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Furukawa Y, Ishii M, Ando J, Ikeda K, Igarashi KJ, Kinoshita S, Azusawa Y, Toyota T, Honda T, Nakanishi M, Ohshima K, Masuda A, Yoshida E, Kitade M, Porteus M, Terao Y, Nakauchi H, Ando M. iPSC-derived hypoimmunogenic tissue resident memory T cells mediate robust anti-tumor activity against cervical cancer. Cell Rep Med 2023; 4:101327. [PMID: 38091985 PMCID: PMC10772465 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2023.101327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
Functionally rejuvenated human papilloma virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (HPV-rejTs) generated from induced pluripotent stem cells robustly suppress cervical cancer. However, autologous rejT generation is time consuming, leading to difficulty in treating patients with advanced cancer. Although use of allogeneic HPV-rejTs can obviate this, the major obstacle is rejection by the patient immune system. To overcome this, we develop HLA-A24&-E dual integrated HPV-rejTs after erasing HLA class I antigens. These rejTs effectively suppress recipient immune rejection while maintaining more robust cytotoxicity than original cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Single-cell RNA sequencing performed to gain deeper insights reveal that HPV-rejTs are highly enriched with tissue resident memory T cells, which enhance cytotoxicity against cervical cancer through TGFβR signaling, with increased CD103 expression. Genes associated with the immunological synapse also are upregulated, suggesting that these features promote stronger activation of T cell receptor (TCR) and increased TCR-mediated target cell death. We believe that our work will contribute to feasible "off-the-shelf" T cell therapy with robust anti-cervical cancer effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiki Furukawa
- Department of Hematology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Midori Ishii
- Department of Hematology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Jun Ando
- Department of Hematology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan; Division of Cell Therapy & Blood Transfusion Medicine, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Kazuya Ikeda
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Stanford University, 291 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kyomi J Igarashi
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Shintaro Kinoshita
- Department of Hematology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Yoko Azusawa
- Division of Cell Therapy & Blood Transfusion Medicine, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Tokuko Toyota
- Department of Hematology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Tadahiro Honda
- Department of Hematology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Mahito Nakanishi
- TOKIWA-Bio, Inc., Tsukuba Center Inc. (TCI), Building G, 2-1-6 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
| | - Koichi Ohshima
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Kurume University, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan
| | - Ayako Masuda
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Emiko Yoshida
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Mari Kitade
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Matthew Porteus
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Stanford University, 291 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Yasuhisa Terao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Nakauchi
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Miki Ando
- Department of Hematology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan.
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Kansy BA, Wehrs TP, Bruderek K, Si Y, Ludwig S, Droege F, Hasskamp P, Henkel U, Dominas N, Hoffmann TK, Horn PA, Schuler M, Gauler TC, Lindemann M, Lang S, Bankfalvi A, Brandau S. HPV-associated head and neck cancer is characterized by distinct profiles of CD8 + T cells and myeloid-derived suppressor cells. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2023; 72:4367-4383. [PMID: 38019346 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-023-03571-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Patients with HPV--localized head and neck cancer (HNC) show inferior outcomes after surgery and radiochemotherapy compared to HPV-associated cancers. The underlying mechanisms remain elusive, but differences in immune status and immune activity may be implicated. In this study, we analyzed immune profiles of CD8+ T cells and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) in HPV+ versus HPV- disease.The overall frequency of CD8+ T cells was reduced in HNC versus healthy donors but substantially increased after curative therapy (surgery and/or radiochemotherapy). In HPV+ patients, this increase was associated with significant induction of peripheral blood CD8+/CD45RA-/CD62L- effector memory cells. The frequency of HPV-antigen-specific CD8+ cells was low even in patients with virally associated tumors and dropped to background levels after curative therapy. Pre-therapeutic counts of circulating monocytic MDSC, but not PMN-MDSC, were increased in patients with HPV- disease. This increase was accompanied by reduced fractions of terminally differentiated CD8+ effector cells. HPV- tumors showed reduced infiltrates of CD8+ and CD45RO+ immune cells compared with HPV+ tumors. Importantly, frequencies of tumor tissue-infiltrating PMN-MDSC were increased, while percentages of Granzyme B+ and Ki-67+ CD8 T cells were reduced in patients with HPV- disease.We report differences in frequencies and relative ratios of MDSC and effector T cells in HPV- HNC compared with more immunogenic HPV-associated disease. Our data provide new insight into the immunological profiles of these two tumor entities and may be utilized for more tailored immunotherapeutic approaches in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A Kansy
- Research Division, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, West German Cancer Center, University Duisburg-Essen, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45122, Essen, Germany
| | - Tim P Wehrs
- Research Division, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, West German Cancer Center, University Duisburg-Essen, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45122, Essen, Germany
| | - Kirsten Bruderek
- Research Division, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, West German Cancer Center, University Duisburg-Essen, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45122, Essen, Germany
| | - Yu Si
- Research Division, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, West German Cancer Center, University Duisburg-Essen, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45122, Essen, Germany
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sonja Ludwig
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Freya Droege
- Research Division, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, West German Cancer Center, University Duisburg-Essen, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45122, Essen, Germany
| | - Pia Hasskamp
- Research Division, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, West German Cancer Center, University Duisburg-Essen, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45122, Essen, Germany
| | - Uta Henkel
- Research Division, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, West German Cancer Center, University Duisburg-Essen, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45122, Essen, Germany
| | - Nina Dominas
- Research Division, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, West German Cancer Center, University Duisburg-Essen, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45122, Essen, Germany
| | - Thomas K Hoffmann
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Peter A Horn
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Martin Schuler
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Duisburg-Essen, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Thomas C Gauler
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Duisburg-Essen, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Duisburg-Essen, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Monika Lindemann
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Stephan Lang
- Research Division, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, West German Cancer Center, University Duisburg-Essen, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45122, Essen, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Agnes Bankfalvi
- Institute of Pathology, University Duisburg-Essen, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Sven Brandau
- Research Division, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, West German Cancer Center, University Duisburg-Essen, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45122, Essen, Germany.
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany.
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Tîrziu A, Avram S, Madă L, Crișan-Vida M, Popovici C, Popovici D, Faur C, Duda-Seiman C, Păunescu V, Vernic C. Design of a Synthetic Long Peptide Vaccine Targeting HPV-16 and -18 Using Immunoinformatic Methods. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1798. [PMID: 37513985 PMCID: PMC10384861 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15071798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus types 16 and 18 cause the majority of cervical cancers worldwide. Despite the availability of three prophylactic vaccines based on virus-like particles (VLP) of the major capsid protein (L1), these vaccines are unable to clear an existing infection. Such infected persons experience an increased risk of neoplastic transformation. To overcome this problem, this study proposes an alternative synthetic long peptide (SLP)-based vaccine for persons already infected, including those with precancerous lesions. This new vaccine was designed to stimulate both CD8+ and CD4+ T cells, providing a robust and long-lasting immune response. The SLP construct includes both HLA class I- and class II-restricted epitopes, identified from IEDB or predicted using NetMHCPan and NetMHCIIPan. None of the SLPs were allergenic nor toxic, based on in silico studies. Population coverage studies provided 98.18% coverage for class I epitopes and 99.81% coverage for class II peptides in the IEDB world population's allele set. Three-dimensional structure ab initio prediction using Rosetta provided good quality models, which were assessed using PROCHECK and QMEAN4. Molecular docking with toll-like receptor 2 identified potential intrinsic TLR2 agonist activity, while molecular dynamics studies of SLPs in water suggested good stability, with favorable thermodynamic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandru Tîrziu
- Department of Functional Sciences, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Square, No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Speranța Avram
- Department of Anatomy, Animal Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 91-95 Splaiul Independentei, 050095 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Leonard Madă
- Syonic SRL, Grigore T Popa Street, No. 81, 300254 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Mihaela Crișan-Vida
- Department of Automation and Computers, Politehnica University of Timisoara, 300006 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Casiana Popovici
- Section of Bioinformatics, Division of Systems Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Dan Popovici
- Department of Mathematics, University of the West Timişoara, Bd. Vasile Pârvan No. 4, 300223 Timişoara, Romania
| | - Cosmin Faur
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Victor Babes", Dropiei Street, No. 7, sc B, ap 8, 300661 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Corina Duda-Seiman
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Faculty of Chemistry, Biology, Geography, West University of Timisoara, 16 Pestalozzi, 300115 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Virgil Păunescu
- Department of Functional Sciences, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Square, No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
- Center for Gene and Cellular Therapies in the Treatment of Cancer Timisoara-OncoGen, Clinical Emergency County Hospital "Pius Brinzeu" Timisoara, No. 156 Liviu Rebreanu, 300723 Timisoara, Romania
- Immuno-Physiology and Biotechnologies Center, Department of Functional Sciences, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, No. 2 Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Corina Vernic
- Department of Functional Sciences, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Square, No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
- Discipline of Medical Informatics and Biostatistics, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
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Park JC, Bertaux B, Park J, Park S. Current Status of Human Papillomavirus-Targeted Therapies Development in Head and Neck Cancer. JCO Precis Oncol 2023; 7:e2300098. [PMID: 37315264 DOI: 10.1200/po.23.00098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE While the incidence of smoking-related head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) has been declining, that of human papillomavirus (HPV)-mediated HNSCC has rapidly increased in the past decades worldwide. Despite rapid advances in therapeutics for solid tumors with novel immunotherapy and targeted therapeutic agents, no breakthroughs have yet been made in the treatment of advanced HPV+ HNSCCs. This review aims to summarize the concepts and designs, early trial results, and future directions of various HPV-targeted experimental therapeutics for HPV+ HNSCC. MATERIALS AND METHODS Guided by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses statement, a systemic literature search of PubMed was conducted for HPV-targeted therapeutics using the following search terms: HPV, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, and therapy. For clinical trial data, publications, major oncology conference abstracts, and the National Institutes of Health Clinical Trials Registry (ClinicalTrials.gov) information were reviewed. This review focused on the ones that are in the clinical stage and currently in active ongoing evaluation. The therapeutics not actively evaluated in HNSCC, in the preclinical stage, or terminated for further development were excluded. RESULTS Diverse approaches are being actively explored to target HPV+ HNSCC, including therapeutic vaccines of various modalities, HPV-specific immune cell-activating agents, and adaptive cellular therapeutics. All these novel agents use immune-based mechanisms and target constitutively expressed oncogenic HPV E6 and/or E7 viral proteins. Most therapeutics demonstrated excellent safety but single-agent activities are only modest. Many are being tested in combination with immune checkpoint inhibitors. CONCLUSION Our review summarized various novel HPV-targeted therapeutics that are in the clinical phase for HPV+ HNSCC. Early-phase trial data suggest the feasibility and promising efficacy. Further strategies, including selecting the optimal combination and understanding and overcoming resistant mechanisms, are warranted for successful development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Chul Park
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | | | - Junseok Park
- Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seongwoo Park
- Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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5
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Sharma S, Woods M, Mehta NU, Sauer T, Parikh KS, Schmuck-Henneresse M, Zhang H, Mehta B, Brenner MK, Heslop HE, Rooney CM. Naive T cells inhibit the outgrowth of intractable antigen-activated memory T cells: implications for T-cell immunotherapy. J Immunother Cancer 2023; 11:e006267. [PMID: 37072346 PMCID: PMC10124261 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2022-006267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The wider application of T cells targeting viral tumor-antigens via their native receptors is hampered by the failure to expand potent tumor-specific T cells from patients. Here, we examine reasons for and solutions to this failure, taking as our model the preparation of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-specific T cells (EBVSTs) for the treatment of EBV-positive lymphoma. EBVSTs could not be manufactured from almost one-third of patients, either because they failed to expand, or they expanded, but lacked EBV specificity. We identified an underlying cause of this problem and established a clinically feasible approach to overcome it. METHODS CD45RO+CD45RA- memory compartment residing antigen-specific T cells were enriched by depleting CD45RA positive (+) peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) that include naïve T cells, among other subsets, prior to EBV antigen stimulation. We then compared the phenotype, specificity, function and T-cell receptor (TCR) Vβ repertoire of EBVSTs expanded from unfractionated whole (W)-PBMCs and CD45RA-depleted (RAD)-PBMCs on day 16. To identify the CD45RA component that inhibited EBVST outgrowth, isolated CD45RA+ subsets were added back to RAD-PBMCs followed by expansion and characterization. The in vivo potency of W-EBVSTs and RAD-EBVSTs was compared in a murine xenograft model of autologous EBV+ lymphoma. RESULTS Depletion of CD45RA+ PBMCs before antigen stimulation increased EBVST expansion, antigen-specificity and potency in vitro and in vivo. TCR sequencing revealed a selective outgrowth in RAD-EBVSTs of clonotypes that expanded poorly in W-EBVSTs. Inhibition of antigen-stimulated T cells by CD45RA+ PBMCs could be reproduced only by the naïve T-cell fraction, while CD45RA+ regulatory T cells, natural killer cells, stem cell memory and effector memory subsets lacked inhibitory activity. Crucially, CD45RA depletion of PBMCs from patients with lymphoma enabled the outgrowth of EBVSTs that failed to expand from W-PBMCs. This enhanced specificity extended to T cells specific for other viruses. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that naïve T cells inhibit the outgrowth of antigen-stimulated memory T cells, highlighting the profound effects of intra-T-cell subset interactions. Having overcome our inability to generate EBVSTs from many patients with lymphoma, we have introduced CD45RA depletion into three clinical trials: NCT01555892 and NCT04288726 using autologous and allogeneic EBVSTs to treat lymphoma and NCT04013802 using multivirus-specific T cells to treat viral infections after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandhya Sharma
- Graduate Program in Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, and Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Mae Woods
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, and Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Naren U Mehta
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, and Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Tim Sauer
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, and Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Kathan S Parikh
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, and Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Michael Schmuck-Henneresse
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, and Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany
| | - Huimin Zhang
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, and Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Birju Mehta
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, and Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Malcolm K Brenner
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, and Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
- Dan L Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology-Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Helen E Heslop
- Graduate Program in Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, and Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
- Dan L Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology-Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Cliona M Rooney
- Graduate Program in Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, and Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
- Dan L Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology-Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Pathology-Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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6
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Pathogen-specific T Cells: Targeting Old Enemies and New Invaders in Transplantation and Beyond. Hemasphere 2023; 7:e809. [PMID: 36698615 PMCID: PMC9831191 DOI: 10.1097/hs9.0000000000000809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Adoptive immunotherapy with virus-specific cytotoxic T cells (VSTs) has evolved over the last three decades as a strategy to rapidly restore virus-specific immunity to prevent or treat viral diseases after solid organ or allogeneic hematopoietic cell-transplantation (allo-HCT). Since the early proof-of-principle studies demonstrating that seropositive donor-derived T cells, specific for the commonest pathogens post transplantation, namely cytomegalovirus or Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and generated by time- and labor-intensive protocols, could effectively control viral infections, major breakthroughs have then streamlined the manufacturing process of pathogen-specific T cells (pSTs), broadened the breadth of target recognition to even include novel emerging pathogens and enabled off-the-shelf administration or pathogen-naive donor pST production. We herein review the journey of evolution of adoptive immunotherapy with nonengineered, natural pSTs against infections and virus-associated malignancies in the transplant setting and briefly touch upon recent achievements using pSTs outside this context.
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7
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Jiang J, Xia M, Zhang L, Chen X, Zhao Y, Zeng C, Yang H, Liang P, Li G, Li N, Qi H, Wei T, Ren L. Rapid generation of genetically engineered T cells for the treatment of virus-related cancers. Cancer Sci 2022; 113:3686-3697. [PMID: 35950597 DOI: 10.1111/cas.15528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Adoptive transfer of T cell receptor (TCR) engineered T cells targeting viral epitopes represents a promising approach for treating virus-related cancers. However, efficient identification of epitopes for T cells and corresponding TCR remains challenging. Here, we report a workflow permitting rapid generation of human papillomavirus (HPV)-specific TCR-T cells. Six epitopes of viral proteins belonged to HPV16 or HPV18 were predicted of high affinity to A11:01 according to bioinformatic analysis. Subsequently, cytotoxic T cells (CTLs) induction were performed with these six antigen peptides separately, and antigen-specific T cells were sorted by FACS. TCR clonotypes of these virus-specific T cells were determined by next-generation sequencing. To improve the efficiency of TCRαβ pairs validation, a lentiviral vector library containing 116 TCR constructs was generated, which was consisted of predominant TCRs according to TCR repoertire analysis. Later, TCR library transduced T cells were simulated with peptide pool-pulsed antigen presenting cells, then CD137-positive cells were sorted and subjected to TCR repoertire analysis. The top-hit TCRs and corresponding antigen peptides were deduced and validated. Through this workflow, a TCR targeting the E692-101 of HPV16 was identified. This HPV16-specific TCR-T cells showed high activities to HPV16-positive human cervical cancer cells in vitro and efficiently repressed tumor growth in murine model. This study provides a HPV16-specific TCR fitted to HLA-A11:01 population, and exemplifies an efficient approach which can be applied in large-scale screen of virus-specific TCRs, further encouraging researchers to exploit the therapeutic potential of TCR-T cell technique in treating virus-related cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxing Jiang
- Cytotherapy Laboratory, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; the First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen Guangdong, China
| | - Ming Xia
- Cytotherapy Laboratory, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; the First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen Guangdong, China
| | - Lijie Zhang
- Department of Gynecology, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; the First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen Guangdong, China
| | - Xi Chen
- RootPath, Inc. 65 Grove Street, Suite 203, 02472, Watertown, MA, USA
| | - Yue Zhao
- RootPath, Inc. 65 Grove Street, Suite 203, 02472, Watertown, MA, USA
| | - Chenquan Zeng
- Cytotherapy Laboratory, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; the First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen Guangdong, China
| | - Haiyan Yang
- RootPath, Inc. 65 Grove Street, Suite 203, 02472, Watertown, MA, USA
| | - Peng Liang
- RootPath, Inc. 65 Grove Street, Suite 203, 02472, Watertown, MA, USA
| | - Guanghe Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; the First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen Guangdong, China
| | - Ning Li
- Cytotherapy Laboratory, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; the First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen Guangdong, China
| | - Hui Qi
- Cytotherapy Laboratory, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; the First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen Guangdong, China
| | - Teng Wei
- Cytotherapy Laboratory, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; the First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen Guangdong, China
| | - Lili Ren
- Cytotherapy Laboratory, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; the First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen Guangdong, China
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8
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Duhen T, Gough MJ, Leidner RS, Stanton SE. Development and therapeutic manipulation of the head and neck cancer tumor environment to improve clinical outcomes. FRONTIERS IN ORAL HEALTH 2022; 3:902160. [PMID: 35937775 PMCID: PMC9354490 DOI: 10.3389/froh.2022.902160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical response to cancer therapies involves the complex interplay between the systemic, tumoral, and stromal immune response as well as the direct impact of treatments on cancer cells. Each individual's immunological and cancer histories are different, and their carcinogen exposures may differ. This means that even though two patients with oral tumors may carry an identical mutation in TP53, they are likely to have different pre-existing immune responses to their tumors. These differences may arise due to their distinct accessory mutations, genetic backgrounds, and may relate to clinical factors including previous chemotherapy exposure and concurrent medical comorbidities. In isolation, their cancer cells may respond similarly to cancer therapy, but due to their baseline variability in pre-existing immune responses, patients can have different responses to identical therapies. In this review we discuss how the immune environment of tumors develops, the critical immune cell populations in advanced cancers, and how immune interventions can manipulate the immune environment of patients with pre-malignancies or advanced cancers to improve therapeutic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael J. Gough
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Institute, Portland, OR, United States
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9
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The generation and application of antigen-specific T cell therapies for cancer and viral-associated disease. Mol Ther 2022; 30:2130-2152. [PMID: 35149193 PMCID: PMC9171249 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2022.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy with antigen-specific T cells is a promising, targeted therapeutic option for patients with cancer as well as for immunocompromised patients with virus infections. In this review, we characterize and compare current manufacturing protocols for the generation of T cells specific to viral and non-viral tumor-associated antigens. Specifically, we discuss: (1) the different methodologies to expand virus-specific T cell and non-viral tumor-associated antigen-specific T cell products, (2) an overview of the immunological principles involved when developing such manufacturing protocols, and (3) proposed standardized methodologies for the generation of polyclonal, polyfunctional antigen-specific T cells irrespective of donor source. Ex vivo expanded cells have been safely administered to treat numerous patients with virus-associated malignancies, hematologic malignancies, and solid tumors. Hence, we have performed a comprehensive review of the clinical trial results evaluating the safety, feasibility, and efficacy of these products in the clinic. In summary, this review seeks to provide new insights regarding antigen-specific T cell technology to benefit a rapidly expanding T cell therapy field.
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10
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Wang X, Sandberg ML, Martin AD, Negri KR, Gabrelow GB, Nampe DP, Wu ML, McElvain ME, Toledo Warshaviak D, Lee WH, Oh J, Daris ME, Chai F, Yao C, Furney J, Pigott C, Kamb A, Xu H. Potent, Selective CARs as Potential T-Cell Therapeutics for HPV-positive Cancers. J Immunother 2021; 44:292-306. [PMID: 34432728 PMCID: PMC8415731 DOI: 10.1097/cji.0000000000000386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Next-generation T-cell therapies will likely continue to utilize T-cell receptors (TCRs) and chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) because each receptor type has advantages. TCRs often possess exceptional properties even when tested unmodified from patients' T cells. CARs are generally less sensitive, possibly because their ligand-binding domains are grafted from antibodies selected for binding affinity or avidity and not broadly optimized for a functional response. Because of the disconnect between binding and function among these receptor types, the ultimate potential of CARs optimized for sensitivity and selectivity is not clear. Here, we focus on a thoroughly studied immuno-oncology target, the HLA-A*02/HPV-E629-38 complex, and show that CARs can be optimized by a combination of high-throughput binding screens and low-throughput functional assays to have comparable activity to clinical TCRs in acute assays in vitro. These results provide a case study for the challenges and opportunities of optimizing high-performing CARs, especially in the context of targets utilized naturally by TCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Julyun Oh
- A2 Biotherapeutics, Agoura Hills, CA
| | | | - Falene Chai
- Innovative Targeting Solutions, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Christine Yao
- Innovative Targeting Solutions, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - James Furney
- Innovative Targeting Solutions, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Craig Pigott
- Innovative Targeting Solutions, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Han Xu
- A2 Biotherapeutics, Agoura Hills, CA
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11
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Kim EE, Youn H, Kang KW. Imaging in Tumor Immunology. Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2021; 55:225-236. [PMID: 34721715 PMCID: PMC8517056 DOI: 10.1007/s13139-021-00706-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in immune modulation have made impressive progress in cancer immunotherapy. Because dynamic nature of the immune response often makes it difficult to evaluate therapeutic outcomes, innovative imaging technologies have been developed to enable non-invasive visualization of immune cells and tumors in their microenvironment. This review summarizes the current tumor immunology and describes new innovative imaging methods with great potential to obtain non-invasive real-time insights into the complex functions of the immune system and into the management of cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Euishin Edmund Kim
- Department of Radiological Sciences, UCI Medical Center, Orange County, CA USA
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyewon Youn
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Keon Wook Kang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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12
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Welters MJP, Santegoets SJ, van der Burg SH. The Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy of Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Front Oncol 2020; 10:545385. [PMID: 33425717 PMCID: PMC7793705 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.545385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) develops as a consequence of several mutations in the tumor suppressor pathways or after a progressive infection with high risk human papillomavirus (HPV). The dismal side effects of the current standard of care and the clear involvement of the immune system has led to a surge in clinical trials that aim to reinforce the tumor-specific immune response as a new treatment option. In this review, we have focused on the most recent literature to discuss the new findings and insights on the role of different immune cells in the context of OPSCC and its etiology. We then applied this knowledge to describe potential biomarkers and analyzed the rationale and outcomes of earlier and ongoing immunotherapy trials. Finally, we describe new developments that are still at the preclinical phase and provide an outlook on what the near future may bring, now that several new and exciting techniques to study the immune system at the single cell level are being exploited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marij J P Welters
- Medical Oncology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Saskia J Santegoets
- Medical Oncology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Sjoerd H van der Burg
- Medical Oncology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
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13
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Fakhr E, Modic Ž, Cid-Arregui A. Recent developments in immunotherapy of cancers caused by human papillomaviruses. Immunology 2020; 163:33-45. [PMID: 33205441 PMCID: PMC8044335 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A subset of oncogenic human papillomaviruses (HPVs) is the main cause of genital cancers, most importantly cervical cancer and an increasing number of head and neck cancers. Despite the availability of prophylactic vaccines against the most prevalent oncogenic HPV types, HPV‐induced malignancies are still a major health and economic burden. Besides conventional treatment with surgery, chemotherapy and radiation, immunotherapy is emerging as an efficient adjuvant option. Here, we review relevant studies and ongoing clinical trials using immune checkpoint inhibitors, therapeutic vaccines, gene editing approaches and adoptive T cell therapies, with special focus on engineered TCR T cells, which are showing encouraging results and could lead to significant improvement in the treatment of HPV+‐infected cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Fakhr
- Targeted Tumor Vaccines, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Registered at Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Živa Modic
- Targeted Tumor Vaccines, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Angel Cid-Arregui
- Targeted Tumor Vaccines, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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14
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Leon E, Ranganathan R, Savoldo B. Adoptive T cell therapy: Boosting the immune system to fight cancer. Semin Immunol 2020; 49:101437. [PMID: 33262066 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2020.101437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Cellular therapies have shown increasing promise as a cancer treatment. Encouraging results against hematologic malignancies are paving the way to move into solid tumors. In this review, we will focus on T-cell therapies starting from tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) to optimized T-cell receptor-modified (TCR) cells and chimeric antigen receptor-modified T cells (CAR-Ts). We will discuss the positive preclinical and clinical findings of these approaches, along with some of the persisting barriers that need to be overcome to improve outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernesto Leon
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.
| | - Raghuveer Ranganathan
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Barbara Savoldo
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
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15
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Khan M, Zhao Z, Arooj S, Fu Y, Liao G. Soluble PD-1: Predictive, Prognostic, and Therapeutic Value for Cancer Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2020; 11:587460. [PMID: 33329567 PMCID: PMC7710690 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.587460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Programmed death protein 1 (PD-1) interaction with PD-L1 deliver immunosuppressive environment for tumor growth, and its blockade with directed monoclonal antibodies (anti-PD-1/anti-PD-L1) has shown remarkable clinical outcome. Lately, their soluble counterparts, sPD-1 and sPD-L1, have been detected in plasma, and elevated levels have been associated with advanced disease, clinical stages, and worst prognosis for cancer patients. Elevated plasma levels of sPD-L1 have been correlated with worst prognosis in several studies and has displayed a persistent outlook. On the other hand, sPD-1 levels have been inconsistent in their predictive and prognostic ability. Pretherapeutic higher sPD-1 plasma levels have shown to predict advanced disease state and to a lesser extent worst prognosis. Any increase in sPD-1 plasma level post therapeutically have been correlated with improved survival for various cancers. In vitro and in vivo studies have shown sPD-1 ability to bind PD-L1 and PD-L2 and block PD-1/PD-L1 interaction. Local delivery of sPD-1 in cancer tumor microenvironment through local gene therapy have demonstrated an increase in tumor specific CD8+ T cell immunity and tumor growth reduction. It had also exhibited enhancement of T cell immunity induced by vaccination and other gene therapeutic agents. Furthermore, it may also lessen the inhibitory effect of circulating sPD-L1 and enhance the effects of mAb-based immunotherapy. In this review, we highlight various aspects of sPD-1 role in cancer prediction, prognosis, and anti-cancer immunity, as well as, its therapeutic value for local gene therapy or systemic immunotherapy in blocking the PD-1 and PD-L1 checkpoint interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Khan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Zhihong Zhao
- Department of Nephrology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Second Clinical Medicine Centre, Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Sumbal Arooj
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Sialkot, Sialkot, Pakistan
| | - Yuxiang Fu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Guixiang Liao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
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16
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Chen H, Yang G, Xiao J, Zheng L, You L, Zhang T. Neoantigen-based immunotherapy in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Cancer Lett 2020; 490:12-19. [PMID: 32590021 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2020.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Neoantigens generated in neoplasms are a type of protein completely absent in healthy tissues. Therefore, anti-tumor immunity targeting neoantigens is highly specific, which provides an optional approach to boost tumor immunotherapy. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most lethal malignancies in humans, with few efficient treatments to improve its prognosis. Therefore, immunotherapies reinforced by neoantigen-based strategies should be considered. In PDAC, the mutational burden is intermediate compared with other common malignancies, while the naturally formed tumor immunity is significantly inferior. Moreover, the high mutation load in PDAC correlates with a poor clinical prognosis, although the combination of a large mutation repertoire and competent T cell population is indispensable for long-term survival. In clinical practice, three strategies have been mainly used: peptide or tumor cell vaccines, neo-epitope-coding nucleotide vaccines, and dendritic cell vaccines. However, three major problems remain to be addressed, including (1) highly personalized protocols after sampling, (2) insufficient neoantigen quantity, and (3) ineffective immunotherapy of PDAC. In summary, neoantigen-based therapy of PDAC is increasing and the treatment methods are accompanied by great challenges. Currently, extensive development is needed for effective neoantigen-based therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, 1 Tsinghua Yuan Haidian District, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Gang Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
| | - Jianchun Xiao
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
| | - Lianfang Zheng
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China.
| | - Lei You
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
| | - Taiping Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Clinical Immunology Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China.
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17
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Han S, Shuen WH, Wang WW, Nazim E, Toh HC. Tailoring precision immunotherapy: coming to a clinic soon? ESMO Open 2020; 5 Suppl 1:e000631. [PMID: 33558033 PMCID: PMC7046383 DOI: 10.1136/esmoopen-2019-000631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Revised: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-based and antibody-based cancer immunotherapies have been widely tested across increasing numbers of cancers with an unprecedented number of successful practice-changing immunotherapy clinical trials, achieving significant survival outcomes and, characteristically, some very long-term survivors. Still, a sizeable proportion of patients, especially with solid tumours, do not benefit from immunotherapy. Here, we summarise key literature on immunotherapy biomarkers and resistance mechanisms and discuss potential strategies to overcome such resistance to improve patient outcomes. The ever-expanding understanding of the tumour-immune interaction and the tumour microenvironment allows a real opportunity to identify predictive biomarkers and tailor immune-based therapies, including designing rational combination drugs to enhance clinical outcomes, and to identify patients most likely to benefit from immunotherapy. Where there has never been a precision chemotherapy clinic in the last 70 years since its inception, even with no shortage of trying, the hope and evolution of a functional precision immunotherapy cancer clinic is a much more likely reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuting Han
- Division of Medical Ocology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wai Ho Shuen
- Division of Medical Ocology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Who-Whong Wang
- Division of Medical Ocology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Esdy Nazim
- Division of Medical Ocology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Han Chong Toh
- Division of Medical Ocology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
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18
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Honda T, Ando M, Ando J, Ishii M, Sakiyama Y, Ohara K, Toyota T, Ohtaka M, Masuda A, Terao Y, Nakanishi M, Nakauchi H, Komatsu N. Sustainable Tumor-Suppressive Effect of iPSC-Derived Rejuvenated T Cells Targeting Cervical Cancers. Mol Ther 2020; 28:2394-2405. [PMID: 32710827 PMCID: PMC7646217 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2020.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy utilizing induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology has great potential. Functionally rejuvenated cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) can survive long-term as young memory T cells in vivo, with continuous tumor eradication. Banking of iPSCs as an unlimited “off-the-shelf” source of therapeutic T cells may be feasible. To generate safer iPSCs, we reprogrammed human papilloma virus type 16 (HPV16) E6-specific CTLs by Sendai virus vector without cotransduction of SV40 large T antigen. The iPSCs efficiently differentiated into HPV16-specific rejuvenated CTLs that demonstrated robust cytotoxicity against cervical cancer. The tumor-suppressive effect of rejuvenated CTLs was stronger and more persistent than that of original peripheral blood CTLs. These rejuvenated HPV16-specific CTLs provide a sustained tumor-suppressive effect even for epithelial cancers and constitute promising immunotherapy for cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadahiro Honda
- Department of Hematology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Miki Ando
- Department of Hematology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan; Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Distinguished Professor Unit, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.
| | - Jun Ando
- Department of Hematology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Midori Ishii
- Department of Hematology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Yumi Sakiyama
- Department of Hematology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan; Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Distinguished Professor Unit, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Kazuo Ohara
- Department of Hematology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Tokuko Toyota
- Department of Hematology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Manami Ohtaka
- TOKIWA-Bio, Inc., Tsukuba Center Inc. (TCI), Building G, 2-1-6 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
| | - Ayako Masuda
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Yasuhisa Terao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Mahito Nakanishi
- TOKIWA-Bio, Inc., Tsukuba Center Inc. (TCI), Building G, 2-1-6 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan; National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Nakauchi
- Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Distinguished Professor Unit, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Norio Komatsu
- Department of Hematology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
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19
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Poropatich K, Dominguez D, Chan WC, Andrade J, Zha Y, Wray B, Miska J, Qin L, Cole L, Coates S, Patel U, Samant S, Zhang B. OX40+ plasmacytoid dendritic cells in the tumor microenvironment promote antitumor immunity. J Clin Invest 2020; 130:3528-3542. [PMID: 32182225 PMCID: PMC7324178 DOI: 10.1172/jci131992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs), the major producers of type I interferon, are principally recognized as key mediators of antiviral immunity. However, their role in tumor immunity is less clear. Depending on the context, pDCs can promote or suppress antitumor immune responses. In this study, we identified a naturally occurring pDC subset expressing high levels of OX40 (OX40+ pDC) enriched in the tumor microenvironment (TME) of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. OX40+ pDCs were distinguished by a distinct immunostimulatory phenotype, cytolytic function, and ability to synergize with conventional DCs (cDCs) in generating potent tumor antigen-specific CD8+ T cell responses. Transcriptomically, we found that they selectively utilized EIF2 signaling and oxidative phosphorylation pathways. Moreover, depletion of pDCs in the murine OX40+ pDC-rich tumor model accelerated tumor growth. Collectively, we present evidence of a pDC subset in the TME that favors antitumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Poropatich
- Department of Pathology
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, and
| | - Donye Dominguez
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | | | | | - Yuanyuan Zha
- Human Immunologic Monitoring Facility, Office of Shared Research Facilities, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Brian Wray
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics
| | - Jason Miska
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Lei Qin
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Lisa Cole
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Sydney Coates
- Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Urjeet Patel
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, and
- Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Sandeep Samant
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, and
- Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Bin Zhang
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, and
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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20
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Uncovering the Tumor Antigen Landscape: What to Know about the Discovery Process. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12061660. [PMID: 32585818 PMCID: PMC7352969 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12061660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
According to the latest available data, cancer is the second leading cause of death, highlighting the need for novel cancer therapeutic approaches. In this context, immunotherapy is emerging as a reliable first-line treatment for many cancers, particularly metastatic melanoma. Indeed, cancer immunotherapy has attracted great interest following the recent clinical approval of antibodies targeting immune checkpoint molecules, such as PD-1, PD-L1, and CTLA-4, that release the brakes of the immune system, thus reviving a field otherwise poorly explored. Cancer immunotherapy mainly relies on the generation and stimulation of cytotoxic CD8 T lymphocytes (CTLs) within the tumor microenvironment (TME), priming T cells and establishing efficient and durable anti-tumor immunity. Therefore, there is a clear need to define and identify immunogenic T cell epitopes to use in therapeutic cancer vaccines. Naturally presented antigens in the human leucocyte antigen-1 (HLA-I) complex on the tumor surface are the main protagonists in evocating a specific anti-tumor CD8+ T cell response. However, the methodologies for their identification have been a major bottleneck for their reliable characterization. Consequently, the field of antigen discovery has yet to improve. The current review is intended to define what are today known as tumor antigens, with a main focus on CTL antigenic peptides. We also review the techniques developed and employed to date for antigen discovery, exploring both the direct elution of HLA-I peptides and the in silico prediction of epitopes. Finally, the last part of the review analyses the future challenges and direction of the antigen discovery field.
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21
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Wang R, Pan W, Jin L, Huang W, Li Y, Wu D, Gao C, Ma D, Liao S. Human papillomavirus vaccine against cervical cancer: Opportunity and challenge. Cancer Lett 2020; 471:88-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2019.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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22
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Steels A, Vannevel L, Zwaenepoel O, Gettemans J. Nb-induced stabilisation of p53 in HPV-infected cells. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12680. [PMID: 31481667 PMCID: PMC6722090 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49061-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer is caused by a persistent infection of the mucosal epithelia with high-risk human papilloma viruses (HPVs). The viral oncoprotein E6 is responsible for the inactivation of the tumour suppressor p53 and thus plays a crucial role in HPV-induced tumorigenesis. The viral E6 protein forms a trimeric complex with the endogenous E3 ubiquitine ligase E6AP and the DNA-binding domain (DBD) of p53, which results in the polyubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of p53. We have developed nanobodies (Nbs) against the DBD of p53, which substantially stabilise p53 in HeLa cells. The observed effect is specific for HPV-infected cells, since similar effects were not seen for U2OS cells. Despite the fact that the stabilised p53 was strongly nuclear enriched, its tumour suppressive functions were hampered. We argue that the absence of a tumour suppressive effect is caused by inhibition of p53 transactivation in both HPV-infected and HPV-negative cells. The inactivation of the transcriptional activity of p53 was associated with an increased cellular proliferation and viability of HeLa cells. In conclusion, we demonstrate that p53 DBD Nbs positively affect protein stability whilst adversely affecting protein function, attesting to their ability to modulate protein properties in a very subtle manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anneleen Steels
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Campus Rommelaere, A. Baertsoenkaai 3, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Laura Vannevel
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Campus Rommelaere, A. Baertsoenkaai 3, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Olivier Zwaenepoel
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Campus Rommelaere, A. Baertsoenkaai 3, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jan Gettemans
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Campus Rommelaere, A. Baertsoenkaai 3, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
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23
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Cohen EEW, Bell RB, Bifulco CB, Burtness B, Gillison ML, Harrington KJ, Le QT, Lee NY, Leidner R, Lewis RL, Licitra L, Mehanna H, Mell LK, Raben A, Sikora AG, Uppaluri R, Whitworth F, Zandberg DP, Ferris RL. The Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer consensus statement on immunotherapy for the treatment of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (HNSCC). J Immunother Cancer 2019; 7:184. [PMID: 31307547 PMCID: PMC6632213 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-019-0662-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 366] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Head and neck cancers, including those of the lip and oral cavity, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, oropharynx, larynx and nasopharynx represent nearly 700,000 new cases and 380,000 deaths worldwide per annum, and account for over 10,000 annual deaths in the United States alone. Improvement in outcomes are needed for patients with recurrent and or metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (HNSCC). In 2016, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) granted the first immunotherapeutic approvals - the anti-PD-1 immune checkpoint inhibitors nivolumab and pembrolizumab - for the treatment of patients with recurrent squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (HNSCC) that is refractory to platinum-based regimens. The European Commission followed in 2017 with approval of nivolumab for treatment of the same patient population, and shortly thereafter with approval of pembrolizumab monotherapy for the treatment of recurrent or metastatic HNSCC in adults whose tumors express PD-L1 with a ≥ 50% tumor proportion score and have progressed on or after platinum-containing chemotherapy. Then in 2019, the FDA granted approval for PD-1 inhibition as first-line treatment for patients with metastatic or unresectable, recurrent HNSCC, approving pembrolizumab in combination with platinum and fluorouracil for all patients with HNSCC and pembrolizumab as a single agent for patients with HNSCC whose tumors express a PD-L1 combined positive score ≥ 1. These approvals marked the first new therapies for these patients since 2006, as well as the first immunotherapeutic approvals in this disease. In light of the introduction of these novel therapies for the treatment of patients with head and neck cancer, The Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer (SITC) formed an expert committee tasked with generating consensus recommendations for emerging immunotherapies, including appropriate patient selection, therapy sequence, response monitoring, adverse event management, and biomarker testing. These consensus guidelines serve as a foundation to assist clinicians' understanding of the role of immunotherapies in this disease setting, and to standardize utilization across the field for patient benefit. Due to country-specific variances in approvals, availability and regulations regarding the discussed agents, this panel focused solely on FDA-approved drugs for the treatment of patients in the U.S.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezra E W Cohen
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - R Bryan Bell
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute at the Robert W. Franz Cancer Center, Providence Cancer Institute, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Carlo B Bifulco
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute at the Robert W. Franz Cancer Center, Providence Cancer Institute, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Barbara Burtness
- Yale School of Medicine and Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Maura L Gillison
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | | | - Nancy Y Lee
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rom Leidner
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute at the Robert W. Franz Cancer Center, Providence Cancer Institute, Portland, OR, USA
| | | | - Lisa Licitra
- Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori Milan and University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Hisham Mehanna
- Institute of Head and Neck Studies and Education, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Loren K Mell
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Adam Raben
- Helen F. Graham Cancer Center, Newark, DE, USA
| | | | - Ravindra Uppaluri
- Brigham and Women's Hospital and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
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24
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Shibata T, Lieblong BJ, Sasagawa T, Nakagawa M. The promise of combining cancer vaccine and checkpoint blockade for treating HPV-related cancer. Cancer Treat Rev 2019; 78:8-16. [PMID: 31302573 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2019.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated intraepithelial neoplasia or cancers are ideal candidates for cancer immunotherapy since HPV oncoproteins, such as E6 and E7 proteins of high-risk HPVs, could be utilized as foreign antigens. In HPV-associated cancers as well as nonviral cancers, the cancer cells may evade host immunity through the expression of immune checkpoint molecules, downregulation of human leukocyte antigen, and activation of immune regulatory cells. Because of these immune suppressive mechanisms, HPV therapeutic vaccines have shown little efficacy against HPV-associated cancers, although they have shown efficacy in treating HPV-associated intraepithelial neoplasias. Recently, checkpoint blockade emerged as a promising new treatment for solid cancers; however, these therapies have shown only modest efficacy against HPV-associated cancers. Here we reviewed literature analyzing a combinatory therapy using an immune checkpoint inhibitor and an HPV therapeutic vaccine for treating HPV-associated cancers to compensate for shortfalls of each monotherapy. Complimentary modes of T cell activation would be deployed; as vaccines would directly stimulate the T cells, while checkpoint inhibitors would do so by releasing inhibition. Some promising studies using animal models and early human clinical trials raised a possibility that such combinations may be efficacious in regressing HPV-associated cancers. Epitope spreading (the phenomenon in which non-targeted antigens become new targets of immune response) may play a critical role mechanistically. Currently ongoing studies will shed light as to whether such combination therapy would indeed be a promising new treatment paradigm. Current and future studies must also determine the adverse effect profile of such a combination treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeo Shibata
- Department of Pathology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan.
| | - Benjamin J Lieblong
- Department of Pathology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
| | - Toshiyuki Sasagawa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan.
| | - Mayumi Nakagawa
- Department of Pathology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
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25
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Immunotherapy Approaches Beyond PD-1 Inhibition: the Future of Cellular Therapy for Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Curr Treat Options Oncol 2019; 20:31. [PMID: 30874960 PMCID: PMC10071759 DOI: 10.1007/s11864-019-0630-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OPINION STATEMENT In a span of a few years, the surprising early successes of programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) inhibitors across a vast range of tumor types have transformed our understanding of cancer immunogenicity and provided proof of principle that T cells, if manipulated, can mediate meaningful tumor regression. In head and neck cancer, only a minority of patients respond to PD-1 therapy, but these small outcomes have fueled the enthusiasm for the next generation of immunotherapy-adoptive cell therapy-which employs recent advances in genetic engineering and cell culturing methods to generate T cells with enhanced anti-tumor efficacy for infusion back into the patient. Head and neck cancer is comprised of biologically distinct cancers, HPV-positive and HPV-negative, and the clinical responses to PD-1 inhibitors in both HPV-positive and HPV-negative head and neck patients have showcased better than any other cancer type that there are distinct pathways to immunogenicity that may lend themselves to different therapeutic approaches. Thus, head and neck cancer is uniquely poised to benefit from the personalized approach of adoptive cell therapy as well as provide a valuable platform to explore contrasting T cell modalities. In this article, we will review the growing portfolio of trials of adoptive cell therapies in head and neck cancer and discuss the future directions of this emerging new field.
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26
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Stevanović S, Helman SR, Wunderlich JR, Langhan MM, Doran SL, Kwong MLM, Somerville RPT, Klebanoff CA, Kammula US, Sherry RM, Yang JC, Rosenberg SA, Hinrichs CS. A Phase II Study of Tumor-infiltrating Lymphocyte Therapy for Human Papillomavirus-associated Epithelial Cancers. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 25:1486-1493. [PMID: 30518633 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-2722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cellular therapy is an emerging cancer treatment modality, but its application to epithelial cancers has been limited. This clinical trial evaluated tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) therapy for the treatment of patients with metastatic human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated carcinomas. PATIENTS AND METHODS The trial was a phase II design with two cohorts, cervical cancers and noncervical cancers. Cell infusion was preceded by a lymphocyte-depleting conditioning regimen and followed by systemic high-dose aldesleukin. RESULTS Objective tumor responses occurred in 5 of 18 (28%) patients in the cervical cancer cohort and 2 of 11 (18%) patients in the noncervical cancer cohort. Two of the responses in cervical cancer were complete and are ongoing 67 and 53 months after treatment. Responses in the noncervical cancer cohort were in anal cancer and oropharyngeal cancer. The HPV reactivity of the infused T cells correlated with clinical response. Peripheral blood repopulation with HPV-reactive T cells also correlated with clinical response. CONCLUSIONS These findings support the concept that cellular therapy can mediate the regression of epithelial cancers, and they suggest the importance of predictive biomarkers and novel treatment platforms for more effective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanja Stevanović
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute (NCI) Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Sarah R Helman
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute (NCI) Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | | | - Stacey L Doran
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute (NCI) Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Christian S Hinrichs
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute (NCI) Bethesda, Maryland.
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27
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Varn FS, Schaafsma E, Wang Y, Cheng C. Genomic Characterization of Six Virus-Associated Cancers Identifies Changes in the Tumor Immune Microenvironment and Altered Genetic Programs. Cancer Res 2018; 78:6413-6423. [PMID: 30254145 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-1342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Viruses affect approximately 20% of all human cancers and induce expression of immunogenic viral oncoproteins that make these tumors potent targets for immune checkpoint inhibitors. In this study, we apply computational tools to The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and other genomic datasets to define how virus infection shapes the tumor immune microenvironment and genetic architecture of 6 virus-associated tumor types. Across cancers, the cellular composition of the microenvironment varied by viral status, with virus-positive tumors often exhibiting increased infiltration of cytolytic cell types compared with their virus-negative counterparts. Analyses of the infiltrating T-cell receptor repertoire in these patients revealed that Epstein-Barr virus infection was associated with decreased receptor diversity in multiple cancers, suggesting an antigen-driven clonal T-cell response. Tissue-specific gene-expression signatures capturing virus-associated transcriptomic changes successfully predicted virus status in independent datasets and were associated with both immune- and proliferation-related features that were predictive of patient prognosis. Together, the analyses presented suggest viruses have distinct effects in different tumors, with implications for immunotherapy.Significance: This study utilizes TCGA and other genomic datasets to further our understanding of how viruses affect the tumor immune response in different cancer types.Graphical Abstract: http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/canres/78/22/6413/F1.large.jpg Cancer Res; 78(22); 6413-23. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick S Varn
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Evelien Schaafsma
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Chao Cheng
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire.
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire
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28
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Smith C, Khanna R. Immune-based therapeutic approaches to virus-associated cancers. Curr Opin Virol 2018; 32:24-29. [PMID: 30241042 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2018.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
It is estimated that 60-70% of cancers associated with infectious agents are linked to viral infections. Both RNA and DNA viruses that can establish persistent infection exploit various mechanisms including host cell immortalization through genomic instability, chronic inflammation and immune escape, to promote oncogenic transformation of human cells. Expression of selected viral proteins in malignant cells provides a unique opportunity to employ targeted therapies that can disrupt the cellular proliferation and prevent collateral damage caused by standard clinical therapies. While vaccination can be used to prevent infection before malignant transformation, immune-based therapies based on adoptive transfer of T cells and/or antibodies have emerged as powerful tools for the treatment of virus-associated cancers. Here we discuss recent advances and future prospects of immune-based therapies for virus-associated cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey Smith
- QIMR Centre for Immunotherapy and Vaccine Development and Department of Immunology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Qld, Australia.
| | - Rajiv Khanna
- QIMR Centre for Immunotherapy and Vaccine Development and Department of Immunology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Qld, Australia.
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29
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Pérez-Trujillo JJ, Robles-Rodríguez OA, Garza-Morales R, García-García A, Rodríguez-Rocha H, Villanueva-Olivo A, Segoviano-Ramírez JC, Esparza-González SC, Saucedo-Cárdenas O, Montes-de-Oca-Luna R, Loera-Arias MJ. Antitumor Response by Endoplasmic Reticulum-Targeting DNA Vaccine Is Improved by Adding a KDEL Retention Signal. Nucleic Acid Ther 2018; 28:252-261. [DOI: 10.1089/nat.2017.0717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- José J. Pérez-Trujillo
- Departamento de Histologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon (UANL), Monterrey, México
| | - Olivia A. Robles-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Histologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon (UANL), Monterrey, México
| | - Rodolfo Garza-Morales
- Departamento de Histologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon (UANL), Monterrey, México
| | - Aracely García-García
- Departamento de Histologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon (UANL), Monterrey, México
| | - Humberto Rodríguez-Rocha
- Departamento de Histologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon (UANL), Monterrey, México
| | - Arnulfo Villanueva-Olivo
- Departamento de Histologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon (UANL), Monterrey, México
| | - Juan C. Segoviano-Ramírez
- Departamento de Histologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon (UANL), Monterrey, México
- Unidad de Bioimagen, Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ciencias de la Salud (CIDICS), Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon (UANL), Monterrey, México
| | | | - Odila Saucedo-Cárdenas
- Departamento de Histologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon (UANL), Monterrey, México
- Division de Genetica, Centro de Investigacion Biomedica del Noreste, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Monterrey, México
| | - Roberto Montes-de-Oca-Luna
- Departamento de Histologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon (UANL), Monterrey, México
| | - María J. Loera-Arias
- Departamento de Histologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon (UANL), Monterrey, México
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30
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Suksanpaisan L, Xu R, Tesfay MZ, Bomidi C, Hamm S, Vandergaast R, Jenks N, Steele MB, Ota-Setlik A, Akhtar H, Luckay A, Nowak R, Peng KW, Eldridge JH, Clarke DK, Russell SJ, Diaz RM. Preclinical Development of Oncolytic Immunovirotherapy for Treatment of HPV POS Cancers. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2018; 10:1-13. [PMID: 29998190 PMCID: PMC6037044 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy for HPVPOS malignancies is attractive because well-defined, viral, non-self tumor antigens exist as targets. Several approaches to vaccinate therapeutically against HPV E6 and E7 antigens have been adopted, including viral platforms such as VSV. A major advantage of VSV expressing these antigens is that VSV also acts as an oncolytic virus, leading to direct tumor cell killing and induction of effective anti-E6 and anti-E7 T cell responses. We have also shown that addition of immune adjuvant genes, such as IFNβ, further enhances safety and/or efficacy of VSV-based oncolytic immunovirotherapies. However, multiple designs of the viral vector are possible—with respect to levels of immunogen expression and method of virus attenuation—and optimal designs have not previously been tested head-to-head. Here, we tested three different VSV engineered to express a non-oncogenic HPV16 E7/6 fusion protein for their immunotherapeutic and oncolytic properties. We assessed their profiles of efficacy and toxicity against HPVPOS and HPVNEG murine tumor models and determined the optimal route of administration. Our data show that VSV is an excellent platform for the oncolytic immunovirotherapy of tumors expressing HPV target antigens, combining a balance of efficacy and safety suitable for evaluation in a first-in-human clinical trial.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rong Xu
- Profectus Biosciences, Inc., Pearl River, NY 10965, USA
| | | | | | - Stefan Hamm
- Profectus Biosciences, Inc., Pearl River, NY 10965, USA
| | | | - Nathan Jenks
- Toxicology and Pharmacology Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Michael B Steele
- Toxicology and Pharmacology Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | | | - Hinna Akhtar
- Profectus Biosciences, Inc., Pearl River, NY 10965, USA
| | - Amara Luckay
- Profectus Biosciences, Inc., Pearl River, NY 10965, USA
| | - Rebecca Nowak
- Profectus Biosciences, Inc., Pearl River, NY 10965, USA
| | - Kah Whye Peng
- Toxicology and Pharmacology Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.,Vyriad, Inc., Rochester, MN 55902, USA.,Deparment of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | | | | | - Stephen J Russell
- Vyriad, Inc., Rochester, MN 55902, USA.,Deparment of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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31
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Chabeda A, Yanez RJR, Lamprecht R, Meyers AE, Rybicki EP, Hitzeroth II. Therapeutic vaccines for high-risk HPV-associated diseases. PAPILLOMAVIRUS RESEARCH (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2018; 5:46-58. [PMID: 29277575 PMCID: PMC5887015 DOI: 10.1016/j.pvr.2017.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is the second leading cause of death worldwide, and it is estimated that Human papillomavirus (HPV) related cancers account for 5% of all human cancers. Current HPV vaccines are extremely effective at preventing infection and neoplastic disease; however, they are prophylactic and do not clear established infections. Therapeutic vaccines which trigger cell-mediated immune responses for the treatment of established infections and malignancies are therefore required. The E6 and E7 early genes are ideal targets for vaccine therapy due to their role in disruption of the cell cycle and their constitutive expression in premalignant and malignant tissues. Several strategies have been investigated for the development of therapeutic vaccines, including live-vector, nucleic acid, peptide, protein-based and cell-based vaccines as well as combinatorial approaches, with several vaccine candidates progressing to clinical trials. With the current understanding of the HPV life cycle, molecular mechanisms of infection, carcinogenesis, tumour biology, the tumour microenvironment and immune response mechanisms, an approved HPV therapeutic vaccine seems to be a goal not far from being achieved. In this article, the status of therapeutic HPV vaccines in clinical trials are reviewed, and the potential for plant-based vaccine production platforms described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleyo Chabeda
- Biopharming Research Unit, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Romana J R Yanez
- Biopharming Research Unit, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Renate Lamprecht
- Biopharming Research Unit, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Ann E Meyers
- Biopharming Research Unit, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Edward P Rybicki
- Biopharming Research Unit, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Inga I Hitzeroth
- Biopharming Research Unit, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa.
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32
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Uribe-Herranz M, Bittinger K, Rafail S, Guedan S, Pierini S, Tanes C, Ganetsky A, Morgan MA, Gill S, Tanyi JL, Bushman FD, June CH, Facciabene A. Gut microbiota modulates adoptive cell therapy via CD8α dendritic cells and IL-12. JCI Insight 2018; 3:94952. [PMID: 29467322 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.94952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Adoptive T cell therapy (ACT) is a promising new modality for malignancies. Here, we report that adoptive T cell efficacy in tumor-bearing mice is significantly affected by differences in the native composition of the gut microbiome or treatment with antibiotics, or by heterologous fecal transfer. Depletion of bacteria with vancomycin decreased the rate of tumor growth in mice from The Jackson Laboratory receiving ACT, whereas treatment with neomycin and metronidazole had no effect, indicating the role of specific bacteria in host response. Vancomycin treatment induced an increase in systemic CD8α+ DCs, which sustained systemic adoptively transferred antitumor T cells in an IL-12-dependent manner. In subjects undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation, we found that oral vancomycin also increased IL-12 levels. Collectively, our findings demonstrate an important role played by the gut microbiota in the antitumor effectiveness of ACT and suggest potentially new avenues to improve response to ACT by altering the gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireia Uribe-Herranz
- Ovarian Cancer Research Center, and.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kyle Bittinger
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Sonia Guedan
- Abramson Cancer Center and the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine
| | - Stefano Pierini
- Ovarian Cancer Research Center, and.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ceylan Tanes
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | | | - Saar Gill
- Division of Hematology Oncology, Department of Medicine, and
| | | | - Frederic D Bushman
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Carl H June
- Abramson Cancer Center and the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine
| | - Andrea Facciabene
- Ovarian Cancer Research Center, and.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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McCormack SE, Cruz CRY, Wright KE, Powell AB, Lang H, Trimble C, Keller MD, Fuchs E, Bollard CM. Human papilloma virus-specific T cells can be generated from naïve T cells for use as an immunotherapeutic strategy for immunocompromised patients. Cytotherapy 2018; 20:385-393. [PMID: 29331266 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2017.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Human papilloma virus (HPV) is a known cause of cervical cancer, squamous cell carcinoma and laryngeal cancer. Although treatments exist for HPV-associated malignancies, patients unresponsive to these therapies have a poor prognosis. Recent findings from vaccine studies suggest that T-cell immunity is essential for disease control. Because Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)-specific T cells have been highly successful in treating or preventing EBV-associated tumors, we hypothesized that the development of a manufacturing platform for HPV-specific T cells from healthy donors could be used in a third-party setting to treat patients with high-risk/relapsed HPV-associated cancers. Most protocols for generating virus-specific T cells require prior exposure of the donor to the targeted virus and, because the seroprevalence of high-risk HPV types varies greatly by age and ethnicity, manufacturing of donor-derived HPV-specific T cells has proven challenging. We, therefore, made systematic changes to our current Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP)-compliant protocols to improve antigen presentation, priming and expansion for the manufacture of high-efficacy HPV-specific T cells. Like others, we found that current methodologies fail to expand HPV-specific T cells from most healthy donors. By optimizing dendritic cell maturation and function with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and interferon (IFN)γ, adding interleukin (IL)-21 during priming and depleting memory T cells, we achieved reliable expansion of T cells specific for oncoproteins E6 and E7 to clinically relevant amounts (mean, 578-fold expansion; n = 10), which were polyfunctional based on cytokine multiplex analysis. In the third-party setting, such HPV-specific T-cell products might serve as a potent salvage therapy for patients with HPV-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E McCormack
- Program for Cell Enhancement and Technologies for Immunotherapy, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Conrad Russell Y Cruz
- Program for Cell Enhancement and Technologies for Immunotherapy, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA; Sheikh Zayed Institute, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Kaylor E Wright
- Program for Cell Enhancement and Technologies for Immunotherapy, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA; Sheikh Zayed Institute, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Allison B Powell
- Program for Cell Enhancement and Technologies for Immunotherapy, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA; Sheikh Zayed Institute, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Haili Lang
- Program for Cell Enhancement and Technologies for Immunotherapy, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Cornelia Trimble
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael D Keller
- Program for Cell Enhancement and Technologies for Immunotherapy, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA; Division of Allergy and Immunology, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Ephraim Fuchs
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Catherine M Bollard
- Program for Cell Enhancement and Technologies for Immunotherapy, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA; Sheikh Zayed Institute, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA; Division of Allergy and Immunology, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA; Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA.
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Segal BH. Specific Adoptive T-Cell Therapy for Viral and Fungal Infections. MANAGEMENT OF INFECTIONS IN THE IMMUNOCOMPROMISED HOST 2018. [PMCID: PMC7121368 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-77674-3_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Despite advances in anti-infective agents, viral and fungal infections after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) continue to cause life-threatening complications that limit the success of HSCT. Early adoptive T-cell immunotherapy studies showed that administration of allogeneic virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (vCTL) can prevent and control viral infections and reconstitute antiviral immunity to cytomegalovirus (CMV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). Advances in immunobiology, in vitro culture technology, and current good manufacturing practice (cGMP) have provided opportunities for advancing adoptive cell therapy for viral infections: (1) T cells have been expanded targeting multiple pathogens; (2) vCTL production no longer requires viral infection or viral vector transduction of antigen-presenting cells (APCs); (3) the source of lymphocytes is no longer restricted to donors who are immune to the pathogens; (4) naive T cells have been redirected with chimeric antigen receptor T cells (CARTs) or armed with bispecific antibody-armed T cells (BATs) to mediate vCTL activity; (5) these technologies could be combined to targeted multiple viral or fungal pathogens; and (6) pathogen-specific T-cell products manufactured from third parties and banked for “off-the-shelf” use post-HSCT may soon become a reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brahm H. Segal
- Departments of Medicine and Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York USA
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Vdovin AS, Bykova NA, Efimov GA. T Lymphocytes with Modified Specificity in the Therapy of Malignant Diseases. Mol Biol 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893317060164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Welters MJP, Ma W, Santegoets SJAM, Goedemans R, Ehsan I, Jordanova ES, van Ham VJ, van Unen V, Koning F, van Egmond SI, Charoentong P, Trajanoski Z, van der Velden LA, van der Burg SH. Intratumoral HPV16-Specific T Cells Constitute a Type I-Oriented Tumor Microenvironment to Improve Survival in HPV16-Driven Oropharyngeal Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2017; 24:634-647. [PMID: 29018052 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-17-2140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated oropharyngeal squamous cell cancer (OPSCC) has a much better prognosis than HPV-negative OPSCC, and this is linked to dense tumor immune infiltration. As the viral antigens may trigger potent immunity, we studied the relationship between the presence of intratumoral HPV-specific T-cell responses, the immune contexture in the tumor microenvironment, and clinical outcome.Experimental Design: To this purpose, an in-depth analysis of tumor-infiltrating immune cells in a prospective cohort of 97 patients with HPV16-positive and HPV16-negative OPSCC was performed using functional T-cell assays, mass cytometry (CyTOF), flow cytometry, and fluorescent immunostaining of tumor tissues. Key findings were validated in a cohort of 75 patients with HPV16-positive OPSCC present in the publicly available The Cancer Genome Atlas database.Results: In 64% of the HPV16-positive tumors, type I HPV16-specific T cells were present. Their presence was not only strongly related to a better overall survival, a smaller tumor size, and less lymph node metastases but also to a type I-oriented tumor microenvironment, including high numbers of activated CD161+ T cells, CD103+ tissue-resident T cells, dendritic cells (DC), and DC-like macrophages.Conclusions: The viral antigens trigger a tumor-specific T-cell response that shapes a favorable immune contexture for the response to standard therapy. Hence, reinforcement of HPV16-specific T-cell reactivity is expected to boost this process. Clin Cancer Res; 24(3); 634-47. ©2017 AACRSee related commentary by Laban and Hoffmann, p. 505.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marij J P Welters
- Department of Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Wenbo Ma
- Department of Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | - Renske Goedemans
- Department of Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Ilina Ehsan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | - Vanessa J van Ham
- Department of Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Vincent van Unen
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Bank, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Frits Koning
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Bank, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Sylvia I van Egmond
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | - Zlatko Trajanoski
- Division for Bioinformatics, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Lilly-Ann van der Velden
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Sjoerd H van der Burg
- Department of Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.
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Designing probe from E6 genome region of human Papillomavirus 16 for sensing applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 107:1738-1746. [PMID: 29030179 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.10.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is a standout amongst the most commonly reported over 100 types, among them genotypes 16, 18, 31 and 45 are the high-risk HPV. Herein, we designed the oligonucleotide probe for the detection of predominant HPV type 16 for the sensing applications. Conserved amino acid sequences within E6 region of the open reading frame in the HPV genome was used as the basis to design oligonucleotide probe to detect cervical cancer. Analyses of E6 amino acid sequences from the high-risk HPVs were done to check the percentage of similarity and consensus regions that cause different cancers, including cervical cancer. Basic local alignment search tools (BLAST) have given extra statistical parameters, for example, desire values (E-values) and score bits. The probe, 'GGG GTC GGT GGA CCG GTC GAT GTA' was designed with 66.7% GC content. This oligonucleotide probe is designed with the length of 24 mer, GC percent is between 40 and 70, and the melting point (Tm) is above 50°C. The probe needed an acceptable length between 22 and 31 mer. The choice of region is identified here can be used as a probe, has implications for HPV detection techniques in biosensor especially for clinical determination of cervical cancer.
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Smith C, Khanna R. Adoptive cellular immunotherapy for virus‐associated cancers: a new paradigm in personalized medicine. Immunol Cell Biol 2017; 95:364-371. [DOI: 10.1038/icb.2016.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Corey Smith
- Department of Immunology, QIMR Berghofer Centre for Immunotherapy and Vaccine Development and Tumor Immunology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - Rajiv Khanna
- Department of Immunology, QIMR Berghofer Centre for Immunotherapy and Vaccine Development and Tumor Immunology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute Brisbane Queensland Australia
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Abstract
Approximately 12% of all cancers worldwide are associated with viral infections. To date, eight viruses have been shown to contribute to the development of human cancers, including Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), Hepatitis B and C viruses, and Human papilloma virus, among others. These DNA and RNA viruses produce oncogenic effects through distinct mechanisms. First, viruses may induce sustained disorders of host cell growth and survival through the genes they express, or may induce DNA damage response in host cells, which in turn increases host genome instability. Second, they may induce chronic inflammation and secondary tissue damage favoring the development of oncogenic processes in host cells. Viruses like HIV can create a more permissive environment for cancer development through immune inhibition, but we will focus on the previous two mechanisms in this review. Unlike traditional cancer therapies that cannot distinguish infected cells from non-infected cells, immunotherapies are uniquely equipped to target virus-associated malignancies. The targeting and functioning mechanisms associated with the immune response can be exploited to prevent viral infections by vaccination, and can also be used to treat infection before cancer establishment. Successes in using the immune system to eradicate established malignancy by selective recognition of virus-associated tumor cells are currently being reported. For example, numerous clinical trials of adoptive transfer of ex vivo generated virus-specific T cells have shown benefit even for established tumors in patients with EBV-associated malignancies. Additional studies in other virus-associated tumors have also been initiated and in this review we describe the current status of immunotherapy for virus-associated malignancies and discuss future prospects.
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CD8 + T cell response to human papillomavirus 16 E7 is able to predict survival outcome in oropharyngeal cancer. Eur J Cancer 2016; 67:141-151. [PMID: 27669501 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2016.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Immunological response to human papillomavirus (HPV) in the development and progression of HPV16+ oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) (accounting for the majority of viral associated cases) is largely unknown and may provide important insights for new therapeutic strategies. METHODS In this prospective clinical trial (UKCRN11945), we examined cell-mediated immune responses to HPV16 E2, E6 and E7 in peripheral blood using IFN-γ enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot assay. CD56+, CD4+, CD8+ and regulatory T cell frequencies were also discerned by flow cytometry. Fifty-one study participants with oropharyngeal carcinoma were recruited. Control subjects were those undergoing tonsillectomy for benign disease. All patients were treated with curative intent by radiotherapy ± chemotherapy. Disease-specific survival was investigated by multivariate analysis. RESULTS HPV16 DNA was detected in 41/51 of the OPSCC participants. T cell responses against HPV16 E6 or E7 peptides were detected in 33/51 evaluable patients, respectively and correlated with HPV status. Matched pre- and post-treatment T cell responses were available for 39/51 OPSCC cases. Within the whole cohort, elevated post-treatment CD8+ response to HPV16 E7 correlated with longer disease free survival (multivariate DFS p < 0.03). Within the HPV + OPSCC cohort, a significant increase in regulatory T cells (p < 0.02) was noted after treatment. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to provide survival data in OPSCC stratified by cell-mediated immune response to HPV16 peptides. Within the HPV16+ OPSCC cohort, enhanced immunoreactivity to antigen E7 was linked to improved survival. An increase in regulatory T cell frequencies after treatment may suggest that immunosuppression can contribute to a reduced HPV-specific cell-mediated response.
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Potential use of lymph node-derived HPV-specific T cells for adoptive cell therapy of cervical cancer. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2016; 65:1451-1463. [PMID: 27619514 PMCID: PMC5099359 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-016-1892-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Adoptive transfer of tumor-specific T cells, expanded from tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes or from peripheral blood, is a promising immunotherapeutic approach for the treatment of cancer. Here, we studied whether the tumor-draining lymph nodes (TDLN) of patients with human papillomavirus (HPV)-induced cervical cancer can be used as a source for ACT. The objectives were to isolate lymph node mononuclear cells (LNMC) from TDLN and optimally expand HPV-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells under clinical grade conditions. TDLN were isolated from 11 patients with early-stage cervical cancer during radical surgery. Isolated lymphocytes were expanded in the presence of HPV16 E6 and E7 clinical grade synthetic long peptides and IL-2 for 22 days and then analyzed for HPV16 specificity by proliferation assay, multiparameter flow cytometry and cytokine analysis as well as for CD25 and FoxP3 expression. Stimulation of LNMC resulted in expansion of polyclonal HPV-specific T cells in all patients. On average a 36-fold expansion of a CD4+ and/or CD8+ HPV16-specific T cell population was observed, which maintained its capacity for secondary expansion. The T helper type 1 cytokine IFNγ was produced in all cell cultures and in some cases also the Th2 cytokines IL-10 and IL-5. The procedure was highly reproducible, as evidenced by complete repeats of the stimulation procedures under research and under full good manufacturing practice conditions. In conclusion, TDLN represent a rich source of polyclonal HPV16 E6- and E7-specific T cells, which can be expanded under clinical grade conditions for adoptive immunotherapy in patients with cervical cancer.
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PARTNER: An open-label, randomized, phase 2 study of docetaxel/cisplatin chemotherapy with or without panitumumab as first-line treatment for recurrent or metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Oral Oncol 2016; 61:31-40. [PMID: 27688102 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2016.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This phase 2 estimation study evaluated docetaxel/cisplatin with/without panitumumab, an anti-epidermal growth factor receptor monoclonal antibody, as first-line therapy for recurrent/metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN). PATIENTS AND METHODS Randomized patients received docetaxel/cisplatin (75mg/m(2) each) with/without panitumumab (9mg/kg) in 21-day cycles. Patients randomized to panitumumab+chemotherapy could continue panitumumab monotherapy after completing six chemotherapy cycles without progression; patients randomized to chemotherapy alone could receive second-line panitumumab after progression. Progression-free survival (PFS) was the primary endpoint. Secondary endpoints included overall survival (OS), overall response rate (ORR), time to response (TTR), duration of response (DOR), and safety. A protocol amendment limited enrollment to patients <70years owing to excess toxicity in older patients and added mandatory pegfilgrastim/filgrastim support. Outcomes were also analyzed by human papillomavirus status. RESULTS 103 of the 113 enrolled patients were evaluable and randomized to receive ⩾1 dose of first-line treatment. Median PFS for panitumumab+chemotherapy was 6.9 (95% CI=4.7-8.3) months versus 5.5 (95% CI=4.1-6.8) months for chemotherapy alone (hazard ratio [HR]=0.629; 95% CI=0.395-1.002; P=0.048). ORR for panitumumab+chemotherapy was 44% (95% CI=31-58%) versus 37% (95% CI=24-51%) for chemotherapy alone (odds ratio [OR]=1.37; 95% CI=0.57-3.33). Median OS for panitumumab+chemotherapy was 12.9 (95% CI=9.4-18.5) months versus 13.8 (95% CI=11.8-22.9) months for chemotherapy alone (HR=1.103; 95% CI=0.709-1.717). Median TTR for panitumumab+chemotherapy treatment was 6.9weeks versus 11.0weeks for chemotherapy alone. Median DOR was 8.0 (95% CI=5.7-11.1) months with panitumumab+chemotherapy versus 5.1 (95% CI=4.4-7.2) months with chemotherapy alone. Grade 3/4 adverse event incidence was 73% with panitumumab+chemotherapy versus 56% with chemotherapy alone. 41% and 55% of patients in the panitumumab+chemotherapy and chemotherapy-alone arms, respectively, received panitumumab monotherapy. CONCLUSION The addition of panitumumab to docetaxel/cisplatin may improve PFS in recurrent/metastatic SCCHN and has the potential to improve outcomes in these fully, or mostly, active patients.
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T cells for viral infections after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant. Blood 2016; 127:3331-40. [PMID: 27207801 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-01-628982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite recent advances in the field of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), viral infections are still a major complication during the period of immune suppression that follows the procedure. Adoptive transfer of donor-derived virus-specific cytotoxic T cells (VSTs) is a strategy to rapidly restore virus-specific immunity to prevent or treat viral diseases after HSCT. Early proof of principle studies demonstrated that the administration of donor-derived T cells specific for cytomegalovirus or Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) could effectively restore virus-specific immunity and control viral infections. Subsequent studies using different expansion or direct selection techniques have shown that donor-derived VSTs confer protection in vivo after adoptive transfer in 70% to 90% of recipients. Because a major cause of failure is lack of immunity to the infecting virus in a naïve donor, more recent studies have infused closely matched third-party VSTs and reported response rates of 60% to 70%. Current efforts have focused on broadening the applicability of this approach by: (1) extending the number of viral antigens being targeted, (2) simplifying manufacture, (3) exploring strategies for recipients of virus-naïve donor grafts, and (4) developing and optimizing "off the shelf" approaches.
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Staiger EA, Tseng CT, Miller D, Cassano JM, Nasir L, Garrick D, Brooks SA, Antczak DF. Host genetic influence on papillomavirus-induced tumors in the horse. Int J Cancer 2016; 139:784-92. [PMID: 27037728 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.30120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Revised: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The common equine skin tumors known as sarcoids have been causally associated with infection by bovine papillomavirus (BPV). Additionally, there is evidence for host genetic susceptibility to sarcoids. We investigated the genetic basis of susceptibility to sarcoid tumors on a cohort of 82 affected horses and 270 controls genotyped on a genome-wide platform and two custom panels. A Genome Wide Association Study (GWAS) identified candidate regions on six chromosomes. Bayesian probability analysis of the same dataset verified only the regions on equine chromosomes (ECA) 20 and 22. Fine mapping using custom-produced SNP arrays for ECA20 and ECA22 regions identified two marker loci with high levels of significance: SNP BIEC2-530826 (map position 32,787,619) on ECA20 in an intron of the DQA1 gene in the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) class II region (p = 4.6e-06), and SNP BIEC2-589604 (map position 25,951,536) on ECA22 in a 200 kb region containing four candidate genes: PROCR, EDEM2, EIF6 and MMP24 (p = 2.14e-06). The marker loci yielded odds ratios of 5.05 and 4.02 for ECA20 and ECA22, respectively. Associations between genetic MHC class II variants and papillomavirus-induced tumors have been reported for human papillomavirus and cottontail rabbit papillomavirus infections. This suggests a common mechanism for susceptibility to tumor progression that may involve subversion of the host immune response. This study also identified a genomic region other than MHC that influenced papillomavirus-induced tumor development in the studied population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chia T Tseng
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | - Donald Miller
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | | | - Lubna Nasir
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Dorian Garrick
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Samantha A Brooks
- Department of Animal Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
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Virus-specific T-cell banks for 'off the shelf' adoptive therapy of refractory infections. Bone Marrow Transplant 2016; 51:1163-72. [PMID: 27042851 DOI: 10.1038/bmt.2016.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Adoptive immunotherapy with transplant donor-derived virus-specific T cells has emerged as a potentially curative approach for the treatment of drug-refractory EBV+lymphomas as well as CMV and adenovirus infections complicating allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplants. Adoptive transfer of HLA partially matched virus-specific T cells from healthy third party donors has also shown promise in the treatment of these conditions, with disease response rates of 50-76% and strikingly low incidences of toxicity or GVHD recorded in initial trials. In this review, we examine the reported experience with transplant donor and third party donor-derived virus-specific T cells, identifying characteristics of the viral pathogen, the T cells administered and the diseased host that contribute to treatment response or failure. We also describe the characteristics of virus-specific T-cell lines in our center's bank and the frequency with which in vitro culture promotes expansion of immunodominant T cells specific for epitopes that are presented by a limited array of prevalent HLA alleles, which facilitates their broad applicability for treatment.
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Zamarin D, Jazaeri AA. Leveraging immunotherapy for the treatment of gynecologic cancers in the era of precision medicine. Gynecol Oncol 2016; 141:86-94. [PMID: 27016233 PMCID: PMC5007873 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2015.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
During the past decade significant progress in the understanding of stimulatory and inhibitory signaling pathways in immune cells has reinvigorated the field of immuno-oncology. In this review we outline the current immunotherapy based approaches for the treatment of gynecological cancers, and focus on the emerging clinical data on immune checkpoint inhibitors, adoptive cell therapies, and vaccines. It is anticipated that in the coming years biomarker-guided clinical trials, will provide for a better understanding of the mechanisms of response and resistance to immunotherapy, and guide combination treatment strategies that will extend the benefit from immunotherapy to patients with gynecologic cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitriy Zamarin
- Department of Medicine, Gynecologic Medical Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, United States
| | - Amir A Jazaeri
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, United States.
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Echarri MJ, Lopez-Martin A, Hitt R. Targeted Therapy in Locally Advanced and Recurrent/Metastatic Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (LA-R/M HNSCC). Cancers (Basel) 2016; 8:cancers8030027. [PMID: 26927178 PMCID: PMC4810111 DOI: 10.3390/cancers8030027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Surgery and radiotherapy are the standard treatment options for patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN). Chemoradiotherapy is an alternative for patients with locally advanced disease. In recurrent/metastatic disease and after progression to platin-based regimens, no standard treatments other than best supportive care are currently available. Most SCCHN tumours overexpress the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). This receptor is a tyrosine-kinase membrane receptor that has been implicated in angiogenesis, tumour progression and resistance to different cancer treatments. In this review, we analysed the different drugs and pathways under development to treat SCCHN, especially recurrent/metastatic disease. Until now, the EGFR signalling pathway has been considered the most important target with respect to new drugs; however, new drugs, such as immunotherapies, are currently under study. As new treatments for SCCHN are developed, the influence of therapies with respect to overall survival, progression free survival and quality of life in patients with this disease is changing.
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Affiliation(s)
- María José Echarri
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Universitario Severo Ochoa, Avenida Orellana s/n, Leganés, 28911 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ana Lopez-Martin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Universitario Severo Ochoa, Avenida Orellana s/n, Leganés, 28911 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ricardo Hitt
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Universitario Severo Ochoa, Avenida Orellana s/n, Leganés, 28911 Madrid, Spain.
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Abstract
Head and neck cancers are a diverse group of malignancies that includes an increasing number of virally mediated cancers in addition to tumors caused by tobacco and alcohol use. In both cases, tumor development is intimately related to the host immune system, and the status of an endogenous antitumor response is likely prognostic. Virally mediated cancers provide unique targets for preventive vaccines that generate immune responses directed against virus-associated antigens. Once head and neck tumors develop, they are commonly treated with surgery, radiotherapy, and/or chemotherapy. These treatments are associated with significant toxicities, and despite this, subgroups of patients respond poorly and are likely to relapse and die of their disease. Tumor immunotherapy may allow for improvements in both treatment-associated toxicity and outcome. In addition to providing specific targets for therapeutic vaccines and adoptive therapy, virally associated cancers may also be particularly dependent on immune checkpoints; therefore, immune checkpoint inhibitors are being actively tested for these diseases. Cancers that are not virally mediated may also respond to immunotherapies, and biomarkers that could predict response to immunotherapy irrespective of viral status are being evaluated. Multiple ongoing studies are testing benefits of immunotherapy in the management of metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Early promising results pave the way for future studies that will expand testing to nonmetastatic diseases and other types of head and neck cancers. Prospects of combining various immunotherapies and more established treatments such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy are very intriguing and may provide synergistic benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Schoenfeld
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.
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49
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Massarelli E, Ferrarotto R, Glisson BS. New Strategies in Human Papillomavirus–Related Oropharynx Cancer: Effecting Advances in Treatment for a Growing Epidemic. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 21:3821-8. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-1329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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50
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Sitkovsky MV, Hatfield S, Abbott R, Belikoff B, Lukashev D, Ohta A. Hostile, hypoxia-A2-adenosinergic tumor biology as the next barrier to overcome for tumor immunologists. Cancer Immunol Res 2015; 2:598-605. [PMID: 24990240 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-14-0075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia-driven, A2A adenosine receptor (A2AR)-mediated (hypoxia-A2-adenosinergic), T-cell-autonomous immunosuppression was first recognized as critical and nonredundant in protecting normal tissues from inflammatory damage and autoimmunity. However, this immunosuppressive mechanism can be highjacked by bacteria and tumors to provide misguided protection for pathogens and cancerous tissues. Inhibitors of the hypoxia-A2-adenosinergic pathway represent a conceptually novel type of immunologic coadjuvants that could be combined with cancer vaccines, adoptive cell transfer, and/or blockade of negative immunologic regulators to further prolong patient survival and to minimize treatment-related side effects. In support of this approach are preclinical studies and findings that some human cancers are resistant to chemotherapies and immunotherapies due to the tumor-generated extracellular adenosine and A2AR on antitumor T and natural killer (NK) cells. Among the coadjuvants are (i) antagonists of A2AR, (ii) extracellular adenosine-degrading drugs, (iii) inhibitors of adenosine generation by CD39/CD73 ectoenzymes, and (iv) inhibitors of hypoxia-HIF-1α signaling. Combining these coadjuvants with CTLA-4 and/or PD-1 blockade is expected to have additive or even synergistic effects of targeting two different antitumor protective mechanisms. It is expected that even after multicombinatorial blockade of negative immunologic regulators, the antitumor T and NK cells would still be vulnerable to inhibition by hypoxia and A2AR. Yet to be tested is the potential capacity of coadjuvants to minimize the side effects of CTLA-4 and/or PD-1 blockade by decreasing the dose of blocking antibodies or by eliminating the need for dual blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michail V Sitkovsky
- Authors' Affiliation: New England Inflammation and Tissue Protection Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Stephen Hatfield
- Authors' Affiliation: New England Inflammation and Tissue Protection Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Robert Abbott
- Authors' Affiliation: New England Inflammation and Tissue Protection Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Bryan Belikoff
- Authors' Affiliation: New England Inflammation and Tissue Protection Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Dmitriy Lukashev
- Authors' Affiliation: New England Inflammation and Tissue Protection Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Akio Ohta
- Authors' Affiliation: New England Inflammation and Tissue Protection Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts
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