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Vocke CD, Fleming LR, Piskorski AM, Amin A, Phornphutkul C, de la Monte S, Vilboux T, Duncan F, Pellegrino J, Braddock B, Middelton LA, Schmidt LS, Merino MJ, Cowen EW, Introne WJ, Linehan WM, Smith ACM. A diagnosis of Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome in individuals with Smith-Magenis syndrome: Recommendation for cancer screening. Am J Med Genet A 2023; 191:490-497. [PMID: 36513625 PMCID: PMC10117402 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.63049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We report a series of four unrelated adults with Smith-Magenis syndrome (SMS) and concomitant features of Birt-Hogg-Dubé (BHD) syndrome based upon haploinsufficiency for FLCN and characteristic renal cell carcinomas and/or evidence of cutaneous fibrofolliculomas. Three of the cases constitute the first known association of histopathologically verified characteristic BHD-associated renal tumors in adults with SMS; the fourth was identified to have histologically confirmed skin fibrofolliculomas. Molecular analysis documented second-hit FLCN mutations in two of the three cases with confirmed BHD renal pathology. These cases suggest the need to expand management recommendations for SMS to include kidney cancer surveillance starting at 20 years of age, as per the screening recommendations for BHD syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathy D. Vocke
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Leah R. Fleming
- Office of the Clinical Director, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Department of Genetics, Saint Luke’s Genetics and Metabolic Clinic, Boise, Idaho, USA
| | - Anna M. Piskorski
- Department of Pathology, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Ali Amin
- Department of Pathology, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Chanika Phornphutkul
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Suzanne de la Monte
- Department of Pathology, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Thierry Vilboux
- Office of the Clinical Director, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Folami Duncan
- Office of the Clinical Director, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Department of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Johns Hopkins Children’s Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Joan Pellegrino
- Medical Genetics, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Bonnie Braddock
- Medical Genetics, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Lindsay A. Middelton
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Laura S. Schmidt
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Basic Science Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Maria J. Merino
- Laboratory of Pathology Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Edward W. Cowen
- Dermatology Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Wendy J. Introne
- Office of the Clinical Director, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - W. Marston Linehan
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ann C. M. Smith
- Office of the Clinical Director, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Nag HE, Nærland T. Age-related changes in behavioural and emotional problems in Smith-Magenis syndrome measured with the Developmental Behavior Checklist. JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES : JOID 2021; 25:429-440. [PMID: 31984836 PMCID: PMC8649468 DOI: 10.1177/1744629519901056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Smith-Magenis syndrome (SMS) is a genetic syndrome most often caused by a deletion on chromosome 17 or more rarely by a mutation in the retinoic acid-induced 1 gene. The aim of this study was to investigate the Developmental Behavior Checklist (DBC) profile of persons with SMS and the associations between behavioural and emotional problems, age, gender, adaptive behaviour and autism symptomatology. Twenty-eight persons with SMS were represented by their parents in this study. DBC Total scores are reduced with age, but they still show a mean that is clearly above the cut-off of 46. The differences between the age groups <9 years and 9-17 years (p = 0.024) and between the age groups <9 years and >18 years (p = 0.007) are significant. We found a significant decrease in behavioural and emotional problems with age in SMS. We did not find a relationship between adapted behaviour and communication and behavioural and emotional problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Elisabeth Nag
- Heidi Elisabeth Nag, Frambu Resource Centre
for Rare Disorders, Sandbakkveien 18, 1404 Siggerud, Norway; University of
Stavanger, Kjell Arholmsgate 41, 4036 Stavanger, Norway.
| | - Terje Nærland
- Oslo University Hospital, Norway; University of
Oslo, Norway
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3
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Hidalgo-De la Guía I, Garayzábal-Heinze E, Gómez-Vilda P, Martínez-Olalla R, Palacios-Alonso D. Acoustic Analysis of Phonation in Children With Smith-Magenis Syndrome. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 15:661392. [PMID: 34149380 PMCID: PMC8209519 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.661392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Complex simultaneous neuropsychophysiological mechanisms are responsible for the processing of the information to be transmitted and for the neuromotor planning of the articulatory organs involved in speech. The nature of this set of mechanisms is closely linked to the clinical state of the subject. Thus, for example, in populations with neurodevelopmental deficits, these underlying neuropsychophysiological procedures are deficient and determine their phonation. Most of these cases with neurodevelopmental deficits are due to a genetic abnormality, as is the case in the population with Smith–Magenis syndrome (SMS). SMS is associated with neurodevelopmental deficits, intellectual disability, and a cohort of characteristic phenotypic features, including voice quality, which does not seem to be in line with the gender, age, and complexion of the diagnosed subject. The phonatory profile and speech features in this syndrome are dysphonia, high f0, excess vocal muscle stiffness, fluency alterations, numerous syllabic simplifications, phoneme omissions, and unintelligibility of speech. This exploratory study investigates whether the neuromotor deficits in children with SMS adversely affect phonation as compared to typically developing children without neuromotor deficits, which has not been previously determined. The authors compare the phonatory performance of a group of children with SMS (N = 12) with a healthy control group of children (N = 12) matched in age, gender, and grouped into two age ranges. The first group ranges from 5 to 7 years old, and the second group goes from 8 to 12 years old. Group differences were determined for two forms of acoustic analysis performed on repeated recordings of the sustained vowel /a/ F1 and F2 extraction and cepstral peak prominence (CPP). It is expected that the results will enlighten the question of the underlying neuromotor aspects of phonation in SMS population. These findings could provide evidence of the susceptibility of phonation of speech to neuromotor disturbances, regardless of their origin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pedro Gómez-Vilda
- Center for Biomedical Technology, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Daniel Palacios-Alonso
- Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Informática, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain
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Rive Le Gouard N, Jacquinet A, Ruaud L, Deleersnyder H, Ageorges F, Gallard J, Lacombe D, Odent S, Mikaty M, Manouvrier-Hanu S, Ghoumid J, Geneviève D, Lehman N, Philip N, Edery P, Héron D, Rastel C, Chancenotte S, Thauvin-Robinet C, Faivre L, Perrin L, Verloes A. Smith-Magenis syndrome: Clinical and behavioral characteristics in a large retrospective cohort. Clin Genet 2021; 99:519-528. [PMID: 33368193 DOI: 10.1111/cge.13906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Smith-Magenis syndrome (SMS), characterized by dysmorphic features, neurodevelopmental disorder, and sleep disturbance, is due to an interstitial deletion of chromosome 17p11.2 (90%) or to point mutations in the RAI1 gene. In this retrospective cohort, we studied the clinical, cognitive, and behavioral profile of 47 European patients with SMS caused by a 17p11.2 deletion. We update the clinical and neurobehavioral profile of SMS. Intrauterine growth was normal in most patients. Prenatal anomalies were reported in 15%. 60% of our patients older than 10 years were overweight. Prevalence of heart defects (6.5% tetralogy of Fallot, 6.5% pulmonary stenosis), ophthalmological problems (89%), scoliosis (43%), or deafness (32%) were consistent with previous reports. Epilepsy was uncommon (2%). We identified a high prevalence of obstipation (45%). All patients had learning difficulties and developmental delay, but ID range was wide and 10% of patients had IQ in the normal range. Behavioral problems included temper tantrums and other difficult behaviors (84%) and night-time awakenings (86%). Optimal care of SMS children is multidisciplinary and requires important parental involvement. In our series, half of patients were able to follow adapted schooling, but 70% of parents had to adapt their working time, illustrating the medical, social, educative, and familial impact of having a child with SMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Rive Le Gouard
- Department of Genetics, APHP Nord-Université de Paris Robert Debré University Hospital and INSERM U1141 NeuroDiderot, Paris, France
| | - Adeline Jacquinet
- Department of Genetics, APHP Nord-Université de Paris Robert Debré University Hospital and INSERM U1141 NeuroDiderot, Paris, France.,Department of Genetics, Sart Tilman University Hospital, Liège, Belgium
| | - Lyse Ruaud
- Department of Genetics, APHP Nord-Université de Paris Robert Debré University Hospital and INSERM U1141 NeuroDiderot, Paris, France
| | - Hélène Deleersnyder
- Department of Genetics, APHP Nord-Université de Paris Robert Debré University Hospital and INSERM U1141 NeuroDiderot, Paris, France
| | - Faustine Ageorges
- Department of Genetics, APHP Nord-Université de Paris Robert Debré University Hospital and INSERM U1141 NeuroDiderot, Paris, France
| | - Jennifer Gallard
- Department of Genetics, APHP Nord-Université de Paris Robert Debré University Hospital and INSERM U1141 NeuroDiderot, Paris, France
| | - Didier Lacombe
- Department of Genetics, Bordeaux, Pellegrin University Hospital, Bordeaux, France
| | - Sylvie Odent
- Department of Genetics, Rennes University Hospital, Rennes, France
| | - Myriam Mikaty
- Department of Genetics, Rennes University Hospital, Rennes, France
| | | | - Jamal Ghoumid
- Department of Genetics, Lille Jeanne de Flandre, University Hospital, Lille, France
| | - David Geneviève
- Department of Genetics, Arnaud de Villeneuve University Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Natacha Lehman
- Department of Genetics, Arnaud de Villeneuve University Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Nicole Philip
- Department of Genetics, la Timone University Hospital, Marseille, France
| | - Patrick Edery
- Department of Genetics, Femme-Mère-Enfant University Hospital, Lyon, France
| | - Delphine Héron
- Department of Genetics, APHP Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Coralie Rastel
- Department of Genetics, APHP Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Laurence Faivre
- Department of Genetics, Dijon University Hospital, Dijon, France
| | - Laurence Perrin
- Department of Genetics, APHP Nord-Université de Paris Robert Debré University Hospital and INSERM U1141 NeuroDiderot, Paris, France
| | - Alain Verloes
- Department of Genetics, APHP Nord-Université de Paris Robert Debré University Hospital and INSERM U1141 NeuroDiderot, Paris, France
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Adrenocorticotropic Hormone Therapy Improved Spasms and Sleep Disturbance in Smith-Magenis Syndrome: A Case Report. Pediatr Rep 2020; 12:72-76. [PMID: 33114276 PMCID: PMC7717653 DOI: 10.3390/pediatric12030018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Smith-Magenis syndrome (SMS) is a complex disorder characterized by variable mental retardation, sleep disturbances, craniofacial and skeletal anomalies, self-injurious and attention-seeking behaviors, and speech and motor delays. The case of a 14-month-old girl with SMS who was experiencing spasm clusters and sleep disturbances with sleep-wake intervals of 1.5 to 2 h persisting from the neonatal period was examined. The patient's spasms stopped and interictal electroencephalography did not show epileptic discharges after undergoing a high-dose adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) therapy. Moreover, the patient's sleep cycle stabilized 1 month after receiving the ACTH therapy. Dramatic reductions in the patient's self-injurious behaviors were also noted. At 1 year following ACTH treatment, the patient's improved sleep was maintained. High-dose ACTH treatment was considered to contribute to the normal adaptation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis by regulating the release of corticotropin-releasing hormone, resulting in improvement of the patient's infantile spasms and sleep disturbances.
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Abstract
Smith-Magenis syndrome is a genetic disorder caused by a microdeletion involving the retinoic acid-induced 1 (RAI1) gene that maps on the short arm of chromosome 17p11.2 or a pathogenic mutation of RAI1. Smith-Magenis syndrome affects patients through numerous congenital anomalies, intellectual disabilities, behavioral challenges, and sleep disturbances. The sleep abnormalities associated with Smith-Magenis syndrome can include frequent nocturnal arousals, early morning awakenings, and sleep attacks during the day. The sleep problems associated with Smith-Magenis syndrome are attributed to haploinsufficiency of the RAI1 gene. One consequence of reduced function of RAI1, and characteristic of Smith-Magenis syndrome, is an inversion of melatonin secretion resulting in a diurnal rather than nocturnal pattern. Treatment of sleep problems in people with Smith-Magenis syndrome generally involves a combination of sleep hygiene techniques, supplemental melatonin, and/or other medications, such as melatonin receptor agonists, β1-adrenergic antagonists, and stimulant medications, to improve sleep outcomes. Improvement in sleep has been shown to improve behavioral outcomes, which in turn improves the quality of life for both patients and their caregivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin A Kaplan
- Department of Pediatrics at Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
- Section of Pediatric Pulmonary at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA.
- Section of Sleep Medicine at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Sarah H Elsea
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics at Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Lorraine Potocki
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics at Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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Scott J, Thakar S, Mao Y, Qin H, Hejran H, Lee SY, Yu T, Klezovitch O, Cheng H, Mu Y, Ghosh S, Vasioukhin V, Zou Y. Apical-Basal Polarity Signaling Components, Lgl1 and aPKCs, Control Glutamatergic Synapse Number and Function. iScience 2019; 20:25-41. [PMID: 31546104 PMCID: PMC6817635 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2019.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 08/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Normal synapse formation is fundamental to brain function. We show here that an apical-basal polarity (A-BP) protein, Lgl1, is present in the postsynaptic density and negatively regulates glutamatergic synapse numbers by antagonizing the atypical protein kinase Cs (aPKCs). A planar cell polarity protein, Vangl2, which inhibits synapse formation, was decreased in synaptosome fractions of cultured cortical neurons from Lgl1 knockout embryos. Conditional knockout of Lgl1 in pyramidal neurons led to reduction of AMPA/NMDA ratio and impaired plasticity. Lgl1 is frequently deleted in Smith-Magenis syndrome (SMS). Lgl1 conditional knockout led to increased locomotion, impaired novel object recognition and social interaction. Lgl1+/- animals also showed increased synapse numbers, defects in open field and social interaction, as well as stereotyped repetitive behavior. Social interaction in Lgl1+/- could be rescued by NMDA antagonists. Our findings reveal a role of apical-basal polarity proteins in glutamatergic synapse development and function and also suggest a potential treatment for SMS patients with Lgl1 deletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Scott
- Neurobiology Section, Biological Sciences Division, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Sonal Thakar
- Neurobiology Section, Biological Sciences Division, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ye Mao
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Huaping Qin
- Neurobiology Section, Biological Sciences Division, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Helen Hejran
- Neurobiology Section, Biological Sciences Division, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Su-Yee Lee
- Neurobiology Section, Biological Sciences Division, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ting Yu
- Neurobiology Section, Biological Sciences Division, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Olga Klezovitch
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Hongqiang Cheng
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Yongxin Mu
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Sourav Ghosh
- Department of Neurology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Valeri Vasioukhin
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Yimin Zou
- Neurobiology Section, Biological Sciences Division, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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Nag HE, Hoxmark LB, Nærland T. Parental experiences with behavioural problems in Smith-Magenis syndrome: The need for syndrome-specific competence. JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES : JOID 2019; 23:359-372. [PMID: 31046579 PMCID: PMC6734585 DOI: 10.1177/1744629519847375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The experience of having a rare disorder was summarised in a large study as 'falling outside the vast field of knowledge of the professionals'. Parents (31 mothers and 17 fathers) of 32 persons with Smith-Magenis syndrome (SMS) participated in this study. A phenomenological approach was used to analyse the data into topics and themes. Four themes emerged: behavioural challenges displayed, parents' strategies for meeting the challenging behaviours, parents' experiences of their own competence and parents' experiences of professionals' competence and understanding regarding children with SMS and their behaviour challenges. We found that parents of children with SMS experience that they are exposed to severe challenging behaviours from their child. The parents believe that they experience more misunderstandings with professionals and that the challenging behaviours increase because there are some specific characteristics of SMS that professionals are not aware of or do not consider in their support services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Elisabeth Nag
- Frambu Resource Centre for Rare Disorders, Norway; University of Stavanger, Norway
| | | | - Terje Nærland
- Oslo University Hospital, Norway; University of Oslo, Norway
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9
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To provide an update of the most recent studies on Smith-Magenis syndrome (SMS) with a focus on the unique pattern of behavioral and sleep disturbances associated with the condition. RECENT FINDINGS The recent literature on SMS has focused on the characteristic severe behavioral and sleep disturbances. A better understanding of the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms and common clinical course has helped further characterize SMS, while much is left to be discovered in regard to effective treatment/management. SUMMARY SMS is a difficult to manage genetic condition defined by pervasive and progressive behavioral and sleep disturbances with a unique pattern that can often be easily discerned from other neurodevelopmental disorders. Common behavioral features include maladaptive/self-injurious, aggressive, stereotypic, and the newly appreciated food seeking behaviors associated with SMS. In addition, there is a sleep disturbance defined by an altered circadian rhythm with frequent nighttime waking and daytime sleepiness, causing patients and families significant distress. Small studies have suggested some treatment/management approaches to the behavioral and sleep disturbances, however, much remains to be discovered.
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Abstract
Many processes in the human body - including brain function - are regulated over the 24-hour cycle, and there are strong associations between disrupted circadian rhythms (for example, sleep-wake cycles) and disorders of the CNS. Brain disorders such as autism, depression and Parkinson disease typically develop at certain stages of life, and circadian rhythms are important during each stage of life for the regulation of processes that may influence the development of these disorders. Here, we describe circadian disruptions observed in various brain disorders throughout the human lifespan and highlight emerging evidence suggesting these disruptions affect the brain. Currently, much of the evidence linking brain disorders and circadian dysfunction is correlational, and so whether and what kind of causal relationships might exist are unclear. We therefore identify remaining questions that may direct future research towards a better understanding of the links between circadian disruption and CNS disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan W Logan
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Colleen A McClung
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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11
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Precision Light for the Treatment of Psychiatric Disorders. Neural Plast 2018; 2018:5868570. [PMID: 29593784 PMCID: PMC5821959 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5868570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Circadian timekeeping can be reset by brief flashes of light using stimulation protocols thousands of times shorter than those previously assumed to be necessary for traditional phototherapy. These observations point to a future where flexible architectures of nanosecond-, microsecond-, and millisecond-scale light pulses are compiled to reprogram the brain's internal clock when it has been altered by psychiatric illness or advanced age. In the current review, we present a chronology of seminal experiments that established the synchronizing influence of light on the human circadian system and the efficacy of prolonged bright-light exposure for reducing symptoms associated with seasonal affective disorder. We conclude with a discussion of the different ways that precision flashes could be parlayed during sleep to effect neuroadaptive changes in brain function. This article is a contribution to a special issue on Circadian Rhythms in Regulation of Brain Processes and Role in Psychiatric Disorders curated by editors Shimon Amir, Karen Gamble, Oliver Stork, and Harry Pantazopoulos.
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12
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Brendal MA, King KA, Zalewski CK, Finucane BM, Introne W, Brewer CC, Smith ACM. Auditory Phenotype of Smith-Magenis Syndrome. JOURNAL OF SPEECH, LANGUAGE, AND HEARING RESEARCH : JSLHR 2017; 60:1076-1087. [PMID: 28384694 PMCID: PMC5548078 DOI: 10.1044/2016_jslhr-h-16-0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/16/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to describe the auditory phenotype of a large cohort with Smith-Magenis syndrome (SMS), a rare disorder including physical anomalies, cognitive deficits, sleep disturbances, and a distinct behavioral phenotype. Method Hearing-related data were collected for 133 individuals with SMS aged 1-49 years. Audiogram data (97 participants) were used for cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses. Caregivers completed a sound sensitivity survey for 98 individuals with SMS and a control group of 24 unaffected siblings. Results Nearly 80% of participants with interpretable audiograms (n = 76) had hearing loss, which was typically slight to mild in degree. When hearing loss type could be determined (40 participants), sensorineural hearing loss (48.1%) occurred most often in participants aged 11-49 years. Conductive hearing loss (35.2%) was typically observed in children aged 1-10 years. A pattern of fluctuating and progressive hearing decline was documented. Hyperacusis was reported in 73.5% of participants with SMS compared with 12.5% of unaffected siblings. Conclusions This study offers the most comprehensive characterization of the auditory phenotype of SMS to date. The auditory profile in SMS is multifaceted and can include a previously unreported manifestation of hyperacusis. Routine audiologic surveillance is recommended as part of standard clinical care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan A. Brendal
- Audiology Unit, Otolaryngology Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Kelly A. King
- Audiology Unit, Otolaryngology Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Christopher K. Zalewski
- Audiology Unit, Otolaryngology Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Brenda M. Finucane
- Geisinger Autism & Developmental Medicine Institute, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania
| | - Wendy Introne
- Office of the Clinical Director, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Carmen C. Brewer
- Audiology Unit, Otolaryngology Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Ann C. M. Smith
- Office of the Clinical Director, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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Do C, Xing Z, Yu YE, Tycko B. Trans-acting epigenetic effects of chromosomal aneuploidies: lessons from Down syndrome and mouse models. Epigenomics 2016; 9:189-207. [PMID: 27911079 PMCID: PMC5549717 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2016-0138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
An important line of postgenomic research seeks to understand how genetic factors can influence epigenetic patterning. Here we review epigenetic effects of chromosomal aneuploidies, focusing on findings in Down syndrome (DS, trisomy 21). Recent work in human DS and mouse models has shown that the extra chromosome 21 acts in trans to produce epigenetic changes, including differential CpG methylation (DS-DM), in specific sets of downstream target genes, mostly on other chromosomes. Mechanistic hypotheses emerging from these data include roles of chromosome 21-linked methylation pathway genes (DNMT3L and others) and transcription factor genes (RUNX1, OLIG2, GABPA, ERG and ETS2) in shaping the patterns of DS-DM. The findings may have broader implications for trans-acting epigenetic effects of chromosomal and subchromosomal aneuploidies in other human developmental and neuropsychiatric disorders, and in cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Do
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Zhuo Xing
- The Children's Guild Foundation Down Syndrome Research Program, Genetics Program & Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Y Eugene Yu
- The Children's Guild Foundation Down Syndrome Research Program, Genetics Program & Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Benjamin Tycko
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.,Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's disease & the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.,Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.,Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
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Yeetong P, Vilboux T, Ciccone C, Boulier K, Schnur RE, Gahl WA, Huizing M, Laje G, Smith ACM. Delayed diagnosis in a house of correction: Smith-Magenis syndrome due to a de novo nonsense RAI1 variant. Am J Med Genet A 2016; 170:2383-8. [PMID: 27311559 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.37602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We report a 25-year-old female confirmed to have Smith-Magenis syndrome (SMS) due to a de novo RAI1 variant. Her past history is significant for developmental and intellectual delay, early and escalating maladaptive behaviors, and features consistent with significant sleep disturbance, the etiology of which was not confirmed for over two decades. The diagnosis of SMS was initially suspected in 1998 (at age 12 years), but that was 5 years before the initial report of RAI1 variants as causative of the SMS phenotype; cytogenetic fluorescence in situ hybridization studies failed to confirm an interstitial deletion of 17p11.2. Re-evaluation for suspected SMS was pursued with RAI1 sequencing analysis in response to urgent parental concerns of escalating behaviors and aggression with subsequent incarceration of the subject for assault of a health professional. Genetic analysis revealed a de novo RAI1 (NM_030665.3) nonsense variant, c.5536C>T; p.Q1846X. This case illustrates the importance of confirming the SMS diagnosis, which is associated with cognitive and functional impairment, as well as significant psychiatric co-morbidities and behavioral problems. The diagnosis was particularly relevant to the legal discussion and determination of her competence to stand trial. As other similar cases may exist, this report will help to increase awareness of the possibility of a very late diagnosis of SMS, with the need for re-evaluation of individuals suspected to have SMS who were initially evaluated prior to the identification of the RAI1 gene. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patra Yeetong
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.,Faculty of Science, Division of Human Genetics, Department of Botany, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Thierry Vilboux
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.,Division of Medical Genomics, Inova Translational Medicine Institute, Falls Church, Virginia
| | - Carla Ciccone
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Kristin Boulier
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Rhonda E Schnur
- Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Cooper University Health Care, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, New Jersey
| | - William A Gahl
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.,Office of Clinical Director, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Marjan Huizing
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Gonzalo Laje
- Washington Behavioral Medicine Associates, LLC, Autism Spectrum Partners, LLC, Maryland Institute for Neuroscience and Development (MIND), Chevy Chase, Maryland
| | - Ann C M Smith
- Office of Clinical Director, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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15
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Alaimo JT, Barton LV, Mullegama SV, Wills RD, Foster RH, Elsea SH. Individuals with Smith-Magenis syndrome display profound neurodevelopmental behavioral deficiencies and exhibit food-related behaviors equivalent to Prader-Willi syndrome. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2015; 47:27-38. [PMID: 26323055 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2015.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 08/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Smith-Magenis syndrome (SMS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder associated with intellectual disability, sleep disturbances, early onset obesity and vast behavioral deficits. We used the Behavior Problems Inventory-01 to categorize the frequency and severity of behavioral abnormalities in a SMS cohort relative to individuals with intellectual disability of heterogeneous etiology. Self-injurious, stereotyped, and aggressive/destructive behavioral scores indicated that both frequency and severity were significantly higher among individuals with SMS relative to those with intellectual disability. Next, we categorized food behaviors in our SMS cohort across age using the Food Related Problems Questionnaire (FRPQ) and found that problems began to occur in SMS children as early as 5-11 years old, but children 12-18 years old and adults manifested the most severe problems. Furthermore, we evaluated the similarities of SMS adult food-related behaviors to those with intellectual disability and found that SMS adults had more severe behavioral problems. Many neurodevelopmental disorders exhibit syndromic obesity including SMS. Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is the most frequent neurodevelopmental disorder with syndromic obesity and has a well-established management and treatment plan. Using the FRPQ we found that SMS adults had similar scores relative to PWS adults. Both syndromes manifest weight gain early in development, and the FRPQ scores highlight specific areas in which behavioral similarities exist, including preoccupation with food, impaired satiety, and negative behavioral responses. SMS food-related behavior treatment paradigms are not as refined as PWS, suggesting that current PWS treatments for prevention of obesity may be beneficial for individuals with SMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph T Alaimo
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Laura V Barton
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Sureni V Mullegama
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Rachel D Wills
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Rebecca H Foster
- Department of Psychology, St. Louis Children's Hospital, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Sarah H Elsea
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.
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16
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Neira-Fresneda J, Potocki L. Neurodevelopmental Disorders Associated with Abnormal Gene Dosage: Smith-Magenis and Potocki-Lupski Syndromes. J Pediatr Genet 2015; 4:159-67. [PMID: 27617127 DOI: 10.1055/s-0035-1564443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Smith-Magenis syndrome (SMS) and Potocki-Lupski syndrome (PTLS) are reciprocal contiguous gene syndromes within the well-characterized 17p11.2 region. Approximately 3.6 Mb microduplication of 17p11.2, known as PTLS, represents the mechanistically predicted homologous recombination reciprocal of the SMS microdeletion, both resulting in multiple congenital anomalies. Mouse model studies have revealed that the retinoic acid-inducible 1 gene (RAI1) within the SMS and PTLS critical genomic interval is the dosage-sensitive gene responsible for the major phenotypic features in these disorders. Even though PTLS and SMS share the same genomic region, clinical manifestations and behavioral issues are distinct and in fact some mirror traits may be on opposite ends of a given phenotypic spectrum. We describe the neurobehavioral phenotypes of SMS and PTLS patients during different life phases as well as clinical guidelines for diagnosis and a multidisciplinary approach once diagnosis is confirmed by array comparative genomic hybridization or RAI1 gene sequencing. The main goal is to increase awareness of these rare disorders because an earlier diagnosis will lead to more timely developmental intervention and medical management which will improve clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanita Neira-Fresneda
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Lorraine Potocki
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States; Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States
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17
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Abstract
There is a close relationship between sleep and childhood neurodevelopmental/neurodegenerative disorders. Understanding the sleep issues may provide greater insight into pathophysiology and treatment of these disorders.
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18
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The present review examines the role of actin binding proteins (ABPs) on blood-testis barrier (BTB), an androgen-dependent ultrastructure in the testis, in particular their involvement on BTB remodeling during spermatogenesis. RECENT FINDINGS The BTB divides the seminiferous epithelium into the basal and the adluminal compartments. The BTB is constituted by coexisting actin-based tight junction, basal ectoplasmic specialization, and gap junction, and also intermediate filament-based desmosome between Sertoli cells near the basement membrane. Junctions at the BTB undergo continuous remodeling to facilitate the transport of preleptotene spermatocytes residing in the basal compartment across the immunological barrier during spermatogenesis. Thus, meiosis I/II and postmeiotic spermatid development take place in the adluminal compartment behind the BTB. BTB remodeling also regulates exchanges of biomolecules between the two compartments. As tight junction, basal ectoplasmic specialization, and gap junction use F-actin for attachment, actin microfilaments rapidly convert between their bundled and unbundled/branched configuration to confer BTB plasticity. The events of actin reorganization are regulated by two major classes of ABPs that convert actin microfilaments between their bundled and branched/unbundled configuration. SUMMARY We provide a model on how ABPs regulate BTB remodeling, shedding new light on unexplained male infertility, such as environmental toxicant-induced reproductive dysfunction since the testis, in particular the BTB, is sensitive to environmental toxicants, such as cadmium, bisphenol A, phthalates, and PFOS (perfluorooctanesulfonic acid or perfluorooctane sulfonate).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Li
- The Mary M. Wohlford Laboratory for Male Contraceptive Research, Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York, USA
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19
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Li Z, Shen J, Liang J, Sheng L. Congenital scoliosis in Smith-Magenis syndrome: a case report and review of the literature. Medicine (Baltimore) 2015; 94:e705. [PMID: 25929900 PMCID: PMC4603031 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000000705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The Smith-Magenis syndrome (SMS) is a complex and rare congenital condition that is characterized by minor craniofacial anomalies, short stature, sleep disturbances, behavioral, and neurocognitive abnormalities, as well as variable multisystemic manifestations. Little is reported about spinal deformity associated with this syndrome.This study is to present a case of scoliosis occurring in the setting of SMS and explore the possible mechanisms between the 2 diseases.The patient is a 13-year-old Chinese female with congenital scoliosis and Tetralogy of Fallot, mental retardation, obstructive sleep apnea, hypertrophy of tonsil, conductive hearing loss, and agenesis of the epiglottis. An interphase fluorescent in situ hybridization at chromosome 17p11.2 revealed a heterozygous deletion, confirming a molecular diagnosis of SMS. She underwent a posterior correction at thoracic 1-lumbar 1 (T1-L1) levels, using the Moss-SI spinal system. At 6-month follow-up, the patient was clinically pain free and well balanced. Plain radiographs showed solid spine fusion with no loss of correction.Congenital cardiac disease, immunodeficiency, and severe behavioral problems can affect the surgical outcome following spine fusion and need to be taken into consideration for the surgeon and anesthesiologist. Scoliosis is not uncommon among patients with SMS, and there is a potential association between congenital scoliosis and SMS. The potential mechanisms in the pathogenesis of congenital scoliosis of SMS included retinoic acid-induced 1 (RAI1) microdeletion and RAI1 gene point mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Li
- From the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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20
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Qian X, Mruk DD, Cheng YH, Cheng CY. RAI14 (retinoic acid induced protein 14) is an F-actin regulator: Lesson from the testis. SPERMATOGENESIS 2014; 3:e24824. [PMID: 23885305 PMCID: PMC3710223 DOI: 10.4161/spmg.24824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Revised: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
RAI14 (retinoic acid induced protein 14) is an actin-binding protein first identified in the liver. In the testis, RAI14 is expressed by both Sertoli and germ cells in the seminiferous epithelium. Besides binding to actin in the testis, RAI14 is also a binding protein for palladin, an actin cross-linking and bundling protein. A recent report has shown that RAI14 displays stage-specific and spatiotemporal expression at the ES [ectoplasmic specialization, a testis-specific filamentous (F)-actin-rich adherens junction] in the seminiferous epithelium of adult rat testes during the epithelial cycle of spermatogenesis, illustrating its likely involvement in F-actin organization at the ES. Functional studies in which RAI14 was knocked down by RNAi in Sertoli cells in vitro and also in testicular cells in vivo have illustrated its role in conferring the integrity of actin filament bundles at the ES, perturbing the Sertoli cell tight junction (TJ)-pemeability barrier function in vitro, and also spermatid polarity and adhesion in vivo, thereby regulating spermatid transport at spermiation. Herein, we critically evaluate these earlier findings and also provide a likely hypothetic model based on the functional role of RAI14 at the ES, and how RAI14 is working with palladin and other actin regulatory proteins in the testis to regulate the transport of (1) spermatids and (2) preleptotene spermatocytes across the seminiferous epithelium and the blood-testis barrier (BTB), respectively, during spermatogenesis. This model should serve as a framework upon which functional experiments can be designed to better understand the biology of RAI14 and other actin-binding and regulatory proteins in the testis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Qian
- The Mary M. Wohlford Laboratory for Male Contraceptive Research; Center for Biomedical Research; Population Council; New York NY USA ; Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology; School of Basic Medicine; Peking Union Medical College; Beijing, China
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21
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Dubourg C, Bonnet-Brilhault F, Toutain A, Mignot C, Jacquette A, Dieux A, Gérard M, Beaumont-Epinette MP, Julia S, Isidor B, Rossi M, Odent S, Bendavid C, Barthélémy C, Verloes A, David V. Identification of Nine New RAI1-Truncating Mutations in Smith-Magenis Syndrome Patients without 17p11.2 Deletions. Mol Syndromol 2014; 5:57-64. [PMID: 24715852 DOI: 10.1159/000357359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Smith-Magenis syndrome (SMS) is an intellectual disability syndrome with sleep disturbance, self-injurious behaviors and dysmorphic features. It is estimated to occur in 1/25,000 births, and in 90% of cases it is associated with interstitial deletions of chromosome 17p11.2. RAI1 (retinoic acid induced 1; OMIM 607642) mutations are the second most frequent molecular etiology, with this gene being located in the SMS locus at 17p11.2. Here, we report 9 new RAI1-truncating mutations in nonrelated individuals referred for molecular analysis due to a possible SMS diagnosis. None of these patients carried a 17p11.2 deletion. The 9 mutations include 2 nonsense mutations and 7 heterozygous frameshift mutations leading to protein truncation. All mutations map in exon 3 of RAI1 which codes for more than 98% of the protein. RAI1 regulates gene transcription, and its targets are themselves involved in transcriptional regulation, cell growth and cell cycle regulation, bone and skeletal development, lipid and glucide metabolisms, neurological development, behavioral functions, and circadian activity. We report the clinical features of the patients carrying these deleterious mutations in comparison with those of patients carrying 17p11.2 deletions.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Dubourg
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, CHU Pontchaillou, France ; CNRS UMR 6290, IFR140, Université de Rennes 1, France
| | | | - A Toutain
- Génétique, CHRU Bretonneau, Tours, France
| | - C Mignot
- Service de Génétique Clinique, CHU La Pitié Salpêtrière, France ; Service de Neuropédiatrie, APHP, Hôpital Armand Trousseau, France
| | - A Jacquette
- Service de Génétique Clinique, CHU La Pitié Salpêtrière, France
| | - A Dieux
- Service de Génétique Clinique, CHU, Lille, France
| | - M Gérard
- Service de Génétique, CHR Clémenceau, Caen, France
| | | | - S Julia
- Service de Génétique Médicale, CHU Purpan, Toulouse, France
| | - B Isidor
- Service de Génétique Médicale, CHU, Nantes, France
| | - M Rossi
- Service de Génétique Clinique, CHU, Lyon-Bron, France
| | - S Odent
- CNRS UMR 6290, IFR140, Université de Rennes 1, France ; Service de Génétique Médicale, CHU Hôpital Sud, Rennes, Services de, France
| | - C Bendavid
- CNRS UMR 6290, IFR140, Université de Rennes 1, France
| | | | - A Verloes
- Service de Génétique Clinique, CHU Robert Debré, Paris, France
| | - V David
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, CHU Pontchaillou, France ; CNRS UMR 6290, IFR140, Université de Rennes 1, France
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22
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Park CH, Kim HJ, Lee ST, Seo JM, Kim SH. Molecular characterization of near-complete trisomy 17p syndrome from inverted duplication in association with cryptic deletion of 17pter. Gene 2014; 537:343-7. [PMID: 24393711 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.12.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Revised: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Trisomy of the short arm of chromosome 17 (T17P) is a genomic disorder presenting with growth retardation, motor and mental retardation and constitutional physical anomalies including congenital heart defects. Here we report a case of near-complete T17P of which the genomic dosage aberrations were delineated by chromosomal microarray along with conventional diagnostic modalities. A 9-year-old Korean boy was admitted because of esophageal obstruction. He showed clinical manifestations of T17P, along with atypical features of scoliosis, corpus callosum agenesis, and seizure. Chromosome analyses revealed an inverted duplication of the chromosomal segment between 17p11.2 and 17p13.3. Chromosomal microarray revealed a duplication of the most of the short arm of chromosome 17 (size ~19.09 Mb) along with a cryptic deletion of a small segment of 17p terminal end (17pter) (~261 Kb). This is the first report of molecular characterization of near-complete T17P from inverted duplication in association with 17pter microdeletion. The fine delineation of the extent of genomic aberration by SNP-based microarray could help us better understand the molecular mechanism and genotype-phenotype correlations in T17P syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Hun Park
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Jin Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Tae Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Meen Seo
- Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Hee Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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23
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Dykens EM. Aging in rare intellectual disability syndromes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 18:75-83. [DOI: 10.1002/ddrr.1130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Revised: 07/13/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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24
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Carmona-Mora P, Canales CP, Cao L, Perez IC, Srivastava AK, Young JI, Walz K. RAI1 transcription factor activity is impaired in mutants associated with Smith-Magenis Syndrome. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45155. [PMID: 23028815 PMCID: PMC3445574 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Accepted: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Smith-Magenis Syndrome (SMS) is a complex genomic disorder mostly caused by the haploinsufficiency of the Retinoic Acid Induced 1 gene (RAI1), located in the chromosomal region 17p11.2. In a subset of SMS patients, heterozygous mutations in RAI1 are found. Here we investigate the molecular properties of these mutated forms and their relationship with the resulting phenotype. We compared the clinical phenotype of SMS patients carrying a mutation in RAI1 coding region either in the N-terminal or the C-terminal half of the protein and no significant differences were found. In order to study the molecular mechanism related to these two groups of RAI1 mutations first we analyzed those mutations that result in the truncated protein corresponding to the N-terminal half of RAI1 finding that they have cytoplasmic localization (in contrast to full length RAI1) and no ability to activate the transcription through an endogenous target: the BDNF enhancer. Similar results were found in lymphoblastoid cells derived from a SMS patient carrying RAI1 c.3103insC, where both mutant and wild type products of RAI1 were detected. The wild type form of RAI1 was found in the chromatin bound and nuclear matrix subcellular fractions while the mutant product was mainly cytoplasmic. In addition, missense mutations at the C-terminal half of RAI1 presented a correct nuclear localization but no activation of the endogenous target. Our results showed for the first time a correlation between RAI1 mutations and abnormal protein function plus they suggest that a reduction of total RAI1 transcription factor activity is at the heart of the SMS clinical presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Carmona-Mora
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Cesar P. Canales
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Lei Cao
- Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Irene C. Perez
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Anand K. Srivastava
- JC Self Research Institute of Human Genetics, Greenwood Genetic Center, Greenwood, South Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Juan I. Young
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
- Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Katherina Walz
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
- Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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25
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Williams S, Zies D, Mullegama S, Grotewiel M, Elsea S. Smith-Magenis syndrome results in disruption of CLOCK gene transcription and reveals an integral role for RAI1 in the maintenance of circadian rhythmicity. Am J Hum Genet 2012; 90:941-9. [PMID: 22578325 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2012.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Revised: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 04/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Haploinsufficiency of RAI1 results in Smith-Magenis syndrome (SMS), a disorder characterized by intellectual disability, multiple congenital anomalies, obesity, neurobehavioral abnormalities, and a disrupted circadian sleep-wake pattern. An inverted melatonin rhythm (i.e., melatonin peaks during the day instead of at night) and associated sleep-phase disturbances in individuals with SMS, as well as a short-period circadian rhythm in mice with a chromosomal deletion of Rai1, support SMS as a circadian-rhythm-dysfunction disorder. However, the molecular cause of the circadian defect in SMS has not been described. The circadian oscillator temporally orchestrates metabolism, physiology, and behavior largely through transcriptional modulation. Data support RAI1 as a transcriptional regulator, but the genes it might regulate are largely unknown. Investigation into the role that RAI1 plays in the regulation of gene transcription and circadian maintenance revealed that RAI1 regulates the transcription of circadian locomotor output cycles kaput (CLOCK), a key component of the mammalian circadian oscillator that transcriptionally regulates many critical circadian genes. Data further show that haploinsufficiency of RAI1 and Rai1 in SMS fibroblasts and the mouse hypothalamus, respectively, results in the transcriptional dysregulation of the circadian clock and causes altered expression and regulation of multiple circadian genes, including PER2, PER3, CRY1, BMAL1, and others. These data suggest that heterozygous mutation of RAI1 and Rai1 leads to a disrupted circadian rhythm and thus results in an abnormal sleep-wake cycle, which can contribute to an abnormal feeding pattern and dependent cognitive performance. Finally, we conclude that RAI1 is a positive transcriptional regulator of CLOCK, pinpointing a novel and important role for this gene in the circadian oscillator.
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26
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Hildenbrand HL, Smith ACM. Analysis of the sensory profile in children with Smith-Magenis syndrome. Phys Occup Ther Pediatr 2012; 32:48-65. [PMID: 21599572 DOI: 10.3109/01942638.2011.572152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
This study systematically assessed sensory processing in 34 children, aged 3-14 years, with Smith-Magenis syndrome (SMS) using the Sensory Profile Caregiver Questionnaire. Scores for the SMS cohort were significantly different from scores of the national sample of children with and without disabilities in all Sensory Profile categories and quadrants (p < .001). No main effects of age or gender were found, but an interaction effect of age by gender was found in Modulation of Sensory Input Affecting Emotional Responses, in which older females presented with the lowest scores. A significant decline over time was found in the Seeking pattern, reflecting increased vulnerability (p < .05). Nonsignificant trends suggest more vulnerabilities for older versus younger children, especially older females. The neurobehavioral phenotype in children with SMS is expanded by this description of sensory processing. How children with SMS experience and respond to everyday sensations informs multidisciplinary team decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna L Hildenbrand
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1604, USA.
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27
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Lamônica DAC, Silva GKD, Furlan RH, Abramides DVM, Vieira GH, Moretti-Ferreira D, Giacheti CM. Características clínicas, comportamentais, cognitivas e comunicativa na síndrome Smith-Magenis. REVISTA CEFAC 2011. [DOI: 10.1590/s1516-18462011005000118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
TEMA: o objetivo deste estudo foi descrever os aspectos clínico, comportamental, cognitivo e comunicativo de indivíduos com o diagnóstico genético da Síndrome Smith-Magenis. PROCEDIMENTOS: participaram dois indivíduos do sexo masculino, de nove e 19 anos. Realizou-se a avaliação genética clínica e laboratorial (teste FISH, utilizando sonda para região 17p11.2). A avaliação psicológica constou da observação comportamental e aplicação da Escala Wechsler de Inteligência. A avaliação Fonoaudiológica foi realizada por meio de procedimentos formais e informais e avaliação auditiva periférica. RESULTADOS: a análise genética clínica evidenciou as características fenotípicas da síndrome Smith-Magenis, confirmada pela avaliação laboratorial. A avaliação psicológica evidenciou o fenótipo comportamental peculiar da síndrome Smith-Magenis e comprovou a deficiência intelectual de grau moderado nos dois indivíduos. A avaliação fonoaudiológica mostrou alterações no desempenho linguístico, com alterações nos níveis fonológico, semântico, sintático e pragmático e nas habilidades psicolinguísticas, interferindo nas habilidades comunicativas e de aprendizagem. A avaliação auditiva indicou audição periférica dentro de parâmetros de normalidade. CONCLUSÃO: a avaliação multidisciplinar favoreceu a descrição dos aspectos clínicos, comportamentais, cognitivos que pertencem ao fenótipo comportamental da síndrome Smith-Magenis e permitiu verificar que estes apresentam graves alterações da linguagem oral, das habilidades psicolinguísticas e do processamento das informações visuais e auditivas com reflexos marcantes no desenvolvimento das habilidades comunicativas e processos de aprendizagem.
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Sanford EF, Bermudez-Wagner K, Jeng LJB, Rauen KA, Slavotinek AM. Congenital diaphragmatic hernia in Smith-Magenis syndrome: a possible locus at chromosome 17p11.2. Am J Med Genet A 2011; 155A:2816-20. [PMID: 21965155 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.34247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2011] [Accepted: 07/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We report on a 7-month-old girl with Smith-Magenis syndrome (SMS) due to a 4.76-Mb deletion of 17p12-17p11.2 detected by array comparative genomic hybridization. She was also affected with a left-sided congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) and cardiac anomalies including an atypical atrioventricular canal defect and a cleft mitral valve. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of a patient with both SMS and CDH. There are numerous chromosomal regions in which duplications, deletions, inversions, or translocations have been associated with CDH, but none have previously been reported at or close to 17p11.2. We discuss candidate genes for the diaphragmatic defect in this patient. Our case demonstrates that it is important to consider the possibility of SMS in non-isolated cases of diaphragmatic hernia.
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Affiliation(s)
- E F Sanford
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143-0748, USA
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Vilboux T, Ciccone C, Blancato JK, Cox GF, Deshpande C, Introne WJ, Gahl WA, Smith ACM, Huizing M. Molecular analysis of the Retinoic Acid Induced 1 gene (RAI1) in patients with suspected Smith-Magenis syndrome without the 17p11.2 deletion. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22861. [PMID: 21857958 PMCID: PMC3152558 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2011] [Accepted: 06/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Smith-Magenis syndrome (SMS) is a complex neurobehavioral disorder characterized by multiple congenital anomalies. The syndrome is primarily ascribed to a ∼3.7 Mb de novo deletion on chromosome 17p11.2. Haploinsufficiency of multiple genes likely underlies the complex clinical phenotype. RAI1 (Retinoic Acid Induced 1) is recognized as a major gene involved in the SMS phenotype. Extensive genetic and clinical analyses of 36 patients with SMS-like features, but without the 17p11.2 microdeletion, yielded 10 patients with RAI1 variants, including 4 with de novo deleterious mutations, and 6 with novel missense variants, 5 of which were familial. Haplotype analysis showed two major RAI1 haplotypes in our primarily Caucasian cohort; the novel RAI1 variants did not occur in a preferred haplotype. RNA analysis revealed that RAI1 mRNA expression was significantly decreased in cells of patients with the common 17p11.2 deletion, as well as in those with de novo RAI1 variants. Expression levels varied in patients with familial RAI1 variants and in non-17p11.2 deleted patients without identified RAI1 defects. No correlation between SNP haplotype and RAI1 expression was found. Two clinical features, ocular abnormalities and polyembolokoilomania (object insertion), were significantly correlated with decreased RAI1 expression. While not significantly correlated, the presence of hearing loss, seizures, hoarse voice, childhood onset of obesity and specific behavioral aspects and the absence of immunologic abnormalities and cardiovascular or renal structural anomalies, appeared to be specific for the de novo RAI1 subgroup. Recognition of the combination of these features will assist in referral for RAI1 analysis of patients with SMS-like features without detectable microdeletion of 17p11.2. Moreover, RAI1 expression emerged as a genetic target for development of therapeutic interventions for SMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Vilboux
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Carla Ciccone
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jan K. Blancato
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - Gerald F. Cox
- Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Genzyme Corporation, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Charu Deshpande
- Department of Genetics, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Wendy J. Introne
- Office of the Clinical Director, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - William A. Gahl
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Office of the Clinical Director, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ann C. M. Smith
- Office of the Clinical Director, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Marjan Huizing
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Clinical uses of melatonin in pediatrics. Int J Pediatr 2011; 2011:892624. [PMID: 21760817 PMCID: PMC3133850 DOI: 10.1155/2011/892624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2010] [Revised: 03/31/2011] [Accepted: 04/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This study analyzes the results of clinical trials of treatments with melatonin conducted in children, mostly focused on sleep disorders of different origin. Melatonin is beneficial not only in the treatment of dyssomnias, especially delayed sleep phase syndrome, but also on sleep disorders present in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity, autism spectrum disorders, and, in general, in all sleep disturbances associated with mental, neurologic, or other medical disorders. Sedative properties of melatonin have been used in diagnostic situations requiring sedation or as a premedicant in children undergoing anesthetic procedures. Epilepsy and febrile seizures are also susceptible to treatment with melatonin, alone or associated with conventional antiepileptic drugs. Melatonin has been also used to prevent the progression in some cases of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. In newborns, and particularly those delivered preterm, melatonin has been used to reduce oxidative stress associated with sepsis, asphyxia, respiratory distress, or surgical stress. Finally, the administration of melatonin, melatonin analogues, or melatonin precursors to the infants through the breast-feeding, or by milk formula adapted for day and night, improves their nocturnal sleep. Side effects of melatonin treatments in children have not been reported. Although the above-described results are promising, specific studies to resolve the problem of dosage, formulations, and length of treatment are necessary.
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Smith–Magenis syndrome: haploinsufficiency of RAI1 results in altered gene regulation in neurological and metabolic pathways. Expert Rev Mol Med 2011; 13:e14. [DOI: 10.1017/s1462399411001827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Smith–Magenis syndrome (SMS) is a complex neurobehavioural disorder characterised by intellectual disability, self-injurious behaviours, sleep disturbance, obesity, and craniofacial and skeletal anomalies. Diagnostic strategies are focused towards identification of a 17p11.2 microdeletion encompassing the gene RAI1 (retinoic acid induced 1) or a mutation of RAI1. Molecular evidence shows that most SMS features are due to RAI1 haploinsufficiency, whereas variability and severity are modified by other genes in the 17p11.2 region for 17p11.2 deletion cases. The functional role of RAI1 is not completely understood, but it is probably a transcription factor acting in several different biological pathways that are dysregulated in SMS. Functional studies based on the hypothesis that RAI1 acts through phenotype-specific pathways involving several downstream genes have shown that RAI1 gene dosage is crucial for normal regulation of circadian rhythm, lipid metabolism and neurotransmitter function. Here, we review the clinical and molecular features of SMS and explore more recent studies supporting possible therapeutic strategies for behavioural management.
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Ricard G, Molina J, Chrast J, Gu W, Gheldof N, Pradervand S, Schütz F, Young JI, Lupski JR, Reymond A, Walz K. Phenotypic consequences of copy number variation: insights from Smith-Magenis and Potocki-Lupski syndrome mouse models. PLoS Biol 2010; 8:e1000543. [PMID: 21124890 PMCID: PMC2990707 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1000543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2010] [Accepted: 10/04/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The characterization of mice with different number of copies of the same genomic segment shows that structural changes influence the phenotypic outcome independently of gene dosage. A large fraction of genome variation between individuals is comprised of submicroscopic copy number variation of genomic DNA segments. We assessed the relative contribution of structural changes and gene dosage alterations on phenotypic outcomes with mouse models of Smith-Magenis and Potocki-Lupski syndromes. We phenotyped mice with 1n (Deletion/+), 2n (+/+), 3n (Duplication/+), and balanced 2n compound heterozygous (Deletion/Duplication) copies of the same region. Parallel to the observations made in humans, such variation in gene copy number was sufficient to generate phenotypic consequences: in a number of cases diametrically opposing phenotypes were associated with gain versus loss of gene content. Surprisingly, some neurobehavioral traits were not rescued by restoration of the normal gene copy number. Transcriptome profiling showed that a highly significant propensity of transcriptional changes map to the engineered interval in the five assessed tissues. A statistically significant overrepresentation of the genes mapping to the entire length of the engineered chromosome was also found in the top-ranked differentially expressed genes in the mice containing rearranged chromosomes, regardless of the nature of the rearrangement, an observation robust across different cell lineages of the central nervous system. Our data indicate that a structural change at a given position of the human genome may affect not only locus and adjacent gene expression but also “genome regulation.” Furthermore, structural change can cause the same perturbation in particular pathways regardless of gene dosage. Thus, the presence of a genomic structural change, as well as gene dosage imbalance, contributes to the ultimate phenotype. Mammalian genomes contain many forms of genetic variation. For example, some genome segments were shown to vary in their number of copies between individuals of the same species, i.e. there is a range of number of copies in the normal population instead of the usual two copies (one per chromosome). These genetic differences play an important role in determining the phenotype (the observable characteristics) of each individual. We do not know, however, if such influences are brought about solely through changes in the number of copies of the genomic segments (and of the genes that map within) or if the structural modification of the genome per se also plays a role in the outcome. We use mouse models with different number of copies of the same genomic region to show that rearrangements of the genetic materials can affect the phenotype independently of the dosage of the rearranged region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guénola Ricard
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Jacqueline Chrast
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Wenli Gu
- Molecular & Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Nele Gheldof
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sylvain Pradervand
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Frédéric Schütz
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Juan I. Young
- Centro de Estudios Científicos (CECS), Valdivia, Chile
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
- CIN (Centro de Ingeniería de la Innovación del CECS), Valdivia, Chile
| | - James R. Lupski
- Molecular & Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Alexandre Reymond
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- * E-mail: (AR); (KW)
| | - Katherina Walz
- Centro de Estudios Científicos (CECS), Valdivia, Chile
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AR); (KW)
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Neill NJ, Torchia BS, Bejjani BA, Shaffer LG, Ballif BC. Comparative analysis of copy number detection by whole-genome BAC and oligonucleotide array CGH. Mol Cytogenet 2010; 3:11. [PMID: 20587050 PMCID: PMC2909945 DOI: 10.1186/1755-8166-3-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2010] [Accepted: 06/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Microarray-based comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) is a powerful diagnostic tool for the detection of DNA copy number gains and losses associated with chromosome abnormalities, many of which are below the resolution of conventional chromosome analysis. It has been presumed that whole-genome oligonucleotide (oligo) arrays identify more clinically significant copy-number abnormalities than whole-genome bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) arrays, yet this has not been systematically studied in a clinical diagnostic setting. Results To determine the difference in detection rate between similarly designed BAC and oligo arrays, we developed whole-genome BAC and oligonucleotide microarrays and validated them in a side-by-side comparison of 466 consecutive clinical specimens submitted to our laboratory for aCGH. Of the 466 cases studied, 67 (14.3%) had a copy-number imbalance of potential clinical significance detectable by the whole-genome BAC array, and 73 (15.6%) had a copy-number imbalance of potential clinical significance detectable by the whole-genome oligo array. However, because both platforms identified copy number variants of unclear clinical significance, we designed a systematic method for the interpretation of copy number alterations and tested an additional 3,443 cases by BAC array and 3,096 cases by oligo array. Of those cases tested on the BAC array, 17.6% were found to have a copy-number abnormality of potential clinical significance, whereas the detection rate increased to 22.5% for the cases tested by oligo array. In addition, we validated the oligo array for detection of mosaicism and found that it could routinely detect mosaicism at levels of 30% and greater. Conclusions Although BAC arrays have faster turnaround times, the increased detection rate of oligo arrays makes them attractive for clinical cytogenetic testing.
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Verhoeven WMA, Kleefstra T, Egger JIM. Behavioral phenotype in the 9q subtelomeric deletion syndrome: a report about two adult patients. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2010; 153B:536-541. [PMID: 19642112 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.31015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The 9q Subtelomeric Deletion Syndrome (9qSTDS) is clinically characterized by mental retardation, childhood hypotonia, and facial dysmorphisms. Haploinsufficiency of the EHMT1 gene has been demonstrated to be responsible for its core phenotype. In a significant number of patients behavioral abnormalities like aggression, impulsivity, and chaotic behaviors are present as well as epileptic phenomena. Reports about the developmental, behavioral, and neuropsychiatric aspects of 9qSTDS are scarce and mostly limited to young patients only. In this report, the behavioral and neuropsychiatric characteristics of one male and one female middle-aged patient are described in whom the genetic diagnosis, interstitial and telomeric 9q deletion, respectively, was established recently. In both patients a remarkable sleep disturbance, characterized by frequent awakenings and daytime sleepiness, was present as well as a prominent apathy syndrome. The observed motor signs such as rigid flexure of the arms and finger stereotypies persisted over a period of many years and could therefore not be viewed as symptoms of catatonia. It is concluded that the proposed behavioral phenotype of 9qSTDS comprises at least an erratic sleep pattern and an enduring severe apathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willem M A Verhoeven
- Vincent van Gogh Institute for Psychiatry, Centre of Excellence for Neuropsychiatry, Venray, The Netherlands.,Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tjitske Kleefstra
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jos I M Egger
- Vincent van Gogh Institute for Psychiatry, Centre of Excellence for Neuropsychiatry, Venray, The Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Psychology, Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Leoni C, Cesarini L, Dittoni S, Battaglia D, Novelli A, Bernardini L, Losurdo A, Vollono C, Testani E, Della Marca G, Zampino G. Hypoventilation in REM sleep in a case of 17p11.2 deletion (Smith-Magenis syndrome). Am J Med Genet A 2010; 152A:708-12. [PMID: 20186811 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.32700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
We describe a 2-year-old baby affected by Smith-Magenis syndrome (SMS), due to 17p11.2 deletion, who presented repeated episodes of hemoglobin desaturation during REM sleep. The boy, aged 14 months, presented a phenotype characterized by psychomotor delay, right posterior plagiocephaly, telecanthus, strabismus, upslanting palpebral fissures, broad hypoplastic nasal bridge, short philtrum, deep ring shaped skin creases around the limbs, proximal syndactyly, bilateral hypoacusia. Polysomnographic (PSG) recording showed episodes of REM-related hypoventilation (hemoglobin desaturations without apneas or hypopneas). Sleep disorders are present in almost all the cases of SMS, but very few reports describe the sleep-related respiratory patterns. The finding of REM hypoventilation in SMS does not allow an unequivocal interpretation. It could reflect a subclinical restrictive respiratory impairment or, alternatively, an impairment of central respiratory control during REM sleep. In SMS children, respiratory abnormalities during sleep, and in particular during REM sleep, may cause sleep disruption, reduction of time spent in REM sleep, and daytime sleepiness. We therefore suggest that some sleep abnormalities described in SMS could be consequent to Sleep Disordered Breathing, and in particular to REM hypoventilation. Sleep studies in SMS should include the recording of respiratory parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Leoni
- Department of Paediatrics, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
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Polyploidy, Aneuploidy and the Evolution of Cancer. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2010; 676:1-13. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-6199-0_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Wolters PL, Gropman AL, Martin SC, Smith MR, Hildenbrand HL, Brewer CC, Smith ACM. Neurodevelopment of children under 3 years of age with Smith-Magenis syndrome. Pediatr Neurol 2009; 41:250-8. [PMID: 19748044 PMCID: PMC2785222 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2009.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2008] [Revised: 04/08/2009] [Accepted: 04/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Systematic data regarding early neurodevelopmental functioning in Smith-Magenis syndrome are limited. Eleven children with Smith-Magenis syndrome less than 3 years of age (mean, 19 months; range, 5-34 months) received prospective multidisciplinary assessments using standardized measures. The total sample scored in the moderately to severely delayed range in cognitive functioning, expressive language, and motor skills and exhibited generalized hypotonia, oral-motor abnormalities, and middle ear dysfunction. Socialization skills were average, and significantly higher than daily living, communication, and motor abilities, which were below average. Mean behavior ratings were in the nonautistic range. According to exploratory analyses, the toddler subgroup scored significantly lower than the infant subgroup in cognition, expressive language, and adaptive behavior, suggesting that the toddlers were more delayed than the infants relative to their respective peers. Infants aged approximately 1 year or younger exhibited cognitive, language, and motor skills that ranged from average to delayed, but with age-appropriate social skills and minimal maladaptive behaviors. At ages 2 to 3 years, the toddlers consistently exhibited cognitive, expressive language, adaptive behavior, and motor delays and mildly to moderately autistic behaviors. Combining age groups in studies may mask developmental and behavioral differences. Increased knowledge of these early neurodevelopmental characteristics should facilitate diagnosis and appropriate intervention.
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Boudreau EA, Johnson KP, Jackman AR, Blancato J, Huizing M, Bendavid C, Jones M, Chandrasekharappa SC, Lewy AJ, Smith ACM, Magenis RE. Review of disrupted sleep patterns in Smith-Magenis syndrome and normal melatonin secretion in a patient with an atypical interstitial 17p11.2 deletion. Am J Med Genet A 2009; 149A:1382-91. [PMID: 19530184 PMCID: PMC2760428 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.32846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Smith-Magenis syndrome (SMS) is a disorder characterized by multiple congenital anomalies and behavior problems, including abnormal sleep patterns. It is most commonly due to a 3.5 Mb interstitial deletion of chromosome 17 band p11.2. Secretion of melatonin, a hormone produced by the pineal gland, is the body's signal for nighttime darkness. Published reports of 24-hr melatonin secretion patterns in two independent SMS cohorts (US and France) document an inverted endogenous melatonin pattern in virtually all cases (96%), suggesting that this finding is pathognomic for the syndrome. We report on a woman with SMS due to an atypical large proximal deletion ( approximately 6Mb; cen<->TNFRSFproteinB) of chromosome band (17)(p11.2p11.2) who presents with typical sleep disturbances but a normal pattern of melatonin secretion. We further describe a melatonin light suppression test in this patient. This is the second reported patient with a normal endogenous melatonin rhythm in SMS associated with an atypical large deletion. These two patients are significant because they suggest that the sleep disturbances in SMS cannot be solely attributed to the abnormal diurnal melatonin secretion versus the normal nocturnal pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eilis A Boudreau
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97207, USA
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Hino-Fukuyo N, Haginoya K, Uematsu M, Nakayama T, Kikuchi A, Kure S, Kamada F, Abe Y, Arai N, Togashi N, Onuma A, Tsuchiya S. Smith-Magenis syndrome with West syndrome in a 5-year-old girl: a long-term follow-up study. J Child Neurol 2009; 24:868-73. [PMID: 19264735 DOI: 10.1177/0883073808330186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Smith-Magenis syndrome is characterized by multiple congenital anomalies and mental retardation caused by the heterozygous deletion of chromosomal region 17p11.2. We present a long-term follow-up study of a girl with Smith-Magenis syndrome and West syndrome. West syndrome became apparent at 7 months of age. Since then, mental retardation, particularly in terms of language development, became increasingly more obvious. The patient's spasms and hypsarrhythmia disappeared after a course of adrenocorticotropic hormone therapy, but focal seizures reappeared at the age of 3 years and 3 months. Her craniofacial dysmorphia and mental retardation became increasingly evident compared to her condition at the onset of West syndrome. Chromosome analysis detected the characteristic 17p deletion, which was then confirmed via fluorescent in situ hybridization analysis. This is the second report of a patient with Smith-Magenis syndrome and West syndrome; taken together, these results suggest that Smith-Magenis syndrome may be a further cause of West syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Hino-Fukuyo
- Department of Pediatrics, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
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Crespi B, Summers K, Dorus S. Genomic sister-disorders of neurodevelopment: an evolutionary approach. Evol Appl 2009; 2:81-100. [PMID: 25567849 PMCID: PMC3352408 DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-4571.2008.00056.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2008] [Accepted: 11/26/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Genomic sister-disorders are defined here as diseases mediated by duplications versus deletions of the same region. Such disorders can provide unique information concerning the genomic underpinnings of human neurodevelopment because effects of diametric variation in gene copy number on cognitive and behavioral phenotypes can be inferred. We describe evidence from the literature on deletions versus duplications for the regions underlying the best-known human neurogenetic sister-disorders, including Williams syndrome, Velocardiofacial syndrome, and Smith-Magenis syndrome, as well as the X-chromosomal conditions Klinefelter and Turner syndromes. These data suggest that diametric copy-number alterations can, like diametric alterations to imprinted genes, generate contrasting phenotypes associated with autistic-spectrum and psychotic-spectrum conditions. Genomically based perturbations to the development of the human social brain are thus apparently mediated to a notable degree by effects of variation in gene copy number. We also conducted the first analyses of positive selection for genes in the regions affected by these disorders. We found evidence consistent with adaptive evolution of protein-coding genes, or selective sweeps, for three of the four sets of sister-syndromes analyzed. These studies of selection facilitate identification of candidate genes for the phenotypes observed and lend a novel evolutionary dimension to the analysis of human cognitive architecture and neurogenetic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Crespi
- Department of Biosciences, Simon Fraser University Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Kyle Summers
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Steve Dorus
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath Bath, UK
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Smith MR, Hildenbrand H, Smith ACM. Sensory motor and functional skills of dizygotic twins: one with Smith-Magenis syndrome and a twin control. Phys Occup Ther Pediatr 2009; 29:239-57. [PMID: 19842854 DOI: 10.1080/01942630903028408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Smith-Magenis syndrome (SMS), the result of an interstitial deletion within chromosome 17p11.2, is a disorder that may include minor dysmorphic features, brachydactyly, short stature, hypotonia, speech delays, cognitive deficits, signs of peripheral neuropathy, scoliosis, and neurobehavioral problems including sleep disturbances and maladaptive repetitive and self-injurious behaviors. Physical and occupational therapists provide services for children who have the syndrome, whose genetic disorder is frequently not identified or diagnosed before 1 year of age. A comprehensive physical and occupational therapy evaluation was completed in nonidentical twins with one having SMS, using the Sensory Profile; Brief Assessment of Motor Function (BAMF); Peabody Developmental Motor Scales, Second Edition (PDMS-2); and Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory (PEDI). This provides a framework for conducting assessments to enhance early detection and interdisciplinary management with this specialized population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaele R Smith
- Rehabilitation Medicine Department, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1604, USA.
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Jung SK, Park KH, Shin HK, Eun SH, Eun BL, Yoo KH, Hong YS, Lee JW, Bae SY. Two cases of Smith-Magenis syndrome. KOREAN JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS 2009. [DOI: 10.3345/kjp.2009.52.6.701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seong Kwan Jung
- Department of Pediatrics, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyu Hee Park
- Department of Pediatrics, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hae Kyung Shin
- Department of Pediatrics, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - So Hee Eun
- Department of Pediatrics, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Baik-Lin Eun
- Department of Pediatrics, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kee Hwan Yoo
- Department of Pediatrics, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Sook Hong
- Department of Pediatrics, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joo Won Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sook Young Bae
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Abstract
The development of microarray-based comparative genomic hybridization (array CGH) methods represents a critical new advance in molecular cytogenetics. This new technology has driven a technical convergence between molecular diagnostics and clinical cytogenetics, questioned our naïve understanding of the complexity of the human genome, revolutionized the practice of medical genetics, challenged conventional wisdom related to the genetic bases of multifactorial and sporadic conditions, and is poised to impact all areas of medicine. The use of contemporary molecular cytogenetic techniques in research and diagnostics has resulted in the identification of many new syndromes, expanded our knowledge about the phenotypic spectrum of recognizable syndromes, elucidated the genomic bases of well-established clinical conditions, and refined our view about the molecular mechanisms of some chromosomal aberrations. Newer methodologies are being developed, which will likely lead to a new understanding of the genome and its relationship to health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bassem A Bejjani
- Signature Genomic Laboratories, LLC, Spokane, Washington 99202, USA.
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Abstract
AbstractThe commentaries on our target article, “Psychosis and Autism as Diametrical Disorders of the Social Brain,” reflect the multidisciplinary yet highly fragmented state of current studies of human social cognition. Progress in our understanding of the human social brain must come from studies that integrate across diverse analytic levels, using conceptual frameworks grounded in evolutionary biology.
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Turk J. Behavioural phenotypes: their applicability to children and young people who have learning disabilities. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1108/17530180200700025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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