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Pereira‐Pedro AS, Bruner E. Craniofacial orientation and parietal bone morphology in adult modern humans. J Anat 2022; 240:330-338. [PMID: 34498271 PMCID: PMC8742967 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In adult humans, the orbits vary mostly in their orientation in relation to the frontal bone profile, while the orientation of the cranial base and face are associated with the anteroposterior dimensions of the parietal bone. Here we investigate the effect of parietal bone length on the orientation of the orbits, addressing craniofacial integration and head orientation. We applied shape analysis to a sample of computed tomography scans from 30 adult modern humans, capturing the outlines of the parietal and frontal bones, the orbits, and the lateral and midline cranial base, to investigate shape variation, covariation, and modularity. Results show that the orientation of the orbits varies in accordance with the anterior cranial base, and in association with changes in parietal bone longitudinal extension. Flatter, elongated parietal bones are associated with downwardly oriented orbits and cranial bases. Modularity analysis points to a significant integration among the orbits, anterior cranial base, and the frontal profile. While the orbits are morphologically integrated with the adjacent structures in terms of shape, the association with parietal bone size depends on the spatial relationship between the two blocks. Complementary changes in orbit and parietal bone might play a role in accommodating craniofacial variability and may contribute to maintain the functional axis of the head. To better understand how skull morphology and head posture relate, future studies should account for the spatial relationship between the head and the neck.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emiliano Bruner
- Grupo de PaleobiologíaCentro Nacional de Investigación sobre la Evolución HumanaBurgosSpain
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2
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Ponce de León MS, Bienvenu T, Marom A, Engel S, Tafforeau P, Alatorre Warren JL, Lordkipanidze D, Kurniawan I, Murti DB, Suriyanto RA, Koesbardiati T, Zollikofer CPE. The primitive brain of early Homo. Science 2021; 372:165-171. [PMID: 33833119 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaz0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The brains of modern humans differ from those of great apes in size, shape, and cortical organization, notably in frontal lobe areas involved in complex cognitive tasks, such as social cognition, tool use, and language. When these differences arose during human evolution is a question of ongoing debate. Here, we show that the brains of early Homo from Africa and Western Asia (Dmanisi) retained a primitive, great ape-like organization of the frontal lobe. By contrast, African Homo younger than 1.5 million years ago, as well as all Southeast Asian Homo erectus, exhibited a more derived, humanlike brain organization. Frontal lobe reorganization, once considered a hallmark of earliest Homo in Africa, thus evolved comparatively late, and long after Homo first dispersed from Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcia S Ponce de León
- Department of Anthropology and Anthropological Museum, University of Zurich, CH-8052 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Thibault Bienvenu
- Department of Anthropology and Anthropological Museum, University of Zurich, CH-8052 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Assaf Marom
- Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Silvano Engel
- Department of Anthropology and Anthropological Museum, University of Zurich, CH-8052 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Paul Tafforeau
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 38043 Grenoble, France
| | - José Luis Alatorre Warren
- Department of Anthropology and Anthropological Museum, University of Zurich, CH-8052 Zurich, Switzerland.,Fetal Neonatal Neuroimaging and Developmental Science Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Iwan Kurniawan
- Museum of Geology, Jln. Diponegoro 57, Bandung 40122, Indonesia
| | - Delta Bayu Murti
- Department of Anthropology, Airlangga University, Surabaya, 60115 Jawa Timur, Indonesia
| | - Rusyad Adi Suriyanto
- Laboratory of Bioanthropology and Paleoanthropology, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
| | | | - Christoph P E Zollikofer
- Department of Anthropology and Anthropological Museum, University of Zurich, CH-8052 Zurich, Switzerland.
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3
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Matula J, Tesarova M, Zikmund T, Kaucka M, Adameyko I, Kaiser J. X-ray microtomography-based atlas of mouse cranial development. Gigascience 2021; 10:giab012. [PMID: 33677535 PMCID: PMC7936920 DOI: 10.1093/gigascience/giab012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND X-ray microtomography (μCT) has become an invaluable tool for non-destructive analysis of biological samples in the field of developmental biology. Mouse embryos are a typical model for investigation of human developmental diseases. By obtaining 3D high-resolution scans of the mouse embryo heads, we gain valuable morphological information about the structures prominent in the development of future face, brain, and sensory organs. The development of facial skeleton tracked in these μCT data provides a valuable background for further studies of congenital craniofacial diseases and normal development. FINDINGS In this work, reusable tomographic data from 7 full 3D scans of mouse embryo heads are presented and made publicly available. The ages of these embryos range from E12.5 to E18.5. The samples were stained by phosphotungstic acid prior to scanning, which greatly enhanced the contrast of various tissues in the reconstructed images and enabled precise segmentation. The images were obtained on a laboratory-based μCT system. Furthermore, we provide manually segmented masks of mesenchymal condensations (for E12.5 and E13.5) and cartilage present in the nasal capsule of the scanned embryos. CONCLUSION We present a comprehensive dataset of X-ray 3D computed tomography images of the developing mouse head with high-quality manual segmentation masks of cartilaginous nasal capsules. The provided μCT images can be used for studying any other major structure within the developing mouse heads. The high quality of the manually segmented models of nasal capsules may be instrumental to understanding the complex process of the development of the face in a mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Matula
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 123, Brno, 61200, Czech Republic
| | - Marketa Tesarova
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 123, Brno, 61200, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Zikmund
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 123, Brno, 61200, Czech Republic
| | - Marketa Kaucka
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, August-Thienemann-Str. 2, Plön, 24306, Germany
- Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Igor Adameyko
- Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Jozef Kaiser
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 123, Brno, 61200, Czech Republic
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4
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A metric survey on the sagittal and coronal morphology of the precuneus in adult humans. Brain Struct Funct 2020; 225:2747-2755. [DOI: 10.1007/s00429-020-02152-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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5
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Covariation of fetal skull and maternal pelvis during the perinatal period in rhesus macaques and evolution of childbirth in primates. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:21251-21257. [PMID: 32817513 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2002112117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A large brain combined with an upright posture in humans has resulted in a high cephalopelvic proportion and frequently obstructed labor. Fischer and Mitteroecker [B. Fischer, P. Mitteroecker, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 112, 5655-5660 (2015)] proposed that the morphological covariations between the skull and pelvis could have evolved to ameliorate obstructed labor in humans. The availability of quantitative data of such covariation, especially of the fetal skull and maternal pelvis, however, is still scarce. Here, we present direct evidence of morphological covariations between the skull and pelvis using actual mother-fetus dyads during the perinatal period of Macaca mulatta, a species that exhibits cephalopelvic proportions comparable to modern humans. We analyzed the covariation of the three-dimensional morphology of the fetal skull and maternal pelvis using computed tomography-based models. The covariation was mostly observed at the pelvic locations related to the birth canal, and the forms of the birth canal and fetal skull covary in such a way that reduces obstetric difficulties. Therefore, cephalopelvic covariation could have evolved not only in humans, but also in other primate taxa in parallel, or it could have evolved already in the early catarrhines.
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6
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Ridel AF, Demeter F, L'abbé EN, Vandermeulen D, Oettlé AC. Nose approximation among South African groups from cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) using a new computer-assisted method based on automatic landmarking. Forensic Sci Int 2020; 313:110357. [PMID: 32603884 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2020.110357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Considering the high demand for the identification of unknown remains in South Africa, a need exists to establish reliable facial approximation techniques that will take into account sex and age and, most importantly, be useful within the South African context. This study aimed to provide accurate statistical models for predicting nasal soft-tissue shape from information about the underlying skull subtract among a South African sample. The database containing 200 cone-beam computer tomography (CBCT) scans (100 black South Africans and 100 white South Africans). The acquisition and extraction of the 3D relevant anatomical structures (hard- and soft-tissue) were performed by an automated three-dimensional (3D) method based on an automatic dense landmarking procedure using MeVisLab © v. 2.7.1 software. An evaluation of shape differences attributed to known factors (ancestry, sex, size, and age) was performed using geometric morphometric and statistical models of prediction were created using a Projection onto Latent Structures Regression (PLSR) algorithm. The accuracy of the estimated soft-tissue nose was evaluated in terms of metric deviations on training and un-trained datasets. Our findings demonstrated the influence of factors (sex, aging, and allometry) on the variability of the hard- and soft-tissue among two South African population groups. This research provides accurate statistical models optimized by including additional information such as ancestry, sex, and age. When using the landmark-to landmark distances, the prediction errors ranged between 1.769mm and 2.164mm for black South Africans at the tip of the nose and the alae, while they ranged from 2.068mm to 2.175mm for the white subsample. The prediction errors on un-trained data were slightly larger, ranging between 2.139mm and 2.833mm for the black South African sample at the tip of the nose and the alae and ranging from 2.575mm to 2.859mm for the white South African sample. This research demonstrates the utilization of an automated 3Dmethod based on an automatic landmarking method as a convenient prerequisite for providing a valid and reliable nose prediction model that meets population-specific standards for South Africans.
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Affiliation(s)
- A F Ridel
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - F Demeter
- Musée de l'Homme, UMR7206, 17 Place du Trocadéro, 75116, Paris, France; Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - E N L'abbé
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - D Vandermeulen
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Center for Processing Speech and Images (PSI), Department of Electrical Engineering (ESAT), KU Leuven, Belgium.
| | - A C Oettlé
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Ga-Rankuwa, Pretoria, South Africa.
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7
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Morimoto N, Kunimatsu Y, Nakatsukasa M, Ponce de León MS, Zollikofer CPE, Ishida H, Sasaki T, Suwa G. Variation of bony labyrinthine morphology in Mio−Plio−Pleistocene and modern anthropoids. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2020; 173:276-292. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Morimoto
- Laboratory of Physical Anthropology Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University Kyoto Japan
| | - Yutaka Kunimatsu
- Faculty of Business Administration Ryukoku University Fushimi, Kyoto Japan
| | - Masato Nakatsukasa
- Laboratory of Physical Anthropology Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University Kyoto Japan
| | | | | | | | | | - Gen Suwa
- University Museum, University of Tokyo Hongo, Bunkyo‐ku, Tokyo Japan
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8
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Alarcón JA, Velasco-Torres M, Rosas A, Galindo-Moreno P, Catena A. Relationship between vertical facial pattern and brain structure and shape. Clin Oral Investig 2020; 24:1499-1508. [PMID: 32034547 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-020-03227-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Dolichofacial (long-faced) and brachyfacial (short-faced) individuals show specific and well-differentiated craniofacial morphology. Here, we hypothesise that differences in the basicranial orientation and topology between dolicho- and brachyfacial subjects could be associated with differences in the supporting brain tissues. MATERIAL AND METHODS Brain volumes (total intracranial, grey matter, and white matter volume), cortical thickness, and the volumes and shapes of fifteen subcortical nuclei were assessed on the basis of magnetic resonance imaging in 185 subjects. Global, voxel-wise and shape analyses, as well as multiple regression models, were generated to evaluate the association between vertical facial variations (dolicho- and brachyfacial spectrum) and brain morphology. RESULTS Several differences in brain anatomy between dolicho- and brachyfacial subjects, along with relevant associations between vertical facial indices and brain structure and shape, were found. The most relevant finding of this study is related to the strong association of vertical facial indices with the volumes and shapes of subcortical nuclei, as the dolichofacial pattern increased, the bilateral hippocampus and brain stem expanded, while the left caudate, right pallidus, right amygdala, and right accumbens decreased in volume. CONCLUSIONS Long- and short-faced human subjects present differences in brain structure and shape. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANT The results of our study increase the clinician's knowledge about brain structure in dolicho- and brachyfacial patients. The findings could be of interest since the affected brain areas are involved in higher cognitive functions in humans, including language, memory, and attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Antonio Alarcón
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Granada, Campus Universitario de Cartuja s/n, 18071, Granada, Spain.
| | - Miguel Velasco-Torres
- Department of Oral Radiology, School of Dentistry, University of Granada, Campus Universitario de Cartuja s/n, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Antonio Rosas
- Paleoanthropology Group, Department of Paleobiology, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN-CSIC), Calle José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Galindo-Moreno
- Department of Oral Surgery and Implant Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Granada, Campus Universitario de Cartuja s/n, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Andrés Catena
- Mind, Brain, and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), University of Granada, Campus Universitario de Cartuja s/n, 18071, Granada, Spain
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9
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Nishimura T, Morimoto N, Ito T. Shape variation in the facial part of the cranium in macaques and African papionins using geometric morphometrics. Primates 2019; 60:401-419. [PMID: 31468228 DOI: 10.1007/s10329-019-00740-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Macaques are one of the most successful nonhuman primates, and morphological distinctions from their close relatives, African papionins, are easily detected by the naked eye. Nevertheless, evolutionary allometry often accounts for a large amount of the total variation and potentially hides and precludes the detection of morphological distinctions that exist between macaques and African papionins, thus distorting their phyletic comparison. Geometric morpgometric analyses were performed using landmark coordinates in cranial samples from macaques (N = 135) and African papionins (N = 152) to examine the variation in their facial shape. A common allometric trend was confirmed to represent a moderately long face in macaques as being small-to-moderate-bodied papionins. Macaques possessed many features that were distinct from those of African papionins, while they simultaneously showed a large intrageneric variation in every feature, which precluded the separation of some groups of macaques from African papionins. This study confirmed that a moderately smooth sagittal profile is present in non-Sulawesi macaques. It also confirmed that a well-developed anteorbital drop is distinct in Mandrillus and Theropithecus, but it showed that Papio resembles macaques regarding this feature. This finding showed that apparently equivalent features which can be detected by the naked eye were probably formed by different combinations of the principal patterns. It should be noted that the differences detected here between macaques and African papionins are revealed after appropriate adjustments are made to eliminate the allometric effects over the shape features. While landmark data sets still need to be customized for specific studies, the information provided by this article is expected to help such customization and to improve future phyletic evaluation of the fossil papionins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Nishimura
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, 41-2 Kanrin, Inuyama, Aichi, 484-8506, Japan.
| | - Naoki Morimoto
- Laboratory of Physical Anthropology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashiralkawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Ito
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, 41-2 Kanrin, Inuyama, Aichi, 484-8506, Japan
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10
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Veneziano A, Meloro C, Irish JD, Stringer C, Profico A, De Groote I. Neuromandibular integration in humans and chimpanzees: Implications for dental and mandibular reduction inHomo. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2018; 167:84-96. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Veneziano
- Research Centre in Evolutionary Anthropology and Palaeoecology, School of Natural Sciences and Psychology, Faculty of Science; Liverpool John Moores University; Liverpool L3 3AF United Kingdom
- Centre for Anatomical and Human Sciences, Hull York Medical School; University of York; York YO10 5DD United Kingdom
| | - Carlo Meloro
- Research Centre in Evolutionary Anthropology and Palaeoecology, School of Natural Sciences and Psychology, Faculty of Science; Liverpool John Moores University; Liverpool L3 3AF United Kingdom
| | - Joel D. Irish
- Research Centre in Evolutionary Anthropology and Palaeoecology, School of Natural Sciences and Psychology, Faculty of Science; Liverpool John Moores University; Liverpool L3 3AF United Kingdom
| | - Chris Stringer
- Department of Earth Sciences; The Natural History Museum; London SW7 5BD United Kingdom
| | - Antonio Profico
- Dipartimento di Biologia Ambientale; Sapienza Università di Roma; Roma 00185 Italy
| | - Isabelle De Groote
- Research Centre in Evolutionary Anthropology and Palaeoecology, School of Natural Sciences and Psychology, Faculty of Science; Liverpool John Moores University; Liverpool L3 3AF United Kingdom
- Department of Earth Sciences; The Natural History Museum; London SW7 5BD United Kingdom
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11
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Pereira-Pedro AS, Rilling JK, Chen X, Preuss TM, Bruner E. Midsagittal Brain Variation among Non-Human Primates: Insights into Evolutionary Expansion of the Human Precuneus. BRAIN, BEHAVIOR AND EVOLUTION 2017; 90:255-263. [PMID: 29065406 PMCID: PMC5687995 DOI: 10.1159/000481085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The precuneus is a major element of the superior parietal lobule, positioned on the medial side of the hemisphere and reaching the dorsal surface of the brain. It is a crucial functional region for visuospatial integration, visual imagery, and body coordination. Previously, we argued that the precuneus expanded in recent human evolution, based on a combination of paleontological, comparative, and intraspecific evidence from fossil and modern human endocasts as well as from human and chimpanzee brains. The longitudinal proportions of this region are a major source of anatomical variation among adult humans and, being much larger in Homo sapiens, is the main characteristic differentiating human midsagittal brain morphology from that of our closest living primate relative, the chimpanzee. In the current shape analysis, we examine precuneus variation in non-human primates through landmark-based models, to evaluate the general pattern of variability in non-human primates, and to test whether precuneus proportions are influenced by allometric effects of brain size. Results show that precuneus proportions do not covary with brain size, and that the main difference between monkeys and apes involves a vertical expansion of the frontal and occipital regions in apes. Such differences might reflect differences in brain proportions or differences in cranial architecture. In this sample, precuneus variation is apparently not influenced by phylogenetic or allometric factors, but does vary consistently within species, at least in chimpanzees and macaques. This result further supports the hypothesis that precuneus expansion in modern humans is not merely a consequence of increasing brain size or of allometric scaling, but rather represents a species-specific morphological change in our lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Sofia Pereira-Pedro
- Grupo de Paleoneurología, Centro Nacional de Investigación sobre la Evolución Humana, Burgos (Spain)
| | - James K. Rilling
- Department of Anthropology, Emory University, Atlanta (USA)
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta (USA)
- Center for Translational Social Neuroscience, Atlanta (USA)
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Emory University, Atlanta (USA)
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, (USA)
| | - Xu Chen
- Department of Anthropology, Emory University, Atlanta (USA)
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta (USA)
| | - Todd M. Preuss
- Center for Translational Social Neuroscience, Atlanta (USA)
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Emory University, Atlanta (USA)
- Division of Neuropharmacology and Neurologic Diseases, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta (USA)
| | - Emiliano Bruner
- Grupo de Paleoneurología, Centro Nacional de Investigación sobre la Evolución Humana, Burgos (Spain)
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12
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Uldin T. Virtual anthropology - a brief review of the literature and history of computed tomography. Forensic Sci Res 2017; 2:165-173. [PMID: 30483637 PMCID: PMC6197098 DOI: 10.1080/20961790.2017.1369621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Computed tomography (CT) has influenced numerous fields since its inception in the 1970s. The field of palaeoanthropology significantly benefited from this efficient and non-invasive medium in terms of the conservation, reconstruction and analysis of fossil human remains. Over the past decade, there has been a steady increase in the number of forensic anthropological studies incorporating virtual osteological analyses. Because of the increasing importance of these modern cross-sectional imaging techniques and the requirement for standardized parameters in forensic science, we deemed it important to outline the history and development of CT applications in these related academic areas. The present paper outlines the history of “virtual anthropology” and osteological multi-detector CT in the context of palaeoanthropology and forensic anthropology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya Uldin
- Department of Medicine and Community Health, University Center of Legal Medicine Lausanne-Geneva, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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13
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Precuneus proportions and cortical folding: A morphometric evaluation on a racially diverse human sample. Ann Anat 2017; 211:120-128. [PMID: 28279731 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2017.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recent analyses have suggested that the size and proportions of the precuneus are remarkably variable among adult humans, representing a major source of geometrical difference in midsagittal brain morphology. The same area also represents the main midsagittal brain difference between humans and chimpanzees, being more expanded in our species. Enlargement of the upper parietal surface is a specific feature of Homo sapiens, when compared with other fossil hominids, suggesting the involvement of these cortical areas in recent modern human evolution. Here, we provide a survey on midsagittal brain morphology by investigating whether precuneus size represents the largest component of variance within a larger and racially diverse sample of 265 adult humans. Additionally, we investigate the relationship between precuneus shape variation and folding patterns. Precuneus proportions are confirmed to be a major source of human brain variation even when racial variability is considered. Larger precuneus size is associated with additional precuneal gyri, generally in its anterior district. Spatial variation is most pronounced in the dorsal areas, with no apparent differences between hemispheres, between sexes, or among different racial groups. These dorsal areas integrate somatic and visual information together with the lateral elements of the parietal cortex, representing a crucial node for self-centered mental imagery. The histological basis and functional significance of this intra-specific variation in the upper precuneus remains to be evaluated.
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14
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Line of Sight in Hominoids. J Clin Pediatr Dent 2017; 40:251-8. [PMID: 27472575 DOI: 10.17796/1053-4628-40.3.251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES It remains unclear how the realignments of the face and basicranium that characterize humans were acquired, both phylogenetically and ontogenetically. The developmentally constrained nature of the skull has been previously demonstrated in other primates using Donald H. Enlow's mammalian craniofacial architectural relationships. Here, we compare crania of our closest relatives to gain greater understanding of how and why the relationship of the face and cranial base is developmentally constrained in order to inform instances of abnormal growth and clinical intervention. STUDY DESIGN A method for evaluating these fundamental architectural relationships using 3D landmark data was developed, thereby taking overall size and the geometric relationships among points into account. A sample of cone-beam computed tomography scans derived from humans and extant apes were analyzed (n=10 and n=6, respectively), as well as fossil hominid crania (n=7). Landmarks for 23 craniofacial architectural points were identified and recorded. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Principal components analyses reveal that despite the similarities in craniofacial architecture between humans, extant apes and fossil hominids, appreciable trends in variation between the extant species suggest that the repositioning of the foramen magnum was only one of a constellation of traits that realigned the basicranium and face during the transition to bipedalism.
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15
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Zollikofer CPE, Bienvenu T, Ponce de León MS. Effects of cranial integration on hominid endocranial shape. J Anat 2017; 230:85-105. [PMID: 27503252 PMCID: PMC5192801 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Because brains do not fossilize, the internal surface of the braincase (endocast) serves as an important source of information about brain growth, development, and evolution. Recent studies of endocranial morphology and development in great apes, fossil hominins, and modern humans have revealed taxon-specific differences. However, it remains to be investigated to which extent differences in endocranial morphology reflect differences in actual brain morphology and development, and to which extent they reflect different interactions of the brain and its case with the cranial base and face. Here we address this question by analyzing the effects of cranial integration on endocranial morphology. We test the 'spatial packing' and 'facial orientation' hypotheses, which propose that size and orientation of the neurocranium relative to the viscerocranium influence endocranial shape. Results show that a substantial proportion of endocranial shape variation along and across ontogenetic trajectories is due to cranial integration. Specifically, the uniquely globular shape of the human endocast mainly results from the combination of an exceptionally large brain with a comparatively small face. Overall, thus, cranial integration has pervasive effects on endocranial morphology, and only a comparatively small proportion of inter- and intra-taxon variation can directly be associated with variation in brain morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thibaut Bienvenu
- Anthropological Institute and MuseumUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
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16
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Abstract
Allometry refers to the size-related changes of morphological traits and remains an essential concept for the study of evolution and development. This review is the first systematic comparison of allometric methods in the context of geometric morphometrics that considers the structure of morphological spaces and their implications for characterizing allometry and performing size correction. The distinction of two main schools of thought is useful for understanding the differences and relationships between alternative methods for studying allometry. The Gould-Mosimann school defines allometry as the covariation of shape with size. This concept of allometry is implemented in geometric morphometrics through the multivariate regression of shape variables on a measure of size. In the Huxley-Jolicoeur school, allometry is the covariation among morphological features that all contain size information. In this framework, allometric trajectories are characterized by the first principal component, which is a line of best fit to the data points. In geometric morphometrics, this concept is implemented in analyses using either Procrustes form space or conformation space (the latter also known as size-and-shape space). Whereas these spaces differ substantially in their global structure, there are also close connections in their localized geometry. For the model of small isotropic variation of landmark positions, they are equivalent up to scaling. The methods differ in their emphasis and thus provide investigators with flexible tools to address specific questions concerning evolution and development, but all frameworks are logically compatible with each other and therefore unlikely to yield contradictory results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Peter Klingenberg
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.
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Size, shape, and form: concepts of allometry in geometric morphometrics. Dev Genes Evol 2016; 226:113-37. [PMID: 27038023 PMCID: PMC4896994 DOI: 10.1007/s00427-016-0539-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 445] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Allometry refers to the size-related changes of morphological traits and remains an essential concept for the study of evolution and development. This review is the first systematic comparison of allometric methods in the context of geometric morphometrics that considers the structure of morphological spaces and their implications for characterizing allometry and performing size correction. The distinction of two main schools of thought is useful for understanding the differences and relationships between alternative methods for studying allometry. The Gould–Mosimann school defines allometry as the covariation of shape with size. This concept of allometry is implemented in geometric morphometrics through the multivariate regression of shape variables on a measure of size. In the Huxley–Jolicoeur school, allometry is the covariation among morphological features that all contain size information. In this framework, allometric trajectories are characterized by the first principal component, which is a line of best fit to the data points. In geometric morphometrics, this concept is implemented in analyses using either Procrustes form space or conformation space (the latter also known as size-and-shape space). Whereas these spaces differ substantially in their global structure, there are also close connections in their localized geometry. For the model of small isotropic variation of landmark positions, they are equivalent up to scaling. The methods differ in their emphasis and thus provide investigators with flexible tools to address specific questions concerning evolution and development, but all frameworks are logically compatible with each other and therefore unlikely to yield contradictory results.
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18
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Wood C. The age-related emergence of cranial morphological variation. Forensic Sci Int 2015; 251:220.e1-20. [PMID: 25921212 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Revised: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Evaluation of ancestry from skeletal remains is problematic for subadults because of a lack of systematic research on the topic. This paper addresses the need for systematic research into geographical variation through childhood and puberty through the examination of the emergence of cranial morphological traits through an analysis of 756 subadults from 4 months in utero to <20 years of age. The first appearance of a trait, changes in the morphology of a trait through time, age stability as related to the age of maturation of the structure, and the developmental mechanisms and processes that cause traits to appear together are addressed. Most traits are influenced by patterns of growth and development and become age stable in conjunction with the larger growth complexes of which they are a part. Geographic cranial variation is present from an early age. Population specific differences in the expression of most traits are apparent from their first appearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolan Wood
- University of Toronto Mississauga, Department of Anthropology, Terrence Donnelly Health Science Complex, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, Ont. L5L 1C6 Canada.
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Mitteroecker P, Windhager S, Müller GB, Schaefer K. The morphometrics of "masculinity" in human faces. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118374. [PMID: 25671667 PMCID: PMC4324773 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In studies of social inference and human mate preference, a wide but inconsistent array of tools for computing facial masculinity has been devised. Several of these approaches implicitly assumed that the individual expression of sexually dimorphic shape features, which we refer to as maleness, resembles facial shape features perceived as masculine. We outline a morphometric strategy for estimating separately the face shape patterns that underlie perceived masculinity and maleness, and for computing individual scores for these shape patterns. We further show how faces with different degrees of masculinity or maleness can be constructed in a geometric morphometric framework. In an application of these methods to a set of human facial photographs, we found that shape features typically perceived as masculine are wide faces with a wide inter-orbital distance, a wide nose, thin lips, and a large and massive lower face. The individual expressions of this combination of shape features—the masculinity shape scores—were the best predictor of rated masculinity among the compared methods (r = 0.5). The shape features perceived as masculine only partly resembled the average face shape difference between males and females (sexual dimorphism). Discriminant functions and Procrustes distances to the female mean shape were poor predictors of perceived masculinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Mitteroecker
- Department of Theoretical Biology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- * E-mail:
| | - Sonja Windhager
- Department of Anthropology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerd B. Müller
- Department of Theoretical Biology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Katrin Schaefer
- Department of Anthropology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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MORITA YUSUKE, AMANO HIDEKI, OGIHARA NAOMICHI. Three-dimensional endocranial shape variation in the modern Japanese population. ANTHROPOL SCI 2015. [DOI: 10.1537/ase.151008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- YUSUKE MORITA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama
| | - HIDEKI AMANO
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama
| | - NAOMICHI OGIHARA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama
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21
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Milella M, Zollikofer CP, Ponce de León MS. Virtual Reconstruction and Geometric Morphometrics as Tools for Paleopathology: A New Approach to Study Rare Developmental Disorders of the Skeleton. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2014; 298:335-45. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.23020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Milella
- Anthropological Institute and Museum, University of Zurich; Switzerland
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Polychronis G, Halazonetis DJ. Shape covariation between the craniofacial complex and first molars in humans. J Anat 2014; 225:220-31. [PMID: 24916927 PMCID: PMC4111929 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The occurrence of mutual genetic loci in morphogenesis of the face and teeth implies shape covariation between these structures. However, teeth finalize their shape at an early age, whereas the face grows and is subjected to environmental influences for a prolonged period; it is therefore conceivable that covariation might modulate with age. Here we investigate the extent of this covariation in humans by measuring the 3D shape of the occlusal surface of the permanent first molars and the shape of the craniofacial complex from lateral radiographs, at two maturations stages. A sample of Greek subjects was divided into two groups (110 adult, 110 prepubertal) with equally distributed gender. The occlusal surfaces of the right first molars were 3D scanned from dental casts; 265 and 274 landmarks (including surface and curve semilandmarks) were digitized on the maxillary and mandibular molars, respectively. The corresponding lateral cephalometric radiographs were digitized with 71 landmarks. Geometric morphometric methods were used to assess shape variation and covariation. The vertical dimension of the craniofacial complex was the main parameter of shape variation, followed by anteroposterior deviations. The male craniofacial complex was larger (4.0-5.7%) and was characterized by a prominent chin and clockwise rotation of the cranial base (adult group only). Allometry was weak and statistically significant only when examined for the sample as a whole (percent variance explained: 2.1%, P = 0.0002). Covariation was statistically significant only between the lower first molar and the craniofacial complex (RV = 14.05%, P = 0.0099, and RV = 12.31%, P = 0.0162, for the prepubertal and adult groups, respectively). Subtle age-related covariation differences were noted, indicating that environmental factors may influence the pattern and strength of covariation. However, the main pattern was similar in both groups: a class III skeletal pattern (relative maxillary retrusion and mandibular protrusion), hyperdivergency, forward rotation of the posterior cranial base and upward rotation of the anterior cranial base were associated with mesiodistal elongation of the lower molars and height reduction of their distal cusps. This pattern mimics phylogeny in humans, where flexion and counterclockwise rotation of the cranial base, considered advantageous to survival, co-occur with tooth reductions that cannot be easily explained in evolutionary terms. The similarity of the phylogenetic and covariation patterns seems to support the pleiotropic gene hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Polychronis
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Cooper WJ, Wirgau RM, Sweet EM, Albertson RC. Deficiency of zebrafish fgf20a results in aberrant skull remodeling that mimics both human cranial disease and evolutionarily important fish skull morphologies. Evol Dev 2013; 15:426-41. [PMID: 24261444 PMCID: PMC3890419 DOI: 10.1111/ede.12052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The processes that direct skull remodeling are of interest to both human-oriented studies of cranial dysplasia and evolutionary studies of skull divergence. There is increasing awareness that these two fields can be mutually informative when natural variation mimics pathology. Here we describe a zebrafish mutant line, devoid of blastema (dob), which does not have a functional fgf20a protein, and which also presents cranial defects similar to both adaptive and clinical variation. We used geometric morphometric methods to provide quantitative descriptions of the effects of the dob mutation on skull morphogenesis. In combination with "whole-mount in situ hybridization" labeling of normal fgf20a expression and assays for osteoblast and osteoclast activity, the results of these analyses indicate that cranial dysmorphologies in dob zebrafish are generated by aberrations in post-embryonic skull remodeling via decreased osteoblasotgenesis and increased osteoclastogenesis. Mutational effects include altered skull vault geometries and midfacial hypoplasia that are consistent with key diagnostic signs for multiple human craniofacial syndromes. These phenotypic shifts also mimic changes in the functional morphology of fish skulls that have arisen repeatedly in several highly successful radiations (e.g., damselfishes and East-African rift-lake cichlids). Our results offer the dob/fgf20a mutant as an experimentally tractable model with which to examine post-embryonic skull development as it relates to human disease and vertebrate evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- W. James Cooper
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University Tri-cities, Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | - Rachel M. Wirgau
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University Tri-cities, Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | - Elly M. Sweet
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University Tri-cities, Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | - R. Craig Albertson
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
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Morita Y, Ogihara N, Kanai T, Suzuki H. Technical note: Quantification of neurocranial shape variation using the shortest paths connecting pairs of anatomical landmarks. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2013; 151:658-66. [PMID: 23868177 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional geometric morphometric techniques have been widely used in quantitative comparisons of craniofacial morphology in humans and nonhuman primates. However, few anatomical landmarks can actually be defined on the neurocranium. In this study, an alternative method is proposed for defining semi-landmarks on neurocranial surfaces for use in detailed analysis of cranial shape. Specifically, midsagittal, nuchal, and temporal lines were approximated using Bezier curves and equally spaced points along each of the curves were defined as semi-landmarks. The shortest paths connecting pairs of anatomical landmarks as well as semi-landmarks were then calculated in order to represent the surface morphology between landmarks using equally spaced points along the paths. To evaluate the efficacy of this method, the previously outlined technique was used in morphological analysis of sexual dimorphism in modern Japanese crania. The study sample comprised 22 specimens that were used to generate 110 anatomical semi-landmarks, which were used in geometric morphometric analysis. Although variations due to sexual dimorphism in human crania are very small, differences could be identified using the proposed landmark placement, which demonstrated the efficacy of the proposed method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Morita
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, 223-8522, Japan
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25
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Probst FA, Litzenburger AP, Richter MJ, Mehl AC. Similarity measure for quality control of dental CAD/CAM-applications. Comput Biol Med 2012; 42:1086-90. [PMID: 23032065 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2012.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2011] [Accepted: 08/31/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
There is no measure for morphometric quality control of dental CAD/CAM-restorations as well as for evaluation of newly developed CAD/CAM-applications. The aim of this study was to (a) establish a 3D-measure for morphological comparisons, (b) to proof its metrical and subjective-visual validity and (c) to explore morphological features which have relevant impact on visual perception. 125 maxillary anterior teeth were chosen from a digital library of 3D data sets and compared by automatic superimposition with a best-fit method. The superimposition was analyzed by a newly defined 3-dimensional similarity measure, called shape similarity value (SSV). With this measure, similarity between symmetrical and non-symmetrical teeth was evaluated and the metrical validity was tested. Additionally, visual evaluation of tooth similarities were performed and analyzed by means of multivariate statistical procedures, to test the correspondence between metrical similarity measure and visual similarity perception. The measure clearly reproduced the similarity of contralateral teeth and the dissimilarity of teeth between different individuals. The coincidence between quantitative similarity measure and visual perception was moderate. In conclusion, the presented 3D-measure can be considered as a first substantial step towards a morphometric quality control of CAD/CAM-restorations of anterior teeth.
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Affiliation(s)
- F A Probst
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Munich (LMU), Lindwurmstr Munich, Germany.
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26
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Lee YK, Moon HJ. Reciprocal influence of masticatory apparatus, craniofacial structure and whole body homeostasis. Med Hypotheses 2012; 79:761-6. [PMID: 22981594 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2012.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Revised: 06/07/2012] [Accepted: 08/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
There are evidences that the evolution into Homo erectus was partially induced by masticatory muscular dystrophy caused by a gene mutation, which in turn increased brain capacity and led to bipedalism. It is generally accepted that the morphology and function of mammalian skull are partially controlled by epigenetic mechanisms. Archeologic evidences support that the masticatory apparatus have influenced the mechanical stress distribution in hominin skull, and consequently changed craniofacial morphology and function. Even after evolution into H. erectus, alterations in food properties by civilization and cultural preferences have caused modification of human masticatory pattern and accordingly craniofacial structure. Since there are evidences that prehuman and human masticatory apparatus has been influenced the craniofacial and whole body morphology and function, this apparatus in turn might influence whole body homeostasis. Plausible reciprocal influencing mechanisms of the masticatory apparatus on the whole body homeostasis might be (1) direct mechanical influence on the craniofacial structure, (2) distortion of cerebrospinal fluid circulation, and/or (3) several neural/humoral routes. Based on these backgrounds, the hypothesis of the present study is that the morphology and function of masticatory apparatus influence the whole body homeostasis and these interactions are reciprocal. Therefore, human masticatory apparatus, at the present time, should be kept in its physiological status to maintain the whole body homeostasis. We recommend basic and clinical approaches to confirm this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Keun Lee
- ICPB and ETN Dental Clinic, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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27
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CRUZ RONALDALLANL, PANTE MAJOSEFAR, ROHLF FJAMES. Geometric morphometric analysis of shell shape variation in Conus (Gastropoda: Conidae). Zool J Linn Soc 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00806.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
Hominin evolution is characterized by two main trends, transition to bipedality and increase in brain size. Fossil evidence shows that both trends had a major impact on the structure and function of the hominin skull. This chapter asks how evolutionary modification of the cranial ontogenetic program led to morphological reorganization of the hominin skull and ultimately to hominin cranial diversity. Three major mechanisms of evolutionary developmental reorganization are proposed: modified prenatal development of the cranial base and face reflects adaptation to bipedality; high rates of neurocranial growth during early postnatal ontogeny are essential to attain large brain sizes; taxon-specific modification of facial development reflects dietary adaptation and-in the genus Homo-a general trend toward neoteny.
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29
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Linear Discrimination, Ordination, and the Visualization of Selection Gradients in Modern Morphometrics. Evol Biol 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s11692-011-9109-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Curnoe D. A 150-year conundrum: cranial robusticity and its bearing on the origin of aboriginal australians. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY 2011; 2011:632484. [PMID: 21350636 PMCID: PMC3039414 DOI: 10.4061/2011/632484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2010] [Accepted: 12/16/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The origin of Aboriginal Australians has been a central question of palaeoanthropology since its inception during the 19th Century. Moreover, the idea that Australians could trace their ancestry to a non-modern Pleistocene population such as Homo erectus in Southeast Asia have existed for more than 100 years, being explicitly linked to cranial robusticity. It is argued here that in order to resolve this issue a new program of research should be embraced, one aiming to test the full range of alternative explanations for robust morphology. Recent developments in the morphological sciences, especially relating to the ontogeny of the cranium indicate that character atomisation, an approach underpinning phylogenetic reconstruction, is fraught with difficulties. This leads to the conclusion that phylogenetic-based explanations for robusticity should be reconsidered and a more parsimonious approach to explaining Aboriginal Australian origins taken. One that takes proper account of the complex processes involved in the growth of the human cranium rather than just assuming natural selection to explain every subtle variation seen in past populations. In doing so, the null hypothesis that robusticity might result from phenotypic plasticity alone cannot be rejected, a position at odds with both reticulate and deep-time continuity models of Australian origins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren Curnoe
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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31
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Yano W, Egi N, Takano T, Ogihara N. Prenatal ontogeny of subspecific variation in the craniofacial morphology of the Japanese macaque (Macaca fuscata). Primates 2010; 51:263-71. [PMID: 20361348 DOI: 10.1007/s10329-010-0197-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2009] [Accepted: 03/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We cross-sectionally investigated prenatal ontogeny of craniofacial shape in the two subspecies of the Japanese macaque (Macaca fuscata fuscata and Macaca fuscata yakui) using a geometric morphometric technique to explore the process of morphogenetic divergence leading to the adult morphological difference between the subspecies. The sample comprised a total of 32 formalin-fixed fetal specimens of the two subspecies, in approximately the second and third trimesters. Each fetal cranium was scanned using computed tomography to generate a three-dimensional surface model, and 68 landmarks were digitized on the external and internal surface of each cranium to trace the growth-related changes in craniofacial shape of the two subspecies. The results of our study demonstrated that the two subspecies generally shared the same craniofacial growth pattern. Both crania tend to exhibit relative contraction of the neurocranium in the mediolateral and superoinferior directions, a more superiorly positioned cranial base, a more vertically oriented occipital squama, and a more anteriorly positioned viscerocranium as the cranial size increased. However, distinctive subspecific differences, for example relatively narrower orbital breadth, higher orbit, higher position of the nuchal crest, and more protrudent snout found in Macaca fuscata yakui were already present during the prenatal period. This study demonstrated that morphological differentiation in the craniofacial shape may occur at a very early stage of the fetal period even between closely related subspecies of the Japanese macaque.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Yano
- Laboratory of Physical Anthropology, Department of Zoology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
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Zollikofer CPE, Ponce De León MS, Chaimanee Y, Lebrun R, Tafforeau P, Khansubhaand S, Jaeger JJ. The face of Siamopithecus: new geometric-morphometric evidence for its anthropoid status. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2010; 292:1734-44. [PMID: 19718713 DOI: 10.1002/ar.20998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Amphipithecids assume a key position in early primate evolution in Asia. Here we report on new maxillofacial and associated mandibular remains of Siamopithecus eocaenus, an amphipithecid primate from the Late Eocene of Krabi (Thailand) that currently represents the most complete specimen belonging to this group. We used synchrotron microtomography and techniques of virtual reconstruction to recover the three-dimensional morphology of the specimen. Geometric-morphometric analysis of the reconstructed specimen within a comparative sample of recent and fossil primates clearly associates Siamopithecus with the anthropoids. Like modern anthropoids, Siamopithecus displays a relatively short face and highly convergent and frontated orbits, the lower rim of which lies well above the alveolar plane. The cooccurrence of spatially correlated anthropoid features and classical anthropoid dental characters in one individual represents a strong argument to support the anthropoid status of Siamopithecus. It is, thus, highly unlikely that amphipithecids are specialized adapiforms exhibiting complete convergence with anthropoids.
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A bivariate approach to the widening of the frontal lobes in the genus Homo. J Hum Evol 2009; 58:138-46. [PMID: 20035967 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2009.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2008] [Revised: 08/03/2009] [Accepted: 10/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Within the genus Homo, the most encephalized taxa (Neandertals and modern humans) show relatively wider frontal lobes than either Homo erectus or australopithecines. The present analysis considers whether these changes are associated with a single size-based or allometric pattern (positive allometry of the width of the anterior endocranial fossa) or with a more specific and non-allometric pattern. The relationship between hemispheric length, maximum endocranial width, and frontal width at Broca's area was investigated in extant and extinct humans. Our results do not support positive allometry for the frontal lobe's width in relation to the main endocranial diameters within modern humans (Homo sapiens). Also, the correlation between frontal width and hemispheric length is lower than the correlation between frontal width and parieto-temporal width. When compared with the australopithecines, the genus Homo could have experienced a non-allometric widening of the brain at the temporo-parietal areas, which is most evident in Neandertals. Modern humans and Neandertals also display a non-allometric widening of the anterior endocranial fossa at the Broca's cap when compared with early hominids, again more prominent in the latter group. Taking into account the contrast between the intra-specific patterns and the between-species differences, the relative widening of the anterior fossa can be interpreted as a definite evolutionary character instead of a passive consequence of brain size increase. This expansion is most likely associated with correspondent increments of the underlying neural mass, or at least with a geometrical reallocation of the frontal cortical volumes. Although different structural changes of the cranial architecture can be related to such variations, the widening of the frontal areas is nonetheless particularly interesting when some neural functions (like language or working memory, decision processing, etc.) and related fronto-parietal cortico-cortical connections are taken into account.
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Bruner E, Mantini S, Ripani M. Landmark-Based Analysis of the Morphological Relationship Between Endocranial Shape and Traces of the Middle Meningeal Vessels. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2009; 292:518-27. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.20868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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OGIHARA NAOMICHI, MAKISHIMA HARUYUKI, ISHIDA HIDEMI. Geometric morphometric study of temporal variations in human crania excavated from the Himrin Basin and neighboring areas, northern Iraq. ANTHROPOL SCI 2009. [DOI: 10.1537/ase.080130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- NAOMICHI OGIHARA
- Laboratory of Physical Anthropology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto
| | - HARUYUKI MAKISHIMA
- Laboratory of Physical Anthropology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto
| | - HIDEMI ISHIDA
- School of Human Nursing, University of Shiga Prefecture, Shiga
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Zollikofer CPE, Ponce De León MS, Schmitz RW, Stringer CB. New insights into mid-late Pleistocene fossil hominin paranasal sinus morphology. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2008; 291:1506-16. [PMID: 18951483 DOI: 10.1002/ar.20779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Mid-late Pleistocene fossil hominins such as Homo neanderthalensis and H. heidelbergensis are often described as having extensively pneumatized crania compared with modern humans. However, the significance of pneumatization in recognizing patterns of phyletic diversification and/or functional specialization has remained controversial. Here, we test the null hypothesis that the paranasal sinuses of fossil and extant humans and great apes can be understood as biological spandrels, i.e., their morphology reflects evolutionary, developmental, and functional constraints imposed onto the surrounding bones. Morphological description of well-preserved mid-late Pleistocene hominin specimens are contrasted with our comparative sample of modern humans and great apes. Results from a geometric morphometric analysis of the correlation between paranasal sinus and cranial dimensions show that the spandrel hypothesis cannot be refuted. However, visualizing specific features of the paranasal sinus system with methods of biomedical imaging and computer graphics reveals new aspects of patterns of growth and development of fossil hominins.
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CHIARI YLENIA, WANG BING, RUSHMEIER HOLLY, CACCONE ADALGISA. Using digital images to reconstruct three-dimensional biological forms: a new tool for morphological studies. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2008.01055.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Bruner E, Ripani M. A quantitative and descriptive approach to morphological variation of the endocranial base in modern humans. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2008; 137:30-40. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.20837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Abstract
Knowledge of the pattern of human craniofacial development in the fetal period is important for understanding the mechanisms underlying the emergence of variations in human craniofacial morphology. However, the precise character of the prenatal ontogenetic development of the human cranium has yet to be fully established. This study investigates ontogenetic changes in cranial shape in the fetal period, as exhibited in Japanese fetal specimens housed at Kyoto University. A total of 31 human fetal specimens aged from approximately 8 to 42 weeks of gestation underwent helical computed tomographic scanning, and 68 landmarks were digitized on the internal and external surfaces of the extracted crania. Ontogenetic shape change was then analyzed cross-sectionally and three-dimensionally using a geometric morphometric technique. The results of the present study are generally consistent with previously reported findings. It was found that during the prenatal ontogenetic process, the growth rate of the length of the cranium is greater than that of the width and height, and the growth rate of the length of the posterior cranial base is smaller than that of the anterior cranial base. Furthermore, it was observed that the change in shape of the human viscerocranium is smaller than that of the neurocranium during the fetal period, and that concurrently the basicranium extends by approximately 8 degrees due to the relative elevation of the basilar and lateral parts of occipital bone. These specific growth-related changes are the opposite of those reported for the postnatal period. Our findings therefore indicate that the allometric pattern of the human cranium is not a simple continuous transformation, but changes drastically from before to after birth.
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Bastir M, Sobral PG, Kuroe K, Rosas A. Human craniofacial sphericity: A simultaneous analysis of frontal and lateral cephalograms of a Japanese population using geometric morphometrics and partial least squares analysis. Arch Oral Biol 2008; 53:295-303. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2007.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2007] [Revised: 09/13/2007] [Accepted: 09/24/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Messmer P, Matthews F, Jacob AL, Kikinis R, Regazzoni P, Noser H. A CT database for research, development and education: concept and potential. J Digit Imaging 2007; 20:17-22. [PMID: 16897321 PMCID: PMC3043884 DOI: 10.1007/s10278-006-0771-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Both in radiology and in surgery, numerous applications are emerging that enable 3D visualization of data from various imaging modalities. In clinical practice, the patient's images are analyzed on work stations in the Radiology Department. For specific preclinical and educational applications, however, data from single patients are insufficient. Instead, similar scans from a number of individuals within a collective must be compiled. The definition of standardized acquisition procedures and archiving formats are prerequisite for subsequent analysis of multiple data sets. Focusing on bone morphology, we describe our concept of a computer database of 3D human bone models obtained from computed tomography (CT) scans. We further discuss and illustrate deployment areas ranging from prosthesis design, over virtual operation simulation up to 3D anatomy atlases. The database of 3D bone models described in this work, created and maintained by the AO Development Institute, may be accessible to research institutes on request.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Messmer
- Department Surgery, Division Trauma Surgery, University Hospital of Zurich, Raemistrasse 100, CH-8091, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis E. Slice
- Department of Anthropology, University of Vienna, A-1091 Vienna, Austria;
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Albert AM, Ricanek K, Patterson E. A review of the literature on the aging adult skull and face: implications for forensic science research and applications. Forensic Sci Int 2007; 172:1-9. [PMID: 17434276 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2007.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2005] [Revised: 07/24/2006] [Accepted: 03/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This paper is a summary of findings of adult age-related craniofacial morphological changes. Our aims are two-fold: (1) through a review of the literature we address the factors influencing craniofacial aging, and (2) the general ways in which a head and face age in adulthood. We present findings on environmental and innate influences on face aging, facial soft tissue age changes, and bony changes in the craniofacial and dentoalveolar skeleton. We then briefly address the relevance of this information to forensic science research and applications, such as the development of computer facial age-progression and face recognition technologies, and contributions to forensic sketch artistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Midori Albert
- Department of Anthropology, University of North Carolina at Wilmington, 601 S. College Road, Wilmington, NC 28403-5907, United States.
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McNulty KP, Frost SR, Strait DS. Examining affinities of the Taung child by developmental simulation. J Hum Evol 2006; 51:274-96. [PMID: 16797056 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2006.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2005] [Revised: 03/05/2006] [Accepted: 04/02/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
As a well-preserved juvenile and the type specimen of Australopithecus africanus, the Taung child figures prominently in taxonomic, ontogenetic, and phylogenetic analyses of fossil hominins. Despite general agreement about allocation of Sterkfontein and Makapansgat fossils to this species, limited morphological comparisons have been possible between these adult specimens and the juvenile Taung. Here, we used developmental simulation to estimate the adult form of the Taung child, and directly compare its morphology to that of other fossil hominins. Specimens were represented by 50 three-dimensional landmarks superimposed by generalized Procrustes analysis. The simulation process applied developmental trajectories from extant hominine species to the Taung fossil in order to generate its adult form. Despite differences found in the developmental patterns of these modern species, simulations tested on extant juveniles-transforming them into "adults" using trajectories from other species-revealed that these differences have negligible impact on adult morphology. This indicates that morphology already present by occlusion of the first permanent molar is the primary determinant of adult form, thereby supporting use of extant trajectories to estimate the morphology of an extinct species. The simulated Taung adult was then compared to other adult fossils. As these comparisons required assumptions about the pattern and magnitude of developmental change, additional analyses were performed to evaluate these two parameters separately. Results of all analyses overwhelmingly rejected the possibility that the Taung child was a juvenile robust australopith, but were consistent with the hypothesis that the Taung and Sterkfontein fossils are conspecific. Between Sts 5 and Sts 71, the latter is more likely to resemble the adult form of the Taung child.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kieran P McNulty
- Department of Anthropology, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97173, Waco, TX 76798-7173, USA.
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Netherway DJ, Abbott AH, Gulamhuseinwala N, McGlaughlin KL, Anderson PJ, Townsend GC, David DJ. Three-dimensional computed tomography cephalometry of plagiocephaly: asymmetry and shape analysis. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2006; 43:201-10. [PMID: 16526926 DOI: 10.1597/04-174.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate facial asymmetry associated with both deformational and synostotic plagiocephaly and to identify variables based on skeletal landmarks that distinguish the conditions and quantify severity. DESIGN Retrospective, cross sectional. SETTING Australian Craniofacial Unit, Adelaide. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Proportional differences between bilateral distances and principal component (PC) analysis of the skeletal landmarks. PATIENTS The three-dimensional positions of 78 osseous landmarks were determined from computed tomography (CT) scans of 21 patients with deformational plagiocephaly (DP), 20 patients with unilateral coronal synostosis (UCS), and 2 patients with unilateral lambdoid synostosis (ULS). RESULTS For both DP and UCS, significant asymmetry was found for the orbital depths, mandibular lengths, maxillary depths, zygomatic arch lengths, lateral base of the parietal bone, and the angle between the anterior and the posterior cranial base projected onto the axial plane. The small sample size for ULS precluded definitive statistical statements but allowed some useful comparisons with the other conditions. The first three PC scores were able to distinguish among the three conditions and which side was affected. CONCLUSIONS The asymmetry of the cranial base and facial structures, arising from localized abnormality or deformational forces in either the frontal or the occipital regions, can be quantified by a plethora of bilateral features or summarized by PC analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Netherway
- Australian Craniofacial Institute, Women's and Children's Hospital, 72 King William Road, North Adelaide, SA 5006, Australia.
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Valenzano DR, Mennucci A, Tartarelli G, Cellerino A. Shape analysis of female facial attractiveness. Vision Res 2006; 46:1282-91. [PMID: 16356527 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2005.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2004] [Revised: 10/14/2005] [Accepted: 10/21/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have suggested that female facial attractiveness is associated with exaggerated sex-specific facial traits and averageness. Here we applied geometric morphometrics, a method for multivariate statistical analysis of shape, to measure geometric averageness and geometric sexual dimorphism of natural female face profiles. Geometric averageness and geometric sexual dimorphism correlate with attractiveness ratings. However, principal component analysis extracted a shape component robustly correlated with attractiveness but independent of sexual dimorphism. The shape differences between attractive- and hyperfeminine traits are localised: attractive facial shape and sexual dimorphism are similar in the upper face, but are markedly distinct in the jaw and chin.
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Buretić-Tomljanović A, Ostojić S, Kapović M. Secular change of craniofacial measures in Croatian younger adults. Am J Hum Biol 2006; 18:668-75. [PMID: 16917883 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.20536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A secular change of body height and neurocranial variables was registered in the Croatian population during the last century. We investigated the continuity of this process, and introduced facial measurements into the study. The results cover a 13-year period, from the birth of the subjects in 1974-1986, with a gap in the period from 1977-1981. The subjects were first-year students of the University of Rijeka School of Medicine, aged 19-21 years. Secular changes were evaluated by analysis of variance and multivariate regression analysis. A statistically significant decrease was found in head breadth, and an increase in morphological face height values, in both sexes. A significant increase of head circumference was observed in female students. The height and length of the head in both sexes displayed a slight but insignificant increase, while face breadth revealed no notable change during the investigated period. The results allow an assumption of a trend of cranial vault and face shape remodeling in our younger adult population toward a narrower vault and more elongated face, consistent with ongoing dolichocephalization. The correlation analysis revealed a low to moderate relationship of vertical and longitudinal craniofacial measures and body height, while partial correlation analysis showed facial height changes in our sample to be independent of cranial breadth changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena Buretić-Tomljanović
- Department of Biology and Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia.
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Franklin D, Freedman L, Milne N, Oxnard CE. Geometric morphometric study of population variation in indigenous southern African crania. Am J Hum Biol 2006; 19:20-33. [PMID: 17160981 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.20569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Much of our understanding of population variation in southern Africa is derived from traditional morphometric research. In the search for new perspectives, this paper reports on new geometric morphometric data examining cranial variation in 12 modern human populations from southern Africa. In total, 298 male Bantu-speaking individuals were studied. In addition, a small Khoisan (Khoikhoi and San) series was also examined. The purpose of this study was to investigate Khoisan-Bantu morphological similarities and differences, and to examine variation within both the Bantu-speaking and Khoisan populations. The three-dimensional coordinates of 96 landmarks were analyzed, using the shape-analysis software morphologika. Interpopulation variation was examined by calculating Procrustes distances between groups; a cluster analysis was then used to summarize phenetic relationships. A principal components analysis explored the relationships between populations; shape differences were visualized and explored using three-dimensional rendered models, and further interpreted using thin-plate splines. Morphological differences are present within and between the crania of Bantu-speaking and Khoisan individuals. The Khoisan demonstrate features (e.g., a pentagonoid vault, more rounded forehead contour, and a small and less prognathic face) that clearly distinguish them from Bantu-speaking populations. Although southern African Bantu-speaking populations are clearly closely related, they show population-specific features (e.g., the crania of more southerly populations (Xhosa, Southern Sotho, and Zulu) are characteristically more brachycephalic and less prognathic). This study suggests that differential admixture with adjacent Khoisan peoples has contributed to diversity within southern African Bantu-speaking populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Franklin
- Centre for Forensic Science, University of Western Australia, Crawley, 6009 Western Australia, Australia.
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Neanderthals and modern humans — chimps and bonobos: similarities and differences in development and evolution. NEANDERTHALS REVISITED: NEW APPROACHES AND PERSPECTIVES 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4020-5121-0_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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50
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Zollikofer CPE, Ponce de León MS, Lieberman DE, Guy F, Pilbeam D, Likius A, Mackaye HT, Vignaud P, Brunet M. Virtual cranial reconstruction of Sahelanthropus tchadensis. Nature 2005; 434:755-9. [PMID: 15815628 DOI: 10.1038/nature03397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2004] [Accepted: 01/25/2005] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Previous research in Chad at the Toros-Menalla 266 fossiliferous locality (about 7 million years old) uncovered a nearly complete cranium (TM 266-01-60-1), three mandibular fragments and several isolated teeth attributed to Sahelanthropus tchadensis. Of this material, the cranium is especially important for testing hypotheses about the systematics and behavioural characteristics of this species, but is partly distorted from fracturing, displacement and plastic deformation. Here we present a detailed virtual reconstruction of the TM 266 cranium that corrects these distortions. The reconstruction confirms that S. tchadensis is a hominid and is not more closely related to the African great apes. Analysis of the basicranium further indicates that S. tchadensis might have been an upright biped, suggesting that bipedalism was present in the earliest known hominids, and probably arose soon after the divergence of the chimpanzee and human lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph P E Zollikofer
- Anthropologisches Institut/MultiMedia Laboratorium, Universität Zürich-Irchel, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
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