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Shalekoff S, Loubser S, Dias BDC, Strehlau R, Shiau S, Wang S, He Y, Abrams EJ, Kuhn L, Tiemessen CT. Normalization of B Cell Subsets but Not T Follicular Helper Phenotypes in Infants With Very Early Antiretroviral Treatment. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:618191. [PMID: 33996678 PMCID: PMC8118125 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.618191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Infant HIV-1-infection is associated with high morbidity and mortality if antiretroviral treatment (ART) is not initiated promptly. We characterized development of circulating T follicular helper cells (cTfh) and their relationship to naïve/memory B cell subsets in a cohort of neonates initiating ART within the first week of life. Methods: Infants were diagnosed within 48 hours of birth and started ART as soon as possible. The frequency and phenotype of cTfh and B cells were analyzed at enrollment (birth -19 days) and at 4, 12, and 72 weeks of age in blood of 27 HIV-1-intrauterine-infected and 25 HIV-1 exposed uninfected (HEU) infants as part of a study in Johannesburg, South Africa. cTfh cells were divided into Tfh1, Tfh2, and Tfh17 subsets. B cell phenotypes were defined as naïve, resting memory, activated memory and tissue-like memory cells. Results: HIV-1-infected infants had higher frequencies of cTfh cells than HEU infants up to 12 weeks of age and these cTfh cells were polarized toward the Tfh1 subset. Higher frequencies of Tfh1 and lower frequencies of Tfh2 and Tfh17 correlated with lower CD4+ T cell percentages. Lower frequencies of resting memory, with corresponding higher frequencies of activated memory B cells, were observed with HIV-1 infection. Importantly, dysregulations in B cell, but not cTfh cell, subsets were normalized by 72 weeks. Conclusion: Very early ART initiation in HIV-1-infected infants normalizes B cell subsets but does not fully normalize perturbations in cTfh cell subsets which remain Tfh1 polarized at 72 weeks. It remains to be determined if very early ART improves vaccine antibody responses despite the cTfh and B cell perturbations observed over the time course of this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Shalekoff
- Centre for HIV & STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases and School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Shayne Loubser
- Centre for HIV & STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases and School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Bianca Da Costa Dias
- Centre for HIV & STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases and School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Renate Strehlau
- Empilweni Services and Research Unit, Rahima Moosa Mother and Child Hospital, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Stephanie Shiau
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Rutgers School of Public Health, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Shuang Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York City, NY, United States
| | - Yun He
- Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York City, NY, United States
| | - Elaine J. Abrams
- ICAP at Columbia University, Mailman School of Public Health, and Department of Pediatrics, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York City, NY, United States
| | - Louise Kuhn
- Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, and Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York City, NY, United States
| | - Caroline T. Tiemessen
- Centre for HIV & STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases and School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Ahmed RA, Almofti YA, Abd-elrahman KA. Structural Analysis of the Polymerase Protein for Multiepitopes Vaccine Prediction against Hepatitis B Virus. BIOSCIENCES BIOTECHNOLOGY RESEARCH ASIA 2021; 18:125-146. [DOI: 10.13005/bbra/2902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is the most common cause of hepatocellular carcinoma and liver cirrhosis with significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. DNA polymerase protein of HBV is the immunogenic protein inducing immune response against B and T cells. The aim of this study wasto develop multi-epitope vaccine fromthe polymerase protein elicitingimmune responses.The predicted vaccine comprises epitopes against B and T lymphocytesobtained by IEDB server. The predicted epitopes were linked via suitable spacers (linkers). The 50S ribosomal protein L7/L12 was used as an adjuvant at amino terminal and His-tag at the carboxyl terminal of the vaccine construct. The candidate vaccine contains 457aa and was potentially antigenic and nonallergic. Vaccine molecular weightwas 50.03 KDa with pI of 10.04. The instability index was 25.78 and GRAVY was -0.354 indicating stability andhydrophilicity of the chimeric vaccine,respectively.Vaccine structure (Secondary and tertiary structures) were predicted, refined and used for molecular docking with TLR4.The docking with TLR4 provided energy scores of -1458.7 and -1410.3 for chain A and B, respectively, demonstrated strong binding between the chimeric vaccine and TLR4 chains.The vaccine provided favorable solubility compared to E. coli proteins. Stability via disulfide bonds engineering was predicted to reduce the entropy and mobility regions invaccine construct. Molecular dynamics simulation wasperformed to strengthen the prediction. In silicomolecular cloning was usedto guarantee the efficient clonabilityof the vaccine and translation within suitable vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolla Abdalkader Ahmed
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of laboratory science, Omdurman Ahlia University, Khartoum- Sudan
| | - Yassir A. Almofti
- Department of Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bahri, Khartoum- Sudan
| | - Khoubieb Ali Abd-elrahman
- 3Department of pharmaceutical technology, College of Pharmacy, University of Medical Science and Technology (MUST) Khartoum- Sudan
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Yin M, Xiong Y, Huang L, Liu G, Yu Z, Zhao Y, Zhao J, Zhang Y, Lian T, Huang J, Liang D, Zeng J, Ni J. Circulating follicular helper T cells and subsets are associated with immune response to hepatitis B vaccination. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2020; 17:566-574. [PMID: 32614645 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2020.1775457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Around 5-10% of healthy vaccinees lack or produce an inadequate antibody response following receipt of a standard hepatitis B vaccination regimen. Studying immune response to hepatitis B vaccination could promote researches of immunological events contributing to this poor response. To address this, we investigated follicular helper T (Tfh) cells and firstly demonstrated similar kinetics between circulating Tfh (cTfh) cells and Tfh cells derived from mice spleen after hepatitis B vaccination. And cTfh cells were positively associated with anti-HBs at one week after vaccination (D7). Furthermore, we found PBMCs stimulated by HBsAg showed preferential activation of CXCR3- Tfh cells subsets in vitro. The expression of transcription factor BCL6 in CD4+ T cell significantly differed between D7 and four weeks after vaccination (D28). However, dynamic curve of CD19+ B cells tended to rise then fall but no significant trends were observed. Our findings revealed a decrease in cTfh cells and subset skewing contribute to reduced antibody responses in immune response to hepatitis B vaccination, which indicated the importance of Tfh cell in facilitating the optimization of vaccine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjuan Yin
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Guangdong Medical University , Dongguan, China.,Maternal and Child Research Institute, Women and Children's Hospital Affiliated to Guangdong Medical University (Shunde District Maternal and Child Health Hospital) , Foshan, China
| | - Yongzhen Xiong
- School Clinic, Guangdong Medical University , Dongguan, China
| | - Lingfeng Huang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Guangdong Medical University , Dongguan, China
| | - Gang Liu
- Department of Immunization Program, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Shenzhen, China
| | - Zuwei Yu
- Public Health Office, Dalang Town Community Health Service Center , Dongguan, China
| | - Yi Zhao
- Microbiology and Immunology, Guangdong Medical University , Dongguan, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- Neonatal Department, Shenzhen Maternal and Child Health Hospital Affiliated to Southern Medical University , Shenzhen, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Guangdong Medical University , Dongguan, China
| | - Tingyu Lian
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Guangdong Medical University , Dongguan, China
| | - Jingxiao Huang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Guangdong Medical University , Dongguan, China
| | - DongMei Liang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Guangdong Medical University , Dongguan, China
| | - JinMei Zeng
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Guangdong Medical University , Dongguan, China
| | - Jindong Ni
- Maternal and Child Research Institute, Women and Children's Hospital Affiliated to Guangdong Medical University (Shunde District Maternal and Child Health Hospital) , Foshan, China.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Guangdong Medical University , Dongguan, China
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4
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Bekele Y, Lemma M, Bobosha K, Yibeltal D, Nasi A, Gebre M, Nilsson A, Aseffa A, Howe R, Chiodi F. Homing defects of B cells in HIV-1 infected children impair vaccination responses. Vaccine 2019; 37:2348-2355. [PMID: 30914222 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Successful vaccinations rely on antibody responses. Chemokine receptors play an important role in B cell homing to differentiation niches. We assessed CXCR4, CXCR5 and CCR6 expression on B cells during HIV-1 infection and relate it to antibody responses against a HBV vaccine. METHODS Blood was obtained from 54 healthy controls and 38 ART-treated HIV-1 infected children, aviremic (n = 25) or viremic (n = 13). Frequency of naïve and memory B cell subsets was studied by immunostaining. Homing capacity of blood B cells to lymphoid and inflamed tissues was evaluated through CXCR4, CXCR5 and CCR6 expression. Plasma CXCL12 and CXCL13 levels and antibody titers to HBV antigen were determined by ELISA. RESULTS The frequency of naïve and resting memory (RM) B cells in ART treated children was comparable to control subjects. Profound defects in the homing phenotypes of naïve and memory B cells were identified, with lower CXCR4 and CXCR5 expression. Increased CXCL13 levels were observed in infected children, inversely correlating to CXCR5 expressing B cell subpopulations. Antibody titers to HBV vaccine correlated with frequency of resting and switched memory B cells in HIV-1 infected children. CONCLUSIONS Homing defects of B cells to germinal center may underlie impaired vaccine responses during HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonas Bekele
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Armauer Hansen Research Institute, P.O. Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Mahlet Lemma
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Armauer Hansen Research Institute, P.O. Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Addis Ababa University, College of Natural Sciences, Ethiopia
| | - Kidist Bobosha
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, P.O. Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Desalegn Yibeltal
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, P.O. Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Aikaterini Nasi
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Meseret Gebre
- All Africa Leprosy, Tuberculosis and Rehabilitation Training (ALERT) Center Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Anna Nilsson
- Department of Women's and Children Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Abraham Aseffa
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, P.O. Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Rawleigh Howe
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, P.O. Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Francesca Chiodi
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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McCarty B, Mwamzuka M, Marshed F, Generoso M, Alvarez P, Ilmet T, Kravietz A, Ahmed A, Borkowsky W, Unutmaz D, Khaitan A. Low Peripheral T Follicular Helper Cells in Perinatally HIV-Infected Children Correlate With Advancing HIV Disease. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1901. [PMID: 30197641 PMCID: PMC6117426 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background T follicular helper (Tfh) cells are crucial for B cell differentiation and antigen-specific antibody production. Dysregulation of Tfh-mediated B cell help weakens B cell responses in HIV infection. Moreover, Tfh cells in the lymph node and peripheral blood comprise a significant portion of the latent HIV reservoir. There is limited data on the effects of perinatal HIV infection on Tfh cells in children. We examined peripheral Tfh (pTfh) cell frequencies and phenotype in HIV-infected children and their associations with disease progression, immune activation, and B cell differentiation. Methods In a Kenyan cohort of 76 perinatally HIV-infected children, comprised of 43 treatment-naïve (ART−) and 33 on antiretroviral therapy (ART+), and 42 healthy controls (HIV−), we identified memory pTfh cells, T cell activation markers, and B cell differentiation states using multi-parameter flow cytometry. Soluble CD163 and intestinal fatty acid-binding protein plasma levels were quantified by ELISA. Results ART− children had reduced levels of pTfh cells compared with HIV− children that increased with antiretroviral therapy. HIV+ children had higher programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) expression on pTfh cells, regardless of treatment status. Low memory pTfh cells with elevated PD-1 levels correlated with advancing HIV disease status, indicated by increasing HIV viral loads and T cell and monocyte activation, and decreasing %CD4 and CD4:CD8 ratios. Antiretroviral treatment, particularly when started at younger ages, restored pTfh cell frequency and eliminated correlations with disease progression, but failed to lower PD-1 levels on pTfh cells and their associations with CD4 T cell percentages and activation. Altered B cell subsets, with decreased naïve and resting memory B cells and increased activated and tissue-like memory B cells in HIV+ children, correlated with low memory pTfh cell frequencies. Last, HIV+ children had decreased proportions of CXCR5+ CD8 T cells that associated with low %CD4 and CD4:CD8 ratios. Conclusion Low memory pTfh cell frequencies with high PD-1 expression in HIV+ children correlate with worsening disease status and an activated and differentiated B cell profile. This perturbed memory pTfh cell population may contribute to weak vaccine and HIV-specific antibody responses in HIV+ children. Restoring Tfh cell capacity may be important for novel pediatric HIV cure and vaccine strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bret McCarty
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | | | | | - Matthew Generoso
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Patricia Alvarez
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Tiina Ilmet
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Adam Kravietz
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | | | - William Borkowsky
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Derya Unutmaz
- Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, United States
| | - Alka Khaitan
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
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6
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Xu H, Ziani W, Shao J, Doyle-Meyers LA, Russell-Lodrigue KE, Ratterree MS, Veazey RS, Wang X. Impaired Development and Expansion of Germinal Center Follicular Th Cells in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Neonatal Macaques. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:1994-2003. [PMID: 30104244 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Germinal center (GC) CD4+ follicular Th (Tfh) cells are critical for cognate B cell help in humoral immune responses to pathogenic infections. Although Tfh cells are expanded or depleted in HIV/SIV-infected adults, the effects of pediatric HIV/SIV infection on Tfh cells remain unclear. In this study, we examined changes in lymphoid follicle formation in lymph nodes focusing on GC Tfh cells, B cell development, and differentiation in SIV-infected neonatal rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) compared with age-matched cohorts. Our data showed that follicles and GCs of normal infants rapidly formed in the first few weeks of age, in parallel with increasing GC Tfh cells in various lymphoid tissues. In contrast, GC development and GC Tfh cells were markedly impaired in SIV-infected infants. There was a very low frequency of GC Tfh cells throughout SIV infection in neonates and subsequent infants, accompanied by high viremia, reduction of B cell proliferation/resting memory B cells, and displayed proinflammatory unresponsiveness. These findings indicate neonatal HIV/SIV infection compromises the development of GC Tfh cells, likely contributing to ineffective Ab responses, high viremia, and eventually rapid disease progression to AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanbin Xu
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, LA 70433
| | - Widade Ziani
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, LA 70433
| | - Jiasheng Shao
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, LA 70433
| | - Lara A Doyle-Meyers
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, LA 70433
| | - Kasi E Russell-Lodrigue
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, LA 70433
| | - Marion S Ratterree
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, LA 70433
| | - Ronald S Veazey
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, LA 70433
| | - Xiaolei Wang
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, LA 70433
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Khan S, Telwatte S, Trapecar M, Yukl S, Sanjabi S. Differentiating Immune Cell Targets in Gut-Associated Lymphoid Tissue for HIV Cure. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2017; 33:S40-S58. [PMID: 28882067 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2017.0153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The single greatest challenge to an HIV cure is the persistence of latently infected cells containing inducible, replication-competent proviral genomes, which constitute only a small fraction of total or infected cells in the body. Although resting CD4+ T cells in the blood are a well-known source of viral rebound, more than 90% of the body's lymphocytes reside elsewhere. Many are in gut tissue, where HIV DNA levels per million CD4+ T cells are considerably higher than in the blood. Despite the significant contribution of gut tissue to viral replication and persistence, little is known about the cell types that support persistence of HIV in the gut; importantly, T cells in the gut have phenotypic, functional, and survival properties that are distinct from T cells in other tissues. The mechanisms by which latency is established and maintained will likely depend on the location and cytokine milieu surrounding the latently infected cells in each compartment. Therefore, successful HIV cure strategies require identification and characterization of the exact cell types that support viral persistence, particularly in the gut. In this review, we describe the seeding of the latent HIV reservoir in the gut mucosa; highlight the evidence for compartmentalization and depletion of T cells; summarize the immunologic consequences of HIV infection within the gut milieu; propose how the damaged gut environment may promote the latent HIV reservoir; and explore several immune cell targets in the gut and their place on the path toward HIV cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahzada Khan
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California
| | - Sushama Telwatte
- San Francisco VA Health Care System and University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, California
| | - Martin Trapecar
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California
| | - Steven Yukl
- San Francisco VA Health Care System and University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, California
| | - Shomyseh Sanjabi
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
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8
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T follicular helper cells and antibody response to Hepatitis B virus vaccine in HIV-1 infected children receiving ART. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8956. [PMID: 28827754 PMCID: PMC5566956 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09165-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
HBV vaccine has 95% efficacy in children to prevent HBV infection and related cancer. We conducted a prospective study in HIV-1 infected children receiving ART (n = 49) and controls (n = 63) to assess humoral and cellular responses to HBV vaccine provided with three doses under an accelerated schedule of 4 weeks apart. At 1 month post-vaccination all children, except 4 HIV-1 infected, displayed protective antibody (ab) titers to HBV vaccine; ab titers were lower in infected children (P < 0.0001). Ab titers decreased (P < 0.0001) in both HIV-1 infected and control children at 6 months. The frequency of circulating Tfh (cTFh) cells was 20.3% for controls and 20.8% for infected children prior to vaccination and remained comparable post-vaccination. Cytokine expression by cTfh cells upon activation with HBV antigen was comparable in the two groups at baseline and 1 month post-vaccination. Higher plasma levels (P < 0.0001) of CXCL13 were found in infected children which correlated with cTfh cell frequency at baseline. In conclusion, a lower ab response to HBV vaccine was measured in HIV-1 infected children. The frequency and activation profile of cTfh cells was comparable in infected children and controls suggesting that cells other than Tfh cells are responsible for impaired ab response to HBV vaccine.
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Muema DM, Macharia GN, Olusola BA, Hassan AS, Fegan GW, Berkley JA, Urban BC, Nduati EW. Proportions of circulating follicular helper T cells are reduced and correlate with memory B cells in HIV-infected children. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0175570. [PMID: 28445512 PMCID: PMC5405965 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION HIV causes defects in memory B cells in children, but the mechanisms of those defects have not been fully elucidated. One possible mechanism is the lack of T-cell help to B cells during immune reactions. However, few studies have assessed the effect of HIV on follicular helper T cells (TFH cells) in children. METHODS In this study, follicular-homing CD4 T cells and memory B cells were assessed in HIV-infected children and compared with children from the community. CXCR5 and CD45RO were used as markers of follicular-homing T cells and memory T cells, respectively. Memory TFH cells were identified as CD3+CD8-CD4+CXCR5+CD45RO+PD1+. Central memory T cells were identified based on CCR7 expression. Relationship between the proportions of follicular-homing CD4 T cells and memory B cells were determined in multivariable regression models. RESULTS Highly viremic HIV-infected children had lower proportions of memory TFH cells when compared with community control children. In multivariable analyses, high proportions of memory TFH cells were associated with increased percentages of resting memory B cells after adjusting for other covariates. CONCLUSION The impact of HIV on follicular helper T cells could influence the accumulation of memory B cells in HIV-infected children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M. Muema
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Gladys N. Macharia
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast, Kilifi, Kenya
| | | | - Amin S. Hassan
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Greg W. Fegan
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast, Kilifi, Kenya
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - James A. Berkley
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast, Kilifi, Kenya
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Britta C. Urban
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast, Kilifi, Kenya
- Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Eunice W. Nduati
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast, Kilifi, Kenya
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Moukambi F, Rodrigues V, Fortier Y, Rabezanahary H, Borde C, Krust B, Andreani G, Silvestre R, Petrovas C, Laforge M, Estaquier J. CD4 T Follicular Helper Cells and HIV Infection: Friends or Enemies? Front Immunol 2017; 8:135. [PMID: 28265271 PMCID: PMC5316554 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Follicular T helper (Tfh) cells, a subset of CD4 T lymphocytes, are essential for memory B cell activation, survival, and differentiation and assist B cells in the production of antigen-specific antibodies. Work performed in recent years pointed out the importance of Tfh cells in the context of HIV and SIV infections. The importance of tissue distribution of Tfh is also an important point since their frequency differs between peripheral blood and lymph nodes compared to the spleen, the primary organ for B cell activation, and differentiation. Our recent observations indicated an early and profound loss of splenic Tfh cells. The role of transcriptional activator and repressor factors that control Tfh differentiation is also discussed in the context of HIV/SIV infection. Because Tfh cells are important for B cell differentiation and antibody production, accelerating the Tfh responses early during HIV/SIV infection could be promising as novel immunotherapeutic approach or alternative vaccine strategies. However, because Tfh cells are infected during the HIV/SIV infection and represent a reservoir, this may interfere with HIV vaccine strategy. Thus, Tfh represent the good and bad guys during HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Félicien Moukambi
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Vasco Rodrigues
- CNRS FR3636, Faculty of Medecine des Saint-Pères, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - Yasmina Fortier
- CNRS FR3636, Faculty of Medecine des Saint-Pères, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - Henintsoa Rabezanahary
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Chloé Borde
- CNRS FR3636, Faculty of Medecine des Saint-Pères, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - Bernard Krust
- CNRS FR3636, Faculty of Medecine des Saint-Pères, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - Guadalupe Andreani
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Ricardo Silvestre
- School of Health Sciences, Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Constantinos Petrovas
- Tissue Analysis Core, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mireille Laforge
- CNRS FR3636, Faculty of Medecine des Saint-Pères, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - Jérôme Estaquier
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, QC, Canada
- CNRS FR3636, Faculty of Medecine des Saint-Pères, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
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Miles B, Miller SM, Connick E. CD4 T Follicular Helper and Regulatory Cell Dynamics and Function in HIV Infection. Front Immunol 2016; 7:659. [PMID: 28082992 PMCID: PMC5187376 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
T follicular helper cells (TFH) are a specialized subset of CD4 T cells that reside in B cell follicles and promote B cell maturation into plasma cells and long-lived memory B cells. During chronic infection prior to the development of AIDS, HIV-1 (HIV) replication is largely concentrated in TFH. Paradoxically, TFH numbers are increased in early and midstages of disease, thereby promoting HIV replication and disease progression. Despite increased TFH numbers, numerous defects in humoral immunity are detected in HIV-infected individuals, including dysregulation of B cell maturation, impaired somatic hypermutation, and low quality of antibody production despite hypergammaglobulinemia. Clinically, these defects are manifested by increased vulnerability to bacterial infections and impaired vaccine responses, neither of which is fully reversed by antiretroviral therapy (ART). Deficits in TFH function, including reduced HIV-specific IL-21 production and low levels of co-stimulatory receptor expression, have been linked to these immune impairments. Impairments in TFH likely contribute as well to the ability of HIV to persist and evade humoral immunity, particularly the inability to develop broadly neutralizing antibodies. In addition to direct infection of TFH, other mechanisms that have been linked to TFH deficits in HIV infection include upregulation of PD-L1 on germinal center B cells and augmented follicular regulatory T cell responses. Challenges to development of strategies to enhance TFH function in HIV infection include lack of an established phenotype for memory TFH as well as limited understanding of the relationship between peripheral TFH and lymphoid tissue TFH. Interventions to augment TFH function in HIV-infected individuals could enhance immune reconstitution during ART and potentially augment cure strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brodie Miles
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Denver , Aurora, CO , USA
| | - Shannon M Miller
- Department of Immunology, University of Colorado Denver , Aurora, CO , USA
| | - Elizabeth Connick
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona , Tucson, AZ , USA
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