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Zhang L, Wang Y, Wang W, Wang L, Shi J, Cheng J, Zhang J, Li A, He B, Fan Z. Effects of Deoxynivalenol Detoxifier on Growth Performance, Blood Biochemical Indices, and Microbiota Composition of Piglets. Int J Mol Sci 2025; 26:2045. [PMID: 40076666 PMCID: PMC11900542 DOI: 10.3390/ijms26052045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2025] [Revised: 02/23/2025] [Accepted: 02/24/2025] [Indexed: 03/14/2025] Open
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON), also known as vomitoxin, has a high detection and exceeding rate in feed and is prone to causing symptoms such as loss of appetite, weight loss, vomiting, and diarrhoea in animals, which brings great harm to the aquaculture industry. The common mycotoxin adsorbents have low adsorption rates for DON, and the use of biological methods to remove DON in feeds has gradually become a research trend. One hundred and twenty crossbred barrows were randomly divided into four groups, which included the normal diet group (CON), normal diet + detoxifier group (Det), DON-polluted diet group (DON), and DON-polluted diet + DON detoxifier group (DON + Det); the experiment lasted for 28 d. The results showed that, compared with piglets fed a normal diet, those piglets fed DON-polluted diets significantly decreased their average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) during the 1-14 d and 1-28 d periods; the content of immunoglobulin G (IgG), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX), interleukin-4 (IL-4), and interleukin-10 (IL-10) in serum was decreased; and the content of aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), malondialdehyde (MDA), diamine oxidase (DAO), and endotoxin (LPS) was increased in pigs fed DON-polluted diets; meanwhile, feeding piglets DON-polluted diets significantly reduced the levels of acetic acid, propionic acid, and total short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) as well as gut microbiota health index (GMHI) in piglet faeces, but increased the relative abundance of Treponema, Prevotellaceae_UGG-001, Lachnospiraceae_XPB1014_group, Frisingicoccus and Sphaerochaeta. In contrast, the addition of a composite detoxifier effectively ameliorated the reduction in ADG and ADFI in piglets caused by DON-polluted diets. It suppressed the reduction in CAT, SOD, GSH-PX, IL-4, and IL-10 and the elevation of TNF-α, IL-2, IL-6, IL-12, MDA, LPS, and DAO in serum; the composite detoxifier also restrained the decrease in SCFA in piglet faeces and increased the relative abundance of Ruminococcus, Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group, Lachnospiraceae_AC2044_group, UCG-009, and Eubacterium_siraeum_group bacteria. The composite detoxifier effectively mitigated the adverse effects of a DON-polluted diet on piglet growth performance, blood biochemical indices, and gut microbiota composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyao Zhang
- Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, Beijing 100037, China; (L.Z.); (Y.W.); (W.W.); (L.W.); (J.S.); (J.C.); (J.Z.); (A.L.)
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410215, China
| | - Yongwei Wang
- Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, Beijing 100037, China; (L.Z.); (Y.W.); (W.W.); (L.W.); (J.S.); (J.C.); (J.Z.); (A.L.)
| | - Weiwei Wang
- Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, Beijing 100037, China; (L.Z.); (Y.W.); (W.W.); (L.W.); (J.S.); (J.C.); (J.Z.); (A.L.)
| | - Li Wang
- Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, Beijing 100037, China; (L.Z.); (Y.W.); (W.W.); (L.W.); (J.S.); (J.C.); (J.Z.); (A.L.)
| | - Jingjing Shi
- Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, Beijing 100037, China; (L.Z.); (Y.W.); (W.W.); (L.W.); (J.S.); (J.C.); (J.Z.); (A.L.)
| | - Junlin Cheng
- Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, Beijing 100037, China; (L.Z.); (Y.W.); (W.W.); (L.W.); (J.S.); (J.C.); (J.Z.); (A.L.)
| | - Jing Zhang
- Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, Beijing 100037, China; (L.Z.); (Y.W.); (W.W.); (L.W.); (J.S.); (J.C.); (J.Z.); (A.L.)
| | - Aike Li
- Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, Beijing 100037, China; (L.Z.); (Y.W.); (W.W.); (L.W.); (J.S.); (J.C.); (J.Z.); (A.L.)
| | - Beibei He
- Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, Beijing 100037, China; (L.Z.); (Y.W.); (W.W.); (L.W.); (J.S.); (J.C.); (J.Z.); (A.L.)
| | - Zhiyong Fan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410215, China
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Li W, Zhang Y, Yang J, Xu H, Ye R, Wu J, Cao M, Zhao C, Yang B, Liu C, Li L. Effect of Bile Acids Supplementation in Fatty Liver Hemorrhagic Syndrome, Production Performance, Physiological and Quality Characteristics of Laying Hen Eggs. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1910. [PMID: 38998024 PMCID: PMC11240722 DOI: 10.3390/ani14131910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2024] [Revised: 06/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effects of bile acids (BAs) supplementation on fatty liver hemorrhagic syndrome (FLHS), production performance, and physiological and quality characteristics of laying hen eggs. Sixty Sanhuang laying hens, aged 28 weeks, were randomly allocated to six dietary treatments over a 4-week period, including the control (CON) group (feeding basal diet), the high-fat diet (HFD)-treated group (basal diet containing 10% soybean oil), and HFD supplemented with 0.01% and 0.02% of chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) or hyodeoxycholic acid (HDCA) groups. Production performance, egg quality, liver morphology, serum biochemical indexes, antioxidant capacity, proinflammatory cytokines, and intestinal microbiota were evaluated. The average body weight in 0.01% CDCA was larger than in the HFD group (p < 0.05). Eggshell Thickness in the CON group was greater than in the HFD, 0.01% CDCA, and HDCA groups (p < 0.05). Albumen height in the 0.02% HDCA group was higher than the HFD group (p < 0.05). Eggshell weight in the HFD group was less than the CON group (p < 0.05). Haugh unit (HU) in the HDCA group was larger than the HFD group (p < 0.05). Albumen weight in the 0.02% HDCA group was greater than the CON and HFD groups (p < 0.05). In the HFD group, the levels of triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), and low-density lipo-protein cholesterol (LDL-C) were surpassing the other groups (p < 0.05). The levels of catalase (CAT) and total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) in the HFD group was smaller than the other groups (p < 0.05). The level of malondialdehyde (MDA) in the HFD group was higher than in the other groups (p < 0.05). Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels were larger in the HFD group than in the other groups (p < 0.05). The 16S rRNA sequencing analysis indicated significant variations in the relative abundance of specific bacterial populations among the different treatment groups. The treatment and CON groups exhibited a higher presence of bacteria that inhibit host energy absorption or promote intestinal health such as Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Ruminococcus, whereas the HFD group showed an increased prevalence of potentially pathogenic or deleterious bacteria, such as Desulfovibrio spp. In conclusion, the supplementation of BAs in poultry feed has been demonstrated to effectively mitigate the detrimental effects of FLHS in laying hens. This intervention regulates lipid metabolism, bolsters antioxidant defenses, reduces inflammation, and modulates the gut microbiota, offering a novel perspective on the application of BAs in the poultry industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Li
- College of Animal Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang 233100, China; (W.L.); (Y.Z.); (J.Y.); (H.X.); (R.Y.); (J.W.); (M.C.); (C.Z.); (B.Y.)
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation and Health, Fengyang 233100, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- College of Animal Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang 233100, China; (W.L.); (Y.Z.); (J.Y.); (H.X.); (R.Y.); (J.W.); (M.C.); (C.Z.); (B.Y.)
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation and Health, Fengyang 233100, China
| | - Jingyi Yang
- College of Animal Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang 233100, China; (W.L.); (Y.Z.); (J.Y.); (H.X.); (R.Y.); (J.W.); (M.C.); (C.Z.); (B.Y.)
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation and Health, Fengyang 233100, China
| | - Hao Xu
- College of Animal Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang 233100, China; (W.L.); (Y.Z.); (J.Y.); (H.X.); (R.Y.); (J.W.); (M.C.); (C.Z.); (B.Y.)
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation and Health, Fengyang 233100, China
| | - Ruiqi Ye
- College of Animal Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang 233100, China; (W.L.); (Y.Z.); (J.Y.); (H.X.); (R.Y.); (J.W.); (M.C.); (C.Z.); (B.Y.)
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation and Health, Fengyang 233100, China
| | - Jiale Wu
- College of Animal Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang 233100, China; (W.L.); (Y.Z.); (J.Y.); (H.X.); (R.Y.); (J.W.); (M.C.); (C.Z.); (B.Y.)
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation and Health, Fengyang 233100, China
| | - Mixia Cao
- College of Animal Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang 233100, China; (W.L.); (Y.Z.); (J.Y.); (H.X.); (R.Y.); (J.W.); (M.C.); (C.Z.); (B.Y.)
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation and Health, Fengyang 233100, China
- Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Pork, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural, Fengyang 233100, China
| | - Chunfang Zhao
- College of Animal Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang 233100, China; (W.L.); (Y.Z.); (J.Y.); (H.X.); (R.Y.); (J.W.); (M.C.); (C.Z.); (B.Y.)
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation and Health, Fengyang 233100, China
- Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Pork, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural, Fengyang 233100, China
| | - Bing Yang
- College of Animal Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang 233100, China; (W.L.); (Y.Z.); (J.Y.); (H.X.); (R.Y.); (J.W.); (M.C.); (C.Z.); (B.Y.)
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation and Health, Fengyang 233100, China
- Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Pork, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural, Fengyang 233100, China
| | - Chang Liu
- College of Animal Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang 233100, China; (W.L.); (Y.Z.); (J.Y.); (H.X.); (R.Y.); (J.W.); (M.C.); (C.Z.); (B.Y.)
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation and Health, Fengyang 233100, China
- Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Pork, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural, Fengyang 233100, China
| | - Lei Li
- College of Animal Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang 233100, China; (W.L.); (Y.Z.); (J.Y.); (H.X.); (R.Y.); (J.W.); (M.C.); (C.Z.); (B.Y.)
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation and Health, Fengyang 233100, China
- Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Pork, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural, Fengyang 233100, China
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Napolitano M, Fasulo E, Ungaro F, Massimino L, Sinagra E, Danese S, Mandarino FV. Gut Dysbiosis in Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Narrative Review on Correlation with Disease Subtypes and Novel Therapeutic Implications. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2369. [PMID: 37894027 PMCID: PMC10609453 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11102369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a prevalent functional gastrointestinal disorder characterized by chronic abdominal pain and altered bowel habits. It can be subclassified in different subtypes according to the main clinical manifestation: constipation, diarrhea, mixed, and unclassified. Over the past decade, the role of gut microbiota in IBS has garnered significant attention in the scientific community. Emerging research spotlights the intricate involvement of microbiota dysbiosis in IBS pathogenesis. Studies have demonstrated reduced microbial diversity and stability and specific microbial alterations for each disease subgroup. Microbiota-targeted treatments, such as antibiotics, probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation, and even diet, offer exciting prospects for managing IBS. However, definitive conclusions are hindered by the heterogeneity of these studies. Further research should focus on elucidating the mechanisms, developing microbiome-based diagnostics, and enabling personalized therapies tailored to an individual's microbiome profile. This review takes a deep dive into the microscopic world inhabiting our guts, and its implications for IBS. Our aim is to elucidate the complex interplay between gut microbiota and each IBS subtype, exploring novel microbiota-targeted treatments and providing a comprehensive overview of the current state of knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Napolitano
- Department of Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, 20132 Milan, Italy; (E.F.); (F.U.); (L.M.); (S.D.); (F.V.M.)
| | - Ernesto Fasulo
- Department of Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, 20132 Milan, Italy; (E.F.); (F.U.); (L.M.); (S.D.); (F.V.M.)
| | - Federica Ungaro
- Department of Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, 20132 Milan, Italy; (E.F.); (F.U.); (L.M.); (S.D.); (F.V.M.)
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Disease, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Massimino
- Department of Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, 20132 Milan, Italy; (E.F.); (F.U.); (L.M.); (S.D.); (F.V.M.)
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Disease, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Emanuele Sinagra
- Gastroenterology & Endoscopy Unit, Fondazione Istituto G. Giglio, Contrada Pietra Pollastra Pisciotto, 90015 Cefalù, Italy;
| | - Silvio Danese
- Department of Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, 20132 Milan, Italy; (E.F.); (F.U.); (L.M.); (S.D.); (F.V.M.)
- Gastroenterology and Endoscopy, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Vito Mandarino
- Department of Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, 20132 Milan, Italy; (E.F.); (F.U.); (L.M.); (S.D.); (F.V.M.)
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Zhu N, Zhu L, Zhang X, Huang C, Xiang W, Huang B. Triptolide attenuates irritable bowel syndrome via inhibiting ODC1. BMC Gastroenterol 2023; 23:202. [PMID: 37308808 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-023-02847-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a chronic disorder of the gut-brain axis with significant morbidity. Triptolide, an active compound extracted from Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F (TwHF), has been widely used as a major medicinal herb in the treatment of inflammatory disease. METHODS The chronic-acute combined stress (CAS) stimulation was used to establish IBS rat model. The model rats were then gavaged with triptolide. Forced swimming, marble-burying, fecal weight and abdominal withdrawal reflex (AWR) score were recorded. Pathologic changes in the ileal and colonic tissues were validated by hematoxylin and eosin staining. The inflammatory cytokines and Ornithine Decarboxylase-1 (ODC1) in the ileal and colonic tissues were performed by ELISA and WB. RESULTS Triptolide didn't have antidepressant- and antianxiety- effects in rats caused by CAS, but decreased fecal weight and AWR score. In addition, Triptolide reduced the release of IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α and the expression of ODC1 in the ileum and colon. CONCLUSION The therapeutic efficacy of triptolide for IBS induced by CAS was revealed in this study, which may be related to the reduction of ODC1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shanghai University (Wenzhou People's Hospital), The Wenzhou Third Clinical Institute Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, No. 299 Guan Road, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Liuyan Zhu
- Department of General Practice, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shanghai University (Wenzhou People's Hospital), The Wenzhou Third Clinical Institute Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, No. 299 Guan Road, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueliang Zhang
- Department of General Practice, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shanghai University (Wenzhou People's Hospital), The Wenzhou Third Clinical Institute Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, No. 299 Guan Road, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengbin Huang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 109 Xueyuan West Road, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjun Xiang
- Department of Pathology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shanghai University (Wenzhou People's Hospital), The Wenzhou Third Clinical Institute Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, No. 299 Guan Road, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Bingwu Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 109 Xueyuan West Road, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China.
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Lupu VV, Ghiciuc CM, Stefanescu G, Mihai CM, Popp A, Sasaran MO, Bozomitu L, Starcea IM, Adam Raileanu A, Lupu A. Emerging role of the gut microbiome in post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome: A literature review. World J Gastroenterol 2023; 29:3241-3256. [PMID: 37377581 PMCID: PMC10292139 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v29.i21.3241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome (PI-IBS) is a particular type of IBS, with symptom onset after an acute episode of infectious gastroenteritis. Despite infectious disease resolution and clearance of the inciting pathogen agent, 10% of patients will develop PI-IBS. In susceptible individuals, the exposure to pathogenic organisms leads to a marked shift in the gut microbiota with prolonged changes in host-microbiota interactions. These changes can affect the gut-brain axis and the visceral sensitivity, disrupting the intestinal barrier, altering neuromuscular function, triggering persistent low inflammation, and sustaining the onset of IBS symptoms. There is no specific treatment strategy for PI-IBS. Different drug classes can be used to treat PI-IBS similar to patients with IBS in general, guided by their clinical symptoms. This review summarizes the current evidence for microbial dysbiosis in PI-IBS and analyzes the available data regarding the role of the microbiome in mediating the central and peripheral dysfunctions that lead to IBS symptoms. It also discusses the current state of evidence on therapies targeting the microbiome in the management of PI-IBS. The results of microbial modulation strategies used in relieving IBS symptomatology are encouraging. Several studies on PI-IBS animal models reported promising results. However, published data that describe the efficacy and safety of microbial targeted therapy in PI-IBS patients are scarce. Future research is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasile Valeriu Lupu
- Faculty of General Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi 700115, Romania
| | - Cristina Mihaela Ghiciuc
- Faculty of General Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi 700115, Romania
| | - Gabriela Stefanescu
- Faculty of General Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi 700115, Romania
| | | | - Alina Popp
- Faculty of General Medicine, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest 020021, Romania
| | - Maria Oana Sasaran
- Faculty of General Medicine, “George Emil Palade” University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology, Targu Mures 540142, Romania
| | - Laura Bozomitu
- Faculty of General Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi 700115, Romania
| | - Iuliana Magdalena Starcea
- Faculty of General Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi 700115, Romania
| | - Anca Adam Raileanu
- Faculty of General Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi 700115, Romania
| | - Ancuta Lupu
- Faculty of General Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi 700115, Romania
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Rueda-Ruzafa L, Roman P, Cardona D, Requena M, Ropero-Padilla C, Alarcón R. Environmental pesticide exposure and the risk of irritable bowel syndrome: A case-control study. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2023; 98:104076. [PMID: 36754128 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2023.104076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The agricultural model in southern Spain is highly productive, mainly due to the intensive cultivation under plastic. Despite strict pesticide regulation, human exposure to pesticides in the environment has been connected to an increase in diseases such as celiac disease. Certain pesticides have also been associated to the disruption of the intestinal microbiota, which has been tied to the development of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). A case-control study was conducted in Andalusia, south Spain, to assess the prevalence and risk of IBS related to pesticide exposure. This research found a high prevalence of IBS in Andalusia between 2000 and 2021 in areas with high pesticide exposure using agronomic criteria. Furthermore, the odds ratio for IBS was significantly higher in the population with high pesticide exposure. This study suggests that pesticides may be involved in IBS, whereas more research is needed to determine the role of pesticides in IBS symptomatology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lola Rueda-Ruzafa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Medicine, University of Almeria, Carretera Sacramento S/N, La Cañada, 04120 Almeria, Spain.
| | - Pablo Roman
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Medicine, University of Almeria, Carretera Sacramento S/N, La Cañada, 04120 Almeria, Spain; Health Research Center, University of Almeria, Carretera Sacramento S/N, La Cañada 04120, Spain.
| | - Diana Cardona
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Medicine, University of Almeria, Carretera Sacramento S/N, La Cañada, 04120 Almeria, Spain; Health Research Center, University of Almeria, Carretera Sacramento S/N, La Cañada 04120, Spain.
| | - Mar Requena
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Medicine, University of Almeria, Carretera Sacramento S/N, La Cañada, 04120 Almeria, Spain; Health Research Center, University of Almeria, Carretera Sacramento S/N, La Cañada 04120, Spain.
| | - Carmen Ropero-Padilla
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Medicine, University of Almeria, Carretera Sacramento S/N, La Cañada, 04120 Almeria, Spain.
| | - Raquel Alarcón
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Medicine, University of Almeria, Carretera Sacramento S/N, La Cañada, 04120 Almeria, Spain; Health Research Center, University of Almeria, Carretera Sacramento S/N, La Cañada 04120, Spain.
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Saqib Z, De Palma G, Lu J, Surette M, Bercik P, Collins SM. Alterations in fecal β-defensin-3 secretion as a marker of instability of the gut microbiota. Gut Microbes 2023; 15:2233679. [PMID: 37464450 PMCID: PMC10355691 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2023.2233679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Compositional changes in the microbiota (dysbiosis) may be a basis for Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS), but biomarkers are currently unavailable to direct microbiota-directed therapy. We therefore examined whether changes in fecal β-defensin could be a marker of dysbiosis in a murine model. Experimental dysbiosis was induced using four interventions relevant to IBS: a mix of antimicrobials, westernized diets (high-fat/high-sugar and high salt diets), or mild restraint stress. Fecal mouse β-defensin-3 and 16S rRNA-based microbiome profiles were assessed at baseline and during and following these interventions. Each intervention, except for mild restraint stress, altered compositional and diversity profiles of the microbiota. Exposure to antimicrobials or a high-fat/high-sugar diet, but not mild restraint stress, resulted in decreased fecal β-defensin-3 compared to baseline. In contrast, exposure to the high salt diet increased β-defensin-3 compared to baseline. Mice exposed to the mix of antimicrobials showed the largest compositional changes and the most significant correlations between β-defensin-3 levels and bacterial diversity. The high salt diet was also associated with significant correlations between changes in β-defensin-3 and bacterial diversity, and this was not accompanied by discernible inflammatory changes in the host. Thus, dietary change or antimicrobial exposure, both recognized factors in IBS exacerbations, induced marked dysbiosis that was accompanied by changes in fecal β-defensin-3 levels. We propose that serial monitoring of fecal β-defensins may serve as a marker of dysbiosis and help identify those IBS patients who may benefit from microbiota-directed therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zarwa Saqib
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Giada De Palma
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Jun Lu
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Michael Surette
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Premysl Bercik
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Stephen Michael Collins
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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Glycyrrhizic Acid and Compound Probiotics Supplementation Alters the Intestinal Transcriptome and Microbiome of Weaned Piglets Exposed to Deoxynivalenol. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14120856. [PMID: 36548753 PMCID: PMC9783239 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14120856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a widespread mycotoxin that affects the intestinal health of animals and humans. In the present study, we performed RNA-sequencing and 16S rRNA sequencing in piglets after DON and glycyrrhizic acid and compound probiotics (GAP) supplementation to determine the changes in intestinal transcriptome and microbiota. Transcriptome results indicated that DON exposure altered intestinal gene expression involved in nutrient transport and metabolism. Genes related to lipid metabolism, such as PLIN1, PLIN4, ADIPOQ, and FABP4 in the intestine, were significantly decreased by DON exposure, while their expressions were significantly increased after GAP supplementation. KEGG enrichment analysis showed that GAP supplementation promoted intestinal digestion and absorption of proteins, fats, vitamins, and other nutrients. Results of gut microbiota composition showed that GAP supplementation significantly improved the diversity of gut microbiota. DON exposure significantly increased Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Bacillus abundances and decreased Firmicutes, Lactobacillus, and Streptococcus abundances; however, dietary supplementation with GAP observably recovered their abundances to normal. In addition, predictive functions by PICRUSt analysis showed that DON exposure decreased lipid metabolism, whereas GAP supplementation increased immune system. This result demonstrated that dietary exposure to DON altered the intestinal gene expressions related to nutrient metabolism and induced disturbances of intestinal microbiota, while supplementing GAP to DON-contaminated diets could improve intestinal health for piglets.
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9
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Interaction between the Gut Microbiota and Intestinal Motility. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:3240573. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/3240573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The gut microbiota is the largest symbiotic ecosystem with the host and has been proven to play an important role in maintaining the stability of the intestinal environment. The imbalance of the gut microbiota is caused by the imbalance between the symbiotic microbiota and the pathogenic microbiota. The commensal microbiome regulates intestinal motility, while the pathogenic microbiome causes intestinal motility disorder, resulting in disease development. Intestinal motility is a relatively general term, and its meaning may include intestinal muscle contraction, intestinal wall biomechanics, intestinal compliance, and transmission. The role of intestinal microecology and intestinal motility are interrelated, intestinal flora disorder mediates intestinal motility, and abnormal intestinal motility affects colonization of the intestinal flora. In this review, we briefly outlined the interaction between gut microbiota and intestinal motility and provided a reference for future studies.
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10
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Effects of Compound Polysaccharides Derived from Astragalus and Glycyrrhiza on Growth Performance, Meat Quality and Antioxidant Function of Broilers Based on Serum Metabolomics and Cecal Microbiota. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11101872. [PMID: 36290595 PMCID: PMC9598874 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11101872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation of compound polysaccharides derived from Astragalus and Glycyrrhiza on growth performance, meat quality, antioxidant function, cecal microbiota and serum metabolomics of broilers. A total of 480 one-day-old male Arbor Acres (AA) broilers were randomly divided into four treatments with six replicates comprising 20 broilers each. Treatments: CON group was the basal diet; ANT group was supplemented with Terramycin calcium; LAG group was supplemented with 150 mg/kg Astragalus polysaccharides and 75 mg/kg Glycyrrhiza polysaccharides; HAG group was supplemented with 300 mg/kg Astragalus polysaccharides and 150 mg/kg Glycyrrhiza polysaccharides. The results showed that LAG and HAG supplementation increased growth performance, antioxidant function and meat quality compared with the CON group and ANT group and, especially, the effect of LAG treatment was better than HAG. Analysis of cecal microbiota showed that LAG and HAG supplementation altered cecal microbial diversity and composition in broilers. Serum metabolomics analysis showed that a total of 193 differential metabolites were identified in CON and LAG groups, which were mainly enriched in linoleic acid metabolism and glutathione metabolism pathways. Moreover, there was a close correlation between serum metabolites, cecal microbiota and phenotypic indicators. Conclusion: Dietary supplementation of 150 mg/kg Astragalus polysaccharides and 75 mg/kg Glycyrrhiza polysaccharides could improve the growth performance, antioxidant function and meat quality of broilers by changing the serum metabolites and cecal microbiota composition.
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11
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Qing H, Huang S, Zhan K, Zhao L, Zhang J, Ji C, Ma Q. Combined Toxicity Evaluation of Ochratoxin A and Aflatoxin B1 on Kidney and Liver Injury, Immune Inflammation, and Gut Microbiota Alteration Through Pair-Feeding Pullet Model. Front Immunol 2022; 13:920147. [PMID: 35967406 PMCID: PMC9373725 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.920147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) are often co-contaminated, but their synergistic toxicity in poultry is limitedly described. Furthermore, the traditional ad libitum feeding model may fail to distinguish the specific impact of mycotoxins on the biomarkers and the indirect effect of mildew on the palatability of feed. A pair-feeding model was introduced to investigate the specific effect and the indirect effect of the combined toxicity of OTA and AFB1, which were independent and dependent on feed intake, respectively. A total of 180 one-day-old pullets were randomly divided into 3 groups with 6 replicates, and each replicate contained 10 chicks. The control group (Group A) and the pair-feeding group (Group B) received the basal diet without mycotoxin contamination. Group C was administrated with OTA- and AFB1-contaminated feed (101.41 μg/kg of OTA + 20.10 μg/kg of AFB1). The scale of feeding in Group B matched with the feed intake of Group C. The trial lasted 42 days. Compared with the control group, co-contamination of OTA and AFB1 in feed could adversely affect the growth performance (average daily feed intake (ADFI), body weight (BW), average daily weight gain (ADG), feed conversion ratio (FCR), and shank length (SL)), decrease the relative weight of the spleen (p < 0.01), and increase the relative weight of the kidney (p < 0.01). Moreover, the reduction of feed intake could also adversely affect the growth performance (BW, ADG, and SL), but not as severely as mycotoxins do. Apart from that, OTA and AFB1 also activated the antioxidative and inflammation reactions of chicks, increasing the level of catalase (CAT), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and interleukin-8 (IL-8) while decreasing the level of IL-10 (p < 0.01), which was weakly influenced by the feed intake reduction. In addition, OTA and AFB1 induced histopathological changes and apoptosis in the kidney and liver as well as stimulated the growth of pernicious bacteria to cause toxic effects. There were no histopathological changes and apoptosis in the kidney and liver of the pair-feeding group. The combined toxicity of OTA and AFB1 had more severe effects on pullets than merely reducing feed supply. However, the proper reduction of the feed intake could improve pullets’ physical health by enriching the bacteria Lactobacillus, Phascolarctobacterium, Bacteroides, Parabacteroides, and Barnesiella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanrui Qing
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shimeng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Kai Zhan
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, China
| | - Lihong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianyun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Cheng Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiugang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Qiugang Ma,
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12
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Abstract
Following acute gastroenteritis (AGE) due to bacteria, viruses, or protozoa, a subset of patients develop new onset Rome criteria positive irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), called postinfection IBS (PI-IBS). The pooled prevalence of PI-IBS following AGE was 11.5%. PI-IBS is the best natural model that suggests that a subset of patients with IBS may have an organic basis. Several factors are associated with a greater risk of development of PI-IBS following AGE including female sex, younger age, smoking, severity of AGE, abdominal pain, bleeding per rectum, treatment with antibiotics, anxiety, depression, somatization, neuroticism, recent adverse life events, hypochondriasis, extroversion, negative illness beliefs, history of stress, sleep disturbance, and family history of functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs), currently called disorder of gut-brain interaction. Most patients with PI-IBS present with either diarrhea-predominant IBS or the mixed subtype of IBS, and overlap with other FGIDs, such as functional dyspepsia is common. The drugs used to treat non-constipation IBS may also be useful in PI-IBS treatment. Since randomized controlled trials on the efficacy of drugs to treat PI-IBS are rare, more studies are needed on this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uday C Ghoshal
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
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13
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Balan Y, Gaur A, Sakthivadivel V, Kamble B, Sundaramurthy R. Is the Gut Microbiota a Neglected Aspect of Gut and Brain Disorders? Cureus 2021; 13:e19740. [PMID: 34938619 PMCID: PMC8684598 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.19740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota is a quickly developing bacterial ecosystem with biodiversity. It is an adaptive immunity that varies with food intake, environmental conditions, and human habits, among other factors. Various external stimuli, such as drugs, can influence the gut microbial environment and lead to gut dysbiosis. Recently, gut dysbiosis has been identified as an important factor that leads to several diseases either by the released metabolites or by the gut neuronal connection. In brain disorders, gut dysbiosis is involved in neuropsychiatric manifestations, including autism spectrum disorder, anxiety, and depression by interfering with neurotransmitter homeostasis, and neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease by releasing abnormal metabolites from the gut. Gut dysbiosis has been documented in gut disorders, including inflammatory bowel disease or irritable bowel syndrome. Immune cells in the gut are modulated by external factors such as stress, diet, and drugs to produce inflammatory cytokines, including interleukins (IL-4, IL-6, IL-17, IL-23, etc.). Inflammatory cytokines lead to a cascade of events, which lead to various ailments in the bowel. Beneficial bacteria in the form of probiotics ameliorate the condition and have healthful effects in disease conditions. This warrants further research to identify newer therapeutic strategies for diseases that cannot be cured or are difficult to treat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuvaraj Balan
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bibinagar, Bibinagar, IND
| | - Archana Gaur
- Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bibinagar, Bibinagar, IND
| | | | - Bhushan Kamble
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bibinagar, Bibinagar, IND
| | - Raja Sundaramurthy
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bibinagar, Bibinagar, IND
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Wang T, Li L, Li S, Zhao H, Qu J, Xia Y, Li Y. Clostridium butyricum relieve the visceral hypersensitivity in mice induced by Citrobacter rodentium infection with chronic stress. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11585. [PMID: 34221718 PMCID: PMC8223894 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Visceral hypersensitivity is a common symptom in patients with post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome (PI-IBS), and change of the microbiota is a vital etiological factor of it. Clostridium butyricum (C. butyricum) is one of the probiotics which is reported as the active components in the treatment of IBS, especially IBS with diarrhea. Citrobacter rodentium (C. rodentium) is an enteropathogenic bacteria which can produce self-limiting colitis in mice, which have been used to produce a PI-IBS-like mice model. Whether C. butyricum could influence the visceral hypersensitivity and gut microbiota of PI-IBS is still unknown. Our study aimed to examine whether the intervention of C. butyricum or antibiotics could affect the etiology of visceral hypersensitivity. Methods C57BL/6 male mice were gavaged with the C. rodentium to induce a infective colitis. The C. butyricum and antibiotic compound were used to intervene the infected mice 3 days later. A 9-day chronic water avoidance stress (WAS) process was implemented to help induce the visceral hypersensitivity. The abdominal withdrawal reflex (AWR) score was assayed to indicate the visceral hypersensitivity of different groups. On the 7th, 14th, and 30th days after infection, mice feces were collected and high-throughput sequencing was carried out to analyze their gut microbiota. Results Combined, the C. rodentium infection plus chronic stress (WAS) could induce the visceral hypersensitivity in mice. Treatment of the C. butyricum after C. rodentium infection could relieve visceral hypersensitivity of mice, while no difference was observed in the antibiotic treatment group. The gut microbiota diversity of C. rodentium infected mice was similar to the uninfected mice, while there were different microbial communities structure between them. The Shannon and Chao indexes significantly decreased in the antibiotic treatment group compared to other groups at 7th, 14th, and 30th days post-infection, while treatment of C. butyricum could maintain the indexes within normal range. At day 14 after infection, the structure of microbiota headed towards normality after the C. butyricum treatment. After the WAS, the Shannon and Chao indexes of the control group decreased and the structure of microbiota changed. The C. butyricum treatment could prevent these changes of the gut microbiota induced by WAS. Conclusion C. butyricum could relieve the visceral hypersensitivity in mice induced by C. rodentium infection plus chronic stress. It could also remodel the microbiota change caused by the infection and chronic stress. It may be a more effective treatment strategy for PI-IBS than antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengfei Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Laboratory of Translational Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Lixiang Li
- Laboratory of Translational Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Shiyang Li
- Laboratory of Translational Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Hongyu Zhao
- Laboratory of Translational Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Junyan Qu
- Laboratory of Translational Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yanan Xia
- Laboratory of Translational Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yanqing Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Laboratory of Translational Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China.,Robot Engineering Laboratory for Precise Diagnosis and Therapy of GI Tumor, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
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15
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Updates on the epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management of postinfectious irritable bowel syndrome. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2021; 33:411-418. [PMID: 32833689 DOI: 10.1097/qco.0000000000000666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW With its impact on quality of life and increasing awareness, postinfectious irritable bowel syndrome (PI-IBS) is now gaining attention as one of the major health problems commonly encountered in gastrointestinal practice. Literature investigating the various pathogenic mechanisms involved is rapidly emerging. The objective of the current review is to provide an update on recent evidence published in the past 2 years describing advances in our understanding of the epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of PI-IBS. RECENT FINDINGS Significant proportion of research in the recent past was preclinical in nature. Epidemiological studies continue to highlight the risk of IBS after infection, with recent studies documenting postprotozoal effects. Advances in pathogenic mechanisms included clinical studies, which documented micro-RNA down-regulation and Peroxiredoxin-1 up-regulation in colonic mucosa of PI-IBS patients. Protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2) activation in PI-IBS mice models resulted in increase in epithelial permeability, mucosal inflammation, visceral hypersensitivity. Moxibustion and rifamycin reduced intestinal inflammation by inhibiting cytokine and chemokine release via different mechanisms. Miltefosine reduced mast cell degranulation and TRPV1 activation, thereby reducing visceral hypersensitivity. SUMMARY At present, generalization of limited diagnostic and therapeutic strategies across a heterogeneous prevalent patient population impedes the ability to provide effective personalized care in PI-IBS. Further development in pathogenesis discovery, diagnostic tool development are needed in order to design well tolerated and effective therapies that guide treatments based on distinct pathways of disease.
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16
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He Y, Tan Y, Zhu J, Wu X, Huang Z, Chen H, Yang M, Chen D. Effect of sodium butyrate regulating IRAK1 (interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 1) on visceral hypersensitivity in irritable bowel syndrome and its mechanism. Bioengineered 2021; 12:1436-1444. [PMID: 33906562 PMCID: PMC8806247 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.1920324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study aimed to investigate the effects of sodium butyrate on the level of colonic protein IRAK1 (interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 1) in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) models as well as revealing the relationship between IRAKI level and visceral sensitivity during the progression of IBS. IBS symptoms were induced using TNBS (2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid) in mice and using IL-33 in HT-29 cells, which were then hanlded with sodium butyrate (100 mM for each mice and 0.05 M for HT-29 cells). The threshold of visceral pain and the expression of IRAKI in mice, and the level of IRAKI in HT-29 cells were detected. The data showed that the level of IRAK1 in IBS mice was higher than that in the control group, while the pre-treatment with sodium butyrate could solidy suppressed the level of IRAK1. Morevoer, it was found that the level of IRAK1 was negatively correlated with the pain threshold. In in vitro assays, the level of IRAK1 was firstly induced by IL-33 stimulation and then suppressed by sodium butyrate pretreatment. Collectively, the level of IRAKI showed an obvioulty positive relation with visceral hypersensitivity in IBS models, and the treatment with sodium butyrate could alleviate visceral hypersensitivity by inhibiting the expression of IRAKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqin He
- Department of Gastroenterology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Yan Tan
- Department of Pathophysiology, High Altitude Military Medicine, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Jianru Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Xiaofeng Wu
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Gastroenterology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Zhiyong Huang
- School of Microelectronics and Communication Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Hengsheng Chen
- Department of Neuroelectrophysiology, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Min Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Dongfeng Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
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17
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Cristofori F, Dargenio VN, Dargenio C, Miniello VL, Barone M, Francavilla R. Anti-Inflammatory and Immunomodulatory Effects of Probiotics in Gut Inflammation: A Door to the Body. Front Immunol 2021; 12:578386. [PMID: 33717063 PMCID: PMC7953067 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.578386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 427] [Impact Index Per Article: 106.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Hosting millions of microorganisms, the digestive tract is the primary and most important part of bacterial colonization. On one side, in cases of opportunistic invasion, the abundant bacterial population inside intestinal tissues may face potential health problems such as inflammation and infections. Therefore, the immune system has evolved to sustain the host-microbiota symbiotic relationship. On the other hand, to maintain host immune homeostasis, the intestinal microflora often exerts an immunoregulatory function that cannot be ignored. A field of great interest is the association of either microbiota or probiotics with the immune system concerning clinical uses. This microbial community regulates some of the host's metabolic and physiological functions and drives early-life immune system maturation, contributing to their homeostasis throughout life. Changes in gut microbiota can occur through modification in function, composition (dysbiosis), or microbiota-host interplays. Studies on animals and humans show that probiotics can have a pivotal effect on the modulation of immune and inflammatory mechanisms; however, the precise mechanisms have not yet been well defined. Diet, age, BMI (body mass index), medications, and stress may confound the benefits of probiotic intake. In addition to host gut functions (permeability and physiology), all these agents have profound implications for the gut microbiome composition. The use of probiotics could improve the gut microbial population, increase mucus-secretion, and prevent the destruction of tight junction proteins by decreasing the number of lipopolysaccharides (LPSs). When LPS binds endothelial cells to toll-like receptors (TLR 2, 4), dendritic cells and macrophage cells are activated, and inflammatory markers are increased. Furthermore, a decrease in gut dysbiosis and intestinal leakage after probiotic therapy may minimize the development of inflammatory biomarkers and blunt unnecessary activation of the immune system. In turn, probiotics improve the differentiation of T-cells against Th2 and development of Th2 cytokines such as IL-4 and IL-10. The present narrative review explores the interactions between gut microflora/probiotics and the immune system starting from the general perspective of a biological plausibility to get to the in vitro and in vivo demonstrations of a probiotic-based approach up to the possible uses for novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Cristofori
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Vanessa Nadia Dargenio
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Costantino Dargenio
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Vito Leonardo Miniello
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Michele Barone
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Ruggiero Francavilla
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
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Rab5a Promotes Cytolethal Distending Toxin B-Induced Cytotoxicity and Inflammation. Infect Immun 2020; 88:IAI.00132-20. [PMID: 32747601 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00132-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytolethal distending toxin B subunit (CdtB) induces significant cytotoxicity and inflammation in many cell types that are involved in the pathogenesis of postinfectious irritable bowel syndrome (PI-IBS). However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. This study tested the potential role of Rab small GTPase 5a (Rab5a) in the process. We tested mRNA and protein expression of proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1β [IL-1β] and IL-6) in THP-1 macrophages by quantitative PCR (qPCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), respectively. In the primary colonic epithelial cells, Cdt treatment induced a CdtB-Rab5a-cellugyrin association. Rab5a silencing, by target small hairpin RNAs (shRNAs), largely inhibited CdtB-induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis in colon epithelial cells. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated Rab5a knockout also attenuated CdtB-induced colon epithelial cell death. Conversely, forced overexpression of Rab5a intensified CdtB-induced cytotoxicity. In THP-1 human macrophages, Rab5a shRNA or knockout significantly inhibited CdtB-induced mRNA expression and production of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and IL-6). Rab5a depletion inhibited activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and Jun N-terminal protein kinase (JNK) signaling in CdtB-treated THP-1 macrophages. Rab5a appears essential for CdtB-induced cytotoxicity in colonic epithelial cells and proinflammatory responses in THP-1 macrophages.
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19
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Effects of deoxynivalenol on the porcine growth performance and intestinal microbiota and potential remediation by a modified HSCAS binder. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 141:111373. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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20
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Defaye M, Nourrisson C, Baudu E, Lashermes A, Meynier M, Meleine M, Wawrzyniak I, Bonnin V, Barbier J, Chassaing B, Godfraind C, Gelot A, Barnich N, Ardid D, Bonnet M, Delbac F, Carvalho FA, Poirier P. Fecal dysbiosis associated with colonic hypersensitivity and behavioral alterations in chronically Blastocystis-infected rats. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9146. [PMID: 32499543 PMCID: PMC7272397 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66156-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infectious gastroenteritis is a risk factor for the development of post-infectious Irritable Bowel Syndrome (PI-IBS). Recent clinical studies reported a higher prevalence of the intestinal parasite Blastocystis in IBS patients. Using a rat model, we investigated the possible association between Blastocystis infection, colonic hypersensitivity (CHS), behavioral disturbances and gut microbiota changes. METHODS Rats were orally infected with Blastocystis subtype 4 (ST4) cysts, isolated from human stool samples. Colonic sensitivity was assessed by colorectal distension and animal behavior with an automatic behavior recognition system (PhenoTyper), the Elevated Plus Maze test and the Forced Swimming tests. Feces were collected at different time points after infection to study microbiota composition by 16 S rRNA amplicon sequencing and for short-chain fatty acid (SFCA) analysis. RESULTS Blastocystis-infected animals had non-inflammatory CHS with increased serine protease activity. Infection was also associated with anxiety- and depressive-like behaviors. Analysis of fecal microbiota composition showed an increase in bacterial richness associated with altered microbiota composition. These changes included an increase in the relative abundance of Oscillospira and a decrease in Clostridium, which seem to be associated with lower levels of SCFAs in the feces from infected rats. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that experimental infection of rats with Blastocystis mimics IBS symptoms with the establishment of CHS related to microbiota and metabolic shifts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon Defaye
- Université Clermont Auvergne, 3iHP, CNRS, Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Université Clermont Auvergne, 3iHP, Inserm U1107, NeuroDol, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Céline Nourrisson
- Université Clermont Auvergne, 3iHP, CNRS, Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CHU, 3iHP, CNRS, Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Elodie Baudu
- Université Clermont Auvergne, 3iHP, Inserm U1107, NeuroDol, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Université Clermont Auvergne, 3iHP, Inserm U1071, USC INRA 2018, Microbes, Intestin, Inflammation et Susceptibilité de l'Hôte, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Amandine Lashermes
- Université Clermont Auvergne, 3iHP, Inserm U1107, NeuroDol, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Maëva Meynier
- Université Clermont Auvergne, 3iHP, Inserm U1107, NeuroDol, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Mathieu Meleine
- Université Clermont Auvergne, 3iHP, Inserm U1107, NeuroDol, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Ivan Wawrzyniak
- Université Clermont Auvergne, 3iHP, CNRS, Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Virginie Bonnin
- Université Clermont Auvergne, 3iHP, Inserm U1071, USC INRA 2018, Microbes, Intestin, Inflammation et Susceptibilité de l'Hôte, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Julie Barbier
- Université Clermont Auvergne, 3iHP, Inserm U1107, NeuroDol, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Benoit Chassaing
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- INSERM, U1016, team "Mucosal microbiota in chronic inflammatory diseases", Paris, France
- Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Catherine Godfraind
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Service d'Anatomopathologie, 63003, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Agathe Gelot
- Université Clermont Auvergne, 3iHP, Inserm U1107, NeuroDol, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Nicolas Barnich
- Université Clermont Auvergne, 3iHP, Inserm U1071, USC INRA 2018, Microbes, Intestin, Inflammation et Susceptibilité de l'Hôte, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Denis Ardid
- Université Clermont Auvergne, 3iHP, Inserm U1107, NeuroDol, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Mathilde Bonnet
- Université Clermont Auvergne, 3iHP, Inserm U1071, USC INRA 2018, Microbes, Intestin, Inflammation et Susceptibilité de l'Hôte, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Frédéric Delbac
- Université Clermont Auvergne, 3iHP, CNRS, Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | | | - Philippe Poirier
- Université Clermont Auvergne, 3iHP, CNRS, Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CHU, 3iHP, CNRS, Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
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Relationships of Microbiome Markers With Extraintestinal, Psychological Distress and Gastrointestinal Symptoms, and Quality of Life in Women With Irritable Bowel Syndrome. J Clin Gastroenterol 2020; 54:175-183. [PMID: 30148765 PMCID: PMC6387862 DOI: 10.1097/mcg.0000000000001107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Altered microbial diversity has been associated with gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms in persons with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Less is known about the relationship of microbiome with extraintestinal pain and psychological distress symptoms and quality of life (QOL) in persons with IBS. We aimed to evaluate the relationship of fecal microbiota to GI symptoms, stool consistency, psychological distress, extraintestinal pain, and QOL in participants meeting Rome III criteria for IBS. METHODS Seventy-six women completed a 28-day diary that included GI, stool consistency, psychological distress, and extraintestinal pain ratings. Participants completed the IBS-Specific Quality of Life questionnaire. Stool samples were collected and analyzed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Principal component analysis was performed and the first 2 components (PC1, PC2) were used to test relationships among bacterial families and clinical measures. RESULTS Participants were categorized as IBS constipation (n=22), IBS diarrhea (n=39), IBS mixed (n=13), and IBS unsubtyped (n=2). There was a significant group effect for the Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio and PC1. Lower microbial diversity and richness were associated with increased urgency and extraintestinal pain, worse QOL, and looser stools. Lower extraintestinal pain was associated with increased Rikenellaceae, Christensenellaceae, Dehalobabacteriaceae, Oscillospiraceae, Mogibacteriaceae, Ruminococcaceae, Sutterellaceae, Desulfovibrionaceae, and Erysipelotrichaceae abundances. QOL was positively associated with many of these same bacterial families. Higher Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio was positively associated with loose stools. There were no statistically significant relationships between daily psychological distress or abdominal pain and bacterial families. CONCLUSIONS Stool microbial diversity and composition are linked to daily extraintestinal symptoms, stool consistency, and QOL in women with IBS.
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Leshem A, Horesh N, Elinav E. Fecal Microbial Transplantation and Its Potential Application in Cardiometabolic Syndrome. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1341. [PMID: 31258528 PMCID: PMC6587678 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Newly revealed links between inflammation, obesity, and cardiometabolic syndrome have created opportunities to try previously unexplored therapeutic modalities in these common and life-risking disorders. One potential modulator of these complex disorders is the gut microbiome, which was described in recent years to be altered in patients suffering from features of cardiometabolic syndrome and to transmit cardiometabolic phenotypes upon transfer into germ-free mice. As a result, there is great interest in developing new modalities targeting the altered commensal bacteria as a means of treatment for cardiometabolic syndrome. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is one such modality in which a disease-associated microbiome is replaced by a healthy microbiome configuration. So far clinical use of FMT has been overwhelmingly successful in recurrent Clostridium difficile infection and is being extensively studied in other microbiome-associated pathologies such as cardiometabolic syndrome. This review will focus on the rationale, promises and challenges in FMT utilization in human disease. In particular, it will overview the role of the gut microbiota in cardiometabolic syndrome and the rationale, experience, and prospects of utilizing FMT treatment as a potential preventive and curative treatment of metabolic human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avner Leshem
- Immunology Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.,Department of Surgery, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Nir Horesh
- Immunology Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.,Department of General Surgery B and Organ Transplantation, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Eran Elinav
- Immunology Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.,Cancer-Microbiome Division, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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23
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Chong PP, Chin VK, Looi CY, Wong WF, Madhavan P, Yong VC. The Microbiome and Irritable Bowel Syndrome - A Review on the Pathophysiology, Current Research and Future Therapy. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1136. [PMID: 31244784 PMCID: PMC6579922 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a functional disorder which affects a large proportion of the population globally. The precise etiology of IBS is still unknown, although consensus understanding proposes IBS to be of multifactorial origin with yet undefined subtypes. Genetic and epigenetic factors, stress-related nervous and endocrine systems, immune dysregulation and the brain-gut axis seem to be contributing factors that predispose individuals to IBS. In addition to food hypersensitivity, toxins and adverse life events, chronic infections and dysbiotic gut microbiota have been suggested to trigger IBS symptoms in tandem with the predisposing factors. This review will summarize the pathophysiology of IBS and the role of gut microbiota in relation to IBS. Current methodologies for microbiome studies in IBS such as genome sequencing, metagenomics, culturomics and animal models will be discussed. The myriad of therapy options such as immunoglobulins (immune-based therapy), probiotics and prebiotics, dietary modifications including FODMAP restriction diet and gluten-free diet, as well as fecal transplantation will be reviewed. Finally this review will highlight future directions in IBS therapy research, including identification of new molecular targets, application of 3-D gut model, gut-on-a-chip and personalized therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Pei Chong
- School of Biosciences, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Voon Kin Chin
- School of Biosciences, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Chung Yeng Looi
- School of Biosciences, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Won Fen Wong
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Priya Madhavan
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Voon Chen Yong
- School of Biosciences, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
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24
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Barbalho SM, Goulart RDA, Araújo AC, Guiguer ÉL, Bechara MD. Irritable bowel syndrome: a review of the general aspects and the potential role of vitamin D. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 13:345-359. [PMID: 30791775 DOI: 10.1080/17474124.2019.1570137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is a bowel disorder leading to symptoms such as abdominal pain, modifications in the motility and bowel habits, distention, bloating, and gas. Vitamin D (VD) may interfere in a plethora of cellular mechanisms, and act directly or indirectly in the regulation of the microbiome, the release of anti-microbial peptides, modulation of the immune system and inflammation processes; which in turn, may positively interfere with the altered gut function. The main purpose of this review was to survey studies involving the impacts of VD on IBS. Area covered: Eligible studies including the term VD and IBS were searched in the MEDLINE-PubMed and EMBASE (2009-2018). VD may act direct or indirectly in the regulation of the gut microbiome, immune response, and psychosocial factors that may be included in the list of IBS triggering factors. Expert opinion: Once VD plays an essential role in many processes associated with IBS, its deficiency may be associated with IBS, and the supplementation could help in the therapeutic approach for this condition. For these reasons, the understanding of the association of VD in IBS is indispensable for the development of new strategies that could improve the quality of life of the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Maria Barbalho
- a Medical School of Marília , UNIMAR , São Paulo , Brazil.,b Department of Nutrition , Food Technology School , São Paulo , Brazil
| | | | | | - Élen Landgraf Guiguer
- a Medical School of Marília , UNIMAR , São Paulo , Brazil.,b Department of Nutrition , Food Technology School , São Paulo , Brazil
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Gajula P, Quigley EM. Overlapping irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease. MINERVA GASTROENTERO 2019; 65:107-115. [PMID: 30746927 DOI: 10.23736/s1121-421x.19.02559-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of irritable bowel-type symptoms occurring in patients with inflammatory bowel disease who are in apparent remission continues to generate scientific controversy and the interpretation and management of these symptoms, so distressing to the sufferer, represent major challenges for the clinician. On the one hand, these symptoms often satisfy Rome IV criteria for IBS and their occurrence correlates highly with anxiety, a known trigger for IBS. On the other hand, recent studies have shown that many of these patients exhibit subtle inflammatory changes. These observations beg the question: are these symptoms "true" IBS superimposed on IBD, or an active but subclinical form of IBD? While it is certain that earlier studies failed to detect subclinical inflammation, it is also evident that even with the use of sensitive biomarkers for inflammation, such as calprotectin and lactoferrin backed up by pan-endoscopy and biopsy to exclude ongoing inflammatory activity in its most subtle form, the prevalence of IBS-type symptoms remains higher than expected in the IBD patient. Pending further definition of its etiology and pathology, we coined the term irritable inflammatory bowel syndrome (IIBS) to refer to this phenomenon. Here we explore the risk factors for this entity, sift through clues to its pathogenesis and attempt to provide, albeit bereft of a robust evidence base, an approach to its management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prianka Gajula
- Department of Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital and Weill Cornell Medical College, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Eamonn M Quigley
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Lynda K. and David M. Underwood Center for Digestive Disorders, Houston Methodist Hospital and Weill Cornell Medical College, Houston, TX, USA -
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Biological scoring system for early prediction of acute bowel ischemia after cardiac surgery: the PALM score. Ann Intensive Care 2018; 8:46. [PMID: 29671149 PMCID: PMC5906418 DOI: 10.1186/s13613-018-0395-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Bowel ischemia is a life-threatening emergency defined as an inadequate vascular perfusion leading to bowel inflammation resulting from impaired colonic/small bowel blood supply. Main issue for physicians regarding bowel ischemia diagnosis lies in the absence of informative and specific clinical or biological signs leading to delayed management, resulting in a poorer prognosis, especially after cardiac surgery. The aim of the present series was to propose a simple scoring system based on biological data for the diagnosis of bowel ischemia. Methods In a retrospective monocentric study, patients admitted in cardiac ICU, after cardiovascular surgery, were screened for inclusion. According to a 1:2 ratio (case–control), matching between two groups was based on sex, type of cardiovascular surgery, and the operative period (per month). Patients were divided into two groups: “ischemic group” which corresponds to patients with confirmed bowel ischemia and “non-ischemic group” which corresponds to patients without bowel ischemia. Primary objective was the conception of a scoring system for the diagnosis of bowel ischemia. Secondary objectives were to detail the postoperative morbidity and the diagnostic features for the distinction between acute mesenteric ischemia and ischemic colitis. Results Forty-eight patients (1.3%) had confirmed bowel ischemia (“ischemic group”). According to the 2:1 matching, 96 patients were included in the “non-ischemic group.” Aspartate aminotransferase > 449 UI/L, lactate > 4 mmol/L, procalcitonin > 4.7 μg/L, and myoglobin > 1882 μg/L were found to be independently associated with bowel ischemia. Based on their respective odds ratios, points were assigned to each item ranging from 4 to 8. AUROCC [95% confidence interval] of the scoring system to diagnose bowel ischemia was 0.93 [0.91–0.95], p < 0.001. The optimal threshold after bootstrapping was ≥ 14 points; this yielded a sensitivity of 85.4%, a specificity of 94.8%, a positive likelihood ratio of 16.42, a negative likelihood ratio of 0.15, a Youden’s index of 0.802, and a diagnostic odds ratio of 106.62. Conclusions A biological scoring system based on PCT, ASAT, lactate, and myoglobin measurement allows the diagnosis of bowel ischemia after cardiac surgery with high accuracy. This score could help clinician to propose an early diagnosis and an early treatment in this high mortality disease. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13613-018-0395-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Lazaridis N, Germanidis G. Current insights into the innate immune system dysfunction in irritable bowel syndrome. Ann Gastroenterol 2018; 31:171-187. [PMID: 29507464 PMCID: PMC5825947 DOI: 10.20524/aog.2018.0229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a functional bowel disorder associated with abdominal pain and alterations in bowel habits. The presence of IBS greatly impairs patients' quality of life and imposes a high economic burden on the community; thus, there is intense pressure to reveal its elusive pathogenesis. Many etiological mechanisms have been implicated, but the pathophysiology of the syndrome remains unclear. As a result, novel drug development has been slow and no pharmacological intervention is universally accepted. A growing evidence implicates the role of low-grade inflammation and innate immune system dysfunction, although contradictory results have frequently been presented. Mast cells (MC), eosinophils and other key immune cells together with their mediators seem to play an important role, at least in subgroups of IBS patients. Cytokine imbalance in the systematic circulation and in the intestinal mucosa may also characterize IBS presentation. Toll-like receptors and their emerging role in pathogen recognition have also been highlighted recently, as dysregulation has been reported to occur in patients with IBS. This review summarizes the current knowledge regarding the involvement of any immunological alteration in the development of IBS. There is substantial evidence to support innate immune system dysfunction in several IBS phenotypes, but additional studies are required to better clarify the underlying pathogenetic pathways. IBS heterogeneity could potentially be attributed to multiple causes that lead to different disease phenotypes, thus explaining the variability found between study results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Lazaridis
- Gastroenterology Department, AHEPA University General Hospital of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Georgios Germanidis
- Gastroenterology Department, AHEPA University General Hospital of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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