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Roostaee A, Yaghobi R, Afshari A, Jafarinia M. Regulatory role of T helper 9/interleukin-9: Transplantation view. Heliyon 2024; 10:e26359. [PMID: 38420400 PMCID: PMC10900956 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
T helper 9 (Th9) cells, a subset of CD4+ T helper cells, have emerged as a valuable target for immune cell therapy due to their potential to induce immunomodulation and tolerance. The Th9 cells mainly produce interleukin (IL)-9 and are known for their defensive effects against helminth infections, allergic and autoimmune responses, and tumor suppression. This paper explores the mechanisms involved in the generation and differentiation of Th9 cells, including the cytokines responsible for their polarization and stabilization, the transcription factors necessary for their differentiation, as well as the role of Th9 cells in inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, allergic reactions, and cancer immunotherapies. Recent research has shown that the differentiation of Th9 cells is coregulated by the transcription factors transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), IL-4, and PU.1, which are also known to secrete IL-10 and IL-21. Multiple cell types, such as T and B cells, mast cells, and airway epithelial cells, are influenced by IL-9 due to its pleiotropic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azadeh Roostaee
- Department of Genetics, Marvdasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Marvdasht, Iran
| | - Ramin Yaghobi
- Shiraz Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Afsoon Afshari
- Shiraz Nephro-Urology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Jafarinia
- Department of Biology, Marvdasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Marvdasht, Iran
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López-Ibor JV, Citores MJ, Portoles J, Gómez-Bueno M, Sánchez-Sobrino B, Muñoz A, Cuervas-Mons V, Segovia-Cubero J. Role of TGF-β1 +869T>C polymorphism in renal dysfunction one year after heart transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 2022; 41:1672-1678. [DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2022.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
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Oreschak K, Saba LM, Rafaels N, Ambardekar AV, Deininger KM, Page RL, Lindenfeld J, Aquilante CL. Association Between Variants in Calcineurin Inhibitor Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Genes and Renal Dysfunction in Adult Heart Transplant Recipients. Front Genet 2021; 12:658983. [PMID: 33868389 PMCID: PMC8047196 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.658983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The goal of the study was to assess the relationship between single nucleotide variants (SNVs) in calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic genes and renal dysfunction in adult heart transplant (HTx) recipients. Methods: This retrospective analysis included N = 192 patients receiving a CNI at 1-year post-HTx. Using a candidate gene approach, 93 SNVs in eight pharmacokinetic and 35 pharmacodynamic genes were chosen for investigation. The primary outcome was renal dysfunction 1-year after HTx, defined as an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) <45 ml/min/1.73m2. Results: Renal dysfunction was present in 28.6% of patients 1-year after HTx. Two SNVs [transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFB1) rs4803455 C > A and phospholipase C beta 1 (PLCB1) rs170549 G > A] were significantly associated with renal dysfunction after accounting for a false discovery rate (FDR) of 20%. In a multiple-SNV adjusted model, variant A allele carriers of TGFB1 rs4803455 had lower odds of renal dysfunction compared to C/C homozygotes [odds ratio (OR) 0.28, 95% CI 0.12-0.62; p = 0.002], whereas PLCB1 rs170549 variant A allele carriers had higher odds of the primary outcome vs. patients with the G/G genotype (OR 2.66, 95% CI 1.21-5.84, p = 0.015). Conclusion: Our data suggest that genetic variation in TGFB1 and PLCB1 may contribute to the occurrence of renal dysfunction in HTx recipients receiving CNIs. Pharmacogenetic markers, such as TGFB1 rs4803455 and PLCB1 rs170549, could help identify patients at increased risk of CNI-associated renal dysfunction following HTx, potentially allowing clinicians to provide more precise and personalized care to this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kris Oreschak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Laura M. Saba
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Nicholas Rafaels
- Division of Biomedical Informatics and Personalized Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Amrut V. Ambardekar
- Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Kimberly M. Deininger
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Robert L. Page
- Division of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Colorado Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - JoAnn Lindenfeld
- Division of Cardiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Christina L. Aquilante
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aurora, CO, United States
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c.29C>T polymorphism in the TGF-β1 gene correlates with increased risk of End Stage Renal Disease: original study and meta-analysis. Meta Gene 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mgene.2020.100703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Mai M, Jiang Y, Wu X, Liu G, Zhu Y, Zhu W. Association of TGF-β1, IL-4, and IL-10 Polymorphisms With Chronic Kidney Disease Susceptibility: A Meta-Analysis. Front Genet 2020; 11:79. [PMID: 32174964 PMCID: PMC7056835 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Anti-inflammatory cytokine polymorphisms in the transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), interleukin-4 (IL-4), and IL-10 genes have been implicated as risk factors for chronic kidney disease (CKD), but the results from published studies are inconsistent. Our meta-analysis reviews and summarizes the cumulative evidence for these associations. Methods A systematic literature search of five databases was performed up to October 2019. Two authors independently extracted data and evaluated the quality of included studies. Pooled odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were generated from random-effects or fixed-effects models using Stata 12.0. Results Nineteen studies from 10 countries satisfied our inclusion criteria and were included in the meta-analysis. Overall, the pooled analysis showed that TGF-β1 rs1800469 was associated with decreased susceptibility to CKD (CC + TC vs. TT, OR = 0.33, 95% CI: 0.15–0.76, P = 0.009; CC vs. TT, OR = 0.33, 95% CI: 0.15–0.73, P = 0.006), whereas TGF-β1 rs1800471 was associated with increased CKD susceptibility (CC vs. CG + GG, OR = 1.68, 95% CI: 1.02–2.77, P = 0.041). In stratified analyses based on ethnicity, TGF-β1 rs1800469 was associated with CKD susceptibility in Asians and Caucasians, and there was an association of TGF-β1 rs1800470 and IL-4 rs8179190 with CKD in Asians. Stratified analyses also associated TGF-β1 rs1800471 with CKD susceptibility in Caucasians. Neither overall meta-analyses nor stratified analyses identified an association of the IL-10 rs1800869 and rs1800871 polymorphisms with susceptibility to CKD. Conclusions Available data suggest that common polymorphisms in the TGF-β1 and IL-4 genes including rs1800469, rs1800470, rs1800471, and rs8179190 may be important genetic contributors to CKD susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meifang Mai
- Nephrology Division, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Yinlian Jiang
- Nephrology Division, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Xiaoman Wu
- Nephrology Division, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Gengrong Liu
- Nephrology Division, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Yaoli Zhu
- Intensive Care Unit, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Weiping Zhu
- Nephrology Division, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
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Non-HLA Genetic Factors and Their Influence on Heart Transplant Outcomes: A Systematic Review. Transplant Direct 2019; 5:e422. [PMID: 30882026 PMCID: PMC6415970 DOI: 10.1097/txd.0000000000000859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Supplemental digital content is available in the text. Background Improvement of immunosuppressive therapies and surgical techniques has increased the survival rate after heart transplantation. Nevertheless, a large number of patients still experience complications, such as allograft rejection, vasculopathy, kidney dysfunction, and diabetes in response to immunosuppressive therapy. Variants in HLA genes have been extensively studied for their role in clinical outcomes after transplantation, whereas the knowledge about non-HLA genetic variants in this setting is still limited. Non-HLA polymorphisms are involved in the metabolism of major immunosuppressive therapeutics and may play a role in clinical outcomes after cardiac transplantation. This systematic review summarizes the existing knowledge of associations between non-HLA genetic variation and heart transplant outcomes. Methods The current evidence available on genetic polymorphisms associated with outcomes after heart transplantation was identified by a systematic search in PubMed and Embase. Studies reporting on polymorphisms significantly associated with clinical outcomes after cardiac transplantation were included. Results A total of 56 studies were included, all were candidate gene studies. These studies identified 58 polymorphisms in 36 genes that were associated with outcomes after cardiac transplantation. Variants in TGFB1, CYP3A5, and ABCB1 are consistently replicated across multiple studies for various transplant outcomes. Conclusions The research currently available supports the hypothesis that non-HLA polymorphisms are associated with clinical outcomes after heart transplantation. However, many genetic variants were only identified in a single study, questioning their true effect on the clinical outcomes tested. Further research in larger cohorts with well-defined phenotypes is warranted.
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Yu M, Liu M, Zhang W, Ming Y. Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Pharmacogenetics of Tacrolimus in Kidney Transplantation. Curr Drug Metab 2018; 19:513-522. [PMID: 29380698 PMCID: PMC6182932 DOI: 10.2174/1389200219666180129151948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Background: Tacrolimus (Tac, or FK506), a calcineurin inhibitor (CNI), is the first-line immu-nosuppressant which consists of the footstone as immunosuppressive regimens in kidney transplantation. However, the drug toxicity and the significant differences of pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynam-ics (PD) among individuals are hidden troubles for clinical application. Recently, emerging evidences of Tac pharmacogenetics (PG) regarding drug absorption, metabolism, disposition, excretion and response are discovered for better understanding of this drug. Method: We reviewed the published articles regarding the Tac PG and its effects on PK and PD in kidney transplantation. In addition, we summarized information on polygenic algorithms. Results: The polymorphism of genes encoding metabolic enzymes and transporters related to Tac were largely investigated, but the results were inconsistent. In addition to CYP3A4, CYP3A5 and P-gp (also known as ABCB1), single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) might also affect the PK and PD parameters of Tac. Conclusion: The correlation between Tac PK, PD and PG is very complex. Although many factors need to be verified, it is envisaged that thorough understanding of PG may assist clinicians to predict the optimal starting dosage, help adjust the maintenance regimen, as well as identify high risk patients for adverse ef-fects or drug inefficacy
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Yu
- Transplantation center, The 3rd Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Mouze Liu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University; Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University; Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China
| | - Yingzi Ming
- Transplantation center, The 3rd Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
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Mao S, Yan B, Zhang J. Association of transforming growth factor-β1 polymorphisms with the risk of chronic kidney diseases. Ren Fail 2015; 37:304-11. [DOI: 10.3109/0886022x.2015.1077324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Cuenca AB, Citores MJ, de la Fuente S, Duca AM, Escamilla N, Baños I, Cuervas-Mons V. TT genotype of transforming growth factor beta1 +869C/T is associated with the development of chronic kidney disease after liver transplantation. Transplant Proc 2014; 46:3108-10. [PMID: 25420836 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2014.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a frequent complication in patients with liver transplantation (LT), and calcineurin inhibitor chronic nephrotoxicity, mediated by transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF-β1) is an important contributing factor. The aim of this study was to assess the influence of genetic polymorphisms of TGF-β1 in the development of CKD at 6 months after transplantation. METHODS One hundred sixty-four LT patients (63.4% male; overall mean age, 48.7 ± 11.6 years) were included in the analysis. CKD was considered at the 6th month after LT and was defined as an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of <60 mL/min/1.73 m(2) as calculated on the basis of Modification of Diet in Renal Disease 4-variable equation. TGF-β1 +869 C/T and +915 G/C polymorphisms were analyzed with the use of hybridization with fluorescent probes and analysis by means of flow cytometry with the Luminex system. The association between the presence of CKD at 6 months and these polymorphisms, as well as with other known risk factors for CKD after LT, was considered. RESULTS In the univariate analysis, the TT genotype of TGF-β1 +869 (P = .036; odds ratio, 2.1; 95% confidence interval, 1.1-4.2), age at LT (P < .001), pre-transplantation serum creatinine levels (P = .03), eGFR (P < .001), CKD (P = .027), and immunosuppression with cyclosporine (P = .017) were associated with CKD at 6 months after transplantation. In the multivariate analysis, TGF-β1 +869TT genotype (P = .017), immunosuppression with cyclosporine (P = .002), age at LT (P = .024), and pre-transplantation CKD (P < .001) remained as independent variables associated with the development of CKD at 6 months after transplantation. CONCLUSIONS The genetic polymorphism TGF-β1 +869 C/T may be an independent risk factor for CKD after liver transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Cuenca
- Departamento de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda, Instituto de investigación sanitaria Hospital Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda (IDIPHIM) Madrid, Spain.
| | - M J Citores
- Departamento de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda, Instituto de investigación sanitaria Hospital Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda (IDIPHIM) Madrid, Spain
| | - S de la Fuente
- Departamento de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda, Instituto de investigación sanitaria Hospital Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda (IDIPHIM) Madrid, Spain
| | - A M Duca
- Unidad de Trasplante Hepatico, Departamento de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda, Instituto de investigación sanitaria Hospital Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda (IDIPHIM), Madrid, Spain
| | - N Escamilla
- Unidad de Trasplante Hepatico, Departamento de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda, Instituto de investigación sanitaria Hospital Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda (IDIPHIM), Madrid, Spain
| | - I Baños
- Unidad de Trasplante Hepatico, Departamento de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda, Instituto de investigación sanitaria Hospital Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda (IDIPHIM), Madrid, Spain
| | - V Cuervas-Mons
- Unidad de Trasplante Hepatico, Departamento de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda, Instituto de investigación sanitaria Hospital Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda (IDIPHIM), Madrid, Spain
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Lachance K, White M, Carrier M, Mansour A, Racine N, Liszkowski M, Ducharme A, de Denus S. Long-term evolution, secular trends, and risk factors of renal dysfunction following cardiac transplantation. Transpl Int 2014; 27:824-37. [DOI: 10.1111/tri.12340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kim Lachance
- Montreal Heart Institute; Montreal QC Canada
- Faculty of Pharmacy; Université de Montréal; Montreal QC Canada
| | - Michel White
- Montreal Heart Institute; Montreal QC Canada
- Faculty of Medicine; Université de Montréal; Montreal QC Canada
| | - Michel Carrier
- Montreal Heart Institute; Montreal QC Canada
- Faculty of Medicine; Université de Montréal; Montreal QC Canada
| | - Asmaa Mansour
- Montreal Health Innovations Coordinating Center; a Division of the Montreal Heart Institute; Montreal QC Canada
| | - Normand Racine
- Montreal Heart Institute; Montreal QC Canada
- Faculty of Medicine; Université de Montréal; Montreal QC Canada
| | - Mark Liszkowski
- Montreal Heart Institute; Montreal QC Canada
- Faculty of Medicine; Université de Montréal; Montreal QC Canada
| | - Anique Ducharme
- Montreal Heart Institute; Montreal QC Canada
- Faculty of Medicine; Université de Montréal; Montreal QC Canada
| | - Simon de Denus
- Montreal Heart Institute; Montreal QC Canada
- Faculty of Pharmacy; Université de Montréal; Montreal QC Canada
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The Role of Pharmacogenetics in the Disposition of and Response to Tacrolimus in Solid Organ Transplantation. Clin Pharmacokinet 2013; 53:123-39. [DOI: 10.1007/s40262-013-0120-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Abstract
TGF-β was originally considered as an immunoregulatory cytokine, but accumulating data demonstrate that it also plays a critical role in development of effector immunity. Since TGF- β has a potent ability to alter immune responses, modulation of the TGF-β pathway for treatment of transplantation patients could be effective if carried out in a target selective manner. This review will focus on the role of TGF-β in T cell differentiation and discuss the prospect of TGF-β as the therapeutic target of lung transplantation acceptance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makio Iwashima
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, 2160 South First Avenue, Maywood, IL 60153, USA.
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Robinson PD, Shroff RC, Spencer H. Renal complications following lung and heart-lung transplantation. Pediatr Nephrol 2013; 28:375-86. [PMID: 22733223 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-012-2200-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2011] [Revised: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
As survival improves after lung and heart-lung transplants, the long term detrimental impact of current management on renal function becomes more apparent as the number of non-renal solid organ transplant recipients on renal transplant waiting lists increases. Progressive chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in the transplant population. In this review we discuss the specific problems prior to lung or heart-lung transplant that predispose to CKD, as well as potential renal complications encountered during the peri- and post-transplant period. Significant acute and chronic nephrotoxicity is caused by calcineurin inhibitors (CNI). Mechanisms to decrease CNI exposure exist but have yet to be adopted in routine clinical care. Modifiable risk factors and the current screening and management approach taken at our institution are described. Pediatric nephrologists should be involved from an early stage. Future work will need to focus on identifying more accurate measures of renal function, given the limitations of current glomerular filtration rate estimation equations in a population where nutritional status may rapidly change post transplant. Multicentre studies of CNI minimisation strategies are required to guide future therapy that aims to minimise CKD development and progression in this vulnerable population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul D Robinson
- Department of Pediatric Heart and Lung Transplant, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, England, UK.
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PRKCB is associated with calcineurin inhibitor-induced renal dysfunction in heart transplant recipients. Pharmacogenet Genomics 2012; 22:336-43. [PMID: 22322241 DOI: 10.1097/fpc.0b013e3283510a35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the transforming growth factor-β1 gene (TGFB1) have been inconsistently associated with calcineurin inhibitor (CNI)-induced renal dysfunction following cardiac transplantation. The impact of genetic variants related to the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) and natriuretic peptides, which are implicated in CNI nephrotoxicity, is unknown. The primary objective of this study was to validate the association between two common variants in TGFB1 (rs1800470, rs1800471) and postcardiac transplant renal function. The secondary objective was to investigate the effect of candidate genes related to the RAAS, natriuretic peptides, and other elements involved in the intracellular signaling of these pathways. METHODS We conducted a retrospective cohort study of 158 heart transplant recipients treated with CNIs, and evaluated the association between select SNPs and the estimated glomerular filtration rate as calculated by the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease simplified formula. A total of 273 SNPs distributed in 44 genes were tested. RESULTS No association was observed between TGFB1 variants and renal function. One polymorphism in the protein kinase C-β gene (PRKCB; rs11074606), which is implicated in the RAAS intracellular signaling, was significantly associated with post-transplant estimated glomerular filtration rate after adjusting for possible confounders (P=0.00049). This marker is in linkage disequilibrium with two variants located in putative regulatory regions of the gene (rs2283541, rs1013316). CONCLUSION Our results suggest that PRKCB may be a potential predictor of CNI-induced nephrotoxicity in heart transplant recipients, and could therefore be a promising candidate to identify patients who are most susceptible to this adverse drug reaction.
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Feingold B, Brooks MM, Zeevi A, Ohmann EL, Burckart GJ, Ferrell RE, Chinnock R, Canter C, Addonizio L, Bernstein D, Kirklin JK, Naftel DC, Webber SA. Renal function and genetic polymorphisms in pediatric heart transplant recipients. J Heart Lung Transplant 2012; 31:1003-8. [PMID: 22789135 DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2012.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Revised: 05/11/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Common genetic variations influence rejection, infection, drug metabolism, and side effect profiles after pediatric heart transplantation. Reports in adults suggest that genetic background may influence post-transplant renal function. In this multicenter study, we investigated the association of genetic polymorphisms (GPs) in a panel of candidate genes on renal function in 453 pediatric heart transplant recipients. METHODS We performed genotyping for functional GPs in 19 candidate genes. Renal function was determined annually after transplantation by calculation of the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Mixed-effects and Cox proportional hazard models were used to assess recipient characteristics and the effect of GPs on longitudinal eGFR and time to eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73m(2). RESULTS Mean age at transplantation was 6.2 ± 6.1 years. Mean follow-up was 5.1 ± 2.5 years. Older age at transplant and black race were independently associated with post-transplant renal dysfunction. Univariate analyses showed FASL (C-843T) T allele (p = 0.014) and HO-1 (A326G) G allele (p = 0.0017) were associated with decreased renal function. After adjusting for age and race, these associations were attenuated (FASL, p = 0.075; HO-1, p = 0.053). We found no associations of other GPs with post-transplant renal function, including GPs in TGFβ1, CYP3A5, ABCB1, and ACE. CONCLUSIONS In this multicenter, large, sample of pediatric heart transplant recipients, we found no strong associations between GPs in 19 candidate genes and post-transplant renal function. Our findings contradict reported associations of CYP3A5 and TGFβ1 with renal function and suggest that genotyping for these GPs will not facilitate individualized immunosuppression for the purpose of protecting renal function after pediatric heart transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Feingold
- Pediatric Cardiology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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Schirmer MA, Mergler CPN, Rave-Fränk M, Herrmann MK, Hennies S, Gaedcke J, Conradi LC, Jo P, Beissbarth T, Hess CF, Becker H, Ghadimi M, Brockmöller J, Christiansen H, Wolff HA. Acute Toxicity of Radiochemotherapy in Rectal Cancer Patients: A Risk Particularly for Carriers of the TGFB1 Pro25 variant. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2012; 83:149-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2011.05.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2011] [Revised: 05/19/2011] [Accepted: 05/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Transforming Growth Factor-β1-Gene Polymorphism in the Development of Kidney Disease After Liver Transplantation. Transplantation 2012; 93:555-60. [DOI: 10.1097/tp.0b013e318242be0b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Zahn A, Schott N, Hinz U, Stremmel W, Schmidt J, Ganten T, Gotthardt D, Meuer S, Zeier M, Giese T, Sommerer C. Immunomonitoring of nuclear factor of activated T cells-regulated gene expression: the first clinical trial in liver allograft recipients. Liver Transpl 2011; 17:466-73. [PMID: 21445930 DOI: 10.1002/lt.22254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Long-term calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) treatment can cause serious side effects in liver allograft recipients. An optimal risk-to-benefit ratio for CNI blood levels has not been established. Pharmacodynamic drug monitoring through the measurement of the CNI biological activity, that is, the expression of nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT)-regulated genes, seems to be a promising approach. The residual gene expression (RGE) of NFAT-regulated genes 2 and 1.5 hours after cyclosporine A (CsA) and tacrolimus (FK-506) intake was measured in 100 liver allograft recipients with 1 or more years of follow-up post-transplantation. The mean RGE in all patients was 62% ± 33%. A significant negative correlation between the CsA (P < 0.0001, r = -0.8026) and FK-506 peak levels (P < 0.0001, r = -0.6982) and the RGE of all NFAT-regulated genes was observed. Clinical reliability was proven too. In conclusion, the data presented in this pilot study reveal the applicability of the pharmacodynamic monitoring of CNI efficacy in liver allograft recipients. To confirm the advantage of individualized pharmacodynamic drug monitoring over pharmacokinetic drug monitoring with respect to clinical outcomes, controlled, prospective studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Zahn
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
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21
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Krejci K, Tichy T, Bachleda P, Zadrazil J. CALCINEURIN INHIBITOR-INDUCED RENAL ALLOGRAFT NEPHROTOXICITY. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 2010; 154:297-306. [DOI: 10.5507/bp.2010.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
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22
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Abstract
Chronic calcineurin inhibitor (CNI)-induced nephrotoxicity is associated with prolonged use of cyclosporine and tacrolimus and has been observed after all types of transplantation, as well as during treatment of autoimmune disease. Extensive alterations in the renal architecture including glomerular sclerosis, tubular atrophy and interstitial fibrosis may lead to end-stage renal failure. Increasing evidence shows that pharmacogenetic factors explain part of the between-patient differences in susceptibility to developing CNI-induced nephrotoxicity. In this paper this evidence is reviewed, with special emphasis on the role of genetic factors influencing metabolism and transportation of CNIs in both acceptor and donor.
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23
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24
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Choquette M, Goebel JW, Campbell KM. Nonimmune complications after transplantation. Pediatr Clin North Am 2010; 57:505-21, table of contents. [PMID: 20371049 DOI: 10.1016/j.pcl.2010.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
As posttransplant longevity has increased, nonimmune complications related to the transplant and posttransplant course have emerged as important factors in defining long-term outcomes. The incidence of, and risk factors for these complications may vary by transplanted organ based on immunosuppressive protocols and preexisting risk factors. This article discusses the relevant nonimmune complications associated with posttransplant care, with a focus on risk factors and management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique Choquette
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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25
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Abstract
The use of the calcineurin inhibitors cyclosporine and tacrolimus led to major advances in the field of transplantation, with excellent short-term outcome. However, the chronic nephrotoxicity of these drugs is the Achilles' heel of current immunosuppressive regimens. In this review, the authors summarize the clinical features and histologic appearance of both acute and chronic calcineurin inhibitor nephrotoxicity in renal and nonrenal transplantation, together with the pitfalls in its diagnosis. The authors also review the available literature on the physiologic and molecular mechanisms underlying acute and chronic calcineurin inhibitor nephrotoxicity, and demonstrate that its development is related to both reversible alterations and irreversible damage to all compartments of the kidneys, including glomeruli, arterioles, and tubulo-interstitium. The main question--whether nephrotoxicity is secondary to the actions of cyclosporine and tacrolimus on the calcineurin-NFAT pathway--remains largely unanswered. The authors critically review the current evidence relating systemic blood levels of cyclosporine and tacrolimus to calcineurin inhibitor nephrotoxicity, and summarize the data suggesting that local exposure to cyclosporine or tacrolimus could be more important than systemic exposure. Finally, other local susceptibility factors for calcineurin inhibitor nephrotoxicity are reviewed, including variability in P-glycoprotein and CYP3A4/5 expression or activity, older kidney age, salt depletion, the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and genetic polymorphisms in genes like TGF-beta and ACE. Better insight into the mechanisms underlying calcineurin inhibitor nephrotoxicity might pave the way toward more targeted therapy or prevention of calcineurin inhibitor nephrotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten Naesens
- Department of Nephrology and Renal Transplantation, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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26
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Girnita DM, Burckart G, Zeevi A. Effect of cytokine and pharmacogenomic genetic polymorphisms in transplantation. Curr Opin Immunol 2008; 20:614-25. [PMID: 18706500 PMCID: PMC2739872 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2008.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2008] [Revised: 08/01/2008] [Accepted: 08/04/2008] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Consolidating the information that we have on pharmacogenetics and on cytokine genetics to produce patient-oriented individualized drug regimens is an important challenge in transplantation medicine. Using a multi-variant approach based on genetic profile and other relevant clinical factors a score system may be developed to predict the severity of rejection, infection, or other complications associated with transplantation. The ultimate goal of these studies is to improve patient outcome through individualized drug regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana M Girnita
- Department of Pathology, Thomas E Starzl Transplant Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Gilbert Burckart
- Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Science, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993
| | - Adriana Zeevi
- Department of Pathology, Thomas E Starzl Transplant Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
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27
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Huang SH, Wang SS, Tai JJ, Lou MF. Unplanned readmission within the most recent postoperative year of heart transplant patients in Taiwan. J Clin Nurs 2008; 17:2302-10. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2702.2007.02268.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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28
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van Besouw NM, van der Mast BJ, van de Wetering J, Rischen-Vos J, Weimar W. Tapering immunosuppressive therapy significantly improves in vivo cutaneous delayed type hypersensitivity responses. Transpl Immunol 2008; 19:229-34. [PMID: 18573662 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2008.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2008] [Revised: 05/22/2008] [Accepted: 05/23/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Immunosuppressive therapy affects cell-mediated immunity and thereby increases the frequency of infections and malignancies in transplanted patients. We questioned whether reducing the immunosuppressive dose in stable kidney transplant patients has an in vivo effect on cutaneous delayed type hypersensitivity responses (DTH) reflecting cell-mediated immunity. We measured DTH responses to recall antigens (Tetanus, Diphteria, Streptococcus, Tuberculin, Candida, Trychophyton, Proteus, glycerin control) on the volar surface of the forearm in patients before and after successful reduction (50%) of the dose of mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) or azathioprine (AZA). In addition, we tested healthy individuals who were age- and sex-matched to the patient group. Results of the skin reaction test were calculated as the sum in millimeters (mm) of all positive reactions (score), and as the number of positive antigens. Patients treated with a high dose of MMF or AZA had a significantly lower test score compared to healthy controls (p=0.01). Also the number of positive antigens was reduced in patients compared to healthy controls (p=0.02). After reduction of the MMF or AZA dose, the test score and the number of positive antigens increased significantly (p=0.02, p=0.01, respectively) to comparable scores of healthy controls. Additionally, the mycophenolic acid (MPA) trough level was negatively correlated with the test score (p=0.006) and number of positive antigens (p=0.004). In conclusion, successful tapering of the MMF or AZA dose in kidney transplant patients more than 2 years after transplantation favorably affects the in vivo DTH response, reflecting an improvement of the general immunity, facilitating the defense against infection and malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M van Besouw
- Department of Internal Medicine-Transplantation, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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29
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Ahmad M, Robert R, Bargman JM, Oreopoulos D. Advantages of peritoneal dialysis in comparison to hemodialysis, in cardiac allograft recipients with end stage renal disease. Int Urol Nephrol 2008; 40:1083-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s11255-008-9406-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2008] [Accepted: 05/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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30
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de Jonge N, Kirkels J, Klöpping C, Lahpor J, Caliskan K, Maat A, Brügemann J, Erasmus M, Klautz R, Verwey H, Oomen A, Peels C, Golüke A, Nicastia D, Koole M, Balk A. Guidelines for heart transplantation. Neth Heart J 2008; 16:79-87. [PMID: 18345330 PMCID: PMC2266869 DOI: 10.1007/bf03086123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on the changes in the field of heart transplantation and the treatment and prognosis of patients with heart failure, these updated guidelines were composed by a committee under the supervision of both the Netherlands Society of Cardiology and the Netherlands Association for Cardiothoracic surgery (NVVC and NVT).THE INDICATION FOR HEART TRANSPLANTATION IS DEFINED AS: 'End-stage heart disease not remediable by more conservative measures'.CONTRAINDICATIONS ARE: irreversible pulmonary hypertension/elevated pulmonary vascular resistance; active systemic infection; active malignancy or history of malignancy with probability of recurrence; inability to comply with complex medical regimen; severe peripheral or cerebrovascular disease and irreversible dysfunction of another organ, including diseases that may limit prognosis after heart transplantation.Considering the difficulties in defining end-stage heart failure, estimating prognosis in the individual patient and the continuing evolution of available therapies, the present criteria are broadly defined. The final acceptance is done by the transplant team which has extensive knowledge of the treatment of patients with advanced heart failure on the one hand and thorough experience with heart transplantation and mechanical circulatory support on the other hand. (Neth Heart J 2008;16:79-87.).
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Affiliation(s)
- N. de Jonge
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - J.H. Kirkels
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - C. Klöpping
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - J.R. Lahpor
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - J. Brügemann
- University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - M.E. Erasmus
- University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - R.J.M. Klautz
- Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - H.F. Verwey
- Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - A. Oomen
- Antonius Hospital, Sneek, the Netherlands
| | - C.H. Peels
- Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
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31
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Abstract
The concept of pharmacogenomics, the study of how variation in the human genome affects response to drugs, attracts attention from clinicians and the pharmaceutical industry alike. The aim is to distinguish, using appropriate genetic tests, individuals who may be harmed by certain drugs from those who may benefit from them. Adverse drug reactions cause significant morbidity and mortality and incur a large cost to healthcare systems. Pharmacogenomics may help in the prediction and prevention of adverse reactions to drugs. While some recent studies (e.g., abacavir hypersensitivity) have shown strong associations with single genetic factors, whether these represent the exceptions rather than the rule is unclear. Further studies on adverse drug reaction pharmacogenetics are needed – these should be adequately powered and utilize the most appropriate study design that allows for an evaluation of both genetic and environmental factors. For pharmacogenetic testing to become acceptable in clinical practice, it is important that such studies are also able to provide evidence of clinical validity and clinical utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Alfirevic
- The University of Liverpool, Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Sherrington Building, Ashton Street, Liverpool, Merseyside, L69 3GE, UK
| | - Munir Pirmohamed
- The University of Liverpool, Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Sherrington Building, Ashton Street, Liverpool, Merseyside, L69 3GE, UK
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32
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Hingorani S. Chronic kidney disease after liver, cardiac, lung, heart-lung, and hematopoietic stem cell transplant. Pediatr Nephrol 2008; 23:879-88. [PMID: 18414901 PMCID: PMC2335288 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-008-0785-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2007] [Revised: 01/30/2008] [Accepted: 01/31/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Patient survival after cardiac, liver, and hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) is improving; however, this survival is limited by substantial pretransplant and treatment-related toxicities. A major cause of morbidity and mortality after transplant is chronic kidney disease (CKD). Although the majority of CKD after transplant is attributed to the use of calcineurin inhibitors, various other conditions such as thrombotic microangiopathy, nephrotic syndrome, and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis have been described. Though the immunosuppression used for each of the transplant types, cardiac, liver and HSCT is similar, the risk factors for developing CKD and the CKD severity described in patients after transplant vary. As the indications for transplant and the long-term survival improves for these children, so will the burden of CKD. Nephrologists should be involved early in the pretransplant workup of these patients. Transplant physicians and nephrologists will need to work together to identify those patients at risk of developing CKD early to prevent its development and progression to end-stage renal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangeeta Hingorani
- Pediatrics-University of Washington, 4800 Sandpoint Way NE M1-5, Seattle, WA 98015, USA.
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