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Zhao Y, Li M, Wu W, Miao W, Liu H. Downregulated ESRP1/2 promotes lung metastasis of bladder carcinoma through altering FGFR2 splicing and macrophage polarization. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1161273. [PMID: 37090731 PMCID: PMC10113678 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1161273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Lung metastasis occurs in parts of the bladder carcinoma (BC) patients but represents the highest severity and a poor outcome of the disease. The molecular mechanism underlying lung metastasis of BC is not fully understood. Fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) signaling plays a substantial role in the BC cell growth and invasion. In this study, we assessed the regulation of the alternative splicing of FGFR2 by epithelial splicing regulatory proteins (ESRPs) in lung metastasis of BC. Methods Gene profile of BC in comparison with adjacent non-tumor bladder tissue was obtained from GEO public database to analyze the levels of differentiated genes and pathways. Moreover, the association of ESRP1 or ESRP2 with lung metastasis of BC was analyzed on our own clinic samples. The effects of altered expression of ESRP1 or ESRP2 on alternative splicing of FGFR2 IIIb and IIIc, which represents epithelial and mesenchymal-like splicing, were analyzed on BC cell lines T24 and RT4. The in vivo effects of ESRP1 or ESRP2 on lung metastasis of BC were assessed in mice subcutaneously grafted with ESRP1/2-modified BC labeled with fluorescent and luciferase reporters. Results We detected significant reduction of ESRP1 and ESRP2 in BC in public database of BC specimens. Moreover, analysis on our own specimens also showed strong downregulation of ESRP1 or ESRP2 in BC, and the latter was more pronounced in cases with lung metastasis. In vitro, altered levels of ESRP1 or ESRP2 caused a switch of FGFR2 splicing between FGFR2-IIIb and FGFR2-IIIc, resulting in changes in tumor cell growth and metastatic potential. In vivo, re-expression of ESRP1 or ESRP2 in BC cells not only inhibited the growth of the xenografted tumor formation in nude mice, but also reduced the occurrence of lung metastasis, partially through altering polarization of tumor-associated macrophages. Conclusion Our data thus suggest that reduction in ESRP1 or ESRP2 promotes lung metastasis of BC through altering FGFR2 splicing and macrophage polarization.
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Discovery of ASP5878: synthesis and structure-activity relationships of pyrimidine derivatives as pan-FGFRs inhibitors with improved metabolic stability and suppressed hERG channel inhibitory activity. Bioorg Med Chem 2022; 59:116657. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2022.116657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Effect of Traditional Chinese Medicine Combined with Bladder Perfusion with Hydroxycamptothecin on Color Ultrasound and Clinical Efficacy in Patients with Bladder Cancer Surgery. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:7178414. [PMID: 34795788 PMCID: PMC8594995 DOI: 10.1155/2021/7178414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective To observe the clinical effect of Xiaozheng Decoction combined with bladder perfusion with hydroxycamptothecin in the treatment of bladder cancer. Methods A total of 92 bladder cancer patients admitted to our hospital from January to December 2018 were selected and divided into an observation group and a control group according to the random number table method, with 46 cases in each group. The observation group was given Xiaozheng Decoction combined with bladder perfusion with hydroxycamptothecin, and the control group was given hydroxycamptothecin. The levels of serum-related factors (intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), E-cadherin, cell adhesion molecules (CAM), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)), white blood cell (WBC) level, immune function indexes, short-term total response rate, and incidence of adverse reactions were compared between the two groups before and after treatment. Results After 2 years of postoperative treatment, the levels of ICAM-1, E-cadherin, CAM-1, FGF, and VEGF (a, b, c) in both groups were improved compared with those before treatment and the observation group was better than the control group (p < 0.01). The number of WBCs was significantly higher than in the control group after Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) treatment. The observation group was better than the control group in increasing CD3+ and CD4+ levels and decreasing CD8+ level (p < 0.05), indicating that this prescription could improve the immune function of patients. The recurrence rate in the observation group was 6.52% after 2 years of treatment, lower than 17.39% in the control group. Color ultrasound parameters showed that there were no statistically significant differences in arrive time (AT) and time to peak (TTP) between patients with and without recurrence and peak intensity (PI) and washout time (WT) were higher in patients with recurrence than in patients without recurrence (p < 0.01). The incidence of adverse reactions was significantly lower than that of the control group (p < 0.01). Conclusion The clinical effect of Xiaozheng Decoction combined with hydroxycamptothecin on the treatment of bladder cancer was clear and superior to that of hydroxycamptothecin, which could effectively improve the serological indicators of patients with a low incidence of adverse reactions and prolong the survival cycle of patients. Therefore, it is worthy of promotion and application.
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Kuriwaki I, Kameda M, Hisamichi H, Kikuchi S, Iikubo K, Kawamoto Y, Moritomo H, Kondoh Y, Amano Y, Tateishi Y, Echizen Y, Iwai Y, Noda A, Tomiyama H, Suzuki T, Hirano M. Structure-based drug design of 1,3,5-triazine and pyrimidine derivatives as novel FGFR3 inhibitors with high selectivity over VEGFR2. Bioorg Med Chem 2020; 28:115453. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2020.115453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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PET/CT in Renal, Bladder, and Testicular Cancer. Clin Nucl Med 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-39457-8_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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6
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Kolawole OM, Lau WM, Mostafid H, Khutoryanskiy VV. Advances in intravesical drug delivery systems to treat bladder cancer. Int J Pharm 2017; 532:105-117. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.08.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Ozer K, Horsanali MO, Gorgel SN, Ozbek E. Diabetes is an Important Risk Factor for Metastasis in Non- Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2016; 17:105-8. [PMID: 26838193 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2016.17.1.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiological evidence indicates that individuals with diabetes mellitus (DM) may have a modestly increased risk of bladder cancer. In the present study, we aimed to show any association between DM and risk of metastasis in patients with non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). MATERIALS AND METHODS We retrospectively analyzed 698 patients between January 2007 and December 2014 who were diagnosed with and underwent transurethral resection of bladder tumors (TUR-BT). Comparisons of means was conducted by independent samples t test, and relations between categorical variables were investigated by non-parametric chi- square test. A p value of 0.05 was accepted as statistically significant in comparisons. RESULTS We analyzed 418 patients with non muscle invasive bladder cancer. 123 of whom were diabetic and 295 non-diabetic. In diabetic patients, 13 were N1 stage and 11 M1 stage. When compared with non diabetic patients that was statistically significant (p<0.001). TNM stages were more advanced in diabetic patients (p<0.001), but concurrent CIS (p=0.1) and squamous metaplasia did not significantly differ between diabetic and non-diabetic cases (p=1). CONCLUSIONS Diabetic patients with non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer may suffer metastases earlier than expected although they are non invasive. Therefore such patients must be followed-up carefully and early cystectomy decision may be necessary. Further prospective studies with more patients are needed to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kutan Ozer
- Urology, Ataturk Training and Research Hospital, Katip Celebi University, Izmir, Turkey E-mail :
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Zhang R, Wang L, Garrett SH, Sens DA, Dunlevy JR, Zhou XD, Somji S. Elevated connexin 43 expression in arsenite-and cadmium-transformed human bladder cancer cells, tumor transplants and selected high grade human bladder cancers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 68:479-491. [PMID: 27531258 DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Revised: 07/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Connexin 43 has been shown to play a role in cell migration and invasion; however, its role in bladder cancer is not well defined. Previous studies from our laboratory have shown that the environmental pollutants arsenite and cadmium can cause malignant transformation of the immortalized urothelial cell line UROtsa. These transformed cells can form tumors in immune-compromised mice. The goal of the present study was to determine if connexin 43 is expressed in the normal human bladder, the arsenite and cadmiun-transformed UROtsa cells as well as human urothelial cancer. The results obtained showed that connexin 43 is not expressed in the epithelial cells of the human bladder but is expressed in immortalized cultures of human urothelial cells and the expression is variable in the arsenite and cadmium- transformed urothelial cell lines derived from these immortalized cells. Tumor heterotransplants generated from the transformed cells expressed connexin 43 and the expression was localized to areas of squamous differentiation. Immuno-histochemical analysis of human bladder cancers also showed that the expression of connexin 43 was localized to areas of the tumor that showed early features of squamous differentiation. Treatment of UROtsa cells with various concentrations of arsenite or cadmium did not significantly alter the expression level of connexin 43. In conclusion, our results show that the expression of connexin 43 is localized to the areas of the tumor that show squamous differentiation, which may be an indicator of poor prognosis. This suggests that connexin 43 has the potential to be developed as a biomarker for bladder cancer that may have the ability to invade and metastasize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruowen Zhang
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota 501N. Columbia Road, Grand Forks, ND 58203, United States.
| | - Liping Wang
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota 501N. Columbia Road, Grand Forks, ND 58203, United States.
| | - Scott H Garrett
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota 501N. Columbia Road, Grand Forks, ND 58203, United States.
| | - Donald A Sens
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota 501N. Columbia Road, Grand Forks, ND 58203, United States.
| | - Jane R Dunlevy
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, 501N. Columbia Road, Grand Forks, ND 58203, United States.
| | - Xu Dong Zhou
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota 501N. Columbia Road, Grand Forks, ND 58203, United States.
| | - Seema Somji
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota 501N. Columbia Road, Grand Forks, ND 58203, United States.
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Liu J, Dai Y, Zhou F, Long Z, Li Y, Liu B, Xie D, Tang J, Tan J, Yao K, Zhang Y, Tang Y, He L. The prognostic role of preoperative serum albumin/globulin ratio in patients with bladder urothelial carcinoma undergoing radical cystectomy. Urol Oncol 2016; 34:484.e1-484.e8. [PMID: 27341738 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2016.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To date, only a few studies have demonstrated the prognostic value of pretreatment serum albumin in bladder urothelial carcinoma (BUC). The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between the pretreatment albumin/globulin ratio (AGR) and the survival of patients with BUC treated with radical cystectomy (RC). MATERIALS AND METHODS Data from 296 patients with BUC who underwent RC between June 2000 and June 2013 were analyzed. The AGR was calculated as follows: albumin/(total protein-albumin). The AGR was divided into 2 groups for receiver operating characteristics curve analysis. Survival was estimated using Kaplan-Meier analysis and compared using the log rank test. Cox proportional hazards models were used for univariate and multivariate survival analyses. RESULTS Patients in the high AGR group (AGR≥1.60) had a lower 5-year recurrence-free mortality rate compared with those in the low AGR group (AGR<1.60) (87.0% vs. 48.0%, P<0.001). The median cancer-specific survival (CSS) time was 71.1 months for low AGR patients and 156.0 months for the high AGR patients (P<0.001). After adjusting for confounding variables, the AGR remained an independent predictor of recurrence-free survival (RFS) (hazard rate = 0.356; 95% CI: 0.170-0.748; P = 0.006) and CSS (hazard rate = 0.280; 95% CI: 0.115-0.683; P = 0.005). Moreover, in the subset of 167 patients with normal serum albumin (albumin of≥40.0g/l), serum AGR continues to be an independent predictor of RFS (P = 0.012) and CSS (P = 0.008). CONCLUSIONS High AGR is a strong independent predictor of long-term RFS and CSS in patients with BUC undergoing RC. Additionally, among patients with normal albumin (≥40g/l) levels, patients with higher globulin, but lower AGR have worse survival. The pretreatment AGR is an easily accessible and cheap to use for predicting mortality in patients with BUC treated by RC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianye Liu
- Department of Urology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China; Institute of Prostate Disease of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yingbo Dai
- Department of Urology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China; Institute of Prostate Disease of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Fangjian Zhou
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhi Long
- Department of Urology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China; Institute of Prostate Disease of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yonghong Li
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Urology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China; Institute of Prostate Disease of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Dan Xie
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jin Tang
- Department of Urology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China; Institute of Prostate Disease of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jing Tan
- Department of Urology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China; Institute of Prostate Disease of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Kun Yao
- Department of Urology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China; Institute of Prostate Disease of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yichuan Zhang
- Department of Urology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China; Institute of Prostate Disease of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yuxin Tang
- Department of Urology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China; Institute of Prostate Disease of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Leye He
- Department of Urology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China; Institute of Prostate Disease of Central South University, Changsha, China.
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Sandquist EJ, Somji S, Dunlevy JR, Garrett SH, Zhou XD, Slusser-Nore A, Sens DA. Loss of N-Cadherin Expression in Tumor Transplants Produced From As+3- and Cd+2-Transformed Human Urothelial (UROtsa) Cell Lines. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156310. [PMID: 27224422 PMCID: PMC4880289 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epithelial to mesenchymal transition is a process in which a cell experiences a loss of epithelial cell characteristics and acquires a more mesenchymal cell phenotype. In cancer, epithelial to mesenchymal transition has been proposed to play an important role during specific stages of tumor progression. The role epithelial to mesenchymal transition and mesenchymal to epithelial transition might play in toxicant-induced urothelial cancer is unknown. METHODS Real-time PCR, Western blotting, immuno-histochemistry and immuno-fluorescence were used to determine the expression of E- and N-cadherin in the UROtsa parent, the As+3- and Cd+2-transformed cell lines, the spheroids isolated from these cell lines as well as the tumor heterotransplants that were produced by the injection of the transformed cells into immune compromised mice. RESULTS This study showed that N-cadherin expression was increased in 6 As+3- and 7 Cd+2- transformed cell lines generated from human urothelial cells (UROtsa). The expression varied within each cell line, with 10% to 95% of the cells expressing N-cadherin. Tumors produced from these cell lines showed no expression of the N-cadherin protein. Spheroids which are made up of putative cancer initiating cells produced from these cell lines showed only background expression of N-cadherin mRNA, increased expression of aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 mRNA and produced tumors which did not express N-cadherin. There was no change in the expression of E-cadherin in the tumors, and the tumors formed by all the As+3 and Cd+2-transformed cell lines and cancer initiating cells stained intensely and uniformly for E-cadherin. CONCLUSIONS The finding that the cells expressing N-cadherin gave rise to tumors with no expression of N-cadherin is in agreement with the classical view of epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Epithelial to mesenchymal transition and N-cadherin are associated with dissemination and not with the ability to establish new tumor growth. Mesenchymal to epithelial transition and E-cadherin are viewed as necessary for a cell to establish a new metastatic site. The lack of N-cadherin expression in tumor transplants is consistent with E-cadherin expressing cells "seeding" a site for tumor growth. The study shows that a minority population of cultured cells can be the initiators of tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J. Sandquist
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, United States of America
| | - Seema Somji
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, United States of America
| | - Jane R. Dunlevy
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, United States of America
| | - Scott H. Garrett
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, United States of America
| | - Xu Dong Zhou
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, United States of America
| | - Andrea Slusser-Nore
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, United States of America
| | - Donald A. Sens
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Slusser-Nore A, Larson-Casey JL, Zhang R, Zhou XD, Somji S, Garrett SH, Sens DA, Dunlevy JR. SPARC Expression Is Selectively Suppressed in Tumor Initiating Urospheres Isolated from As+3- and Cd+2-Transformed Human Urothelial Cells (UROtsa) Stably Transfected with SPARC. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147362. [PMID: 26783756 PMCID: PMC4718619 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This laboratory previously analyzed the expression of SPARC in the parental UROtsa cells, their arsenite (As(+3)) and cadmium (Cd(+2))-transformed cell lines, and tumor transplants generated from the transformed cells. It was demonstrated that SPARC expression was down-regulated to background levels in Cd(+2)-and As(+3)-transformed UROtsa cells and tumor transplants compared to parental cells. In the present study, the transformed cell lines were stably transfected with a SPARC expression vector to determine the effect of SPARC expression on the ability of the cells to form tumors in immune-compromised mice. METHODS Real time PCR, western blotting, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence were used to define the expression of SPARC in the As(+3)-and Cd(+2)-transformed cell lines, and urospheres isolated from these cell lines, following their stable transfection with an expression vector containing the SPARC open reading frame (ORF). Transplantation of the cultured cells into immune-compromised mice by subcutaneous injection was used to assess the effect of SPARC expression on tumors generated from the above cell lines and urospheres. RESULTS It was shown that the As(+3)-and Cd(+2)-transformed UROtsa cells could undergo stable transfection with a SPARC expression vector and that the transfected cells expressed both SPARC mRNA and secreted protein. Tumors formed from these SPARC-transfected cells were shown to have no expression of SPARC. Urospheres isolated from cultures of the SPARC-transfected As(+3)-and Cd(+2)-transformed cell lines were shown to have only background expression of SPARC. Urospheres from both the non-transfected and SPARC-transfected cell lines were tumorigenic and thus fit the definition for a population of tumor initiating cells. CONCLUSIONS Tumor initiating cells isolated from SPARC-transfected As(+3)-and Cd(+2)-transformed cell lines have an inherent mechanism to suppress the expression of SPARC mRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Slusser-Nore
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, United States of America
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, United States of America
| | - Jennifer L. Larson-Casey
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Medicine, the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Ruowen Zhang
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, United States of America
| | - Xu Dong Zhou
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, United States of America
| | - Seema Somji
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, United States of America
| | - Scott H. Garrett
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, United States of America
| | - Donald A. Sens
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, United States of America
| | - Jane R. Dunlevy
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Combined use of Epithelial Membrane Antigen and Nuclear Matrix Protein 52 as Sensitive Biomarkers for Detection of Bladder Cancer. Int J Biol Markers 2015; 30:e407-13. [DOI: 10.5301/jbm.5000164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Background The advent of noninvasive urine-based markers as well as other novel modalities has yielded improved diagnostic accuracy. However, the new markers failed to reach higher sensitivity and specificity. We therefore evaluated the potential role of epithelial membrane antigen (EMA) and nuclear matrix protein 52 (NMP-52) singly and combined as noninvasive biomarkers for the detection of bladder cancer (BC). Methods A total of 160 individuals including 66 patients with BC, 54 patients with benign urologic disorders and 40 healthy volunteers were investigated. Urinary EMA at 130 kDa and NMP at 52 kDa were identified, purified and quantified by Western blot, electroelution and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The diagnostic performance of each biomarker and their combination were compared using area under receiver operating characteristic curves (AUC). Results Mean urinary EMA, 2.42 µg/mL, and NMP-52, 17.85 µg/mL, were significantly elevated in patients with BC compared to controls, 1.18 and 3.44 µg/mL, respectively (p<0.0001). The combined use of these markers yielded values which were increased 4.4- and 13.7-fold in the benign and malignant disease groups, respectively, with respect to the normal group. The values of EMA and NMP-52 were significantly higher in patients with higher-grade tumors than those with lower-grade tumors (p<0.0001). Moreover, this combination could predict all BC stages and grades with 0.91 AUC, 94% sensitivity and 80% specificity. Conclusions EMA and NMP-52 in combination could be promising noninvasive biomarkers for BC detection.
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Ferreira R, Oliveira P, Martins T, Magalhães S, Trindade F, Pires MJ, Colaço B, Barros A, Santos L, Amado F, Vitorino R. Comparative proteomic analyses of urine from rat urothelial carcinoma chemically induced by exposure to N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)-nitrosamine. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2015; 11:1594-602. [DOI: 10.1039/c4mb00606b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Bladder cancer is estimated to be the ninth most common malignancy with a high rate of recurrence and progression despite therapy, early diagnosis being crucial for timely intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Ferreira
- QOPNA
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Aveiro
- 3810-193 Aveiro
- Portugal
| | - Paula Oliveira
- CITAB
- Department of Veterinary Science
- University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro
- Portugal
| | - Telma Martins
- QOPNA
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Aveiro
- 3810-193 Aveiro
- Portugal
| | - Sandra Magalhães
- QOPNA
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Aveiro
- 3810-193 Aveiro
- Portugal
| | - Fábio Trindade
- QOPNA
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Aveiro
- 3810-193 Aveiro
- Portugal
| | - Maria João Pires
- CITAB
- Department of Veterinary Science
- University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro
- Portugal
| | - Bruno Colaço
- CITAB
- Department of Veterinary Science
- University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro
- Portugal
| | - António Barros
- QOPNA
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Aveiro
- 3810-193 Aveiro
- Portugal
| | - Lúcio Santos
- Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Group
- Portuguese Institute of Oncology, Porto
- Portugal
| | | | - Rui Vitorino
- QOPNA
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Aveiro
- 3810-193 Aveiro
- Portugal
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Goodfellow H, Viney Z, Hughes P, Rankin S, Rottenberg G, Hughes S, Evison F, Dasgupta P, O'Brien T, Khan MS. Role of fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG PET)-computed tomography (CT) in the staging of bladder cancer. BJU Int 2014; 114:389-95. [DOI: 10.1111/bju.12608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Henry Goodfellow
- Guy's, King's and St Thomas' Medical School; Kings College London; London UK
| | - Zaid Viney
- Urology Centre; Guy's Hospital; Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Trust; London UK
| | - Paul Hughes
- Urology Centre; Guy's Hospital; Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Trust; London UK
| | - Sheila Rankin
- Urology Centre; Guy's Hospital; Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Trust; London UK
| | - Giles Rottenberg
- Urology Centre; Guy's Hospital; Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Trust; London UK
| | - Simon Hughes
- Urology Centre; Guy's Hospital; Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Trust; London UK
| | - Felicity Evison
- University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust; London UK
| | - Prokar Dasgupta
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Transplantation & National; Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre; King's College London; King's Health Partners; Guy's Hospital; London UK
| | - Timothy O'Brien
- Urology Centre; Guy's Hospital; Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Trust; London UK
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15
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Dueñas M, Martínez-Fernández M, García-Escudero R, Villacampa F, Marqués M, Saiz-Ladera C, Duarte J, Martínez V, Gómez MJ, Martín ML, Fernández M, Castellano D, Real FX, Rodriguez-Peralto JL, De La Rosa F, Paramio JM. PIK3CA gene alterations in bladder cancer are frequent and associate with reduced recurrence in non-muscle invasive tumors. Mol Carcinog 2013; 54:566-76. [PMID: 24347284 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Bladder cancer (BC) is the fifth most common cancer in the world, being the non-muscle invasive tumors (NMIBC) the most frequent. NMIBC shows a very high frequency of recurrence and, in certain cases, tumor progression. The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway, which controls cell growth, tumorigenesis, cell invasion and drug response, is frequently activated in numerous human cancers, including BC, in part through alterations of PIK3CA gene. However, the significance of PIK3CA gene alterations with respect to clinicopathological characteristics, and in particular tumor recurrence and progression, remains elusive. Here, we analyzed the presence of mutations in FGFR3 and PIK3CA genes and copy number alterations of PIK3CA gene in bladder tumor and their correspondent paired normal samples from 87 patients. We observed an extremely high frequency of PIK3CA gene alterations (mutations, copy gains, or both) in tumor samples, affecting primarily T1 and T2 tumors. A significant number of normal tissues also showed mutations and copy gains, being coincident with those found in the corresponding tumor sample. In low-grade tumors PIK3CA mutations associated with FGFR3 mutations. Alterations in PIK3CA gene resulted in increased Akt activity in tumors. Interestingly, the presence of PIK3CA gene alterations, and in particular gene mutations, is significantly associated with reduced recurrence of NMIBC patients. Importantly, the presence of FGFR3 mutations may influence the clinical outcome of patients bearing alterations in PIK3CA gene, and increased recurrence was associated to FGFR3 mutated, PIK3CA wt tumors. These findings may have high relevance in terms of using PI3K-targeted therapies for BC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Dueñas
- Unidad de Oncología Molecular, CIEMAT (ed70A), Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Felipe Villacampa
- Unidad de Uro-Oncología, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miriam Marqués
- Epithelial Carcinogenesis Group, Molecular Pathology Programme, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO) Melchor Fernández Almagro, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - José Duarte
- Unidad de Uro-Oncología, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Victor Martínez
- Unidad de Uro-Oncología, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - M José Gómez
- Unidad de Uro-Oncología, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Luisa Martín
- Unidad de Uro-Oncología, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manoli Fernández
- Unidad de Uro-Oncología, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Castellano
- Unidad de Uro-Oncología, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco X Real
- Epithelial Carcinogenesis Group, Molecular Pathology Programme, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO) Melchor Fernández Almagro, Madrid, Spain.,Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jose L Rodriguez-Peralto
- Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Centro de Investigación Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Federico De La Rosa
- Unidad de Uro-Oncología, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús M Paramio
- Unidad de Oncología Molecular, CIEMAT (ed70A), Madrid, Spain
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16
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Zhang T, Guo P, Zhang Y, Xiong H, Yu X, Xu S, Wang X, He D, Jin X. The antidiabetic drug metformin inhibits the proliferation of bladder cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:24603-18. [PMID: 24351837 PMCID: PMC3876131 DOI: 10.3390/ijms141224603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Revised: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that metformin, a widely used antidiabetic agent, may reduce cancer risk and improve prognosis of certain malignancies. However, the mechanisms for the anti-cancer effects of metformin remain uncertain. In this study, we investigated the effects of metformin on human bladder cancer cells and the underlying mechanisms. Metformin significantly inhibited the proliferation and colony formation of 5637 and T24 cells in vitro; specifically, metformin induced an apparent cell cycle arrest in G0/G1 phases, accompanied by a strong decrease of cyclin D1, cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4), E2F1 and an increase of p21waf-1. Further experiments revealed that metformin activated AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and suppressed mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), the central regulator of protein synthesis and cell growth. Moreover, daily treatment of metformin led to a substantial inhibition of tumor growth in a xenograft model with concomitant decrease in the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), cyclin D1 and p-mTOR. The in vitro and in vivo results demonstrate that metformin efficiently suppresses the proliferation of bladder cancer cells and suggest that metformin may be a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhang
- Minimally Invasive Urology Center, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250021, China; E-Mails: (T.Z.); (Y.Z.); (H.X.); (X.Y.)
| | - Peng Guo
- Department of Urology, the First Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China; E-Mails: (P.G.); (S.X.); (X.W.)
- Oncology Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Yinan Zhang
- Minimally Invasive Urology Center, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250021, China; E-Mails: (T.Z.); (Y.Z.); (H.X.); (X.Y.)
| | - Hui Xiong
- Minimally Invasive Urology Center, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250021, China; E-Mails: (T.Z.); (Y.Z.); (H.X.); (X.Y.)
| | - Xiao Yu
- Minimally Invasive Urology Center, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250021, China; E-Mails: (T.Z.); (Y.Z.); (H.X.); (X.Y.)
| | - Shan Xu
- Department of Urology, the First Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China; E-Mails: (P.G.); (S.X.); (X.W.)
- Oncology Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Xinyang Wang
- Department of Urology, the First Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China; E-Mails: (P.G.); (S.X.); (X.W.)
- Oncology Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Dalin He
- Department of Urology, the First Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China; E-Mails: (P.G.); (S.X.); (X.W.)
- Oncology Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (D.H.); (X.J.); Tel.: +86-29-8532-3661 (D.H.); +86-138-0892-7088 (X.J.); Fax: +86-29-8532-3203 (D.H.); +86-531-8706-8707 (X.J.)
| | - Xunbo Jin
- Minimally Invasive Urology Center, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250021, China; E-Mails: (T.Z.); (Y.Z.); (H.X.); (X.Y.)
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (D.H.); (X.J.); Tel.: +86-29-8532-3661 (D.H.); +86-138-0892-7088 (X.J.); Fax: +86-29-8532-3203 (D.H.); +86-531-8706-8707 (X.J.)
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17
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Djaladat H, Bruins HM, Miranda G, Cai J, Skinner EC, Daneshmand S. The association of preoperative serum albumin level and American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score on early complications and survival of patients undergoing radical cystectomy for urothelial bladder cancer. BJU Int 2013; 113:887-93. [PMID: 23906037 DOI: 10.1111/bju.12240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the impact of the preoperative American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score and serum albumin level on complications, recurrences and survival rates of patients who underwent radical cystectomy (RC) for urothelial bladder cancer (UBC). PATIENTS AND METHODS In all, 1964 patients underwent RC for UBC at our institution between 1971 and 2008. Preoperative serum albumin and ASA score were available in 1471 and 1140 patients, respectively. A complication was defined as any surgery related/unrelated event leading to lengthening hospital stay or re-admission. Endpoints were 90-day complication (90dC) rate, recurrence-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS). RESULTS The median (range) follow-up was 12.4 (0.2-27.3) years. In all, 197 patients (13.4%) had a low albumin level (<3.5 g/dL) and 740 (64.8%) had a high ASA score (3 or 4). Low serum albumin and a high ASA score were associated with higher 90dC rate (42% vs 34%, P = 0.03 and 40% vs 28%, P < 0.001, respectively). On multiple logistic regression analysis, a high ASA score remained independently associated with increased 90dC rate (hazard ratio [HR] 1.52, P = 0.005) and decreased OS (HR 1.45, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.13-1.86). A low serum albumin level was also independently associated with RFS (HR 1.68, 95% CI 1.16-2.43) and OS (HR 1.93, 95% CI 1.43-2.63). CONCLUSION A low serum albumin level was independently associated with cancer recurrence and decreased OS after RC. A high ASA score was also independently associated with decreased OS. These parameters potentially could be used as prognosticators after RC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hooman Djaladat
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California Institute of Urology, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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18
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LI HONGLIANG, ZHANG SHU, WANG YUAN, LIANG RONGRUI, LI JUN, AN PENG, WANG ZIMING, YANG JUN, LI ZONGFANG. Baicalein induces apoptosis via a mitochondrial-dependent caspase activation pathway in T24 bladder cancer cells. Mol Med Rep 2012; 7:266-70. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2012.1123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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19
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Ajjimaporn A, Botsford T, Garrett SH, Sens MA, Zhou XD, Dunlevy JR, Sens DA, Somji S. ZIP8 expression in human proximal tubule cells, human urothelial cells transformed by Cd+2 and As+3 and in specimens of normal human urothelium and urothelial cancer. Cancer Cell Int 2012; 12:16. [PMID: 22550998 PMCID: PMC3390278 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2867-12-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background ZIP8 functions endogenously as a Zn+2/HCO3- symporter that can also bring cadmium (Cd+2) into the cell. It has also been proposed that ZIP8 participates in Cd-induced testicular necrosis and renal disease. In this study real-time PCR, western analysis, immunostaining and fluorescent localization were used to define the expression of ZIP8 in human kidney, cultured human proximal tubule (HPT) cells, normal and malignant human urothelium and Cd+2 and arsenite (As+3) transformed urothelial cells. Results It was shown that in the renal system both the non-glycosylated and glycosylated form of ZIP8 was expressed in the proximal tubule cells with localization of ZIP8 to the cytoplasm and cell membrane; findings in line with previous studies on ZIP8. The studies in the bladder were the first to show that ZIP8 was expressed in normal urothelium and that ZIP8 could be localized to the paranuclear region. Studies in the UROtsa cell line confirmed a paranuclear localization of ZIP8, however addition of growth medium to the cells increased the expression of the protein in the UROtsa cells. In archival human samples of the normal urothelium, the expression of ZIP8 was variable in intensity whereas in urothelial cancers ZIP8 was expressed in 13 of 14 samples, with one high grade invasive urothelial cancer showing no expression. The expression of ZIP8 was similar in the Cd+2 and As+3 transformed UROtsa cell lines and their tumor transplants. Conclusion This is the first study which shows that ZIP8 is expressed in the normal urothelium and in bladder cancer. In addition the normal UROtsa cell line and its transformed counterparts show similar expression of ZIP8 compared to the normal urothelium and the urothelial cancers suggesting that the UROtsa cell line could serve as a model system to study the expression of ZIP8 in bladder disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amornpan Ajjimaporn
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, USA.
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20
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Epigenetic alterations in bladder cancer and their potential clinical implications. Adv Urol 2012; 2012:546917. [PMID: 22829811 PMCID: PMC3397159 DOI: 10.1155/2012/546917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Urothelial carcinoma (UC), the most common type of bladder cancer, is one of the most expensive malignancies to treat due to its high rate of recurrence. The characterization of the genetic alterations associated with UC has revealed the presence of two mutually exclusive molecular pathways along which distinct genetic abnormalities contribute to the formation of invasive and noninvasive tumors. Here, we focus on the epigenetic alterations found in UC, including the presence of an epigenetic field defect throughout bladders with tumors. A distinct hypomethylation pattern was found in noninvasive tumors, whereas widespread hypermethylation was found in invasive tumors, indicating the two pathways given rise to two tumor types also differ epigenetically. Since certain epigenetic alterations precede histopathological changes, they can serve as excellent markers for the development of diagnostic, prognostic, and surveillance tools. In addition, their dynamic nature and reversibility with pharmacological interventions open new and exciting avenues for therapies. The epigenetic abnormalities associated with UC would make it an excellent target for epigenetic therapy, which is currently approved for the treatment of a few hematological malignancies. Future research is needed to address efficacy and potential toxicity issues before it can be implemented as a therapeutic strategy for solid tumors.
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Abstract
Transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the bladder tends to remain superficial; however, in 5% to 20% of cases, it progresses to muscle invasion and, more rarely, can metastasize. TCC of the bladder primarily spreads via regional lymphatics. The most common sites of distant metastases of TCC are the liver, lung, mediastinum and bone. Longterm survival of patients with metastatic bladder cancer is rare. Patterns of pulmonary metastasis include multiple nodules, a solitary mass or interstitial micronodule. When multiple nodules are present, they are round and well-circumscribed, without calcification or cavitation. An unusual case of rapidly metastatic TCC to the lung causing large cavitary masses and nodules is presented. Imaging performed after the patient began chemotherapy revealed widespread necrosis of the metastatic cavitary masses causing moderate volume hemoptysis.
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22
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Soh M, Dunlevy JR, Garrett SH, Allen C, Sens DA, Zhou XD, Sens MA, Somji S. Increased neuron specific enolase expression by urothelial cells exposed to or malignantly transformed by exposure to Cd²⁺ or As³⁺. Toxicol Lett 2012; 212:66-74. [PMID: 22613180 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2012.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2012] [Revised: 05/01/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neuron specific enolase (ENO2, γ-enolase) is a biomarker used to help identify neuroendocrine differentiation in tumors. This laboratory has shown that ENO2 might be a biomarker for exposure to cadmium and arsenite. In this study these observations are extended to the urothelial cell, where environmental exposures are strongly linked to urothelial cancer. The UROtsa urothelial cell line and its Cd²⁺- and As³⁺-transformed counterparts were used as the model. Acute exposure of the UROtsa cells to both As³⁺- and Cd²⁺-caused significant increases in ENO2 expression. Treatment with the histone deacetlyase inhibitor was also shown to significantly increase the expression of ENO2 mRNA. The expression of ENO2 was significantly elevated in the Cd²⁺- and As³⁺-transformed UROtsa cells and tumor transplants. In contrast, ENO1, was unaffected by exposure to As³⁺ or Cd²⁺. Immunofluorescence showed ENO2 associated with both the nucleus and cytoplasm and cytoplasmic ENO2 co-localized with ENO1. The findings extend the evidence suggesting a link between As³⁺ and Cd²⁺ exposure and neuroendocrine differentiation in tumors. The results suggest that ENO2 might be a biomarker of human exposure to Cd²⁺ and As³⁺ that operates through histone modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen Soh
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA.
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23
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Zoidakis J, Makridakis M, Zerefos PG, Bitsika V, Esteban S, Frantzi M, Stravodimos K, Anagnou NP, Roubelakis MG, Sanchez-Carbayo M, Vlahou A. Profilin 1 is a potential biomarker for bladder cancer aggressiveness. Mol Cell Proteomics 2011; 11:M111.009449. [PMID: 22159600 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m111.009449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Of the most important clinical needs for bladder cancer (BC) management is the identification of biomarkers for disease aggressiveness. Urine is a "gold mine" for biomarker discovery, nevertheless, with multiple proteins being in low amounts, urine proteomics becomes challenging. In the present study we applied a fractionation strategy of urinary proteins based on the use of immobilized metal affinity chromatography for the discovery of biomarkers for aggressive BC. Urine samples from patients with non invasive (two pools) and invasive (two pools) BC were subjected to immobilized metal affinity chromatography fractionation and eluted proteins analyzed by 1D-SDS-PAGE, band excision and liquid chromatography tandem MS. Among the identified proteins, multiple corresponded to proteins with affinity for metals and/or reported to be phosphorylated and included proteins with demonstrated association with BC such as MMP9, fibrinogen forms, and clusterin. In agreement to the immobilized metal affinity chromatography results, aminopeptidase N, profilin 1, and myeloblastin were further found to be differentially expressed in urine from patients with invasive compared with non invasive BC and benign controls, by Western blot or Elisa analysis, nevertheless exhibiting high interindividual variability. By tissue microarray analysis, profilin 1 was found to have a marked decrease of expression in the epithelial cells of the invasive (T2+) versus high risk non invasive (T1G3) tumors with occasional expression in stroma; importantly, this pattern strongly correlated with poor prognosis and increased mortality. The functional relevance of profilin 1 was investigated in the T24 BC cells where blockage of the protein by the use of antibodies resulted in decreased cell motility with concomitant decrease in actin polymerization. Collectively, our study involves the application of a fractionation method of urinary proteins and as one main result of this analysis reveals the association of profilin 1 with BC paving the way for its further investigation in BC stratification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome Zoidakis
- Biotechnology Division, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Greece
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24
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Somji S, Cao L, Mehus A, Zhou XD, Sens MA, Dunlevy JR, Garrett SH, Zheng Y, Larson JL, Sens DA. Comparison of expression patterns of keratin 6, 7, 16, 17, and 19 within multiple independent isolates of As(+3)- and Cd (+2)-induced bladder cancer : keratin 6, 7, 16, 17, and 19 in bladder cancer. Cell Biol Toxicol 2011; 27:381-96. [PMID: 21927821 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-010-9169-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2010] [Accepted: 05/25/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This laboratory has generated a series of seven cadmium (Cd(+2))- and six arsenite (As(+3))-transformed urothelial cancer cell lines by exposure of parental UROtsa cells to each agent under similar conditions of exposure. In this study, the seven Cd(+2)-transformed cell lines were characterized for the expression of keratin 6, 16, and 17 while the six As(+3) cell lines were assessed for the expression of keratin 7 and 19. The results showed that the series of Cd(+2)-transformed cell lines and their respective transplants all had expression of keratin 6, 16, and 17 mRNA and protein. The expression of keratin 6, 16, and 17 was also correlated with areas of the urothelial tumor cells that had undergone squamous differentiation. The results also showed that four of the six As(+3)-transformed cell lines had expression of keratin 7 and 19 mRNA and protein and produced subcutaneous tumors with intense focal staining for keratin 7 and 19. The other two As(+3)-transformed cell lines had very low expression of keratin 7 mRNA and protein and produced subcutaneous tumors having no immunoreactivity for keratin 7; although keratin 19 expression was still present. The peritoneal tumors produced by one of these two cell lines regained expression of keratin 7 protein. The present results, coupled with previous studies, indicate that malignant transformation of UROtsa cells by Cd(+2) or As(+3) produce similar patterns of keratin 6, 7, 16, 17, and 19 in the resulting series of cell lines and their respective tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema Somji
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA
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25
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Talaat S, Somji S, Toni C, Garrett SH, Zhou XD, Sens MA, Sens DA. Kindlin-2 expression in arsenite- and cadmium-transformed bladder cancer cell lines and in archival specimens of human bladder cancer. Urology 2011; 77:1507.e1-7. [PMID: 21624607 PMCID: PMC3105253 DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2011.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2010] [Revised: 01/20/2011] [Accepted: 02/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To confirm a microarray study that suggested that Kindlin-2 might play a role in the development and progression of bladder cancer. There has been no previous examination of Kindlin-2 expression in human bladder cancer. METHODS A combination of real-time polymerase chain reaction, Western analysis, and immunohistochemistry was used to characterize Kindlin-2 expression in arsenite (As(+3))- and cadmium (Cd(+2))-transformed human cell lines, their tumor transplants in immunocompromised mice, and in archival specimens of human bladder and bladder cancer. RESULTS The results show that the Kindlin-2 expression patterns in the cell lines were not duplicated in the tumor tissues. However, it was shown that Kindlin-2 was expressed in the stromal element of all the transplanted tumors and archival specimens of human bladder cancer. It was also shown that a small number of high-grade invasive urothelial cancers have focal expression of Kindlin-2 in the tumor cells. CONCLUSION Kindlin-2 is expressed in the stromal component of most, if not all, human bladder cancers. Kindlin-2 is not expressed in normal urothelium. Kindlin-2 is expressed in a small subset of high-grade invasive bladder cancers and may have potential as a prognostic marker for tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherine Talaat
- Department of Pathology, University of North Dakota, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA
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26
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Wu CT, Wu CF, Lu CH, Lin CC, Chen WC, Lin PY, Chen MF. Expression and function role of DNA methyltransferase 1 in human bladder cancer. Cancer 2011; 117:5221-33. [DOI: 10.1002/cncr.26150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2010] [Revised: 01/19/2011] [Accepted: 03/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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27
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Zeng J, Sun Y, Wu K, Li L, Zhang G, Yang Z, Wang Z, Zhang D, Xue Y, Chen Y, Zhu G, Wang X, He D. Chemopreventive and Chemotherapeutic Effects of Intravesical Silibinin against Bladder Cancer by Acting on Mitochondria. Mol Cancer Ther 2011; 10:104-16. [PMID: 21220495 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-10-0577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
MESH Headings
- Administration, Intravesical
- Animals
- Antioxidants/pharmacology
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Apoptosis Inducing Factor/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Transitional Cell/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Transitional Cell/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Transitional Cell/pathology
- Carcinoma, Transitional Cell/prevention & control
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Cytochromes c/metabolism
- Down-Regulation/drug effects
- Female
- High-Temperature Requirement A Serine Peptidase 2
- Humans
- Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins/biosynthesis
- Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins/genetics
- Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial/drug effects
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Nude
- Mitochondria/drug effects
- Mitochondria/metabolism
- Mitochondria/pathology
- Mitochondrial Proteins/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Serine Endopeptidases/metabolism
- Silybin
- Silymarin/pharmacology
- Survivin
- Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/metabolism
- Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/pathology
- Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/prevention & control
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zeng
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an 710061, China
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Gregg JR, Cookson MS, Phillips S, Salem S, Chang SS, Clark PE, Davis R, Stimson C, Aghazadeh M, Smith JA, Barocas DA. Effect of preoperative nutritional deficiency on mortality after radical cystectomy for bladder cancer. J Urol 2011; 185:90-6. [PMID: 21074802 PMCID: PMC3049248 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2010.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2010] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Poor preoperative nutritional status is a risk factor for adverse outcomes after major surgery. We evaluated the effect of preoperative nutritional deficiency on perioperative mortality and overall survival in patients undergoing radical cystectomy for bladder cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 538 patients underwent radical cystectomy for urothelial carcinoma between January 2000 and June 2008, and had nutritional parameters documented. Patients with preoperative albumin less than 3.5 gm/dl, body mass index less than 18.5 kg/m(2) or preoperative weight loss greater than 5% of body weight were considered to have nutritional deficiency. Primary outcomes were 90-day mortality and overall survival. Survival was estimated using Kaplan-Meier analysis and compared using the log rank test. Cox proportional hazards models were used for multivariate survival analysis. RESULTS Of 538 patients 103 (19%) met the criteria for nutritional deficiency. The 90-day mortality rate was 7.3% overall (39 deaths), with 16.5% in patients with nutritional deficiency and 5.1% in the others (p < 0.01). Nutritional deficiency was a strong predictor of death within 90 days on multivariate analysis (HR 2.91; 95% CI 1.36, 6.23; p < 0.01). Overall survival at 3 years was 44.5% (33.5, 54.9) for nutritionally deficient patients and 67.6% (62.4, 72.2) for those who were nutritionally normal (p < 0.01). On multivariate analysis nutritional deficiency cases had a significantly higher risk of all cause mortality (HR 1.82; 95% CI 1.25, 2.65; p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Nutritional deficiency, as measured by preoperative weight loss, body mass index and serum albumin, is a strong predictor of 90-day mortality and poor overall survival. Prospective studies are needed to demonstrate the best indices of preoperative nutritional status and whether nutritional intervention can alter the poor prognosis for patients treated with radical cystectomy who have nutritional deficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin R. Gregg
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Urologic Surgery, Nashville, TN
| | - Michael S. Cookson
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Urologic Surgery, Nashville, TN
| | - Sharon Phillips
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Biostatistics, Nashville, TN
| | - Shady Salem
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Urologic Surgery, Nashville, TN
| | - Sam S. Chang
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Urologic Surgery, Nashville, TN
| | - Peter E. Clark
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Urologic Surgery, Nashville, TN
| | - Rodney Davis
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Urologic Surgery, Nashville, TN
| | - C.J. Stimson
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Urologic Surgery, Nashville, TN
| | - Monty Aghazadeh
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Urologic Surgery, Nashville, TN
| | - Joseph A. Smith
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Urologic Surgery, Nashville, TN
| | - Daniel A. Barocas
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Urologic Surgery, Nashville, TN
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Center for Surgical Quality and Outcomes Research, Nashville, TN
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Roelants M, Van Cleynenbreugel B, Van Poppel H, Lerut E, de Witte PAM. Use of fluorescein isothiocyanate-human serum albumin for the intravesical photodiagnosis of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer: an in vitro study using multicellular spheroids composed of normal human urothelial and urothelial cell carcinoma cell lines. BJU Int 2010; 108:455-9. [PMID: 21156021 DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.2010.09951.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE • To evaluate human serum albumin (HSA), fluorescently labelled with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC), as a potential intravesical photodiagnostic method for the early detection of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS • By using multicellular spheroids prepared from normal human urothelial (NHU) cells and from different urothelial cell carcinoma (UCC) cell lines (T24, J82), we simulated three-dimensionally the normal urothelium and non-muscle-invasive UCCs present in the bladder of patients. • The distribution of FITC-HSA in these spheroids was investigated. RESULTS • Our data showed that fluorescently labelled albumin is quite evenly dispersed throughout the spheroids. However, in the case of the 10 mg/mL incubations, the fluorescence intensity seems to increase slightly towards the spheroid core. • Using 1 mg/mL, the penetration of FITC-HSA in T24 differed significantly from the penetration in NHU spheroids, but this was not the case for J82 spheroids. • When the concentration of FITC-HSA was increased 10-fold, all UCC spheroids exhibited a significantly different accumulation of FITC-HSA. CONCLUSIONS • As spheroids represent a suitable in vitro model for predicting the in vivo behaviour of compounds, our data suggest that FITC-HSA could be used for the early detection of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. • Human serum albumin conjugates of new or already available intravesical drugs could be generated to create alternative bladder cancer therapies with increased selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mieke Roelants
- Pharmaceutical Biology Laboratory, Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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30
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Larson J, Yasmin T, Sens DA, Zhou XD, Sens MA, Garrett SH, Dunlevy JR, Cao L, Somji S. SPARC gene expression is repressed in human urothelial cells (UROtsa) exposed to or malignantly transformed by cadmium or arsenite. Toxicol Lett 2010; 199:166-72. [PMID: 20837119 PMCID: PMC2956785 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2010.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2010] [Revised: 08/30/2010] [Accepted: 08/31/2010] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
SPARC belongs to a class of extracellular matrix-associated proteins that have counteradhesive properties. The ability of SPARC to modulate cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions provides a strong rationale for studies designed to determine its expression in cancer. The objective of this study was to determine if SPARC expression was altered in cadmium (Cd(2+)) and arsenite (As(3+)) induced bladder cancer and if these alterations were present in archival specimens of human bladder cancer. The expression of SPARC was determined in human parental UROtsa cells, their Cd(2+) and As(3+) transformed counterparts and derived tumors, and in archival specimens of human bladder cancer using a combination of real time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting, immunofluorescence localization and immunohistochemical staining. It was demonstrated that SPARC expression was down-regulated in Cd(2+) and As(3+) transformed UROtsa cells. In addition, the malignant epithelial component of tumors derived from these cell lines were also down-regulated for SPARC expression, but the stromal cells recruited to these tumors was highly reactive for SPARC. This finding was shown to translate to specimens of human bladder cancer where tumor cells were SPARC negative, but stromal cells were positive. Acute exposure of UROtsa cells to both cadmium and arsenite reduced the expression of SPARC through a mechanism that did not involve changes in DNA methylation or histone acetylation. These studies suggest that environmental exposure to As(3+) or Cd(2+) can alter cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions in normal urothelial cells through a reduction in the expression of SPARC. The SPARC associated loss of cell-cell and cell-matrix contacts may participate in the multi-step process of bladder carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Larson
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202
| | - Tahmina Yasmin
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202
| | - Donald A. Sens
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202
| | - Xu Dong Zhou
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202
| | - Mary Ann Sens
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202
| | - Scott H. Garrett
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202
| | - Jane R. Dunlevy
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202
| | | | - Seema Somji
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202
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31
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Costa VL, Henrique R, Danielsen SA, Duarte-Pereira S, Eknaes M, Skotheim RI, Rodrigues A, Magalhães JS, Oliveira J, Lothe RA, Teixeira MR, Jerónimo C, Lind GE. Three epigenetic biomarkers, GDF15, TMEFF2, and VIM, accurately predict bladder cancer from DNA-based analyses of urine samples. Clin Cancer Res 2010; 16:5842-51. [PMID: 20975101 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-10-1312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To identify a panel of epigenetic biomarkers for accurate bladder cancer (BlCa) detection in urine sediments. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Gene expression microarray analysis of BlCa cell lines treated with 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine and trichostatin A as well as 26 tissue samples was used to identify a list of novel methylation candidates for BlCa. Methylation levels of candidate genes were quantified in 4 BlCa cell lines, 50 BlCa tissues, 20 normal bladder mucosas (NBM), and urine sediments from 51 BlCa patients and 20 healthy donors, 19 renal cancer patients, and 20 prostate cancer patients. Receiver operator characteristic curve analysis was used to assess the diagnostic performance of the gene panel. RESULTS GDF15, HSPA2, TMEFF2, and VIM were identified as epigenetic biomarkers for BlCa. The methylation levels were significantly higher in BlCa tissues than in NBM (P < 0.001) and the cancer specificity was retained in urine sediments (P < 0.001). A methylation panel comprising GDF15, TMEFF2, and VIM correctly identified BlCa tissues with 100% sensitivity and specificity. In urine samples, the panel achieved a sensitivity of 94% and specificity of 100% and an area under the curve of 0.975. The gene panel could discriminate BlCa from both healthy individuals and renal or prostate cancer patients (sensitivity, 94%; specificity, 90%). CONCLUSIONS By using a genome-wide approach, we have identified a biomarker panel that allows for early and accurate noninvasive detection of BlCa using urine samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera L Costa
- Cancer Epigenetics Group, Portuguese Oncology Institute - Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Miyamoto H, Epstein JI. Transurethral Resection Specimens of the Bladder: Outcome of Invasive Urothelial Cancer Involving Muscle Bundles Indeterminate Between Muscularis Mucosae and Muscularis Propria. Urology 2010; 76:600-2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2009.12.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2009] [Revised: 12/21/2009] [Accepted: 12/30/2009] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Charakterisierung von DNA-Methylierungs-Biomarkern für das Harnblasenkarzinom. DER PATHOLOGE 2010; 31 Suppl 2:244-50. [DOI: 10.1007/s00292-010-1367-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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34
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Hour TC, Lai YL, Kuan CI, Chou CK, Wang JM, Tu HY, Hu HT, Lin CS, Wu WJ, Pu YS, Sterneck E, Huang AM. Transcriptional up-regulation of SOD1 by CEBPD: a potential target for cisplatin resistant human urothelial carcinoma cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2010; 80:325-34. [PMID: 20385105 PMCID: PMC3586239 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2010.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2010] [Revised: 04/02/2010] [Accepted: 04/05/2010] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Bladder cancer is the fourth most common type of cancer in men (ninth in women) in the United States. Cisplatin is an effective agent against the most common subtype, urothelial carcinoma. However, the development of chemotherapy resistance is a severe clinical problem for the successful treatment of this and other cancers. A better understanding of the cellular and molecular events in response to cisplatin treatment and the development of resistance are critical to improve the therapeutic options for patients. Here, we report that expression of the CCAAT/enhancer binding protein delta (CEBPD, C/EBPdelta, NF-IL6beta) is induced by cisplatin in the human bladder urothelial carcinoma NTUB1 cell line and is specifically elevated in a cisplatin resistant subline. Expression of CEBPD reduced cisplatin-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) and apoptosis in NTUB1 cells by inducing the expression of Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD1) via direct promoter transactivation. Several reports have implicated CEBPD as a tumor suppressor gene. This study reveals a novel role for CEBPD in conferring drug resistance, suggesting that it can also be pro-oncogenic. Furthermore, our data suggest that SOD inhibitors, which are already used as anti-angiogenic agents, may be suitable for combinatorial chemotherapy to prevent or treat cisplatin resistance in bladder and possibly other cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzyh-Chyuan Hour
- Department of Medicine, Graduate Institute of Biochemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Center of Excellence for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yan-Liang Lai
- Department of Medicine, Graduate Institute of Biochemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-I Kuan
- Department of Medicine, Graduate Institute of Biochemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Kung Chou
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Ju-Ming Wang
- Institute of Biosignal Transduction, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Huang-Yao Tu
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Huei-Ting Hu
- Department of Medicine, Graduate Institute of Biochemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Shen Lin
- Department of Medicine, Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Jeng Wu
- Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yeong-Shiau Pu
- Department of Urology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Esta Sterneck
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - A-Mei Huang
- Department of Medicine, Graduate Institute of Biochemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Center of Excellence for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Abstract
Cancer biomarkers provide an opportunity to diagnose tumours earlier and with greater accuracy. They can also identify those patients most at risk of disease recurrence and predict which tumours will respond to different therapeutic approaches. Such biomarkers will be especially useful in the diagnosis and management of bladder cancer. At present, bladder tumours are diagnosed and followed-up using a combination of cystoscopic examination, cytology and histology. These are not only expensive, but also highly subjective investigations and reveal little about the underlying molecular characteristics of the tumour. In recent years numerous diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers of bladder cancer have been identified. Two separate approaches to biomarker discovery have been employed. The first is hypothesis-driven and focuses upon proteins involved in molecular pathways known to be implicated in tumorigenesis. An alternative approach has been to study the global expression of genes (so-called 'genomics') looking for characteristic signatures associated with disease outcomes. In this review we summarize the current state of biomarker development in this field, and examine why so few have made the successful transition into the clinic. Finally, we introduce a novel approach to biomarker development utilizing components of the DNA replication licensing machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Proctor
- Research Department of Pathology and UCL Cancer Institute, The Paul O'Gorman Building, University College London, Gower Street, London, UK
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36
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The current treatment options for advanced urologic cancers demonstrate limited efficacy. To obtain optimal clinical results, there is a need for new, individualized, therapeutic strategies, which have only recently been applied to these malignancies. Nuclear medicine plays an important role in establishing imaging biomarkers necessary for personalized medicine. This review focuses on the current status of the 'image and treat' approach combining molecular imaging with targeted radionuclide therapy of urological malignancies RECENT FINDINGS Tumor-specific targets in uro-oncology are showing promising results for development of personalized therapy using positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) molecular imaging and radioimmunotherapy. The antibody cG250, which binds to carbonic anhydrase IX, is being evaluated as a radiolabeled imaging and therapeutic agent in clear-cell renal cell carcinoma. I-cG250 PET/CT has demonstrated excellent targeting of clear-cell renal cell carcinoma. Prostate-specific membrane antigen is a promising target for both PET/CT and radioimmunotherapy of prostate cancer. HER2 may be another potential target in bladder and prostate cancer. SUMMARY Tumor-specific targets and biomarkers are being studied for PET/CT and radioimmunotherapy. This may lead to development of new therapeutic strategies. However, considerable investment in new research will be required for personalized medicine to be routinely used in uro-oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Bouchelouche
- PET and Cyclotron Unit, PET 3982 Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Rapid fatal outcome from pulmonary arteries compression in transitional cell carcinoma. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2010; 2009:579407. [PMID: 20111732 PMCID: PMC2810454 DOI: 10.1155/2009/579407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2009] [Accepted: 10/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder is a malignancy that metastasizes frequently to lymph nodes including the mediastinal lymph nodes. This occurrence may produce symptoms due to compression of adjacent structures such as the superior vena cava syndrome or dysphagia from esophageal compression. We report the case of a 59-year-old man with metastatic transitional cell carcinoma for whom mediastinal lymphadenopathy led to pulmonary artery compression and a rapidly fatal outcome. This rare occurrence has to be distinguished from pulmonary embolism, a much more frequent event in cancer patients, in order that proper and prompt treatment be initiated.
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Park SH, Kim SI, Kim SJ. Effects of Simultaneous Transurethral Resection of Non-Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer and Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia. Korean J Urol 2009. [DOI: 10.4111/kju.2009.50.6.534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sung Hoon Park
- Department of Urology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Sun Il Kim
- Department of Urology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Se Joong Kim
- Department of Urology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
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