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King KC, Schultz CB. Fecundity without nectar is insufficient for the persistence of a blue butterfly. Oecologia 2024:10.1007/s00442-024-05609-9. [PMID: 39341908 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-024-05609-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 10/01/2024]
Abstract
Organisms with complex life cycles undergo ecological transitions between life stages, often resulting in stage-specific resource use. The relative contribution of each stage-specific resource to vital rates influences population dynamics and subsequently whether habitats can support viable populations. In lepidopterans, survival to reproduction requires sufficient resources for immature life stages, but the extent to which resources for adults are critical to population persistence is variable. We studied Boisduval's blue butterflies (Icaricia icarioides), in a greenhouse experiment, to quantify the effect of the adult diet, nectar, on vital rates. Butterflies fed ad libitum produced 3.4 times more eggs, on average, over their lifetime and lived 6 more days relative to those which only had access to water. We used these experimental data to parameterize a population model to test if vital rates with and without nectar result in viable population growth rates. Despite individual females laying 68 eggs without nectar, we found that Boisduval's blue butterfly populations will not persist without the improved fecundity associated with nectar resources (λ < 1). In this species, although amino acids in the adult diet contributed to various improvements in fecundity, these improvements did not translate to improvements in population growth rates. Incorporating our experimental vital rates into a population model indicates that the relative abundance and quality of nectar can alter at what threshold other resource(s) are limiting the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey C King
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Vancouver, WA, 98686, USA.
| | - Cheryl B Schultz
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Vancouver, WA, 98686, USA
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2
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Afkhami M. Neurobiology of egg-laying behavior in Drosophila: neural control of the female reproductive system. J Neurogenet 2024:1-15. [PMID: 39250036 DOI: 10.1080/01677063.2024.2396352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024]
Abstract
Egg-laying is one of the key aspects of female reproductive behavior in insects. Egg-laying has been studied since the dawn of Drosophila melanogaster as a model organism. The female's internal state, hormones, and external factors, such as nutrition, light, and social environment, affect egg-laying output. However, only recently, neurobiological features of egg-laying behavior have been studied in detail. fruitless and doublesex, two key players in the sex determination pathway, have become focal points in identifying neurons of reproductive significance in both central and peripheral nervous systems. The reproductive tract and external terminalia house sensory neurons that carry the sensory information of egg maturation, mating and egg-laying. These sensory signals include the presence of male accessory gland products and mechanical stimuli. The abdominal neuromere houses neurons that receive information from the reproductive tract, including sex peptide abdominal ganglion neurons (SAGs), and send their information to the brain. In the brain, neuronal groups like aDNs and pC1 clusters modulate egg-laying decision-making, and other neurons like oviINs and oviDNs are necessary for egg-laying itself. Lastly, motor neurons involved in egg-laying, which are mostly octopaminergic, reside in the abdominal neuromere and orchestrate the muscle movements required for laying the egg. Egg-laying neuronal control is important in various evolutionary processes like cryptic female choice, and using different Drosophila species can provide intriguing avenues for the future of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrnaz Afkhami
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
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Shiau JC, Garcia-Diaz N, Kyle DE, Pathak AK. The influence of oviposition status on measures of transmission potential in malaria-infected mosquitoes depends on sugar availability. Parasit Vectors 2024; 17:236. [PMID: 38783366 PMCID: PMC11118549 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-024-06317-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Like other oviparous organisms, the gonotrophic cycle of mosquitoes is not complete until they have selected a suitable habitat to oviposit. In addition to the evolutionary constraints associated with selective oviposition behavior, the physiological demands relative to an organism's oviposition status also influence their nutrient requirement from the environment. Yet, studies that measure transmission potential (vectorial capacity or competence) of mosquito-borne parasites rarely consider whether the rates of parasite replication and development could be influenced by these constraints resulting from whether mosquitoes have completed their gonotrophic cycle. METHODS Anopheles stephensi mosquitoes were infected with Plasmodium berghei, the rodent analog of human malaria, and maintained on 1% or 10% dextrose and either provided oviposition sites ('oviposited' herein) to complete their gonotrophic cycle or forced to retain eggs ('non-oviposited'). Transmission potential in the four groups was measured up to 27 days post-infection as the rates of (i) sporozoite appearance in the salivary glands ('extrinsic incubation period' or EIP), (ii) vector survival and (iii) sporozoite densities. RESULTS In the two groups of oviposited mosquitoes, rates of sporozoite appearance and densities in the salivary glands were clearly dependent on sugar availability, with shorter EIP and higher sporozoite densities in mosquitoes fed 10% dextrose. In contrast, rates of appearance and densities in the salivary glands were independent of sugar concentrations in non-oviposited mosquitoes, although both measures were slightly lower than in oviposited mosquitoes fed 10% dextrose. Vector survival was higher in non-oviposited mosquitoes. CONCLUSIONS Costs to parasite fitness and vector survival were buffered against changes in nutritional availability from the environment in non-oviposited but not oviposited mosquitoes. Taken together, these results suggest vectorial capacity for malaria parasites may be dependent on nutrient availability and oviposition/gonotrophic status and, as such, argue for more careful consideration of this interaction when estimating transmission potential. More broadly, the complex patterns resulting from physiological (nutrition) and evolutionary (egg-retention) trade-offs described here, combined with the ubiquity of selective oviposition behavior, implies the fitness of vector-borne pathogens could be shaped by selection for these traits, with implications for disease transmission and management. For instance, while reducing availability of oviposition sites and environmental sources of nutrition are key components of integrated vector management strategies, their abundance and distribution are under strong selection pressure from the patterns associated with climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine C Shiau
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Nathan Garcia-Diaz
- The NSF-REU Program, Odum School of Ecology, Athens, GA, USA
- Department of Biology, Willamette University, Salem, OR, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Dennis E Kyle
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Ashutosh K Pathak
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
- Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, Athens, GA, USA.
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Aguirre M, Logarzo G, Triapitsyn S, Diaz-Soltero H, Hight S, Bruzzone OA. Effect of egg production dynamics on the functional response of two parasitoids. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0283916. [PMID: 38457456 PMCID: PMC10923418 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0283916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Functional response describes the number of hosts attacked by a parasitoid in relation to host densities and plays an important role by connecting behavioral-level processes with community-level processes. Most functional response studies were carried out using simple experimental designs where the insects were confined to a plain and small arena with different host densities during a fixed period of time. With these designs, other factors that might affect the functional response of parasitoids were not analyzed, such as fecundity, age, and experience. We proposed a series of latent-variables Markovian models that comprised an integrated approach of functional response and egg production models to estimate the realized lifetime reproductive success of parasitoids. As a case study, we used the parasitoids Anagyrus cachamai and A. lapachosus (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), two candidate agents for neoclassical biocontrol of the Puerto Rican cactus pest mealybug, Hypogeococcus sp. (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae). The tested species were assessed according to their physiology and prior experience. We estimated the number of mature eggs after emergence, egg production on the first day, egg production rate, the proportion of eggs resorbed, egg resorption threshold, and egg storage capacity. Anagyrus cachamai and A. lapachosus both presented a type III functional response. However, the two parasitoids behaved differently; for A. cachamai, the number of parasitized hosts decreased with female age and depended on the number of mature eggs that were available for oviposition, whereas A. lapachosus host parasitism increased with female age and was modulated by its daily egg load and previous experience. The methodology presented may have large applicability in pest control, invasive species management, and conservation biology, as it has the potential to increase our understanding of the reproductive biology of a wide variety of species, ultimately leading to improved management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Aguirre
- Fundación para el Estudio de Especies Invasivas (FuEDEI), Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Guillermo Logarzo
- Fundación para el Estudio de Especies Invasivas (FuEDEI), Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Serguei Triapitsyn
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | | | - Stephen Hight
- USDA-ARS-CMAVE at Center for Biological Control, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America
| | - Octavio Augusto Bruzzone
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), San Carlos de Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Bariloche, San Carlos de Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina
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5
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Monell KJ, Roncalli V, Hopcroft RR, Hartline DK, Lenz PH. Post-Diapause DNA Replication during Oogenesis in a Capital-Breeding Copepod. Integr Org Biol 2023; 5:obad020. [PMID: 37361914 PMCID: PMC10290532 DOI: 10.1093/iob/obad020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In high-latitude environments where seasonal changes include periods of harsh conditions, many arthropods enter diapause, a period of dormancy that is hormonally regulated. Diapause is characterized by very low metabolism, resistance to environmental stress, and developmental arrest. It allows an organism to optimize the timing of reproduction by synchronizing offspring growth and development with periods of high food availability. In species that enter dormancy as pre-adults or adults, termination of diapause is marked by the resumption of physiological processes, an increase in metabolic rates and once transitioned into adulthood for females, the initiation of oogenesis. In many cases, individuals start feeding again and newly acquired resources become available to fuel egg production. However, in the subarctic capital-breeding copepod Neocalanus flemingeri, feeding is decoupled from oogenesis. Thus, optimizing reproduction limited by fixed resources such that all eggs are of high quality and fully-provisioned, requires regulation of the number of oocytes. However, it is unknown if and how this copepod limits oocyte formation. In this study, the phase in oocyte production by post-diapause females that involved DNA replication in the ovary and oviducts was examined using incubation in 5-Ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU). Both oogonia and oocytes incorporated EdU, with the number of EdU-labeled cells peaking at 72 hours following diapause termination. Cell labeling with EdU remained high for two weeks, decreasing thereafter with no labeling detected by four weeks post diapause, and three to four weeks before spawning of the first clutch of eggs. The results suggest that oogenesis is sequential in N. flemingeri with formation of new oocytes starting within 24 hours of diapause termination and limited to the first few weeks. Lipid consumption during diapause was minimal and relatively modest initially. This early phase in the reproductive program precedes mid-oogenesis and vitellogenesis 2, when oocytes increase in size and accumulate yolk and lipid reserves. By limiting DNA replication to the initial phase, the females effectively separate oocyte production from oocyte provisioning. A sequential oogenesis is unlike the income-breeder strategy of most copepods in which oocytes at all stages of maturation are found concurrently in the reproductive structures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - V Roncalli
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Integrative Marine Ecology, Campania 80121, Napoli, Italy
| | - R R Hopcroft
- Department of Oceanography, University of Alaska, Institute of Marine Science, Fairbanks, Alaska 99775-7220, USA
| | - D K Hartline
- Pacific Biosciences Research Center, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu 96822, USA
| | - P H Lenz
- Pacific Biosciences Research Center, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu 96822, USA
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Straser RK, Reger JE, Wilson H. Diet quality influences nutrient retention and reproductive fitness of the biocontrol agent Hadronotus pennsylvanicus (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae). JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 147:104522. [PMID: 37169272 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2023.104522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Diet can have a direct influence on the reproductive success of parasitoid wasps. For synovigenic parasitoids, the nutrients obtained from floral resources, such as nectar and pollen, play a vital role in fueling bodily functions and physiological energy expenditure incurred from reproduction. Insufficient access to nutrient-rich diets can lead to lower rates of reproductive fitness, therefore reducing the efficacy of biocontrol. Here, a study was conducted to evaluate the influence of diet quality on nutrient retention and reproductive fitness of the egg parasitoid Hadronotus pennsylvanicus (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae), a prospective biocontrol agent for the leaffooted bug Leptoglossus zonatus (Heteroptera: Coreidae), a primary pest of almonds and pistachios. Newly emerged parasitoid females were provided host eggs every other day accompanied by diets of varying sucrose concentrations (source of carbohydrates) and pollen (source of lipid and proteins). The sucrose concentration in the diet, regardless of pollen content, significantly increased the survival and lifetime fecundity of female H. pennsylvanicus. While wasps fed high sucrose diets depleted bodily sugars, glycogen, and lipids at a slower rate than wasps fed low sucrose diets, there was no effect on bodily protein levels. Given these findings, further research is now needed to identify floral resources that are compatible, attractive, and nutritionally-sufficient for optimal H. pennsylvanicus reproductive fitness, which could lead to enhanced parasitism of L. zonatus in crop systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert K Straser
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.
| | - Joshua E Reger
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Houston Wilson
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
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Orengo-Green JJ, Casas JL, Marcos-García MÁ. Effect of Abiotic Climatic Factors on the Gonadal Maturation of the Biocontrol Agent Sphaerophoria rueppellii (Wiedemann, 1830) (Diptera: Syrphidae). INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13070573. [PMID: 35886749 PMCID: PMC9320043 DOI: 10.3390/insects13070573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Knowledge about the morphology and functioning of the male and female reproductive system in insects is key to understanding their reproductive biology, and to assessing the effects that environmental factors, such as temperature or photoperiod, can have on oviposition, fecundity, and lifespan. This knowledge is particularly interesting in those species that are mass-reared, as in the case of the predatory syrphid Sphaerophoria rueppellii. Given the lack of published information regarding sexual maturation in syrphids, this type of study, applied to beneficial insects used as biological control agents, offers, firstly, the chance to improve their mass breeding under controlled conditions and, secondly, to know their capability for pest control response under field conditions. Our results show that photoperiod and temperature affect development and gonad maturation in S. rueppellii males and females. Abstract The hoverfly Sphaerophoria rueppellii is currently one of the most effective predators commercially available for aphid pest control. However, knowledge of the reproductive system of males and females of this syrphid is limited. The present article aims to report how changes in the temperature and photoperiod may affect development of the gonads (ovaries and testes), oviposition, and fecundity during the lifespan of S. rueppellii. Four environmental conditions (14L:10D, T: 20 ± 1 °C; 12L:12D, T: 20 ± 1 °C; 14L:10D, T: 25 ± 1 °C; and 12L:12D, T: 25 ± 1 °C) were used to determine oviposition, hatching percentage, and lifespan during a period of 30 days after the adult emergence. The maturation of the ovaries was done under three treatments (barley leaves with aphids always available; barley leaves two days per week with aphids available; no barley leaves available), and in the same environmental conditions noted above. Males at 14L:10D, 20 ± 1 °C; and 14L:10D, 25 ± 1 °C; were used to analyze and study the maturation of the testes. Females at 14L:10D; T: 25 ± 1 °C showed a significant difference in oviposition, percentage of hatching, and rate of eggs. A detailed description of the male and female gonads was undertaken, and it was determined that the conditions in which males sexually mature early are at 14L:10D, 25 ± 1 °C. These results will improve the application of S. rueppellii in crops, for the control of aphid pests.
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8
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Food deprivation alters reproductive performance of biocontrol agent Hadronotus pennsylvanicus. Sci Rep 2022; 12:7129. [PMID: 35505236 PMCID: PMC9065089 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-11322-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Diet can influence parasitoid reproductive performance, and therefore, the efficacy of biocontrol programs. We evaluated the influence of food deprivation on the reproductive fitness and behavior of the egg parasitoid Hadronotus pennsylvanicus (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae), a prospective biocontrol agent for Leptoglossus zonatus (Heteroptera: Coreidae). Newly emerged female parasitoids were mated and provided host eggs every other day while being provisioned with various honey diet regimes or a consistent supply of water. When given frequent access to a honey diet, female parasitoids lived significantly longer and parasitized more host eggs compared to the water-fed controls. Once depleted of mature eggs, females with frequent access to honey also contributed to greater non-reproductive host mortality. Furthermore, behavioral assays demonstrated that water-fed females spent less time interacting with host eggs and tended to more frequently divert from oviposition behavior. While there was no difference in the average duration until first oviposition between individuals assigned to different diet treatments, increased frequency of honey feeding was associated with more frequent and longer duration of oviposition. The positive effect of honey feeding on the reproductive performance of biocontrol agent H. pennsylvanicus suggests that performance of this parasitoid under field conditions could be enhanced through the provision of similar carbohydrate resources, such as flowering summer cover crops.
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9
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Holditch ZG, Ochoa KN, Greene S, Allred S, Baranowski J, Shuster SM. Sperm Limitation Produces Male Biased Offspring Sex Ratios in the Wasp, Nasonia vitripennis (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae). JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2022; 22:17. [PMID: 35763315 PMCID: PMC9239221 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/ieac032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Haplo-diploid sex determination in the parasitoid wasp, Nasonia vitripennis (Walker), allows females to adjust their brood sex ratios. Females influence whether ova are fertilized, producing diploid females, or remain unfertilized, producing haploid males. Females appear to adjust their brood sex ratios to minimize 'local mate competition,' i.e., competition among sons for mates. Because mating occurs between siblings, females may optimize mating opportunities for their offspring by producing only enough sons to inseminate daughters when ovipositing alone, and producing more sons when superparasitism is likely. Although widely accepted, this hypothesis makes no assumptions about gamete limitation in either sex. Because sperm are used to produce daughters, repeated oviposition could reduce sperm supplies, causing females to produce more sons. In contrast, if egg-limited females produce smaller broods, they might use fewer sperm, making sperm limitation less likely. To investigate whether repeated oviposition and female fertility influence gamete limitation within females, we created two treatments of six mated female wasps, which each received a series of six hosts at intervals of 24 or 48 h. All females produced at least one mixed-sex brood (63 total broods; 3,696 offspring). As expected, if females became sperm-limited, in both treatments, brood sex ratios became increasingly male-biased with increasing host number. Interhost interval did not affect brood size, total offspring number, or sex ratio, indicating females did not become egg limited. Our results support earlier studies showing sperm depletion affects sex allocation in N. vitripennis¸ and could limit adaptive sex ratio manipulation in these parasitoid wasps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z G Holditch
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
| | - K N Ochoa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
| | - S Greene
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
| | - S Allred
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
| | - J Baranowski
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
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Manzano C, Virla EG, Coll Araoz MV, Luft-Albarracin E. Ovigeny strategy of the parasitic wasp Cosmocomoidea annulicornis (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae): effect of female age, feeding and host availability on reproductive traits. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2022; 112:228-235. [PMID: 34486968 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485321000766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The reproductive traits of the mymarid wasp Cosmocomoidea annulicornis (Ogloblin) (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) attacking eggs of the sharpshooter Tapajosa rubromarginata (Signoret) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) were evaluated under laboratory conditions. Bioassays were carried out to estimate the realized fecundity and egg load of females. The ovigeny index was calculated and different biological traits, such as body size, oöcyte length, gaster length and wing length, were analysed to assess significant associations between these traits and the species fitness. In addition, the effect of host availability and feeding on longevity and potential fecundity throughout life and the effect of female age on egg maturation dynamics were assessed. The results showed that C. annulicornis is a strongly synovigenic species. A positive correlation was found between fecundity and longevity of the females and between body size and oöcyte length. Contrary to expected, body size was not related to fecundity and longevity. Females lived significantly longer in the presence of hosts and honey than when they were host-deprived and honey-fed or both host and honey deprived. Host availability had a significant effect on the amount of eggs laid by C. annulicornis females. Female age was negatively associated with oöcyte length. Furthermore, females were able to mature additional eggs as they aged, nevertheless, when host-deprived, senescent females presented significantly less mature eggs than younger ones, suggesting a possible egg oosorption. These results might contribute to a better understanding of the reproductive potential of this species as a biocontrol agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Manzano
- PROIMI-Biotecnología, CONICET, Av. Belgrano y Pje. Caseros (T4001MVB), Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Eduardo G Virla
- PROIMI-Biotecnología, CONICET, Av. Belgrano y Pje. Caseros (T4001MVB), Tucumán, Argentina
- Instituto de Entomología, Fundación Miguel Lillo, Miguel Lillo 251 (4000), Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Maria V Coll Araoz
- PROIMI-Biotecnología, CONICET, Av. Belgrano y Pje. Caseros (T4001MVB), Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Erica Luft-Albarracin
- PROIMI-Biotecnología, CONICET, Av. Belgrano y Pje. Caseros (T4001MVB), Tucumán, Argentina
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11
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Okuyama T. Dilution effects enhance variation in parasitism risk among hosts and stabilize host–parasitoid population dynamics. Ecol Modell 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2020.109425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Cornelius ML, Vinyard BT, Mowery JD, Hu JS. Ovipositional Behavior of the Egg Parasitoid Gryon pennsylvanicum (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) on Two Squash Bug Species Anasa tristis (Hemiptera: Coreidae) and Anasa armigera: Effects of Parasitoid Density, Nutrition, and Host Egg Chorion on Parasitism Rates. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 49:1307-1315. [PMID: 33315077 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvaa118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the ovipositional behavior of Gryon pennsylvanicum Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) on egg masses of two squash bug species Anasa tristis DeGeer and Anasa armigera Say (Hemiptera: Coreidae) by evaluating how parasitoid density and access to nutrition influenced percent parasitism on egg masses of different sizes in laboratory tests. When three parasitoids were exposed to A. tristis egg masses with only three to five eggs, 72.7% of parasitoids became trapped in the eggs and failed to emerge successfully. These results suggest that competition between larvae within the egg may have reduced the fitness of the surviving parasitoid. Continual access to honey water did not significantly influence parasitism rates on A. armigera egg masses and only increased parasitism on A. tristis egg masses with 20-25 eggs. Overall, parasitism rates were higher on A. armigera egg masses than on A. tristis egg masses, and parasitoids were more likely to emerge successfully from A. armigera eggs than from A. tristis eggs. Parasitoids spent the same amount of time probing eggs of the two species, but they spent significantly more time drilling into A. tristis eggs than A. armigera eggs. Measurements taken using transmission electron microscopy determined that the average combined width of the epicuticle and exocuticle of the egg chorion was significantly greater for A. tristis eggs than for A. armigera eggs. This difference may account for the lower rates of parasitism and parasitoid emergence and for the increased time spent drilling into A. tristis eggs compared with A. armigera eggs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary L Cornelius
- Invasive Insect Biocontrol and Behavior Laboratory, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, MD
| | - Bryan T Vinyard
- Statistics Group, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Northeast Area Office, Beltsville, MD
| | - Joseph D Mowery
- Soybean Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, MD
| | - Jing S Hu
- Invasive Insect Biocontrol and Behavior Laboratory, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, MD
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Romero B, Olivier C, Wist T, Prager SM. Oviposition Behavior and Development of Aster Leafhoppers (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) on Selected Host Plants From the Canadian Prairies. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 113:2695-2704. [PMID: 33128450 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toaa243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Some plant pathogens are capable of manipulating their insect vectors and plant hosts in a way that disease transmission is enhanced. Aster leafhopper (Macrosteles quadrilineatus Forbes) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) is the main vector of Aster Yellows Phytoplasma (Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris) in the Canadian Prairies, which causes Aster Yellows (AY) disease in over 300 plant species including cereals and oilseeds. However, little is known about the host range of Aster leafhoppers or their host-choice selection behavior in this geographical region. Several crop and noncrop species commonly found in the Canadian Prairies were evaluated as food and reproductive hosts for Aster leafhoppers through no-choice bioassays. To study possible effects of pathogen infection, AY-uninfected and AY-infected insects were used. Cereals and some noncrops like fleabane were suitable reproductive hosts for Aster leafhoppers, with numbers of offspring observed in treatments using both AY-uninfected and AY-infected insects, suggesting an egg-laying preference on these plant species. Development was similar across the different plant species, except for canola and sowthistle, where growth indexes were lower. Sex-ratios of Aster leafhopper adults did not differ among the plant species or with respect to AY infection. Potential fecundity differed across plant species and was affected by the infection status of the insect. These findings have implications for AY epidemiology and suggest that while cereals can be suitable host plants for Aster leafhopper oviposition and development, some noncrop species could act as alternate hosts for leafhoppers that migrate into the Canadian Prairies before emergence of cereal and canola crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berenice Romero
- Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Chrystel Olivier
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Saskatoon Research and Extension Center, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Tyler Wist
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Saskatoon Research and Extension Center, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Sean M Prager
- Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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14
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Steward RA, Boggs CL. Experience may outweigh cue similarity in maintaining a persistent host‐plant‐based evolutionary trap. ECOL MONOGR 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ecm.1412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A. Steward
- Department of Biological Sciences University of South Carolina 715 Sumter Street Columbia South Carolina 29208 USA
- Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory PO Box 519 Crested Butte Colorado 81224 USA
| | - Carol L. Boggs
- Department of Biological Sciences University of South Carolina 715 Sumter Street Columbia South Carolina 29208 USA
- Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory PO Box 519 Crested Butte Colorado 81224 USA
- School of the Earth, Ocean, & Environment University of South Carolina 701 Sumter Street Columbia South Carolina 29208 USA
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15
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Russo E, Nugnes F, Vicinanza F, Garonna AP, Bernardo U. Biological and molecular characterization of Aromia bungii (Faldermann, 1835) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), an emerging pest of stone fruits in Europe. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7112. [PMID: 32346054 PMCID: PMC7188857 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63959-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The red-necked longhorn beetle (RLB) Aromia bungii (Fald.) is an emerging pest of stone fruit trees, native to East Asia, accidentally introduced in Europe (Germany and Italy) and Japan. Threatening seriously the stone fruit crops in Europe, RLB was added to both the EPPO A1 and priority pest lists of quarantine species. Molecular analyses highlighted that all specimens recovered in southern Italy share the same haplotype, different from the German one, supporting that the invasive process in Europe started from at least two independent introductions. To fill the existing gap of biological knowledge about A. bungii, several laboratory tests were carried out on specimens collected in the outbreak area of Naples (Italy). Results suggest a high biotic potential of the RLB Italian population. Females showed a short pre-oviposition period while the period of oviposition lasted about three weeks, with a rate of 24.2 eggs/day. Each female laid an average of 587.5 eggs and spawned the largest amount of eggs during the first week after emergence. Fed males live up to 62 days at 20 °C while fed females about 63 days at 25 °C. These results are crucial to draw up a multi-facet IPM approach against A. bungii in the outbreak areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elia Russo
- CNR, Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, Portici, Italy
| | - Francesco Nugnes
- CNR, Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, Portici, Italy.
| | - Francesco Vicinanza
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Napoli "Federico II", Section BiPAF, Portici, Italy
| | - Antonio P Garonna
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Napoli "Federico II", Section BiPAF, Portici, Italy
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16
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Reproductive adaptation in alate adult morphs of the English grain aphid Sitobion avenae under starvation stress. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2023. [PMID: 30765848 PMCID: PMC6375909 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-38589-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Adapting their reproductive physiology is a tactic that insects use in responding to conditions of food unavailability. The present study examined the potential effects of starvation periods on the ovarian development and reproduction of alate adult morphs of Sitobion avenae (Fabricius). Morphs both continuously fed and starved aphids contained two telotrophic ovaries, each comprising five ovarioles. As time increase after emergence, the number of offspring produced by the fed aphids increased gradually, whereas the number of embryos in their ovaries decreased gradually. Both the number of mature embryos and the volume of embryos rapidly increased at 24 h after emergence, and then remained at an approximately constant level between 24 and 144 h. Compared to the fed aphids, starved aphids only produced a small number of nymphs, and there was no significant change in the total number of embryos between 24 and 144 h, whereas both the number of mature embryos and volume of embryos increased significantly. Irrespective of starvation period, highly significant relationships between life span and fecundity were found. Adult aphids starved for longer periods presented lower longevity and fecundity, but dead females contained more mature embryos than those starved for shorter periods. These results suggested that, under starvation stress, S. avenae tends to invest in the development of larger embryos at the expense of reducing lifespan and future fecundity. This adaptive reproductive strategy under starvation stress could be one of the factors contributing to the successful establishment of new colonies of alate migratory aphids.
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Cornelius ML, Hu JS, Vinyard BT. Comparative Study of Egg Parasitism by Gryon pennsylvanicum (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) on Two Squash Bug Species Anasa tristis and Anasa armigera (Hemiptera: Coreidae). ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2018; 47:1451-1458. [PMID: 30256925 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvy145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated how the size of the egg mass and the parasitoids prior exposure to eggs influenced parasitism rates by Gryon pennsylvanicum Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) on egg masses of two squash bug species, Anasa tristis DeGeer and Anasa armigera Say (Hemiptera: Coreidae). G. pennsylvanicum is the primary egg parasitoid of A. tristis. There were no published reports available on egg parasitism of A. armigera. In choice tests, there was no difference in host acceptance by G. pennsylvanicum of egg masses of the two squash bug species. In no-choice tests, overall parasitism rates were significantly higher on A. armigera egg masses than on A. tristis egg masses. Naive parasitoids had significantly higher parasitism rates than experienced parasitoids on egg masses of both squash bug species. In a comparison of parasitism rates of field-collected and laboratory-tested A. tristis egg masses of different sizes, parasitism rates were similar in the field and in the laboratory, with the exception of egg masses with > 25 eggs. Only 17.9% of eggs were parasitized in the laboratory, compared with 36.4% in the field. Results of this study indicate that transient egg limitation prevents G. pennsylvanicum from ovipositing in every available host egg in large squash bug egg masses. The low parasitism rate of G. pennsylvanicum on large egg masses may limit its effectiveness as a biological control agent of squash bugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary L Cornelius
- Invasive Insect Biocontrol and Behavior Laboratory, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, MD
| | - Jing S Hu
- Invasive Insect Biocontrol and Behavior Laboratory, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, MD
| | - Bryan T Vinyard
- Statistics Group, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Northeast Area Office, Beltsville, MD
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18
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Libbrecht R, Oxley PR, Kronauer DJC. Clonal raider ant brain transcriptomics identifies candidate molecular mechanisms for reproductive division of labor. BMC Biol 2018; 16:89. [PMID: 30103762 PMCID: PMC6090591 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-018-0558-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Division of labor between reproductive queens and workers that perform brood care is a hallmark of insect societies. However, studies of the molecular basis of this fundamental dichotomy are limited by the fact that the caste of an individual cannot typically be experimentally manipulated at the adult stage. Here we take advantage of the unique biology of the clonal raider ant, Ooceraea biroi, to study brain gene expression dynamics during experimentally induced transitions between reproductive and brood care behavior. RESULTS Introducing larvae that inhibit reproduction and induce brood care behavior causes much faster changes in adult gene expression than removing larvae. In addition, the general patterns of gene expression differ depending on whether ants transition from reproduction to brood care or vice versa, indicating that gene expression changes between phases are cyclic rather than pendular. Finally, we identify genes that could play upstream roles in regulating reproduction and behavior because they show large and early expression changes in one or both transitions. CONCLUSIONS Our analyses reveal that the nature and timing of gene expression changes differ substantially depending on the direction of the transition, and identify a suite of promising candidate molecular regulators of reproductive division of labor that can now be characterized further in both social and solitary animal models. This study contributes to understanding the molecular regulation of reproduction and behavior, as well as the organization and evolution of insect societies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Libbrecht
- Laboratory of Social Evolution and Behavior, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
- Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution, Johannes Gutenberg University, Johannes-von-Müller-Weg 6, 55128, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Peter R Oxley
- Laboratory of Social Evolution and Behavior, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
- Samuel J. Wood Library, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Daniel J C Kronauer
- Laboratory of Social Evolution and Behavior, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
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19
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Ouisse T, Laparie M, Lebouvier M, Renault D. New insights into the ecology of Merizodus soledadinus, a predatory carabid beetle invading the sub-Antarctic Kerguelen Islands. Polar Biol 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-017-2134-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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20
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Okuyama T. Egg limitation and individual variation in parasitization risk among hosts in host-parasitoid dynamics. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:3143-3148. [PMID: 28480013 PMCID: PMC5415535 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Egg limitation is known to destabilize host-parasitoid dynamics. This study reexamines the effect of egg limitation in light of the individual variation in parasitization risk among hosts (e.g., some hosts are more likely to be parasitized than others). Previous studies have considered egg limitation (predicted as a destabilizing factor) and individual variation among hosts (predicted as a stabilizing factor) in isolation; however, their interaction is not known. An individual-based model was used to examine the effects of each factor and their interaction. The model-based analysis shows a clear interaction between egg limitation and individual variation in risk among hosts. Egg limitation can both stabilize and destabilize host-parasitioid dynamics depending on the presence and absence of the risk variation. The result suggests that the population-dynamic consequences of egg limitation are more complex than previously thought and emphasizes the importance of the simultaneous consideration of multiple ecological factors (with individual-level details) to uncover potential interactions among them.
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21
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Phillips CB, Kean JM. Response of parasitoid egg load to host dynamics and implications for egg load evolution. J Evol Biol 2017; 30:1313-1324. [PMID: 28425140 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A theoretical debate about whether parasitoids should be time or egg limited now recognizes both as feasible, and interest has turned to determining the circumstances under which each might arise in the field, and their implications for parasitoid behaviour and evolution. Egg loads of parasitoids sampled from the field are predicted to show a negative response to host availability, but empirical support for this relationship is scarce. We measured how a parasitoid's egg load responded to seasonal fluctuations in host population density and recorded the predicted correlation. In early summer, parasitoids were at high risk of time limitation due to low host availability, and in late summer, their offspring were at greater risk of egg limitation due to high host availability. Despite clear seasonal changes in selection pressures on egg load and lifespan, the parasitoid showed no evidence of seasonal variation in its reproductive strategy. We made minor modifications to a previously published model to explore the effects of seasonal variation in host availability on optimal investments in eggs and lifespan and obtained several new results. In particular, under circumstances analogous to some of those observed in our field study, temporal stochasticity in reproductive opportunities can cause investments in eggs to increase, rather than decrease as previously predicted. Our model results helped to explain the parasitoid's lack of a seasonally varying reproductive strategy. Understanding the evolution of parasitoid egg load would benefit from a shift of research emphasis from purely stochastic variation in parasitoid reproductive opportunities to greater consideration of host dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - J M Kean
- AgResearch, Christchurch, New Zealand
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22
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23
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Özpolat BD, Sloane ES, Zattara EE, Bely AE. Plasticity and regeneration of gonads in the annelid Pristina leidyi. EvoDevo 2016; 7:22. [PMID: 27708756 PMCID: PMC5051023 DOI: 10.1186/s13227-016-0059-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gonads are specialized gamete-producing structures that, despite their functional importance, are generated by diverse mechanisms across groups of animals and can be among the most plastic organs of the body. Annelids, the segmented worms, are a group in which gonads have been documented to be plastic and to be able to regenerate, but little is known about what factors influence gonad development or how these structures regenerate. In this study, we aimed to identify factors that influence the presence and size of gonads and to investigate gonad regeneration in the small asexually reproducing annelid, Pristina leidyi. Results We found that gonad presence and size in asexual adult P. leidyi are highly variable across individuals and identified several factors that influence these structures. An extrinsic factor, food availability, and two intrinsic factors, individual age and parental age, strongly influence the presence and size of gonads in P. leidyi. We also found that following head amputation in this species, gonads can develop by morphallactic regeneration in previously non-gonadal segments. We also identified a sexually mature individual from our laboratory culture that demonstrates that, although our laboratory strain reproduces only asexually, it retains the potential to become fully sexual. Conclusions Our findings demonstrate that gonads in P. leidyi display high phenotypic plasticity and flexibility with respect to their presence, their size, and the segments in which they can form. Considering our findings along with relevant data from other species, we find that, as a group, clitellate annelids can form gonads in at least four different contexts: post-starvation refeeding, fission, morphallactic regeneration, and epimorphic regeneration. This group is thus particularly useful for investigating the mechanisms involved in gonad formation and the evolution of post-embryonic phenotypic plasticity. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13227-016-0059-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Duygu Özpolat
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA ; Institut Jacques Monod, Paris, France
| | - Emily S Sloane
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | - Eduardo E Zattara
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA ; Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN USA
| | - Alexandra E Bely
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
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Abram PK, Parent JP, Brodeur J, Boivin G. Size-induced phenotypic reaction norms in a parasitoid wasp: an examination of life-history and behavioural traits. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul K. Abram
- Département de Sciences Biologiques; Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale; Université de Montréal; 4101 Rue Sherbrooke Est, Montréal QC, H1X 2B2 Canada
- Centre de Recherche et de Développement en Horticulture; Agriculture et Agroalimentaire Canada; 430 Boul. Gouin, St-Jean-sur-Richelieu QC, J3B 3E6 Canada
| | - Jean-Philippe Parent
- Département de Sciences Biologiques; Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale; Université de Montréal; 4101 Rue Sherbrooke Est, Montréal QC, H1X 2B2 Canada
- Centre de Recherche et de Développement en Horticulture; Agriculture et Agroalimentaire Canada; 430 Boul. Gouin, St-Jean-sur-Richelieu QC, J3B 3E6 Canada
| | - Jacques Brodeur
- Département de Sciences Biologiques; Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale; Université de Montréal; 4101 Rue Sherbrooke Est, Montréal QC, H1X 2B2 Canada
| | - Guy Boivin
- Centre de Recherche et de Développement en Horticulture; Agriculture et Agroalimentaire Canada; 430 Boul. Gouin, St-Jean-sur-Richelieu QC, J3B 3E6 Canada
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25
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Pourian HR, Talaei-Hassanloui R, Ashouri A, Lotfalizadeh HA, Nozari J. Ontogeny and reproductive biology of Diadegma semiclausum (Hym.: Ichneumonidae), a larval endoparasitoid of Diamondback Moth, Plutella xylostella (Lep.: Plutellidae). ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2015; 44:69-76. [PMID: 25463756 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Revised: 10/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In this article, the ontogeny and reproductive biology of Diadegma semiclausum (Hym.: Ichneumonidae), an important parasitoid of Plutella xylostella (Lep.: Plutellidae) are described in detail. We did dissect parasitized P. xylostella larvae in phosphate-buffered saline and determine the external morphology of its parasitoid at all developmental stages. The developmental duration of its immature stages, adult longevity, total oviposition period and fecundity of the parasitoid are determined at 24 ± 1 °C, 65 ± 5% R.H., and a photoperiod of 16:8 h L:D. The mean duration of egg and larval stages is 9.56 days and the prepupa and pupa stages last for 8.27 days. In average, female longevity is 1.31 times longer than that of males, and females lay 300 eggs in total. The peak of D. semiclausum oviposition is on the eighth day after mating. The egg loading pattern of D. semiclausum was investigated to determine the parasitoid 'ovigeny index' throughout the female's parasitoid lifetime. Initial egg load in immature females (<2 h age) is 1.45 per female and the mean lifetime potential fecundity (total immature and mature oocytes), at four interval ages, is 34. With an ovigeny index value of 0.038, D. semiclausum is considered moderately to strongly synovigenic. In the absence of the host, after 3 days, the number of eggs is decreased in D. semiclausum. Our results demonstrated that there is a negative relation between the ovigeny index and egg resorption in this parasitoid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid-Reza Pourian
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, PO Box, 4111, Karaj, 31587-11167, Iran
| | - Reza Talaei-Hassanloui
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, PO Box, 4111, Karaj, 31587-11167, Iran.
| | - Ahmad Ashouri
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, PO Box, 4111, Karaj, 31587-11167, Iran
| | - Hossein-Ali Lotfalizadeh
- Department of Plant Protection, East-Azarbaijan Research Centre for Agriculture and Natural Resources, PO Box, 5355179854, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Jamasb Nozari
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, PO Box, 4111, Karaj, 31587-11167, Iran
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26
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Wang W, Lu SL, Liu WX, Cheng LS, Zhang YB, Wan FH. Effects of Five Naturally Occurring Sugars on the Longevity, Oogenesis, and Nutrient Accumulation Pattern in Adult Females of the Synovigenic Parasitoid Neochrysocharis formosa (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). NEOTROPICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2014; 43:564-573. [PMID: 27194065 DOI: 10.1007/s13744-014-0247-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Neochrysocharis formosa (Westwood) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), one of the dominant natural enemies of agromyzid leafminers, is a synovigenic parasitoid. We compared the longevity, oogenesis, and nutrient levels of female wasps provided with 10% solutions of five naturally occurring sugars. All five sugars significantly increased the longevity of female wasps, which was 6.5-9.3-fold higher than that of parasitoids provided with water only. We found no significant difference in longevity of female wasps fed on glucose versus fructose or trehalose versus melezitose, but longevity of wasps fed on glucose or fructose was significantly longer than those fed on trehalose or melezitose. Also, we examined the oosorption capability of wasps fed on the five sugars. Some mature eggs were present in the ovaries of newly emerged females, but these were fully reabsorbed within 72 h when wasps were starved. Once wasps were fed with any of the sugars, the number of mature eggs increased at first and then decreased due to oosorption. The longevity and oogenesis dynamics of female wasps fed on five sugars were related with their function of hydrolysis and digestion. As female wasps have no lipogenesis capability, by acquiring exogenous sugars for oogenesis, they can either maintain or exceed the original level of capital nutrients held on adult emergence because none of the wasps' glycogen need be metabolized to burn as sugar.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Wang
- State Key Lab for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- College of Environment and Plant Protection, Hainan Univ, Haikou, People's Republic of China
| | - S-L Lu
- State Key Lab for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - W-X Liu
- State Key Lab for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
- Dept of Biological Invasions, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences #2, West Road of Yuan-Ming-Yuan, Haidian, Beijing, China, 100193.
| | - L-S Cheng
- Qiongtai Teachers College, Haikou, People's Republic of China
| | - Y-B Zhang
- State Key Lab for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - F-H Wan
- State Key Lab for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Graziosi I, Rieske LK. Potential fecundity of a highly invasive gall maker, Dryocosmus kuriphilus (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae). ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2014; 43:1053-1058. [PMID: 25004088 DOI: 10.1603/en14047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Fecundity is a key factor in modulating population growth rate, and is of particular significance when considering the invasiveness of introduced species. In insects, fecundity is affected by body size, age, and nutrition. We investigated the potential fecundity of the invasive Asian chestnut gall wasp Dryocosmus kuriphilus Yasumatsu (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae), an introduced parthenogenetic gall former of Asian origin and a global pest of chestnut (Castanea spp.), to better understand its invasiveness. We compared ovarian, egg, and body metrics of adult wasps of different age. We evaluated insect weight, body length, mesosomal and metasomal lengths and widths, hind femur length, number of eggs, and size of eggs in wasps from four age cohorts. Adult weight and metasomal width were positively correlated with number of eggs. Egg load decreased with wasp age, and egg size initially increased before decreasing. Our findings suggest that adult D. kuriphilus, previously reported as proovigenic, may be resorping eggs in the absence of suitable hosts, and reallocating nutritive resources for body maintenance and egg quality to increase fitness, implicating a plasticity in its reproductive strategy. D. kuriphilus may be able to vary its potential fecundity in response to nutrition and host availability, thus increasing its invasiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignazio Graziosi
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, S225 Ag North, Lexington, KY 40546-0091, USA
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28
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Dieckhoff C, Theobald JC, Wäckers FL, Heimpel GE. Egg load dynamics and the risk of egg and time limitation experienced by an aphid parasitoid in the field. Ecol Evol 2014; 4:1739-50. [PMID: 24963373 PMCID: PMC4063472 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Revised: 02/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Insect parasitoids and herbivores must balance the risk of egg limitation and time limitation in order to maximize reproductive success. Egg and time limitation are mediated by oviposition and egg maturation rates as well as by starvation risk and other determinants of adult lifespan. Here, we assessed egg load and nutritional state in the soybean aphid parasitoid Binodoxys communis under field conditions to estimate its risk of becoming either egg- or time-limited. The majority of female B. communis showed no signs of egg limitation. Experimental field manipulations of B. communis females suggested that an average of 4-8 eggs were matured per hour over the course of a day. Regardless, egg loads remained constant over the course of the day at approximately 80 eggs, suggesting that egg maturation compensates for oviposition. This is the first case of such "egg load buffering" documented for a parasitoid in the field. Despite this buffering, egg loads dropped slightly with increasing host (aphid) density. This suggests that egg limitation could occur at very high host densities as experienced in outbreak years in some locations in the Midwestern USA. Biochemical analyses of sugar profiles showed that parasitoids fed upon sugar in the field at a remarkably high rate. Time limitation through starvation thus seems to be very low and aphid honeydew is most likely a source of dietary sugar for these parasitoids. This latter supposition is supported by the fact that body sugar levels increase with host (aphid) density. Together, these results suggest that fecundity of B. communis benefits from both dynamic egg maturation strategies and sugar-feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Dieckhoff
- Department of Entomology & Wildlife Ecology, University of Delaware Newark, Delaware, 19716
| | - Julian C Theobald
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Centre for Sustainable Agriculture, Lancaster University Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Felix L Wäckers
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Centre for Sustainable Agriculture, Lancaster University Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - George E Heimpel
- Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota St Paul, Minnesota, 55108
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29
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Deas JB, Hunter MS. Egg and time limitation mediate an egg protection strategy. J Evol Biol 2014; 27:920-8. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Revised: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. B. Deas
- Graduate Interdisciplinary Program in Entomology and Insect Science; The University of Arizona; Tucson AZ USA
| | - M. S. Hunter
- Department of Entomology; The University of Arizona; Tucson AZ USA
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30
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Harwood JF, Chen K, Müller HG, Wang JL, Vargas RI, Carey JR. Effects of diet and host access on fecundity and lifespan in two fruit fly species with different life history patterns. PHYSIOLOGICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2013; 38:81-88. [PMID: 23483775 PMCID: PMC3589575 DOI: 10.1111/phen.12006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The reproductive ability of female tephritids can be limited and prevented by denying access to host plants and restricting the dietary precursors of vitellogenesis. The mechanisms underlying the delayed egg production in each case are initiated by different physiological processes that are anticipated to have dissimilar effects on lifespan and reproductive ability later in life. The egg laying abilities of laboratory reared females of the Mediterranean fruit fly (Ceratitis capitata Wiedmann) and melon fly (Bactrocera cucurbitae Coquillett) from Hawaii are delayed or suppressed by limiting access to host fruits and dietary protein. In each case, this is expected to prevent the loss of lifespan associated with reproduction until protein or hosts are introduced. Two trends are observed in each species: Firstly, access to protein at eclosion leads to a greater probability of survival and higher reproductive ability than if it is delayed, and secondly, that delayed host access reduces lifetime reproductive ability without improving life expectancy. When host access and protein availability are delayed, the rate of reproductive senescence is reduced in the medfly, whereas the rate of reproductive senescence is generally increased in the melon fly. Overall, delaying reproduction lowers the fitness of females by constraining their fecundity for the remainder of the lifespan without extending the lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- James F. Harwood
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis, CA, U.S.A
| | - Kehui Chen
- Department of Statistics, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
| | - Hans-Georg Müller
- Department of Statistics, University of California, Davis, CA, U.S.A
| | - Jane-Ling Wang
- Department of Statistics, University of California, Davis, CA, U.S.A
| | | | - James R. Carey
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis, CA, U.S.A
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31
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Low C, Scheffer SJ, Lewis ML, Gates MW. The relationship between variable host grouping and functional responses among parasitoids of Antispila nysaefoliella (Lepidoptera: Heliozelidae). Mol Ecol 2012; 21:5892-904. [PMID: 23094653 DOI: 10.1111/mec.12061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2011] [Revised: 08/20/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Our study investigated the importance of variability in the parasitoid community as a source of selection on host group size using a field population of the tupelo leafminer, Antispila nysaefoliella Clemens, which specializes on tupelo, Nyssa sylvatica Marsh. Larvae were collected from leaves with variable numbers of larvae and screened for parasitism using polymerase chain reaction of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I using markers designed specifically for amplifying parasitoid DNA while excluding host DNA. This method of selective PCR was effective for detecting the presence and identifying species of immature stages of three hymenopteran superfamilies: Chalcidoidea, Ichneumonoidea and Platygastroidea, which represented 83.4%, 16.0% and 0.6% of the total detectable parasitism, respectively. Our resulting sequences were then calibrated with sequences from identified adult parasitoids that had been either reared or field-captured. A cluster analysis revealed 10 distinct clades that showed differences in attack patterns with respect to host traits and season. Total parasitism followed an inverse density-dependent or density-independent pattern with respect to host density (number per leaf). However, when parasitoid taxa were considered separately, one clade, which could be a cryptic species of Pnigalio maculipes Crawford (Chalcidoidea: Eulophidae), was found to increase its per leaf attack rate with host density. Our results suggest that parasitoid community composition and differences among species in their attack strategies can play a large role in determining the adaptive advantage of host grouping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candace Low
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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32
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Berger D, Olofsson M, Gotthard K, Wiklund C, Friberg M. Ecological constraints on female fitness in a phytophagous insect. Am Nat 2012; 180:464-80. [PMID: 22976010 DOI: 10.1086/667594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Although understanding female reproduction is crucial for population demography, determining how and to what relative extent it is constrained by different ecological factors is complicated by difficulties in studying the links between individual behavior, life history, and fitness in nature. We present data on females in a natural population of the butterfly Leptidea sinapis. These data were combined with climate records and laboratory estimates of life-history parameters to predict the relative impact of different ecological constraints on female fitness in the wild. Using simulation models, we partitioned effects of male courtship, host plant availability, and temperature on female fitness. Results of these models indicate that temperature is the most constraining factor on female fitness, followed by host plant availability; the short-term negative effects of male courtship that were detected in the field study were less important in models predicting female reproductive success over the entire life span. In the simulations, females with more reproductive reserves were more limited by the ecological variables. Reproductive physiology and egg-laying behavior were therefore predicted to be co-optimized but reach different optima for females of different body sizes; this prediction is supported by the empirical data. This study thus highlights the need for studying behavioral and life-history variation in orchestration to achieve a more complete picture of both demographic and evolutionary processes in naturally variable and unpredictable environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Berger
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Sweden.
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33
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Berger D, Olofsson M, Friberg M, Karlsson B, Wiklund C, Gotthard K. Intraspecific variation in body size and the rate of reproduction in female insects - adaptive allometry or biophysical constraint? J Anim Ecol 2012; 81:1244-1258. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2656.2012.02010.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Berger
- Department of Zoology; Stockholm University; 106 91 Stockholm Sweden
- Evolutionary Biology Centre; Uppsala University; 752 36 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Martin Olofsson
- Department of Zoology; Stockholm University; 106 91 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Magne Friberg
- Department of Zoology; Stockholm University; 106 91 Stockholm Sweden
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of California; Santa Cruz CA 95064 USA
| | - Bengt Karlsson
- Department of Zoology; Stockholm University; 106 91 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Christer Wiklund
- Department of Zoology; Stockholm University; 106 91 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Karl Gotthard
- Department of Zoology; Stockholm University; 106 91 Stockholm Sweden
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34
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Wajnberg E, Coquillard P, Vet LEM, Hoffmeister T. Optimal resource allocation to survival and reproduction in parasitic wasps foraging in fragmented habitats. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38227. [PMID: 22701614 PMCID: PMC3368906 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 05/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Expansion and intensification of human land use represents the major cause of habitat fragmentation. Such fragmentation can have dramatic consequences on species richness and trophic interactions within food webs. Although the associated ecological consequences have been studied by several authors, the evolutionary effects on interacting species have received little research attention. Using a genetic algorithm, we quantified how habitat fragmentation and environmental variability affect the optimal reproductive strategies of parasitic wasps foraging for hosts. As observed in real animal species, the model is based on the existence of a negative trade-off between survival and reproduction resulting from competitive allocation of resources to either somatic maintenance or egg production. We also asked to what degree plasticity along this trade-off would be optimal, when plasticity is costly. We found that habitat fragmentation can indeed have strong effects on the reproductive strategies adopted by parasitoids. With increasing habitat fragmentation animals should invest in greater longevity with lower fecundity; yet, especially in unpredictable environments, some level of phenotypic plasticity should be selected for. Other consequences in terms of learning ability of foraging animals were also observed. The evolutionary consequences of these results are discussed.
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35
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Böckmann EA, Tormos J, Beitia F, Fischer K. Offspring production and self-superparasitism in the solitary ectoparasitoid Spalangia cameroni (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) in relation to host abundance. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2012; 102:131-137. [PMID: 21878140 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485311000447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Parasitoid fitness strongly depends on the availability and quality of hosts, which provide all resources required for larval development. Several factors, such as host size and previous parasitation, may affect host quality. Because self-superparasitism induces competition among a female's offspring, it should only occur if there is an imperfect recognition of self-parasitized hosts or if there is a fitness advantage to self-superparasitism. Against this background, we investigated self-superparasitism and offspring production in Spalangia cameroni (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) in relation to the abundance of a novel host, Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae). Individual pairs of parasitoids were provided with either two (low host abundance) or ten (high host abundance) pupae per day. Under high host abundance, lifetime fecundity (number of eggs laid), offspring number, number of pupae parasitized and hosts killed were greater than under low host abundance, whereas the number of eggs per host was lower; and the proportion of hosts that did not produce offspring tended to be lower. The latter suggests the occurrence of ovicide, when hosts are scarce due to an at least imperfect recognition of previously self-parasitized hosts. Offspring production per parasitized pupa was higher when hosts were scarce and levels of self-superparasitism high, suggesting the existence of beneficial effects of self-superparasitism.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Böckmann
- Julius Kühn-Institut, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Plant Protection in Fruit Crops and Viticulture, D-69221 Dossenheim, Germany.
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36
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Dynamic virulence in a parasitoid wasp: the influence of clutch size and sequential oviposition on egg encapsulation. Anim Behav 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2012.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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37
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Pélisson PF, Bel-Venner MC, Rey B, Burgevin L, Martineau F, Fourel F, Lecuyer C, Menu F, Venner S. Contrasted breeding strategies in four sympatric sibling insect species: when a proovigenic and capital breeder copes with a stochastic environment. Funct Ecol 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2011.01925.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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38
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PELOSSE PERRINE, JERVIS MARKA, BERNSTEIN CARLOS, DESOUHANT EMMANUEL. Does synovigeny confer reproductive plasticity upon a parasitoid wasp that is faced with variability in habitat richness? Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2011.01741.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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39
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JERVIS MARK, FERNS PETER. Towards a general perspective on life-history evolution and diversification in parasitoid wasps. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2011.01719.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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40
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Clifton ME, Noriega FG. Nutrient limitation results in juvenile hormone-mediated resorption of previtellogenic ovarian follicles in mosquitoes. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 57:1274-81. [PMID: 21708165 PMCID: PMC3167010 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2011.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2011] [Revised: 06/02/2011] [Accepted: 06/03/2011] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Juvenile hormone (JH) is a central hormonal regulator of previtellogenic development in female Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. JH levels are low at eclosion and increase during the first day after adult emergence. This initial rise in JH is essential for female reproductive maturation. After previtellogenic maturation is complete, the mosquito enters a 'state-of-arrest' during which JH synthesis continues at a slower pace and further ovary development is repressed until a blood meal is taken. By examining the relationships between juvenile hormone, follicular resorption and nutrition in A. aegypti, we were able to define a critical role of JH during the previtellogenic resting stage. The rate of follicular resorption in resting stage mosquitoes is dependent on nutritional quality. Feeding water alone caused the rate of follicular resorption to reach over 20% by day 7 after emergence. Conversely, feeding a 20% sucrose solution caused resorption to remain below 5% during the entire experimental period. Mosquitoes fed 3% sucrose show rates of resorption intermediate between water and 20% sucrose and only reached 10% by day 7 after emergence. Follicular resorption is related to JH levels. Ligated abdomens separated from a source of JH (the corpora allata) showed an increase in resorption comparable to similarly aged starved mosquitoes (16%). Resorption in ligated abdomens was reduced to 6% by application of methoprene. The application of methoprene was also sufficient to prevent resorption in intact mosquitoes starved for 48 h (14% starved vs. 4% starved with methoprene). Additionally, active caspases were localized to resorbing follicles indicating that an apoptotic cell-death mechanism is responsible for follicular resorption during the previtellogenic resting stage. Taken together, these results indicate that JH mediates reproductive trade-offs in resting stage mosquitoes in response to nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark E Clifton
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, Miami, FL 33199, USA.
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41
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Rosenheim JA. Stochasticity in reproductive opportunity and the evolution of egg limitation in insects. Evolution 2011; 65:2300-12. [PMID: 21790576 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2011.01305.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Is reproduction by adult female insects limited by the finite time available to locate hosts (time limitation) or by the finite supply of eggs (egg limitation)? An influential model predicted that stochasticity in reproductive opportunity favors elevated fecundity, rendering egg limitation sufficiently rare that its importance would be greatly diminished. Here, I use models to explore how stochasticity shapes fecundity, the likelihood of egg limitation, and the ecological importance of egg limitation. The models make three predictions. First, whereas spatially stochastic environments favor increased fecundity, temporally stochastic environments favor increases, decreases, or intermediate maxima in fecundity, depending on egg costs. Second, even when spatially or temporally stochastic environments favor life histories with less-frequent egg limitation, stochasticity still increases the proportion of all eggs laid in the population that is laid by females destined to become egg limited. This counterintuitive result is explained by noting that stochasticity concentrates reproduction in the hands of a few females that are likely to become egg limited. Third, spatially or temporally stochastic environments amplify the constraints imposed by time and eggs on total reproduction by the population. I conclude that both egg and time constraints are fundamental in shaping insect reproductive behavior and population dynamics in stochastic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay A Rosenheim
- Department of Entomology and Center for Population Biology University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA.
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42
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Foray V, Gibert P, Desouhant E. Differential thermal performance curves in response to different habitats in the parasitoid Venturia canescens. Naturwissenschaften 2011; 98:683-91. [PMID: 21713525 DOI: 10.1007/s00114-011-0818-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2011] [Revised: 06/13/2011] [Accepted: 06/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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43
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Le Lann C, Visser B, van Baaren J, van Alphen JJM, Ellers J. Comparing resource exploitation and allocation of two closely related aphid parasitoids sharing the same host. Evol Ecol 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-011-9498-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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44
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Snell-Rood EC, Davidowitz G, Papaj DR. Reproductive tradeoffs of learning in a butterfly. Behav Ecol 2011. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arq169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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45
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Guo JY, Dong SZ, Ye GY, Li K, Zhu JY, Fang Q, Hu C. Oosorption in the endoparasitoid, Pteromalus puparum. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2011; 11:90. [PMID: 21870987 PMCID: PMC3281430 DOI: 10.1673/031.011.9001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2010] [Accepted: 01/13/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Oosorption is the resorption of oocytes in the ovaries, and is usually induced by environmental stress. It has been demonstrated in some insect species, but overall the mechanisms of oosorption are poorly understood. In this study, the oosorption in the endoparasitic wasp, Pteromalus puparum L. (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae), was observed in response to starvation. To explore the details of oosorption in P. puparum, both levels of hemolymph vitellogenin and ovarian vitellin were determined using sandwich ELISA. The results indicated that both levels of vitellin and total protein in the ovaries were significantly decreased 48 h after eclosion in starved P. puparum, while those of vitellogenin and total protein in the hemolymph were increased. In addition, observation of the ultrastructure of mature oocytes in the ovarioles revealed changes in yolk protein content. Those protein yolk spheres and lipid yolk spheres that had accumulated in the oocytes, were transferred out of the oocytes of starved females. It was assumed that once oosorption was induced in P. puparum, vitellin in the oocytes was transported outside and released into the hemolymph. This information helps to elucidate a mechanism of oosorption in insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-yang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310029, China
| | - Sheng-zhang Dong
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection and Quarantine, College of Life Science, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Gong-yin Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310029, China
| | - Kai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310029, China
| | - Jia-ying Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310029, China
| | - Qi Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310029, China
| | - Cui Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310029, China
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46
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Richard R, Casas J. Stochasticity and controllability of nutrient sources in foraging: host-feeding and egg resorption in parasitoids. ECOL MONOGR 2009. [DOI: 10.1890/08-1566.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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47
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Lebreton S, Darrouzet E, Chevrier C. Could hosts considered as low quality for egg-laying be considered as high quality for host-feeding? JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2009; 55:694-699. [PMID: 19446561 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2009.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2009] [Revised: 04/28/2009] [Accepted: 04/29/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
When parasitoid females encounter a host, they can either lay an egg and thus invest in current reproduction or feed on the host and thus invest in future reproduction. However, hosts could have different values according to their parasitized status. Whereas already parasitized hosts represent poor quality for egg-laying, they could have a high nutritive value for feeding. Moreover, the optimal strategy adopted generally depends on the females' physiological state. In this study, the impact of the females' physiological state on their reproductive strategies was investigated in the solitary parasitoid Anisopteromalus calandrae. We analysed how their age and diet influenced (i) the use of hosts (feeding vs. oviposition) and (ii) host selection (previously parasitized vs. unparasitized). Our results show that both age and diet influence the reproductive strategy of A. calandrae females: old females fed with the poorer diet laid fewer eggs and made more host-feeding than others. Females also showed a preference for already parasitized hosts for feeding. This strategy cannot be explained by the nutritive value of haemolymph, as parasitized hosts carry fewer lipids. However, as parasitized hosts are also paralyzed, it could be less costly to feed on them than on unparasitized hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Lebreton
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR 6035 CNRS, Université François Rabelais, Tours, France
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48
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BARRETT ELB, MOORE AJ, MOORE PJ. Diet and social conditions during sexual maturation have unpredictable influences on female life history trade-offs. J Evol Biol 2009; 22:571-81. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2008.01671.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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49
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Casas J, Vannier F, Mandon N, Delbecque JP, Giron D, Monge JP. Mitigation of egg limitation in parasitoids: immediate hormonal response and enhanced oogenesis after host use. Ecology 2009; 90:537-45. [DOI: 10.1890/08-0507.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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50
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Härri SA, Krauss J, Müller CB. Fungal endosymbionts of plants reduce lifespan of an aphid secondary parasitoid and influence host selection. Proc Biol Sci 2008; 275:2627-32. [PMID: 18682373 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2008.0594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Complex biotic interactions shape ecological communities of plants, herbivores and their natural enemies. In studies of multi-trophic interactions, the presence of small, invisible micro-organisms associated with plants and those of a fourth above-ground trophic level have often been neglected. Incorporating these neglected factors improves our understanding of the processes within a multi-trophic network. Here, we ask whether the presence of a fungal endosymbiont, which alters plant quality by producing herbivore-toxic substances, trickles up the food chain and affects the performance and host-selection behaviour of aphid secondary parasitoids. We simultaneously offered hosts from endophyte-free and endophyte-infected environments to secondary parasitoids. Older and more experienced parasitoid females discriminated against hosts from the endophyte-infected environment. Developing in lower quality hosts from the endophyte-infected environment reduced the lifespan of secondary parasitoids. This indicates that aphid secondary parasitoids can perceive the disadvantage for their developing offspring in parasitoids from the endophyte environment and can learn to discriminate against them. In the field, this discrimination ability may shift the success of primary parasitoids to endophyte-infected plants, which co-occur with endophyte-free plants. Ultimately, the control of aphids depends on complex interactions between primary and secondary parasitoids and their relative sensitivity to endophytic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone A Härri
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland.
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