1
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Yang J, Wang X, Carmona CP, Wang X, Shen G. Inverse relationship between species competitiveness and intraspecific trait variability may enable species coexistence in experimental seedling communities. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2895. [PMID: 38570481 PMCID: PMC10991546 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47295-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Theory suggests that intraspecific trait variability may promote species coexistence when competitively inferior species have higher intraspecific trait variability than their superior competitors. Here, we provide empirical evidence for this phenomenon in tree seedlings. We evaluated intraspecific variability and plastic response of ten traits in 6750 seedlings of ten species in a three-year greenhouse experiment. While we observed no relationship between intraspecific trait variability and species competitiveness in competition-free homogeneous environments, an inverse relationship emerged under interspecific competition and in spatially heterogeneous environments. We showed that this relationship is driven by the plastic response of the competitively inferior species: Compared to their competitively superior counterparts, they exhibited a greater increase in trait variability, particularly in fine-root traits, in response to competition, environmental heterogeneity and their combination. Our findings contribute to understanding how interspecific competition and intraspecific trait variability together structure plant communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- Zhejiang Tiantong Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, School of Ecological and Environmental Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Xiya Wang
- Zhejiang Tiantong Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, School of Ecological and Environmental Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Carlos P Carmona
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Xihua Wang
- Zhejiang Tiantong Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, School of Ecological and Environmental Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, 1515 North Zhongshan Rd. (No.2), Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Guochun Shen
- Zhejiang Tiantong Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, School of Ecological and Environmental Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China.
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, 1515 North Zhongshan Rd. (No.2), Shanghai, 200092, China.
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2
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Zheng S, Hu J, Ma Z, Lindenmayer D, Liu J. Increases in intraspecific body size variation are common among North American mammals and birds between 1880 and 2020. Nat Ecol Evol 2023; 7:347-354. [PMID: 36690729 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-022-01967-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Many studies have documented the average body size of animals declining over time. Compared to mean body size, less is known about long-term changes in intraspecific trait variation (ITV), which is also important to understanding species' ability to cope with environmental challenges. On the basis of 393,499 specimen records from 380 species collected in North America between 1880 and 2020, we found that body size ITV increased by 9.59% for mammals (n = 302) and 30.67% for birds (n = 78); human-harvested species had higher probability of ITV increase. The observed increasing ITV in many species suggests possible niche expansion and potential buffering effects against downsizing but it risks increased maladaptation to rapidly changing environments. The results demonstrate that trait mean and variance do not necessarily respond in similar ways to anthropogenic pressures and both should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilu Zheng
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Juntao Hu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhijun Ma
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - David Lindenmayer
- Fenner School of Environment and Society, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Jiajia Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. .,Institute of Eco-Chongming, Shanghai, China.
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3
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Roy T, Arlinghaus R. Size-selective mortality fosters ontogenetic changes in collective risk-taking behaviour in zebrafish, Danio rerio. Oecologia 2022; 200:89-106. [PMID: 36181546 PMCID: PMC9547785 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-022-05256-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Size-selective mortality is common in fish populations and can operate either in a positive size-selective fashion by harvesting larger-than-average fish or be negatively size-selective by harvesting smaller-than-average fish. Through various mechanisms (like genetic correlations among behaviour and life-history traits or direct selection on behaviour co-varying with growth rate or size-at-maturation), size-selection can result in evolutionary changes in behavioural traits. Theory suggests that both positive and negative size-selection without additional selection on behaviour favours boldness, while evolution of shyness is possible if the largest fish are harvested. Here we examined the impact of size-selective mortality on collective boldness across ontogeny using three experimental lines of zebrafish (Daniorerio) generated through positive (large-harvested), negative (small-harvested) and random (control line) size-selective mortality for five generations and then relaxed selection for 10 generations to examine evolutionarily fixed outcomes. We measured collective risk-taking during feeding (boldness) under simulated aerial predation threat, and across four contexts in presence/absence of a cichlid. Boldness decreased across ontogeny under aerial predation threat, and the small-harvested line was consistently bolder than controls. The large and small-harvested lines showed higher behavioural plasticity as larvae and developed personality earlier compared to the controls. The large-harvested line showed increased variability and plasticity in boldness throughout ontogeny. In the presence of a live predator, fish did not differ in boldness in three contexts compared to the controls, but the large-harvested line showed reduced behavioural plasticity across contexts than controls. Our results confirmed theory by demonstrating that size-selective harvesting evolutionarily alters collective boldness and its variability and plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamal Roy
- Department of Fish Biology, Fisheries and Aquaculture, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Müggelseedamm 310, 12587, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Robert Arlinghaus
- Department of Fish Biology, Fisheries and Aquaculture, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Müggelseedamm 310, 12587, Berlin, Germany.,Division of Integrative Fisheries Management, Department of Crop and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstrasse 13, Haus 7, 10115, Berlin, Germany
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4
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Edeline
- Sorbonne Université/UPMC Univ. Paris 06/CNRS/INRA/IRD/Paris Diderot Univ. Paris 07/UPEC/Institut d'Ecologie et des Sciences de l'Environnement – Paris (iEES‐Paris) Paris France
- ESE Ecology and Ecosystem Health, INRAE, Agocampus Ouest Rennes France
| | - Nicolas Loeuille
- Sorbonne Université/UPMC Univ. Paris 06/CNRS/INRA/IRD/Paris Diderot Univ. Paris 07/UPEC/Institut d'Ecologie et des Sciences de l'Environnement – Paris (iEES‐Paris) Paris France
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5
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Renneville C, Millot A, Agostini S, Carmignac D, Maugars G, Dufour S, Le Rouzic A, Edeline E. Unidirectional response to bidirectional selection on body size. I. Phenotypic, life-history, and endocrine responses. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:10571-10592. [PMID: 33072281 PMCID: PMC7548191 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Anthropogenic perturbations such as harvesting often select against a large body size and are predicted to induce rapid evolution toward smaller body sizes and earlier maturation. However, body‐size evolvability and, hence, adaptability to anthropogenic perturbations remain seldom evaluated in wild populations. Here, we use a laboratory experiment over 6 generations to measure the ability of wild‐caught medaka fish (Oryzias latipes) to evolve in response to bidirectional size‐dependent selection mimicking opposite harvest regimes. Specifically, we imposed selection against a small body size (Large line), against a large body size (Small line) or random selection (Control line), and measured correlated responses across multiple phenotypic, life‐history, and endocrine traits. As expected, the Large line evolved faster somatic growth and delayed maturation, but also evolved smaller body sizes at hatch, with no change in average levels of pituitary gene expressions of luteinizing, follicle‐stimulating, or growth hormones (GH). In contrast, the Small medaka line was unable to evolve smaller body sizes or earlier maturation, but evolved smaller body sizes at hatch and showed marginally significant signs of increased reproductive investment, including larger egg sizes and elevated pituitary GH production. Natural selection on medaka body size was too weak to significantly hinder the effect of artificial selection, indicating that the asymmetric body‐size response to size‐dependent selection reflected an asymmetry in body‐size evolvability. Our results show that trait evolvability may be contingent upon the direction of selection and that a detailed knowledge of trait evolutionary potential is needed to forecast population response to anthropogenic change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clémentine Renneville
- Sorbonne Université Université Paris Diderot UPEC CNRS INRAE IRD Institut d'Ecologie et des Sciences de l'Environnement de Paris (iEES-Paris) Paris France
| | - Alexis Millot
- Ecole Normale Supérieure PSL Research University Département de biologie CNRS, UMS 3194 Centre de recherche en écologie expérimentale et prédictive (CEREEP-Ecotron IleDeFrance) Saint-Pierre-lès-Nemours France
| | - Simon Agostini
- Ecole Normale Supérieure PSL Research University Département de biologie CNRS, UMS 3194 Centre de recherche en écologie expérimentale et prédictive (CEREEP-Ecotron IleDeFrance) Saint-Pierre-lès-Nemours France
| | - David Carmignac
- Sorbonne Université Université Paris Diderot UPEC CNRS INRAE IRD Institut d'Ecologie et des Sciences de l'Environnement de Paris (iEES-Paris) Paris France
| | - Gersende Maugars
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle UMR BOREA Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques CNRS 7208 IRD 207 SU UCN UA Paris France.,Norwegian University of Life Sciences Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Physiology Unit Oslo Norway
| | - Sylvie Dufour
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle UMR BOREA Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques CNRS 7208 IRD 207 SU UCN UA Paris France
| | - Arnaud Le Rouzic
- Laboratoire Évolution, Génomes, Comportement,Écologie CNRS IRD Univ. Paris-Saclay Gif-sur-Yvette France
| | - Eric Edeline
- Sorbonne Université Université Paris Diderot UPEC CNRS INRAE IRD Institut d'Ecologie et des Sciences de l'Environnement de Paris (iEES-Paris) Paris France.,ESE, Ecology and Ecosystem Health INRAE Agrocampus Ouest Rennes France
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6
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Kuparinen A, Festa-Bianchet M. Harvest-induced evolution: insights from aquatic and terrestrial systems. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2017; 372:rstb.2016.0036. [PMID: 27920381 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Commercial and recreational harvests create selection pressures for fitness-related phenotypic traits that are partly under genetic control. Consequently, harvesting can drive evolution in targeted traits. However, the quantification of harvest-induced evolutionary life history and phenotypic changes is challenging, because both density-dependent feedback and environmental changes may also affect these changes through phenotypic plasticity. Here, we synthesize current knowledge and uncertainties on six key points: (i) whether or not harvest-induced evolution is happening, (ii) whether or not it is beneficial, (iii) how it shapes biological systems, (iv) how it could be avoided, (v) its importance relative to other drivers of phenotypic changes, and (vi) whether or not it should be explicitly accounted for in management. We do this by reviewing findings from aquatic systems exposed to fishing and terrestrial systems targeted by hunting. Evidence from aquatic systems emphasizes evolutionary effects on age and size at maturity, while in terrestrial systems changes are seen in weapon size and date of parturition. We suggest that while harvest-induced evolution is likely to occur and negatively affect populations, the rate of evolutionary changes and their ecological implications can be managed efficiently by simply reducing harvest intensity.This article is part of the themed issue 'Human influences on evolution, and the ecological and societal consequences'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kuparinen
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 65, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marco Festa-Bianchet
- Département de biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada J1K 2R1
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7
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Kuparinen A, Hutchings JA. Genetic architecture of age at maturity can generate divergent and disruptive harvest-induced evolution. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2017; 372:rstb.2016.0035. [PMID: 27920380 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Life-history traits are generally assumed to be inherited quantitatively. Fishing that targets large, old individuals is expected to decrease age at maturity. In Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), it has recently been discovered that sea age at maturity is under strong control by a single locus with sexually dimorphic expression of heterozygotes, which makes it less intuitive to predict how life histories respond to selective fishing. We explore evolutionary responses to fishing in Atlantic salmon, using eco-evolutionary simulations with two alternative scenarios for the genetic architecture of age at maturity: (i) control by multiple loci with additive effects and (ii) control by one locus with sexually dimorphic expression. We show that multi-locus control leads to unidirectional evolution towards earlier maturation, whereas single-locus control causes largely divergent and disruptive evolution of age at maturity without a clear phenotypic trend but a wide range of alternative evolutionary trajectories and greater trait variability within trajectories. Our results indicate that the range of evolutionary responses to selective fishing can be wider than previously thought and that a lack of phenotypic trend need not imply that evolution has not occurred. These findings underscore the role of genetic architecture of life-history traits in understanding how human-induced selection can shape target populations.This article is part of the themed issue 'Human influences on evolution, and the ecological and societal consequences'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kuparinen
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 65, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jeffrey A Hutchings
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 4R2.,Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1066, Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway.,Department of Natural Sciences, University of Agder, PO Box 422, 4604 Kristiansand, Norway
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8
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Wang HY, Chen YS, Hsu CC, Shen SF. Fishing-induced changes in adult length are mediated by skipped-spawning. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2017; 27:274-284. [PMID: 28052500 DOI: 10.1002/eap.1441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Elucidating fishing effects on fish population dynamics is a critical step toward sustainable fisheries management. Despite previous studies that have suggested age or size truncation in exploited fish populations, other aspects of fishing effects on population demography, e.g., via altering life histories and density, have received less attention. Here, we investigated the fishing effects altering adult demography via shifting reproductive trade-offs in the iconic, overexploited, Pacific bluefin tuna Thunnus orientalis. We found that, contrary to our expectation, mean lengths of catch increased over time in longline fisheries. On the other hand, mean catch lengths for purse seine fisheries did not show such increasing trends. We hypothesized that the size-dependent energetic cost of the spawning migration and elevated fishing mortality on the spawning grounds potentially drive size-dependent skipped spawning for adult tuna, mediating the observed changes in the catch lengths. Using eco-genetic individual-based modeling, we demonstrated that fishing-induced evolution of skipped spawning and size truncation interacted to shape the observed temporal changes in mean catch lengths for tuna. Skipped spawning of the small adults led to increased mean catch lengths for the longline fisheries, while truncation of small adults by the purse seines could offset such a pattern. Our results highlight the eco-evolutionary dynamics of fishing effects on population demography and caution against using demographic traits as a basis for fisheries management of the Pacific bluefin tuna as well as other migratory species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Yu Wang
- Institute of Oceanography, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Shiuan Chen
- Institute of Oceanography, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Chung Hsu
- Institute of Oceanography, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Feng Shen
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
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9
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Uusi-Heikkilä S, Lindström K, Parre N, Arlinghaus R, Alós J, Kuparinen A. Altered trait variability in response to size-selective mortality. Biol Lett 2016; 12:20160584. [PMID: 27651537 PMCID: PMC5046938 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2016.0584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Changes in trait variability owing to size-selective harvesting have received little attention in comparison with changes in mean trait values, perhaps because of the expectation that phenotypic variability should generally be eroded by directional selection typical for fishing and hunting. We show, however, that directional selection, in particular for large body size, leads to increased body-size variation in experimentally harvested zebrafish (Danio rerio) populations exposed to two alternative feeding environments: ad libitum and temporarily restricted food availability. Trait variation may influence population adaptivity, stability and resilience. Therefore, rather than exerting selection pressures that favour small individuals, our results stress the importance of protecting large ones, as they can harbour a great amount of variation within a population, to manage fish stocks sustainably.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silva Uusi-Heikkilä
- Division of Genetics and Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Kai Lindström
- Environmental and Marine Biology, Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Noora Parre
- Division of Genetics and Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Robert Arlinghaus
- Department of Biology and Ecology of Fishes, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Müggelseedamm 310, 12587 Berlin, Germany Division of Integrative Fisheries Management, Department for Crop and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstrasse 13, Haus 7, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Josep Alós
- Department of Biology and Ecology of Fishes, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Müggelseedamm 310, 12587 Berlin, Germany Instituto Mediterráneo de Estudios Avanzados, IMEDEA (CSIC-UIB), C/ Miquel Marqués 21, 07190 Esporles, Illes Balears, Spain
| | - Anna Kuparinen
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 65, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
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10
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Chiyo PI, Obanda V, Korir DK. Illegal tusk harvest and the decline of tusk size in the African elephant. Ecol Evol 2015; 5:5216-5229. [PMID: 30151125 PMCID: PMC6102531 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 08/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Harvesting of wild populations can cause the evolution of morphological, behavioral, and life history traits that may compromise natural or sexual selection. Despite the vulnerability of large mammals to rapid population decline from harvesting, the evolutionary effects of harvesting on mega‐fauna have received limited attention. In elephants, illegal ivory harvesting disproportionately affects older age classes and males because they carry large tusks, but its' effects on tusk size for age or tusk size for stature are less understood. We tested whether severe historical elephant harvests eliminated large tuskers among survivors and whether elephants born thereafter had smaller tusks. Adjusting for the influence of shoulder height – a metric strongly correlated with body size and age and often used as a proxy for age – we compared tusk size for elephants sampled in 1966–1968, prior to severe ivory harvesting in the late 1970s and early 1980s, with tusk size of survivors and elephants born during population recovery in the mid‐1990s. In a regional population, tusk length declined by ˜21% in male and by ˜27% in female elephants born during population recovery, while tusk length declined by 22% in males and 37% in females among survivors. Tusk circumference at lip declined by 5% in males but not in females born during population recovery, whereas tusk circumference reduced by 8% in male and by 11% in female survivors. In a single subpopulation, mean tusk length at mean basal tusk circumference declined by 12.4% in males and 21% in females. Tusk size varied between elephant social groups. Tusk homogeneity within social groups and the often high genetic similarity within social groups suggest that tusk size may be heritable. Our findings support a hypothesis of selection of large tuskers by poachers as a driver of the decline in tusk size for age proxy and contemporary tusk evolution in African elephants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick I Chiyo
- Department of Biology Duke University Box 90338 Durham North Carolina 27708
| | - Vincent Obanda
- Veterinary Services Department Kenya Wildlife Service P.O. Box 40241-00100 Nairobi Kenya
| | - David K Korir
- Biodiversity Monitoring & Research Division Kenya Wildlife Service Masai Mara Research Station P.O. Box 72-20500 Narok Kenya
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11
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Feiner ZS, Chong SC, Knight CT, Lauer TE, Thomas MV, Tyson JT, Höök TO. Rapidly shifting maturation schedules following reduced commercial harvest in a freshwater fish. Evol Appl 2015; 8:724-37. [PMID: 26240608 PMCID: PMC4516423 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Size-selective harvest of fish stocks can lead to maturation at smaller sizes and younger ages, which may depress stock productivity and recovery. Such changes in maturation may be very slow to reverse, even following complete fisheries closures. We evaluated temporal trends in maturation of five Great Lakes stocks of yellow perch (Perca flavescens Mitchill) using indices that attempt to disentangle plastic and evolutionary changes in maturation: age at 50% maturity and probabilistic maturation reaction norms (PMRNs). Four populations were fished commercially throughout the time series, while the Lake Michigan fishery was closed following a stock collapse. We documented rapid increases in PMRNs of the Lake Michigan stock coincident with the commercial fishery closure. Saginaw Bay and Lake Huron PMRNs also increased following reduced harvest, while Lake Erie populations were continuously fished and showed little change. The rapid response of maturation may have been enhanced by the short generation time of yellow perch and potential gene flow between northern and southern Lake Michigan, in addition to potential reverse adaptation following the fishing moratorium. These results suggest that some fish stocks may retain the ability to recover from fisheries-induced life history shifts following fishing moratoria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary S Feiner
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Stephen C Chong
- Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources Sault Ste. Marie, ON, Canada
| | - Carey T Knight
- Division of Wildlife, Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Fairport Fish Research Station Fairport Harbor, OH, USA
| | - Thomas E Lauer
- Department of Biology, Ball State University Muncie, IN, USA
| | - Michael V Thomas
- Michigan Department of Natural Resources, Lake St. Clair Fisheries Research Station Harrison Township, Mt. Clemons, MI, USA
| | - Jeffrey T Tyson
- Division of Wildlife, Sandusky Fisheries Research Unit, Ohio Department of Natural Resources Sandusky, OH, USA
| | - Tomas O Höök
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University West Lafayette, IN, USA ; Illinois-Indiana Sea Grant, Purdue University West Lafayette, IN, USA
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12
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Le Rouzic A, Hansen TF, Gosden TP, Svensson EI. Evolutionary Time-Series Analysis Reveals the Signature of Frequency-Dependent Selection on a Female Mating Polymorphism. Am Nat 2015; 185:E182-96. [DOI: 10.1086/680982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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13
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Johnson AC, Sumpter JP. Putting pharmaceuticals into the wider context of challenges to fish populations in rivers. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2014; 369:20130581. [PMID: 25405969 PMCID: PMC4213592 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The natural range of fish species in our rivers is related to flow, elevation, temperature, local habitat and connectivity. For over 2000 years, humans have altered to varying degrees the river habitat. In the past 200 years, we added to the environmental disruption by discharging poorly treated sewage, nutrients and industrial waste into our rivers. For many rivers, the low point arrived during the period of 1950s-1970s, when rapid economic development overrode environmental concerns and dissolved oxygen concentrations dropped to zero. In these more enlightened times, gross river pollution is a thing of the past in the Developed World. However, persistent legacy chemical contaminants can be found in fish long after their discharge ceased. Changes in habitat quality and morphology caused and continue to cause the disappearance of fish species. The range of fish stressors has now increased as temperatures rise, and non-native fish introductions bring new diseases. The threat from pharmaceuticals to fish populations remains hypothetical, and no studies have yet linked change in fish populations to exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John P Sumpter
- Institute for the Environment, Brunel University, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK
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14
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Landi P, Hui C, Dieckmann U. Fisheries-induced disruptive selection. J Theor Biol 2014; 365:204-16. [PMID: 25451962 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2014.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Revised: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Commercial harvesting is recognized to induce adaptive responses of life-history traits in fish populations, in particular by shifting the age and size at maturation through directional selection. In addition to such evolution of a target stock, the corresponding fishery itself may adapt, in terms of fishing policy, technological progress, fleet dynamics, and adaptive harvest. The aim of this study is to assess how the interplay between natural and artificial selection, in the simplest setting in which a fishery and a target stock coevolve, can lead to disruptive selection, which in turn may cause trait diversification. To this end, we build an eco-evolutionary model for a size-structured population, in which both the stock׳s maturation schedule and the fishery׳s harvest rate are adaptive, while fishing may be subject to a selective policy based on fish size and/or maturity stage. Using numerical bifurcation analysis, we study how the potential for disruptive selection changes with fishing policy, fishing mortality, harvest specialization, life-history tradeoffs associated with early maturation, and other demographic and environmental parameters. We report the following findings. First, fisheries-induced disruptive selection is readily caused by commonly used fishing policies, and occurs even for policies that are not specific for fish size or maturity, provided that the harvest is sufficiently adaptive and large individuals are targeted intensively. Second, disruptive selection is more likely in stocks in which the selective pressure for early maturation is naturally strong, provided life-history tradeoffs are sufficiently consequential. Third, when a fish stock is overexploited, fisheries targeting only large individuals might slightly increase sustainable yield by causing trait diversification (even though the resultant yield always remains lower than the maximum sustainable yield that could be obtained under low fishing mortality, without causing disruptive selection). We discuss the broader implications of our results and highlight how these can be taken into account for designing evolutionarily informed fisheries-management regimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Landi
- Department of Eletronics, Information, and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Via Ponzio 34/5, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Cang Hui
- Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Mathematical Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Matieland 7602, South Africa; Mathematical and Physical Biosciences, African Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Muizenberg 7945, South Africa.
| | - Ulf Dieckmann
- Evolution and Ecology Program, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Schloßplatz 1, 2361 Laxenburg, Austria.
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Festa-Bianchet M, Pelletier F, Jorgenson JT, Feder C, Hubbs A. Decrease in horn size and increase in age of trophy sheep in Alberta over 37 years. J Wildl Manage 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/jwmg.644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Festa-Bianchet
- Département de biologie and Centre d'Études Nordiques; Université de Sherbrooke; Sherbrooke QC Canada J1K 2R1
| | - Fanie Pelletier
- Département de biologie and Centre d'Études Nordiques; Université de Sherbrooke; Sherbrooke QC Canada J1K 2R1
| | - Jon T. Jorgenson
- Alberta Environment and Sustainable Resource Development; Suite 201 800 Railway Avenue Canmore Alberta Canada T1W 1P1
| | - Chiarastella Feder
- Alberta Environment and Sustainable Resource Development; Fish and Wildlife Division; 4919-51st Street Rocky Mountain House AB Canada T4T 1B3
| | - Anne Hubbs
- Alberta Environment and Sustainable Resource Development; Fish and Wildlife Division; 4919-51st Street Rocky Mountain House AB Canada T4T 1B3
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16
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Fazli H, Afraei Bandpei MA, Pourgholam R, Roohi A. Long-term changes in fecundity of the Kutum,Rutilus frisii kutumKamensky, 1901, in the Caspian Sea (Osteichthyes: Cyprinidae). ZOOLOGY IN THE MIDDLE EAST 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/09397140.2013.795065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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17
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Audzijonyte A, Kuparinen A, Fulton EA. How fast is fisheries-induced evolution? Quantitative analysis of modelling and empirical studies. Evol Appl 2013; 6:585-95. [PMID: 23789026 PMCID: PMC3684740 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A number of theoretical models, experimental studies and time-series studies of wild fish have explored the presence and magnitude of fisheries-induced evolution (FIE). While most studies agree that FIE is likely to be happening in many fished stocks, there are disagreements about its rates and implications for stock viability. To address these disagreements in a quantitative manner, we conducted a meta-analysis of FIE rates reported in theoretical and empirical studies. We discovered that rates of phenotypic change observed in wild fish are about four times higher than the evolutionary rates reported in modelling studies, but correlation between the rate of change and instantaneous fishing mortality (F) was very similar in the two types of studies. Mixed-model analyses showed that in the modelling studies traits associated with reproductive investment and growth evolved slower than rates related to maturation. In empirical observations age-at-maturation was changing faster than other life-history traits. We also found that, despite different assumption and modelling approaches, rates of evolution for a given F value reported in 10 of 13 modelling studies were not significantly different.
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18
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Climate and population density drive changes in cod body size throughout a century on the Norwegian coast. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:1961-6. [PMID: 21245301 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1010314108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding how populations respond to changes in climate requires long-term, high-quality datasets, which are rare for marine systems. We estimated the effects of climate warming on cod lengths and length variability using a unique 91-y time series of more than 100,000 individual juvenile cod lengths from surveys that began in 1919 along the Norwegian Skagerrak coast. Using linear mixed-effects models, we accounted for spatial population structure and the nested structure of the survey data to reveal opposite effects of spring and summer warming on juvenile cod lengths. Warm summer temperatures in the coastal Skagerrak have limited juvenile growth. In contrast, warmer springs have resulted in larger juvenile cod, with less variation in lengths within a cohort, possibly because of a temperature-driven contraction in the spring spawning period. A density-dependent reduction in length was evident only at the highest population densities in the time series, which have rarely been observed in the last decade. If temperatures rise because of global warming, nonlinearities in the opposing temperature effects suggest that negative effects of warmer summers will increasingly outweigh positive effects of warmer springs, and the coastal Skagerrak will become ill-suited for Atlantic cod.
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Assessing evolutionary consequences of size-selective recreational fishing on multiple life-history traits, with an application to northern pike (Esox lucius). Evol Ecol 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-010-9444-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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