - Qian Jia
- grid.262671.6 0000000088284546 Department of Health and Exercise Science Rowan University Glassboro NJ USA
| | - Virginia LaMacchia
- grid.267871.d Department of Chemical Engineering Villanova University Villanova PA USA
| | - Kathryn O’Donoghue
- grid.267871.d Department of Chemical Engineering Villanova University Villanova PA USA
| | - Zuyi Huang
- grid.267871.d Department of Chemical Engineering Villanova University Villanova PA USA
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West BJ, Deng S, Uwaya A, Isami F, Abe Y, Yamagishi SI, Jensen CJ. Iridoids are natural glycation inhibitors. Glycoconj J 2016; 33:671-81. [PMID: 27306206 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-016-9695-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Glycation of amino acid residues in proteins leads to the eventual formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs). AGE formation significantly influences human health and the aging process. AGE accumulation rates may be slowed by modifications to lifestyle or by pharmacological strategies. But the use of therapeutic drugs is not an appropriate means of controlling AGEs within the general population. However, phytochemical constituents in plant-based foods exhibit anti-glycation activities and may be more appropriate for general consumption. Among these phytochemicals are iridoids. The anti-AGE potential of iridoids has been demonstrated in vitro and in vivo, while also revealing possible mechanisms of action. Inclusion of iridoid food sources in the diet may be a useful component of strategies intended to mitigate AGE accumulation within the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett J West
- Research and Development, Morinda, Inc., 737 East 1180 South, American Fork, UT, 84003, USA.
| | - Shixin Deng
- Research and Development, Morinda, Inc., 737 East 1180 South, American Fork, UT, 84003, USA
| | - Akemi Uwaya
- Research and Development, Morinda, Inc., 737 East 1180 South, American Fork, UT, 84003, USA
| | - Fumiyuki Isami
- Research and Development, Morinda, Inc., 737 East 1180 South, American Fork, UT, 84003, USA
| | - Yumi Abe
- Anti-Aging Medical Research Center and Glycation Stress Research Center, Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - C Jarakae Jensen
- Research and Development, Morinda, Inc., 737 East 1180 South, American Fork, UT, 84003, USA
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Abstract
Pyelonephritis is an inflammatory process, and oxidative stress plays a major role in it. Anti-inflammatory or antioxidant therapy given concomitantly with antibiotics should lower the risk of postpyelonephritic scarring. As the lack of review studies in the use of antioxidants in urinary tract infections was detected, this study was designed. We conducted a review of available articles in PubMed and Google Scholar with a simple review, using keywords of “antioxidant” and “pyelonephritis” with all their possible synonyms and combinations. Only interventional studies were collected. There were neither limitations on time, nor the location of the study, type of subjects, administration rout of the antioxidant drug, and the antioxidant drug used. After studying the abstracts or in some cases the full text of articles, they were categorized based on the type of antioxidant, type and number of subjects, rout of administration, dosing, duration of treatment, year of publication of the paper, and the results. A total of 66 articles published from 1991 to 2015 were found by studying just the title of the papers. Studying the abstracts reduced this number to 51 studies. Antioxidants used for this condition were Vitamins A, E, and C, cytoflavin, caffeic acid phenethyl ester, ebselen, allopurinol, melatonin, N-acetylcysteine, oleuropein, montelukast, oxytocin, ozon, dapsone, pentoxifyllin, tadalafil, bilirubin, cranberry, meloxicam, L-carnitine, colchicine, perfluoran, methylprednisolone, and dexamethasone. Studies show that antioxidants are capable of reducing oxidative stress and can be used effectively along with antibiotics to reduce the scar formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Allameh
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Jamshid Salamzadeh
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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11
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The protective effect of green and black teas (Camellia sinensis) and their identified compounds against murine sepsis. Food Res Int 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2016.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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12
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Corominas-Faja B, Santangelo E, Cuyàs E, Micol V, Joven J, Ariza X, Segura-Carretero A, García J, Menendez JA. Computer-aided discovery of biological activity spectra for anti-aging and anti-cancer olive oil oleuropeins. Aging (Albany NY) 2015; 6:731-41. [PMID: 25324469 PMCID: PMC4221918 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Aging is associated with common conditions, including cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and Alzheimer's disease. The type of multi-targeted pharmacological approach necessary to address a complex multifaceteddisease such as aging might take advantage of pleiotropic natural polyphenols affecting a wide variety of biological processes. We have recently postulated that the secoiridoids oleuropein aglycone (OA) and decarboxymethyl oleuropein aglycone (DOA), two complex polyphenols present in health-promoting extra virgin olive oil (EVOO), might constitute anew family of plant-produced gerosuppressant agents. This paper describes an analysis of the biological activity spectra (BAS) of OA and DOA using PASS (Prediction of Activity Spectra for Substances) software. PASS can predict thousands of biological activities, as the BAS of a compound is an intrinsic property that is largely dependent on the compound's structure and reflects pharmacological effects, physiological and biochemical mechanisms of action, and specific toxicities. Using Pharmaexpert, a tool that analyzes the PASS-predicted BAS of substances based on thousands of “mechanism-effect” and “effect-mechanism” relationships, we illuminate hypothesis-generating pharmacological effects, mechanisms of action, and targets that might underlie the anti-aging/anti-cancer activities of the gerosuppressant EVOO oleuropeins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Corominas-Faja
- Metabolism and Cancer Group, Translational Research Laboratory, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Girona, Spain. Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBGI), Girona, Spain
| | - Elvira Santangelo
- Departament de Química Orgànica, Fac. de Química, Institut de Biomedicina de la UB (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elisabet Cuyàs
- Metabolism and Cancer Group, Translational Research Laboratory, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Girona, Spain. Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBGI), Girona, Spain
| | - Vicente Micol
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular (IBMC), Universidad Miguel Hernández, Elche, Alicante, Spain
| | - Jorge Joven
- Campus of International Excellence Southern Catalonia, Unitat de Recerca Biomèdica, Hospital Universitari de Sant Joan, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - Xavier Ariza
- Departament de Química Orgànica, Fac. de Química, Institut de Biomedicina de la UB (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio Segura-Carretero
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Functional Food Research and Development Centre (CIDAF), PTS Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Jordi García
- Departament de Química Orgànica, Fac. de Química, Institut de Biomedicina de la UB (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier A Menendez
- Metabolism and Cancer Group, Translational Research Laboratory, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Girona, Spain. Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBGI), Girona, Spain
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13
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Baharvand B, Esmailidehaj M, Alihosaini J, Bajoovand S, Esmailidehaj S, Hafizie Z. Prophylactic and Therapeutic Effects of Oleuropein on Reperfusion-Induced Arrhythmia in Anesthetized Rat. IRANIAN BIOMEDICAL JOURNAL 2015; 20:41-8. [PMID: 26411972 PMCID: PMC4689281 DOI: 10.7508/ibj.2016.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Background: This study was conducted to reveal that whether i.v. injection of oleuropein, the most potent polyphenolic antioxidant in olive leaf, has any effect on the magnitude of reperfusion arrhythmia in anesthetized rats or not. Methods: Eighty male Wistar rats were divided into 8 groups of 10 each: groups 1 and 5 were assigned as the prophylactic and treatment control groups, groups 2 and 6 as the prophylactic and treatment groups with lidocaine (10 mg/kg), groups 3 and 4 as the prophylactic groups with 10 and 50 mg/kg oleuropein (i.v.), and groups 7 and 8 as the treatment groups with 10 and 50 mg/kg oleuropein (i.v.), respectively. Reperfusion injury was induced by 5-min regional ischemia and 15-min reperfusion of left anterior descending coronary artery. Heart rate, blood pressure, and electrocardiogram were monitored throughout the procedure. Results: blood pressure was significantly decreased by infusion of 50 mg/kg oleuropein in groups 4 and 8, but unlike the lidocaine as a standard anti-arrhythmic drug in groups 2 and 5 had not significant effect on heart rate. The onset of arrhythmia in groups received oleuropein (groups 3, 4, 7, and 8) was significantly delayed. The mortality rate due to irreversible ventricular fibrillation was also significantly reduced in groups 3, 4, 7, and 8. The effect of lidocaine in groups 2 and 5 was more potent than that in oleuropein group. Conclusion: These findings indicate that i.v. injection of oleuropein possibly through its antioxidant activity reduces the magnitude of reperfusion-induced arrhythmia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babak Baharvand
- Heart Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khoramabad, Iran
| | - Mansour Esmailidehaj
- Dept. of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Jamileh Alihosaini
- Dept. of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Shirin Bajoovand
- Dept. of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | | | - Zeynab Hafizie
- Dept. of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
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Abstract
Polyphenols have been shown to have some of the neuroprotective effects against neurodegenerative diseases. These effects are attributed to a variety of biological activities, including free radical scavenging/antioxidant and anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic activities. In this regard, many efforts have been made to study the effects of various well-known dietary polyphenols on spinal cord injury (SCI) and to explore the mechanisms behind the neuroprotective effects. The aim of this paper is to present the mechanisms of neuroprotection of natural polyphenols used in animal models of SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Reza Khalatbary
- Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, 18KM Khazar Blvd, Khazar Sq. Sari, Iran. m
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15
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Barbaro B, Toietta G, Maggio R, Arciello M, Tarocchi M, Galli A, Balsano C. Effects of the olive-derived polyphenol oleuropein on human health. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:18508-24. [PMID: 25318054 PMCID: PMC4227229 DOI: 10.3390/ijms151018508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Revised: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of the products derived from the olive tree on human health dates back centuries. In several civilizations, the olive tree had and still has a very strong cultural and religious symbolism. Notably, the official seal and emblem of the World Health Organization features the rod of Asclepius over a world map surrounded by olive tree branches, chosen as a symbol of peace and health. Recently, accumulating experimental, clinical and epidemiological data have provided support to the traditional beliefs of the beneficial effect provided by olive derivates. In particular, the polyphenols present in olive leaves, olives, virgin (unrefined) olive oil and olive mill waste are potent antioxidant and radical scavengers with anti-tumor and anti-inflammatory properties. Here, we review the positive impact on human health of oleuropein, the most prevalent polyphenol present in olives. In addition, we provide data collected in our laboratory on the role of oleuropein in counteracting lipid accumulation in a mouse model of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Barbaro
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Oncology, Francesco Balsano Foundation, Rome 00198, Italy.
| | - Gabriele Toietta
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute IRCCS, Rome 00144, Italy.
| | - Roberta Maggio
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Oncology, Francesco Balsano Foundation, Rome 00198, Italy.
| | - Mario Arciello
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Oncology, Francesco Balsano Foundation, Rome 00198, Italy.
| | - Mirko Tarocchi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence 50139, Italy.
| | - Andrea Galli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence 50139, Italy.
| | - Clara Balsano
- Institute of Biology, Molecular Medicine and Nanobiotechnologies (IBMN), National Research Council (CNR), Rome 00185, Italy.
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16
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Zoidou E, Magiatis P, Melliou E, Constantinou M, Haroutounian S, Skaltsounis AL. Oleuropein as a bioactive constituent added in milk and yogurt. Food Chem 2014; 158:319-24. [PMID: 24731349 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.02.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Revised: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Oleuropein is a bioactive natural product from olives known to display a broad variety of health beneficial properties. However its presence in most edible olives is lowered due to debittering. In this respect, we envisaged the incorporation of oleuropein into dairy products (cow's milk and yogurt) aiming to produce novel functional foods. Additionally, an analytical method for the monitoring of oleuropein in milk and yogurt was also developed and validated. Oleuropein was not affected during heat treatment of milk, while during the milk fermentation process it was not hydrolysed by the produced acids. Oleuropein was not metabolised by lactic acid bacteria, did not inhibit their growth and its stability in the final products was proven. The novel products displayed same taste, colour and texture as the conventional ones. Results herein indicate that oleuropein can be added as an active ingredient in milk and yogurt preparations to provide two novel functional dairy products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelia Zoidou
- Laboratory of Dairy Research, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, Athens 11855, Greece; Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zografou, Athens 15771, Greece
| | - Prokopios Magiatis
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zografou, Athens 15771, Greece.
| | - Eleni Melliou
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zografou, Athens 15771, Greece
| | - Maria Constantinou
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zografou, Athens 15771, Greece
| | - Serkos Haroutounian
- Department of Animal Science and Aquaculture, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, Athens 11855, Greece
| | - Alexios-Leandros Skaltsounis
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zografou, Athens 15771, Greece
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17
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Protective effect of mitochondria-targeted antioxidants in an acute bacterial infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:E3100-8. [PMID: 23898194 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1307096110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute pyelonephritis is a potentially life-threatening infection of the upper urinary tract. Inflammatory response and the accompanying oxidative stress can contribute to kidney tissue damage, resulting in infection-induced intoxication that can become fatal in the absence of antibiotic therapy. Here, we show that pyelonephritis was associated with oxidative stress and renal cell death. Oxidative stress observed in pyelonephritic kidney was accompanied by a reduced level of mitochondrial B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2). Importantly, renal cell death and animal mortality were both alleviated by mitochondria-targeted antioxidant 10(6'-plastoquinonyl) decylrhodamine 19 (SkQR1). These findings suggest that pyelonephritis can be treated by reducing mitochondrial reactive oxygen species and thus by protecting mitochondrial integrity and lowering kidney damage.
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18
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Khalatbary AR, Zarrinjoei GR. Anti-inflammatory effect of oleuropein in experimental rat spinal cord trauma. IRANIAN RED CRESCENT MEDICAL JOURNAL 2012; 14:229-34. [PMID: 22754686 PMCID: PMC3385802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2011] [Accepted: 01/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spinal cord injury stimulates an inflammatory reaction that causes substantial secondary damage inside the injured spinal tissue. The purpose of this study was to determine the anti-inflammatory effect of oleuropein on traumatized spinal cord. METHODS Rats were randomly divided into four groups of 7 rats each as follows: Sham-operated group, trauma group, and oleuropein treatment groups (20 mg/kg, ip, immediately and 1 hour after spinal cord injury). Spinal cord samples were taken 24 hours after injury and studied for immunohistochemistry of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß), nitrotyrosine, inducible nitricoxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). RESULTS Attenuated TNF-α, IL-1ß, nitrotyrosine, iNOS, COX-2, and PARP expression could be detected in the oleuropein-treated rats. CONCLUSION Oleuropein modulates inflammatory reactions following spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Khalatbary
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Khazar Boulevard, Sari, Iran,Correspondence: Ali Reza Khalatbary, PhD, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Khazar Boulevard, Sari, Iran, +98-912-2490583. Tel.: +98-151-3543087, E-mail:
| | - Gh R Zarrinjoei
- Razi Herbal Medicines Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
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19
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Park S, Choi Y, Um SJ, Yoon SK, Park T. Oleuropein attenuates hepatic steatosis induced by high-fat diet in mice. J Hepatol 2011; 54:984-93. [PMID: 21145829 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2010.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2010] [Revised: 07/10/2010] [Accepted: 08/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Oleuropein, a secoiridoid derived from olives and olive oil, has been known to possess antimicrobial, antioxidative, and anticancer activities. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether oleuropein has a protective effect against hepatic steatosis induced by a high fat diet (HFD) and to elucidate its underlying molecular mechanisms in mice. METHODS Male C57BL/6N mice were fed a normal diet (ND), HFD, or an oleuropein-supplemented diet (OSD) for 10 weeks. The plasma and hepatic lipid levels were determined, and the hepatic gene and protein expression levels were analysed via RT-PCR and Western blotting, respectively. RESULTS The supplementation of HFD with oleuropein reversed the HFD-induced increases in liver weight along with plasma and hepatic lipid levels in mice. The expression of Wnt10b inhibitor genes, such as secreted firizzed-related sequence protein 5 and dickkopf homolog 2, was downregulated, whereas the β-catenin protein expression was upregulated in the liver of OSD-fed mice compared to HFD-fed mice. Fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1), phosphoextracellular-signal-regulated kinase 1/2, cyclin D, and E2F transcription factor 1, along with several key transcription factors and their target genes involved in adipogenesis, were downregulated by oleuropein. OSD-fed mice exhibited decreased expression of the toll-like-receptor-(TLR)-mediated signaling molecules (TLR2, TLR4, and myeloid differentiation primary-response gene 88) and proinflammatory cytokines, in their livers, as compared to HFD mice. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the protective effects of oleuropein against HFD-induced hepatic steatosis in mice appear to be associated with the Wnt10b- and FGFR1-mediated signaling cascades involved in hepatic lipogenesis, along with the TLR2- and TLR4-mediated signaling implicated in hepatic steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soyoung Park
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University, 262 Seongsanno, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea
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Chandler D, Woldu A, Rahmadi A, Shanmugam K, Steiner N, Wright E, Benavente-García O, Schulz O, Castillo J, Münch G. Effects of plant-derived polyphenols on TNF-α and nitric oxide production induced by advanced glycation endproducts. Mol Nutr Food Res 2010; 54 Suppl 2:S141-50. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.200900504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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21
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Granados-Principal S, Quiles JL, Ramirez-Tortosa CL, Sanchez-Rovira P, Ramirez-Tortosa MC. New advances in molecular mechanisms and the prevention of adriamycin toxicity by antioxidant nutrients. Food Chem Toxicol 2010; 48:1425-38. [PMID: 20385199 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2010.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2009] [Revised: 03/29/2010] [Accepted: 04/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Anthracyclines (doxorubicin, daunorubicin, epirubicin, and idarubicin) are currently the most effective group of anti-neoplastic drugs used in clinical practice. Of these, doxorubicin (also called adriamycin) is a key chemotherapeutic agent in cancer treatment, although its use is limited as a consequence of the chronic and acute toxicity associated with this drug. The molecular mechanisms of doxorubicin account for both the anti-cancer and the toxic side effects. Many antioxidants have been assayed, with positive or negative results, to prevent the toxicity of doxorubicin. The present review has two main goals: (1) to report the latest findings regarding the molecular mechanisms of doxorubicin toxicity; (2) to update our understanding of the role of natural antioxidants in preventive therapy against doxorubicin-induced toxicity. This review provides new evidence for the chemoprevention of doxorubicin toxicity, making use of natural antioxidants - in particular vitamin E, vitamin C, coenzyme Q, carotenoids, vitamin A, flavonoids, polyphenol, resveratrol, antioxidant from virgin olive oil and selenium - and offers new insights into the molecular mechanisms of doxorubicin toxicity with respect to DNA damage, free radicals and other parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Granados-Principal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology José Mataix Verdú, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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22
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Polyphenols in the prevention and treatment of sepsis syndromes: Rationale and pre-clinical evidence. Nutrition 2009; 25:981-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2009.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2008] [Revised: 02/16/2009] [Accepted: 02/26/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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23
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WHAT'S NEW IN SHOCK, OCTOBER 2006? Shock 2006. [DOI: 10.1097/01.shk.0000235129.05235.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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