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Aqil N, Gallouj S, Moustaide K, Mernissi FZ. Painful tumors in a patient with neurofibromatosis type 1: a case report. J Med Case Rep 2018; 12:319. [PMID: 30336779 PMCID: PMC6194630 DOI: 10.1186/s13256-018-1847-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Herein, we report an unusual case of multifocal glomus tumors in the same hand in a patient suffering from neurofibromatosis type 1. CASE PRESENTATION The patient was a 37-year-old Moroccan woman, suffering from neurofibromatosis type 1, with intense pain in the fingers, successfully treated with the excision of the tumors. Histology of the lesions confirmed the diagnosis of glomus tumor. CONCLUSION We present this case to support the association between glomus tumors and neurofibromatosis type 1. Thus, we strongly recommend that one should suspect a glomus tumor in patients with neurofibromatosis type 1 if such patients have symptoms from finger pulp or nails.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niema Aqil
- Department of Dermatology, Hassan II University Hospital Center, Fes, Morocco.
| | - Salim Gallouj
- Department of Dermatology, Hassan II University Hospital Center, Fes, Morocco
| | - Kaoutar Moustaide
- Department of Dermatology, Hassan II University Hospital Center, Fes, Morocco
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Up-Regulation of Cdc37 Contributes to Schwann Cell Proliferation and Migration After Sciatic Nerve Crush. Neurochem Res 2018; 43:1182-1190. [PMID: 29687307 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-018-2535-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cell division cycle protein 37 (Cdc37), a molecular chaperone takes part in a series of cellular processes including cell signal transduction, cell cycle progression, cell proliferation, cell motility, oncogenesis and malignant progression. It can not only recruit immature protein kinases to HSP90 but also work alone. Cdc37 was reported to be associated with neurogenesis, neurite outgrowth, axon guidance and myelination. However, the roles of Cdc37 on Schwann cells (SC) after peripheral nerve injury (PNI) remain unknown. In this study, we found that the expression of Cdc37 increased and reached the peak at 1 week after sciatic nerve crush (SNC), which was consistent with that of proliferation cell nuclear antigen. Immunofluorescence verified that Cdc37 co-localized with SC in vivo and in vitro. Intriguingly, Cdc37 protein level was potentiated in the model of TNF-α-induced SC proliferation. Moreover, we found that Cdc37 silencing impaired proliferation of SC in vitro. Moreover, Cdc37 suppression attenuated kinase signaling pathways of Raf-ERK and PI3K/AKT which are crucial cell signaling for SC proliferation. Finally, we found that Cdc37 silencing inhibited SC migration in vitro. In conclusion, we demonstrated that the way Cdc37 contributed to SC proliferation is likely via activating kinase signaling pathways of Raf-ERK and PI3K/AKT, and CDC37 was also involved in SC migration after SNC.
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Jiang XW, Zhang BQ, Qiao L, Liu L, Wang XW, Yu WH. Acetyl-11-keto-β-boswellic acid extracted from Boswellia serrata promotes Schwann cell proliferation and sciatic nerve function recovery. Neural Regen Res 2018; 13:484-491. [PMID: 29623934 PMCID: PMC5900512 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.228732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Frankincense can promote blood circulation. Acetyl-11-keto-β-boswellic acid (AKBA) is a small molecule with anti-inflammatory properties that is derived from Boswellia serrata. Here, we hypothesized that it may promote regeneration of injured sciatic nerve. To address this hypothesis, we established a rat model of sciatic nerve injury using a nerve clamping method. Rats were administered AKBA once every 2 days at doses of 1.5, 3, and 6 mg/kg by intraperitoneal injection for 30 days from the 1st day after injury. Sciatic nerve function was evaluated using the sciatic functional index. Degree of muscle atrophy was measured using the triceps surae muscle Cuadros index. Neuropathological changes were observed by hematoxylin-eosin staining. Western blot analysis was used to detect expression of phospho-extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2 (p-ERK1/2) in injured nerve. S100 immunoreactivity in injured nerve was detected by immunohistochemistry. In vivo experiments showed that 3 and 6 mg/kg AKBA significantly increased sciatic nerve index, Cuadros index of triceps muscle, p-ERK1/2 expression, and S100 immunoreactivity in injured sciatic nerve of sciatic nerve injury model rats. Furthermore, for in vitro experiments, Schwann cells were treated with AKBA at 0-20 μg/mL. Proliferation of Schwann cells was detected by Cell Counting Kit-8 colorimetry assay. The results showed that 2 μg/mL AKBA is the optimal therapeutic concentration. In addition, ERK phosphorylation levels increased following 2 μg/mL AKBA treatment. In the presence of the ERK1/2 inhibitor, PD98059 (2.5 μL/mL), the AKBA-induced increase in p-ERK1/2 protein expression was partially abrogated. In conclusion, our study shows that AKBA promotes peripheral nerve regeneration with ERK protein phosphorylation playing a key role in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Wen Jiang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Helongjiang Province, China
| | - Bin-Qing Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Helongjiang Province, China
| | - Lu Qiao
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Helongjiang Province, China
| | - Lin Liu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Helongjiang Province, China
| | - Xue-Wei Wang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Helongjiang Province, China
| | - Wen-Hui Yu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Helongjiang Province, China
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Postinjury Induction of Activated ErbB2 Selectively Hyperactivates Denervated Schwann Cells and Promotes Robust Dorsal Root Axon Regeneration. J Neurosci 2017; 37:10955-10970. [PMID: 28982707 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0903-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Following nerve injury, denervated Schwann cells (SCs) convert to repair SCs, which enable regeneration of peripheral axons. However, the repair capacity of SCs and the regenerative capacity of peripheral axons are limited. In the present studies we examined a potential therapeutic strategy to enhance the repair capacity of SCs, and tested its efficacy in enhancing regeneration of dorsal root (DR) axons, whose regenerative capacity is particularly weak. We used male and female mice of a doxycycline-inducible transgenic line to induce expression of constitutively active ErbB2 (caErbB2) selectively in SCs after DR crush or transection. Two weeks after injury, injured DRs of induced animals contained far more SCs and SC processes. These SCs had not redifferentiated and continued to proliferate. Injured DRs of induced animals also contained far more axons that regrew along SC processes past the transection or crush site. Remarkably, SCs and axons in uninjured DRs remained quiescent, indicating that caErbB2 enhanced regeneration of injured DRs, without aberrantly activating SCs and axons in intact nerves. We also found that intraspinally expressed glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), but not the removal of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans, greatly enhanced the intraspinal migration of caErbB2-expressing SCs, enabling robust penetration of DR axons into the spinal cord. These findings indicate that SC-selective, post-injury activation of ErbB2 provides a novel strategy to powerfully enhance the repair capacity of SCs and axon regeneration, without substantial off-target damage. They also highlight that promoting directed migration of caErbB2-expressing SCs by GDNF might be useful to enable axon regrowth in a non-permissive environment.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Repair of injured peripheral nerves remains a critical clinical problem. We currently lack a therapy that potently enhances axon regeneration in patients with traumatic nerve injury. It is extremely challenging to substantially increase the regenerative capacity of damaged nerves without deleterious off-target effects. It was therefore of great interest to discover that caErbB2 markedly enhances regeneration of damaged dorsal roots, while evoking little change in intact roots. To our knowledge, these findings are the first demonstration that repair capacity of denervated SCs can be efficaciously enhanced without altering innervated SCs. Our study also demonstrates that oncogenic ErbB2 signaling can be activated in SCs but not impede transdifferentiation of denervated SCs to regeneration-promoting repair SCs.
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Epigenomic Regulation of Schwann Cell Reprogramming in Peripheral Nerve Injury. J Neurosci 2017; 36:9135-47. [PMID: 27581455 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1370-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The rapid and dynamic transcriptional changes of Schwann cells in response to injury are critical to peripheral nerve repair, yet the epigenomic reprograming that leads to the induction of injury-activated genes has not been characterized. Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2) catalyzes the trimethylation of lysine 27 of histone H3 (H3K27me3), which produces a transcriptionally repressive chromatin environment. We find that many promoters and/or gene bodies of injury-activated genes of mature rat nerves are occupied with H3K27me3. In contrast, the majority of distal enhancers that gain H3K27 acetylation after injury are not repressed by H3K27 methylation before injury, which is normally observed in developmentally poised enhancers. Injury induces demethylation of H3K27 in many genes, such as Sonic hedgehog (Shh), which is silenced throughout Schwann cell development before injury. In addition, experiments using a Schwann cell-specific mouse knock-out of the Eed subunit of PRC2 indicate that demethylation is a rate-limiting step in the activation of such genes. We also show that some transcription start sites of H3K27me3-repressed injury genes of uninjured nerves are bound with a mark of active promoters H3K4me3, for example, Shh and Gdnf, and the reduction of H3K27me3 results in increased trimethylation of H3K4. Our findings identify reversal of polycomb repression as a key step in gene activation after injury. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Peripheral nerve regeneration after injury is dependent upon implementation of a novel genetic program in Schwann cells that supports axonal survival and regeneration. Identifying means to enhance Schwann cell reprogramming after nerve injury could be used to foster effective remyelination in the treatment of demyelinating disorders and in identifying pathways involved in regenerative process of myelination. Although recent progress has identified transcriptional determinants of successful reprogramming of the Schwann cell transcriptome after nerve injury, our results have highlighted a novel epigenomic pathway in which reversal of the Polycomb pathway of repressive histone methylation is required for activation of a significant number of injury-induced genes.
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Mårtensson LB, Blom CL, Dahlin LB. Ca 2+ involvement in activation of extracellular-signal-regulated-kinase 1/2 and m-calpain after axotomy of the sciatic nerve. Neural Regen Res 2017; 12:623-628. [PMID: 28553344 PMCID: PMC5436362 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.205103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Detailed mechanisms behind regeneration after nerve injury, in particular signal transduction and the fate of Schwann cells (SCs), are poorly understood. Here, we investigated axotomy-induced activation of extracellular-signal-regulated kinase-1/2 (ERK1/2; important for proliferation) and m-calpain in vitro, and the relation to Ca2+ deletion and Schwann cell proliferation and death after rat sciatic nerve axotomy. Nerve segments were cultured for up to 72 hours with and without ethylene glycol-bis(β-aminoethyl ether)-N, N, N’, N’-tetraacetic acid (EGTA). In some experiments, 5-bromo-2’-deoxyuridine (BrdU) was added during the last 24 hours to detect proliferating cells and propidium iodide (PI) was added at the last hour to detect dead and/or dying cells. Immunohistochemistry of sections of the cultured nerve segments was performed to label m-calpain and the phosphorylated and activated form of ERK1/2. The experiments revealed that immunoreactivity for p-ERK1/2 increased with time in organotypically cultured SCs. p-ERK1/2 and m-calpain were also observed in axons. A significant increase in the number of dead or dying SCs was observed in nerve segments cultured for 24 hours. When deprived of Ca2+, activation of axonal m-calpain was reduced, whereas p-ERK1/2 was increased in SCs. Ca2+ deprivation also significantly reduced the number of proliferating SCs, and instead increased the number of dead or dying SCs. Ca2+ seems to play an important role in activation of ERK1/2 in SCs and in SC survival and proliferation. In addition, extracellular Ca2+ levels are also required for m-calpain activation and up-regulation in axons. Thus, regulation of Ca2+ levels is likely to be a useful method to promote SC proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa B Mårtensson
- Department of Translational Medicine - Hand Surgery, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | | | - Lars B Dahlin
- Department of Translational Medicine - Hand Surgery, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.,Department of Hand Surgery, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
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Wang J, Ren KY, Wang YH, Kou YH, Zhang PX, Peng JP, Deng L, Zhang HB, Jiang BG. Effect of active Notch signaling system on the early repair of rat sciatic nerve injury. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2014; 43:383-9. [PMID: 24866722 DOI: 10.3109/21691401.2014.896372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
It is all known that dedifferentiated Schwann cells (SCs) play an important role in neural regeneration, and Notch signaling has complex and extensive regulatory functions in dedifferentiated SCs. So studies have focused on how to improve peripheral nerve repair by regulating proliferation and dedifferentiation in SCs with Notch signaling meloculars.We have found SCs can be activated when adding Recombinant rat jagged1/FC chimera (an activator of the Notch signaling system) in vivo. Compared with that of the control groups, at 4 weeks post-surgery nerve regeneration and functional rehabilitation in the Recombinant rat jagged1/FC chimera group were advanced significantly, and the expression of neurotrophic factors in the regenerated nerves was elevated largely. These results indicated that SCs activated by Notch signaling could promote nerve repair effectively in the early regenerative stage, suggesting the possible clinical application for the treatment of peripheral nerve defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wang
- a Department of Pathology , Medical College, Qing Dao University , Qing Dao , P. R. China
| | - Ke-Yu Ren
- b The Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Qing Dao University , Qing Dao , P. R. China
| | - Yan-Hua Wang
- c Department of Trauma and Orthopedics , People's Hospital, Peking University , Beijing , P. R. China
| | - Yu-Hui Kou
- c Department of Trauma and Orthopedics , People's Hospital, Peking University , Beijing , P. R. China
| | - Pei-Xun Zhang
- c Department of Trauma and Orthopedics , People's Hospital, Peking University , Beijing , P. R. China
| | - Jian-Ping Peng
- c Department of Trauma and Orthopedics , People's Hospital, Peking University , Beijing , P. R. China
| | - Lei Deng
- c Department of Trauma and Orthopedics , People's Hospital, Peking University , Beijing , P. R. China
| | - Hong-Bo Zhang
- c Department of Trauma and Orthopedics , People's Hospital, Peking University , Beijing , P. R. China
| | - Bao-Guo Jiang
- c Department of Trauma and Orthopedics , People's Hospital, Peking University , Beijing , P. R. China
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Lindwall Blom C, Mårtensson LB, Dahlin LB. Nerve injury-induced c-Jun activation in Schwann cells is JNK independent. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:392971. [PMID: 24877090 PMCID: PMC4022193 DOI: 10.1155/2014/392971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
We investigated (a) if activation of the mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway was linked to the stress activated protein kinase (SAPK) pathway and (b) if JNK was required for activation of c-Jun in Schwann cells of rat sciatic nerve following injury. To this aim, ERK1/2 and the transcription factors c-Jun and ATF-3 were studied by immunohistochemistry in segments of transected nerves. We utilized pharmacological inhibitors of both signal transduction pathways in vitro to determine the effects on downstream signalling events, such as c-Jun activation, and on Schwann cell survival and proliferation. A transection induces c-Jun and ATF-3 transcription in Schwann cells. These events are followed by Schwann cell activation of c-Jun in the injured nerve. The MAPK inhibitor U0126 blocked ERK1/2 activation and reduced Schwann cell proliferation as well as induction of c-Jun transcription. The JNK inhibitor SP600125 reduced Schwann cell proliferation, but did not affect the expression of ERK1/2 or injury-induced increases in c-Jun or ATF-3 levels. Importantly, nerve injury induces Schwann cell activation of c-Jun by phosphorylation, which, in contrast to in sensory neurons, is JNK independent. MAP kinases, other than JNK, can potentially activate c-Jun in Schwann cells following injury; information that is crucial to create new nerve reconstruction strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lisa B. Mårtensson
- Department of Biology/Functional Zoology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 35, 223 62 Lund, Sweden
| | - Lars B. Dahlin
- Department of Clinical Sciences in Malmö/Hand Surgery, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Jan Waldenströms Gata 5, 205 02 Malmö, Sweden
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Repair of the Peripheral Nerve-Remyelination that Works. Brain Sci 2013; 3:1182-97. [PMID: 24961524 PMCID: PMC4061866 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci3031182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Revised: 07/07/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review we summarize the events known to occur after an injury in the peripheral nervous system. We have focused on the Schwann cells, as they are the most important cells for the repair process and facilitate axonal outgrowth. The environment created by this cell type is essential for the outcome of the repair process. The review starts with a description of the current state of knowledge about the initial events after injury, followed by Wallerian degeneration, and subsequent regeneration. The importance of surgical repair, carried out as soon as possible to increase the chances of a good outcome, is emphasized throughout the review. The review concludes by describing the target re-innervation, which today is one of the most serious problems for nerve regeneration. It is clear, compiling this data, that even though regeneration of the peripheral nervous system is possible, more research in this area is needed in order to perfect the outcome.
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Dahlin LB, Müller G, Anagnostaki L, Nordborg K. Glomus tumours in the long finger and in the thumb of a young patient with neurofibromatosis-1 (Nf-1). J Plast Surg Hand Surg 2013; 47:238-40. [PMID: 23547541 DOI: 10.3109/2000656x.2012.754624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Glomus tumours are rare in adults, and such tumours may be associated with neurofibromatosis-1 (Nf-1). Here we describe successful treatment of two glomus tumours initially in the long finger and, one year later, in the thumb in a 17-year young girl with Nf-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars B Dahlin
- Department of Hand Surgery, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö.
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Dahlin LB. The Role of Timing in Nerve Reconstruction. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2013; 109:151-64. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-420045-6.00007-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Stenberg L, Kanje M, Dolezal K, Dahlin LB. Expression of activating transcription factor 3 (ATF 3) and caspase 3 in Schwann cells and axonal outgrowth after sciatic nerve repair in diabetic BB rats. Neurosci Lett 2012; 515:34-8. [PMID: 22446192 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2012.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Revised: 03/04/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate nerve regeneration in relation to the transcription factor, Activating Transcription Factor 3 (ATF 3), and an apoptotic marker, caspase 3, in the Schwann cells of diabetic BB rats (i.e. display type 1 diabetes phenotype). Sciatic nerves in healthy Wistar rats and in diabetic BB rats were transected and immediately repaired. Axonal outgrowth (neurofilament staining) and expression of ATF 3 and caspase 3 were quantified by immunohistochemistry after six days. There was no difference in axonal outgrowth between healthy and diabetic rats. However, the sciatic nerve in the diabetic rats exhibited a larger number of ATF 3 expressing Schwann cells at the site of the lesion and also a higher number of caspase 3 expressing Schwann cells. Similar differences were observed in the distal nerve segment between the healthy and diabetic rats. There were no correlations between the number of Schwann cells expressing ATF 3 and caspase 3. Thus, diabetic BB rats display an increased activation of ATF 3 and also a rise in apoptotic caspase 3 expressing Schwann cells, but with no discrepancy in length of axonal outgrowth after nerve injury and repair at six days. Knowledge about signal transduction mechanisms in diabetes after stress may provide new insights into the development of diabetic neuropathy and neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Stenberg
- Hand Surgery/Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, SE-205 02 Malmö, Sweden.
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Yuan Q, Yang H, Cheng C, Li C, Wu X, Huan W, Sun H, Zhou Z, Wang Y, Zhao Y, Lu X, Shen A. β-1,4-Galactosyltransferase I involved in Schwann cells proliferation and apoptosis induced by tumor necrosis factor-alpha via the activation of MAP kinases signal pathways. Mol Cell Biochem 2012; 365:149-58. [PMID: 22359038 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-012-1254-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2011] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
β-1,4-galactosyltransferase-I (β-1,4-GalT-I) plays a critical role in the initiation and maintenance of peripheral nervous system inflammatory reaction. However, the exact function of β-1,4-GalT-I in the regulation of SCs proliferation and apoptosis remains unclear. In this study, we found that low concentration of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) induced SCs proliferation, while high concentration of TNF-α induced SCs apoptosis. Meanwhile, the expressions of β-1,4-GalT-I, TNFR1, and TNFR2 were changed following. When β-1,4-GalT I overexpression, low concentration of TNF-α-induced SCs proliferation was partially repressed. Concurrently, the activity of ERK1/2 was decreased. While knocking down β-1,4-GalT I expression, high concentration of TNF-α-induced SCs apoptosis was partially rescued. Consistent with this, the activity of P38 and JNK were decreased. We also found anti-TNFR2 antibody suppressed low concentration of TNF-α-induced SCs proliferation, while anti-TNFR1 antibody inhibited high concentration of TNF-α-induced SCs apoptosis. Thus, present data show that β-1,4-GalT I may play an important role in SCs proliferation and apoptosis induced by TNF-α via different signal pathways and TNFR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Yuan
- Department of Immunology, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, People's Republic of China
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Tsuda Y, Kanje M, Dahlin LB. Axonal outgrowth is associated with increased ERK 1/2 activation but decreased caspase 3 linked cell death in Schwann cells after immediate nerve repair in rats. BMC Neurosci 2011; 12:12. [PMID: 21251262 PMCID: PMC3031266 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-12-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2010] [Accepted: 01/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extracellular-signal regulated kinase (ERK1/2) is activated by nerve damage and its activation precedes survival and proliferation of Schwann cells. In contrast, activation of caspase 3, a cysteine protease, is considered as a marker for apoptosis in Schwann cells. In the present study, axonal outgrowth, activation of ERK1/2 by phosphorylation (p-ERK 1/2 ) and immunoreactivity of cleaved caspase 3 were examined after immediate, delayed, or no repair of transected rat sciatic nerves. RESULTS Axonal outgrowth, detected by neurofilament staining, was longer after immediate repair than after either the delayed or no repair conditions. Immediate repair also showed a higher expression of p-ERK 1/2 and a lower number of cleaved caspase 3 stained Schwann cells than after delayed nerve repair. If the transected nerve was not repaired a lower level of p-ERK 1/2 was found than in either the immediate or delayed repair conditions. Axonal outgrowth correlated to p-ERK 1/2, but not clearly with cleaved caspase 3. Contact with regenerating axons affected Schwann cells with respect to p-ERK 1/2 and cleaved caspase 3 after immediate nerve repair only. CONCLUSION The decreased regenerative capacity that has historically been observed after delayed nerve repair may be related to impaired activation of Schwann cells and increased Schwann cell death. Outgrowing axons influence ERK 1/2 activation and apoptosis of Schwann cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshifumi Tsuda
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
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Abul-Kasim K, Backman C, Björkman A, Dahlin LB. Advanced radiological work-up as an adjunct to decision in early reconstructive surgery in brachial plexus injuries. J Brachial Plex Peripher Nerve Inj 2010; 5:14. [PMID: 20615246 PMCID: PMC2915998 DOI: 10.1186/1749-7221-5-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2010] [Accepted: 07/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As neurophysiologic tests may not reveal the extent of brachial plexus injury at the early stage, the role of early radiological work-up has become increasingly important. The aim of the study was to evaluate the concordance between the radiological and clinical findings with the intraoperative findings in adult patients with brachial plexus injuries. METHODS Seven consecutive male patients (median age 33; range 15-61) with brachial plexus injuries, caused by motor cycle accidents in 5/7 patients, who underwent extensive radiological work-up with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography myelography (CT-M) or both were included in this retrospective study. A total of 34 spinal nerve roots were evaluated by neuroradiologists at two different occasions. The degree of agreement between the radiological findings of every individual nerve root and the intraoperative findings was estimated by calculation of kappa coefficient (capital KA, Cyrillic-value). Using the operative findings as a gold standard, the accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of the clinical findings and the radiological findings were estimated. RESULTS The diagnostic accuracy of radiological findings was 88% compared with 65% for the clinical findings. The concordance between the radiological findings and the intraoperative findings was substantial (capital KA, Cyrillic = 0.76) compared with only fair (capital KA, Cyrillic = 0.34) for the clinical findings. There were two false positive and two false negative radiological findings (sensitivity and PPV of 0.90; specificity and NPV of 0.87). CONCLUSIONS The advanced optimized radiological work-up used showed high reliability and substantial agreement with the intraoperative findings in adult patients with brachial plexus injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasim Abul-Kasim
- Department of Hand Surgery, Skåne University Hospital, S-205 02 Malmö, Sweden.
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Delayed nerve repair increases number of caspase 3 stained Schwann cells. Neurosci Lett 2009; 456:30-3. [PMID: 19429128 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2009.03.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2009] [Revised: 03/17/2009] [Accepted: 03/24/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Caspase 3 staining in Schwann cells was investigated with immunohistochemistry, as a measure of Schwann cell apoptosis, after transection and immediate (day 0) or delayed rat sciatic nerve repair (30, 90 and 180 days post injury). Cleaved caspase 3 stained Schwann cells significantly increased at the site of lesion (SNL; median [IQR], 15.2 [7.0] %) and in the distal nerve segment (SND; 9.5 [3.6] %) 10 days after immediate repair. The number of cleaved caspase stained Schwann cells also increased significantly after delayed repair, irrespective of length of delay, at both locations (SNL: 22.0-27.1%; SND: 18.5-22.1%; p<0.05). Some cleaved caspase 3 stained satellite cells were seen in dorsal root ganglia on the injured side, but no stained motor or sensory neurons were observed at any time-point. Delayed nerve repair is associated with more pronounced Schwann cell apoptosis which may explain impaired nerve regeneration after nerve injury and delayed repair.
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Abstract
Nerve injuries extend from simple nerve compression lesions to complete nerve injuries and severe lacerations of the nerve trunks. A specific problem is brachial plexus injuries where nerve roots can be ruptured, or even avulsed from the spinal cord, by traction. An early and correct diagnosis of a nerve injury is important. A thorough knowledge of the anatomy of the peripheral nerve trunk as well as of basic neurobiological alterations in neurons and Schwann cells induced by the injury are crucial for the surgeon in making adequate decisions on how to repair and reconstruct nerves. The technique of peripheral nerve repair includes four important steps (preparation of nerve end, approximation, coaptation and maintenance). Nerves are usually repaired primarily with sutures applied in the different tissue components, but various tubes are available. Nerve grafts and nerve transfers are alternatives when the injury induces a nerve defect. Timing of nerve repair is essential. An early repair is preferable since it is advantageous for neurobiological reasons. Postoperative rehabilitation, utilising the patients' own coping strategies, with evaluation of outcome are additional important steps in treatment of peripheral nerve injuries. in the rehabilitation phase adequate handling of pain, allodynia and cold intolerance are emphasised.
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Affiliation(s)
- L B Dahlin
- Department of Hand Surgery, Malmö University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden.
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Chapter 12 Mechanisms Underlying The End‐to‐Side Nerve Regeneration. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2009; 87:251-68. [DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7742(09)87012-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Dahlin L, Johansson F, Lindwall C, Kanje M. Chapter 28 Future Perspective in Peripheral Nerve Reconstruction. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2009; 87:507-30. [DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7742(09)87028-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Saito H, Dahlin LB. Expression of ATF3 and axonal outgrowth are impaired after delayed nerve repair. BMC Neurosci 2008; 9:88. [PMID: 18801180 PMCID: PMC2556676 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-9-88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2008] [Accepted: 09/18/2008] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A delay in surgical nerve repair results in impaired nerve function in humans, but mechanisms behind the weakened nerve regeneration are not known. Activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) increases the intrinsic growth state of injured neurons early after injury, but the role of long-term changes and their relation to axonal outgrowth after a delayed nerve repair are not well understood. ATF3 expression was examined by immunohistochemistry in motor and sensory neurons and in Schwann cells in rat sciatic nerve and related to axonal outgrowth after transection and delayed nerve repair (repair 0, 30, 90 or 180 days post-injury). Expression of the neuronal cell adhesion molecule (NCAM), which is expressed in non-myelinating Schwann cells, was also examined. Results The number of neurons and Schwann cells expressing ATF3 declined and the length of axonal outgrowth was impaired if the repair was delayed. The decline was more rapid in motor neurons than in sensory neurons and Schwann cells. Regeneration distances over time correlated to number of ATF3 stained neurons and Schwann cells. Many neurofilament stained axons grew along ATF3 stained Schwann cells. If nerve repair was delayed the majority of Schwann cells in the distal nerve segment stained for NCAM. Conclusion Delayed nerve repair impairs nerve regeneration and length of axonal outgrowth correlates to ATF3 expression in both neurons and Schwann cells. Mainly non-myelinating Schwann cells (NCAM stained) are present in distal nerve segments after delayed nerve repair. These data provide a neurobiological basis for the poor outcomes associated with delayed nerve repair. Nerve trunks should, if possible, be promptly repaired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harukazu Saito
- Department of Hand Surgery, Malmö University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden.
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