1
|
Pacher K, Breuker M, Hansen MJ, Kurvers RHJM, Häge J, Dhellemmes F, Domenici P, Steffensen JF, Krause S, Hildebrandt T, Fritsch G, Bach P, Sabarros PS, Zaslansky P, Mahlow K, Müller J, Armas RG, Ortiz HV, Galván-Magaña F, Krause J. The rostral micro-tooth morphology of blue marlin, Makaira nigricans. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2024; 104:713-722. [PMID: 37987173 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Billfish rostra potentially have several functions; however, their role in feeding is unequivocal in some species. Recent work linked morphological variation in rostral micro-teeth to differences in feeding behavior in two billfish species, the striped marlin (Kajikia audax) and the sailfish (Istiophorus platypterus). Here, we present the rostral micro-tooth morphology for a third billfish species, the blue marlin (Makaira nigricans), for which the use of the rostrum in feeding behavior is still undocumented from systematic observations in the wild. We measured the micro-teeth on rostrum tips of blue marlin, striped marlin, and sailfish using a micro-computed tomography approach and compared the tooth morphology among the three species. This was done after an analysis of video-recorded hunting behavior of striped marlin and sailfish revealed that both species strike prey predominantly with the first third of the rostrum, which provided the justification to focus our analysis on the rostrum tips. In blue marlin, intact micro-teeth were longer compared to striped marlin but not to sailfish. Blue marlin had a higher fraction of broken teeth than both striped marlin and sailfish, and broken teeth were distributed more evenly on the rostrum. Micro-tooth regrowth was equally low in both marlin species but higher in sailfish. Based on the differences and similarities in the micro-tooth morphology between the billfish species, we discuss potential feeding-related rostrum use in blue marlin. We put forward the hypothesis that blue marlin might use their rostra in high-speed dashes as observed in striped marlin, rather than in the high-precision rostral strikes described for sailfish, possibly focusing on larger prey organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Korbinian Pacher
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Biology and Ecology of Fishes, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Breuker
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Lübeck University of Applied Sciences, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Matthew J Hansen
- Department of Biology and Ecology of Fishes, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ralf H J M Kurvers
- Center for Adaptive Rationality, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany
- Excellence Cluster Science of Intelligence, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan Häge
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Felicie Dhellemmes
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Biology and Ecology of Fishes, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Berlin, Germany
| | - Paolo Domenici
- CNR-IBF Istituto di Biofisica, Pisa, Italy
- CNR-IAS Istituto per lo studio degli impatti Antropici e Sostenibilità in ambiente marino, Oristano, Italy
| | - John F Steffensen
- Marine Biological Section, University of Copenhagen, Helsingør, Denmark
| | - Stefan Krause
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Lübeck University of Applied Sciences, Lübeck, Germany
| | | | - Guido Fritsch
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Pascal Bach
- MARBEC, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Sète, France
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Sète, France
| | - Philippe S Sabarros
- MARBEC, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Sète, France
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Sète, France
| | - Paul Zaslansky
- Department for Operative and Preventive Dentistry, Centrum für Zahn-, Mund- und Kieferheilkunde, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kristin Mahlow
- Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz-Institut für Evolutions- und Biodiversitätsforschung, Berlin, Germany
| | - Johannes Müller
- Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz-Institut für Evolutions- und Biodiversitätsforschung, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rogelio González Armas
- Departamento de Pesquerías y Biología Marina, Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas (CICIMAR-IPN), Instituto Politécnico Nacional, La Paz, Mexico
| | - Hector Villalobos Ortiz
- Departamento de Pesquerías y Biología Marina, Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas (CICIMAR-IPN), Instituto Politécnico Nacional, La Paz, Mexico
| | - Felipe Galván-Magaña
- Departamento de Pesquerías y Biología Marina, Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas (CICIMAR-IPN), Instituto Politécnico Nacional, La Paz, Mexico
| | - Jens Krause
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Biology and Ecology of Fishes, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Berlin, Germany
- Excellence Cluster Science of Intelligence, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mignano AP, Kadapa S, Drago AC, Lauder GV, Kwatny HG, Tangorra JL. Fish robotics: multi-fin propulsion and the coupling of fin phase, spacing, and compliance. BIOINSPIRATION & BIOMIMETICS 2024; 19:026006. [PMID: 38211345 DOI: 10.1088/1748-3190/ad1dba] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Fish coordinate the motion of their fins and body to create the time-varying forces required for swimming and agile maneuvers. To effectively adapt this biological strategy for underwater robots, it is necessary to understand how the location and coordination of interacting fish-like fins affect the production of propulsive forces. In this study, the impact that phase difference, horizontal and vertical spacing, and compliance of paired fins had on net thrust and lateral forces was investigated using two fish-like robotic swimmers and a series of computational fluid dynamic simulations. The results demonstrated that the propulsive forces created by pairs of fins that interact through wake flows are highly dependent on the fins' spacing and compliance. Changes to fin separation of less than one fin length had a dramatic effect on forces, and on the phase difference at which desired forces would occur. These findings have clear implications when designing multi-finned swimming robots. Well-designed, interacting fins can potentially produce several times more propulsive force than a poorly tuned robot with seemingly small differences in the kinematic, geometric, and mechanical properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony P Mignano
- Laboratory for Biological Systems Analysis, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Shraman Kadapa
- Laboratory for Biological Systems Analysis, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Anthony C Drago
- Laboratory for Biological Systems Analysis, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - George V Lauder
- Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Harry G Kwatny
- Laboratory for Biological Systems Analysis, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - James L Tangorra
- Laboratory for Biological Systems Analysis, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hansen MJ, Domenici P, Bartashevich P, Burns A, Krause J. Mechanisms of group-hunting in vertebrates. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2023; 98:1687-1711. [PMID: 37199232 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Group-hunting is ubiquitous across animal taxa and has received considerable attention in the context of its functions. By contrast much less is known about the mechanisms by which grouping predators hunt their prey. This is primarily due to a lack of experimental manipulation alongside logistical difficulties quantifying the behaviour of multiple predators at high spatiotemporal resolution as they search, select, and capture wild prey. However, the use of new remote-sensing technologies and a broadening of the focal taxa beyond apex predators provides researchers with a great opportunity to discern accurately how multiple predators hunt together and not just whether doing so provides hunters with a per capita benefit. We incorporate many ideas from collective behaviour and locomotion throughout this review to make testable predictions for future researchers and pay particular attention to the role that computer simulation can play in a feedback loop with empirical data collection. Our review of the literature showed that the breadth of predator:prey size ratios among the taxa that can be considered to hunt as a group is very large (<100 to >102 ). We therefore synthesised the literature with respect to these predator:prey ratios and found that they promoted different hunting mechanisms. Additionally, these different hunting mechanisms are also related to particular stages of the hunt (search, selection, capture) and thus we structure our review in accordance with these two factors (stage of the hunt and predator:prey size ratio). We identify several novel group-hunting mechanisms which are largely untested, particularly under field conditions, and we also highlight a range of potential study organisms that are amenable to experimental testing of these mechanisms in connection with tracking technology. We believe that a combination of new hypotheses, study systems and methodological approaches should help push the field of group-hunting in new directions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Hansen
- Fish Biology, Fisheries and Aquaculture, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Müggelseedamm 310, Berlin, 12587, Germany
| | - Paolo Domenici
- IBF-CNR, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Area di Ricerca San Cataldo, Via G. Moruzzi No. 1, Pisa, 56124, Italy
- IAS-CNR, Località Sa Mardini, Torregrande, Oristano, 09170, Italy
| | - Palina Bartashevich
- Faculty of Life Science, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Invalidenstrasse 42, Berlin, 10115, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence "Science of Intelligence," Technical University of Berlin, Marchstr. 23, Berlin, 10587, Germany
| | - Alicia Burns
- Faculty of Life Science, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Invalidenstrasse 42, Berlin, 10115, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence "Science of Intelligence," Technical University of Berlin, Marchstr. 23, Berlin, 10587, Germany
| | - Jens Krause
- Fish Biology, Fisheries and Aquaculture, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Müggelseedamm 310, Berlin, 12587, Germany
- Faculty of Life Science, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Invalidenstrasse 42, Berlin, 10115, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence "Science of Intelligence," Technical University of Berlin, Marchstr. 23, Berlin, 10587, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hansen MJ, Kurvers RHJM, Licht M, Häge J, Pacher K, Dhellemmes F, Trillmich F, Elorriaga-Verplancken FR, Krause J. California sea lions interfere with striped marlin hunting behaviour in multi-species predator aggregations. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2023; 378:20220103. [PMID: 37066648 PMCID: PMC10107233 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The open ocean offers a suite of ecological conditions promoting the occurrence of multi-species predator aggregations. These mixed predator aggregations typically hunt large groups of relatively small and highly cohesive prey. However, the mechanisms and functions of these mixed predator aggregations are largely unknown. Even basic knowledge of whether the predator species' interactions are mutualistic, commensal or parasitic is typically missing. Moreover, recordings of attack and capture rates of marine multi-species predator aggregations, which are critical in understanding how and why these interactions have evolved, are almost completely non-existent owing to logistical challenges. Using underwater video, we quantified the attack and capture rates of two high-trophic level marine predators, California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) and striped marlin (Kajikia audax) attacking schools of fishes in the Southern California Current System, offshore the Baja California Peninsula. Recording over 5000 individual attacks across 13 fish schools, which varied in species, size and predator composition, we found that sea lions kleptoparasitized striped marlin hunts and reduced the frequency of marlin attacks and captures via interference competition. We discuss our results in the context of the phenotypic differences between the predator species and implications for a better understanding of multi-species predator aggregations. This article is part of the theme issue 'Mixed-species groups and aggregations: shaping ecological and behavioural patterns and processes'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M. J. Hansen
- Department of Fish Biology, Fisheries and Aquaculture, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Müggelseedamm 310, 12587 Berlin, Germany
| | - R. H. J. M. Kurvers
- Department of Fish Biology, Fisheries and Aquaculture, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Müggelseedamm 310, 12587 Berlin, Germany
- Center for Adaptive Rationality, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Lentzeallee 94, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - M. Licht
- Department of Fish Biology, Fisheries and Aquaculture, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Müggelseedamm 310, 12587 Berlin, Germany
| | - J. Häge
- Faculty of Life Science, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Invalidenstrasse 42, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - K. Pacher
- Faculty of Life Science, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Invalidenstrasse 42, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - F. Dhellemmes
- Department of Fish Biology, Fisheries and Aquaculture, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Müggelseedamm 310, 12587 Berlin, Germany
| | - F. Trillmich
- Faculty of Biology, Animal Behaviour, University of Bielefeld, Postfach 10 01 31, 33501 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - F. R. Elorriaga-Verplancken
- Departamento de Pesquerías y Biología Marina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas (CICIMAR-IPN), La Paz, Baja CA Sur, 23096, Mexico
| | - J. Krause
- Department of Fish Biology, Fisheries and Aquaculture, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Müggelseedamm 310, 12587 Berlin, Germany
- Faculty of Life Science, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Invalidenstrasse 42, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hunting behavior of a solitary sailfish Istiophorus platypterus and estimated energy gain after prey capture. Sci Rep 2023; 13:1484. [PMID: 36707627 PMCID: PMC9883507 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-28748-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Foraging behavior and interaction with prey is an integral component of the ecological niche of predators but is inherently difficult to observe for highly mobile animals in the marine environment. Billfishes have been described as energy speculators, expending a large amount of energy foraging, expecting to offset high costs with periodic high energetic gain. Surface-based group feeding of sailfish, Istiophorus platypterus, is commonly observed, yet sailfish are believed to be largely solitary roaming predators with high metabolic requirements, suggesting that individual foraging also represents a major component of predator-prey interactions. Here, we use biologging data and video to examine daily activity levels and foraging behavior, estimate metabolic costs, and document a solitary predation event for a 40 kg sailfish. We estimate a median active metabolic rate of 218.9 ± 70.5 mgO2 kg-1 h-1 which increased to 518.8 ± 586.3 mgO2 kg-1 h-1 during prey pursuit. Assuming a successful predation, we estimate a daily net energy gain of 2.4 MJ (5.1 MJ acquired, 2.7 MJ expended), supporting the energy speculator model. While group hunting may be a common activity used by sailfish to acquire energy, our calculations indicate that opportunistic individual foraging events offer a net energy return that contributes to the fitness of these highly mobile predators.
Collapse
|
6
|
Hansen MJ, Krause S, Dhellemmes F, Pacher K, Kurvers RHJM, Domenici P, Krause J. Mechanisms of prey division in striped marlin, a marine group hunting predator. Commun Biol 2022; 5:1161. [PMID: 36316537 PMCID: PMC9622829 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03951-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Many terrestrial group-hunters cooperate to kill prey but then compete for their share with dominance being a strong predictor of prey division. In contrast, little is known about prey division in group-hunting marine predators that predominately attack small, evasive prey (e.g. fish schools). We identified individual striped marlin (Kajikia audax) hunting in groups. Groups surrounded prey but individuals took turns attacking. We found that competition for prey access led to an unequal division of prey among the predators, with 50% of the most frequently attacking marlin capturing 70–80% of the fish. Neither aggression, body size nor variation in hunting efficiency explained this skewed prey division. We did find that newly arrived groups of marlin gained on average more access to the prey. This raises the possibility that newly arrived marlin were hungrier and more motivated to feed. However, this result does not necessarily explain the unequal prey division among the predators because the skew in prey captures was found at the level of these groups. Dynamic prey division is probably widespread but under-reported in marine group-hunters and the inability of individuals to monopolize prey until satiation likely reduces the importance of social hierarchies for prey division. Striped marlin use a dynamic prey division method when hunting as a group, taking turns to feed but without doing so equally.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M. J. Hansen
- grid.419247.d0000 0001 2108 8097Department of Fish Biology, Fisheries and Aquaculture, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Müggelseedamm 310, 12587 Berlin, Germany
| | - S. Krause
- grid.4562.50000 0001 0057 2672Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Lübeck University of Applied Sciences, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - F. Dhellemmes
- grid.419247.d0000 0001 2108 8097Department of Fish Biology, Fisheries and Aquaculture, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Müggelseedamm 310, 12587 Berlin, Germany
| | - K. Pacher
- grid.7468.d0000 0001 2248 7639Faculty of Life Science, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Invalidenstrasse 42, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - R. H. J. M. Kurvers
- grid.419247.d0000 0001 2108 8097Department of Fish Biology, Fisheries and Aquaculture, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Müggelseedamm 310, 12587 Berlin, Germany ,grid.419526.d0000 0000 9859 7917Center for Adaptive Rationality, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Lentzeallee 94, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - P. Domenici
- grid.5326.20000 0001 1940 4177IBF-CNR, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Area di Ricerca San Cataldo, Via G. Moruzzi N°1, 56124 Pisa, Italy ,IAS-CNR, Località Sa Mardini, 09170 Torregrande, Oristano Italy
| | - J. Krause
- grid.419247.d0000 0001 2108 8097Department of Fish Biology, Fisheries and Aquaculture, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Müggelseedamm 310, 12587 Berlin, Germany ,grid.6734.60000 0001 2292 8254Cluster of Excellence “Science of Intelligence,” Technical University of Berlin, Marchstr. 23, 10587 Berlin, Germany ,grid.7468.d0000 0001 2248 7639Present Address: Faculty of Life Science, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Invalidenstrasse 42, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Luis Molina-Quirós J, Hernández-Muñoz S, Antonio Baeza J. The complete mitochondrial genome of the roosterfish Nematistius pectoralis Gill 1862: purifying selection in protein coding genes, organization of the control region, and insights into family-level phylogenomic relationships in the recently erected order Carangiformes. Gene 2022; 845:146847. [PMID: 36058495 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.146847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The roosterfish Nematistius pectoralis is considered as one of the most magnificent sportfishes worldwide. This study developed the first genomic resource for this trophy-fish that is heavily targeted by the fly-fishing industry. The complete mitochondrial genome of N. pectoralis was assembled using short read sequences and analyzed in detail. The mitochondrial genome of N. pectoralis is 16,537 bp in length and comprises 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 2 ribosomal RNA genes (12S and 16S), and 22 transfer RNA genes. A long intergenic space 770 bp in length was assumed to be the D-loop or Control Region (CR). Most of the PCGs and tRNA genes are encoded in the L-strand. All PCGs are under purifying selection and atp8 and nad6 experienced the least selective pressure. All tRNAs exhibit a cloverleaf secondary structure except tRNA-Serine 1 that lacked the D-arm loop. The D-loop of N. pectoralis exhibits three domains commonly described in other fishes; extended terminal associated sequences (ETAS), central, and conserved sequence block (CSB). A ML phylogenetic reconstruction of the newly recognized order Carangiformes based on all 13 mitochondrial PCGs did not support the monophyly of this clade but recognized several families as monophyletic, including Bothidae, Carangidae, Istiophoridae, Latidae, Paralichthyidae, Polynemidae, and Rhombosoleidae. Nematistius pectoralis was sister to a clade composed of Toxotes chatareus (fam. Toxotidae) + Lactarius lactarius (fam. Lactariidae). This genomic resource developed for N. pectoralis will aid in improving our understanding of the population genomics of and strengthen conservation and management strategies in this remarkable trophy-fish.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José Luis Molina-Quirós
- Biomolecular Laboratory, Center for International Programs, Universidad Veritas, San José, Costa Rica.
| | - Sebastián Hernández-Muñoz
- Biomolecular Laboratory, Center for International Programs, Universidad Veritas, San José, Costa Rica; Sala de Colecciones, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile
| | - J Antonio Baeza
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA; Departamento de Biología Marina, Universidad Catolica del Norte, Coquimbo, IV Región, Chile; Smithsonian Marine Station at Fort Pierce, Smithsonian Institution, Fort Pierce, FL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Gilbert MC, Lerose CS, Conith AJ, Albertson RC. Breaking constraints: The development and evolution of extreme fin morphology in the Bramidae. Evol Dev 2022; 24:109-124. [PMID: 35848377 PMCID: PMC9542103 DOI: 10.1111/ede.12409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The developmental process establishes the foundation upon which natural selection may act. In that same sense, it is inundated with numerous constraints that work to limit the directions in which a phenotype may respond to selective pressures. Extreme phenotypes have been used in the past to identify tradeoffs and constraints and may aid in recognizing how alterations to the Baupläne can influence the trajectories of lineages. The Bramidae, a family of Scombriformes consisting of 20 extant species, are unique in that five species greatly deviate from the stout, ovaloid bodies that typify the bramids. The Ptericlinae, or fanfishes, are instead characterized by relatively elongated body plans and extreme modifications to their medial fins. Here, we explore the development of Bramidae morphologies and examine them through a phylogenetic lens to investigate the concepts of developmental and evolutionary constraints. Contrary to our predictions that the fanfishes had been constrained by inherited properties of an ancestral state, we find that the fanfishes exhibit both increased rates of trait evolution and differ substantially from the other bramids in their developmental trajectories. Conversely, the remaining bramid genera differ little, both among one another and in comparison, to the sister family Caristiidae. In all, our data suggest that the fanfishes have broken constraints, thereby allowing them to mitigate trade‐offs on distinctive aspects of morphology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle C Gilbert
- Biology Department, Organismic and Evolutionary Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Catherine S Lerose
- Biology Department, Morrill Science Center, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Biology, Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology Graduate Program, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Andrew J Conith
- Biology Department, Morrill Science Center, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - R Craig Albertson
- Biology Department, Morrill Science Center, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Pazzaglia UE, Reguzzoni M, Saroglia M, Manconi R, Zarattini G, Raspanti M. The complex rostral morphology and the endoskeleton ossification process of two adult samples of Xiphias gladius (Xiphiidae). JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2022; 101:42-54. [PMID: 35481825 PMCID: PMC9545449 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The authors studied the morphology of the upper and lower jaws, vertebrae and dorsal-fin rays of the teleost fish Xiphias gladius to analyse the skeletal architecture and ossification pattern. The analogies and differences among these segments were investigated to identify a common morphogenetic denominator of the bone tissue osteogenesis and modeling. The large fat glands in the proximal upper jaw and their relationship to the underlying cartilage (absent in the lower jaw) suggested that there is a mechanism that explains rostral overgrowth in the Xiphiidae and Istiophoriidae families. Thus far, the compact structure of the distal rostrum has been interpreted as being the result of remodeling. Nonetheless, no evidence of cutting cones, scalloped outer border of osteons and sequence of bright-dark bands in polarized light was observed in this study, suggesting a primary osteon texture formed by compacting of collagen matrix and mineral deposition in the fat stroma lacunae of the bone, but without being oriented in layers of the collagen fibrils. A similar histology also characterizes the circular structures present in the other examined segments of the skeleton. The early phases of fibrillogenesis carried out by fibroblast-like cells occurred farther from the already-calcified bone surface inside the fat stroma lacunae. The fibrillar matrix was compacted and underwent mineral deposition near the previously calcified bone surface. This pattern of collagen matrix synthesis and calcification was different from that of mammalian osteoblasts, especially concerning the ability to build a lacuno-canalicular system among cells. Necrosis or apoptosis of the latter and refilling of the empty lacunae by mineral deposits might explain the anosteocytic bone formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ugo E. Pazzaglia
- Department of Specialità Chirurgiche, Scienze radiologiche e Sanità PubblicaUniversity of BresciaBresciaItaly
| | | | - Marco Saroglia
- Department of Biotecnologie e Scienze della VitaUniversity of InsubriaVareseItaly
| | - Renata Manconi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zoology LabUniversity of SassariSassariItaly
| | - Guido Zarattini
- Department of Specialità Chirurgiche, Scienze radiologiche e Sanità PubblicaUniversity of BresciaBresciaItaly
| | - Mario Raspanti
- Department of Medicina e ChirurgiaUniversity of InsubriaVareseItaly
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Miller HS, Avrahami HM, Zanno LE. Dental pathologies in lamniform and carcharhiniform sharks with comments on the classification and homology of double tooth pathologies in vertebrates. PeerJ 2022; 10:e12775. [PMID: 35578672 PMCID: PMC9107304 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Double tooth pathologies are important indicators of trauma, disease, diet, and feeding biomechanics, and are widely documented in mammals. However, diagnosis of double tooth pathologies in extinct non-mammalian vertebrates is complicated by several compounding factors including: a lack of shared terminology reflecting shared etiology, inconsistencies in definitions and key features within and outside of mammals (e.g., gemination, fusion, twinning, concrescence); differences in tooth morphology, heterodonty, regeneration, and implantation between mammals and non-mammalian vertebrates; and the unmet need for diagnostic criteria that can be applied to isolated teeth, which are common in the fossil record. Here we report on double tooth pathologies in the lamniform and carcharhiniform Cenozoic sharks Otodus megalodon (NCSM 33639) and Carcharhinus leucas (NCSM 33640, 33641). All three teeth bear a singular bifid crown with mirrored halves and abnormal internal microstructure-a single, bifurcating pulp cavity in C. leucas and a more than tripling of vessels in O. megalodon (from two to seven main ascending canals). We identify these abnormalities as likely examples of gemination due to their symmetry, which rules out fusion of tooth buds in one tooth file in different developmental stages in polyphyodont taxa; however, we note that incomplete forms of mesiodistal tooth fusion can be morphologically indistinguishable from gemination, and thus fusion cannot be rejected. We further compile and recategorize, when possible, the diversity of tooth pathologies in sharks. The identification of double tooth pathologies in O. megalodon and C. leucas has paleobiological implications. Such pathologies in sharks are largely hypothesized to stem from trauma to developing tooth buds. Carcharhinus leucas is known to feed on prey documented to cause feeding-related oral traumas (e.g., rays, sawfish, spiny fish, and sea urchins). However, O. megalodon, is considered to have largely fed on marine mammals, and perhaps turtles and/or fish, raising the possibility that the dietary diversity of this species is, as of yet, underappreciated. The genetic underpinnings of tooth morphogenesis and regeneration is highly conserved throughout vertebrate evolution, suggesting a homologous framework can be established. However, more research is needed to link developmental, paleobiological, and/or paleoenvironmental factors to gemination/fusion in polyphyodont taxa. We argue that the definitions and diagnostic criteria for dental pathologies in vertebrates require standardization in order to advance macroevolutionary studies of feeding trauma in deep time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harrison S. Miller
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States,North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States
| | - Haviv M. Avrahami
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States,North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States
| | - Lindsay E. Zanno
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States,North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Häge J, Hansen MJ, Pacher K, Dhellemmes F, Domenici P, Steffensen JF, Breuker M, Krause S, Hildebrandt TB, Fritsch G, Bach P, Sabarros PS, Zaslansky P, Mahlow K, Schauer M, Müller J, Krause J. Lacunae rostralis: A new structure on the rostrum of sailfish Istiophorus platypterus. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2022; 100:1205-1213. [PMID: 35194781 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Recent comparative studies of billfishes (Istiophoridae and Xiphiidae) have provided evidence of differences in the form and function of the rostra (bill) among species. Here, we report the discovery of a new structure, lacuna rostralis, on the rostra of sailfish Istiophorus platypterus, which is absent on the rostra of swordfish Xiphias gladius, striped marlin Kajikia audax and blue marlin Makaira nigricans. The lacunae rostralis are small cavities that contain teeth. They were found on the ventral rostrum surface of all I. platypterus specimens examined and dorsally in half of them. Ventrally, the lacunae rostralis were most prominent in the mid-section of the rostrum. Dorsally, they occurred closer to the tip. The density of lacunae rostralis increased towards the rostrum tip but, because they are smaller in size, the percentage of rostrum coverage decreased. The teeth located within the lacunae rostralis were found to be different in size, location and orientation from the previously identified micro-teeth of billfish. We propose two potential functions of the lacunae rostralis that both relate to the use of the bill in feeding: mechanoreception of prey before tapping it with the bill and more efficient prey handling via the creation of suction, or physical grip.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Häge
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthew J Hansen
- Department of Biology and Ecology of Fishes, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Berlin, Germany
| | - Korbinian Pacher
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Félicie Dhellemmes
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Biology and Ecology of Fishes, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - John F Steffensen
- Marine Biological Section, University of Copenhagen, Helsingør, Denmark
| | - Michael Breuker
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Lübeck University of Applied Sciences, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Stefan Krause
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Lübeck University of Applied Sciences, Lübeck, Germany
| | | | - Guido Fritsch
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Pascal Bach
- MARBEC, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Sète, France
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Sète, France
| | - Philippe S Sabarros
- MARBEC, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Sète, France
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Sète, France
| | - Paul Zaslansky
- Department for Operative and Preventive Dentistry, Centrum für Zahn-, Mund- und Kieferheilkunde, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kristin Mahlow
- Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz-Institut für Evolutions- und Biodiversitätsforschung, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria Schauer
- Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz-Institut für Evolutions- und Biodiversitätsforschung, Berlin, Germany
| | - Johannes Müller
- Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz-Institut für Evolutions- und Biodiversitätsforschung, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jens Krause
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Biology and Ecology of Fishes, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Sereno PC, Myhrvold N, Henderson DM, Fish FE, Vidal D, Baumgart SL, Keillor TM, Formoso KK, Conroy LL. Spinosaurus is not an aquatic dinosaur. eLife 2022; 11:80092. [PMID: 36448670 PMCID: PMC9711522 DOI: 10.7554/elife.80092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
A predominantly fish-eating diet was envisioned for the sail-backed theropod dinosaur Spinosaurus aegyptiacus when its elongate jaws with subconical teeth were unearthed a century ago in Egypt. Recent discovery of the high-spined tail of that skeleton, however, led to a bolder conjecture that S. aegyptiacus was the first fully aquatic dinosaur. The 'aquatic hypothesis' posits that S. aegyptiacus was a slow quadruped on land but a capable pursuit predator in coastal waters, powered by an expanded tail. We test these functional claims with skeletal and flesh models of S. aegyptiacus. We assembled a CT-based skeletal reconstruction based on the fossils, to which we added internal air and muscle to create a posable flesh model. That model shows that on land S. aegyptiacus was bipedal and in deep water was an unstable, slow-surface swimmer (<1 m/s) too buoyant to dive. Living reptiles with similar spine-supported sails over trunk and tail are used for display rather than aquatic propulsion, and nearly all extant secondary swimmers have reduced limbs and fleshy tail flukes. New fossils also show that Spinosaurus ranged far inland. Two stages are clarified in the evolution of Spinosaurus, which is best understood as a semiaquatic bipedal ambush piscivore that frequented the margins of coastal and inland waterways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul C Sereno
- 1Department of Organismal Biology, University of ChicagoChicagoUnited States,Committee on Evolutionary Biology, University of ChicagoChicagoUnited States
| | | | | | - Frank E Fish
- Department of Biology, West Chester UniversityWest ChesterUnited States
| | | | | | - Tyler M Keillor
- 1Department of Organismal Biology, University of ChicagoChicagoUnited States
| | - Kiersten K Formoso
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesUnited States,Dinosaur Institute, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles CountyLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Lauren L Conroy
- 1Department of Organismal Biology, University of ChicagoChicagoUnited States
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Mihalitsis M, Bellwood DR. Functional groups in piscivorous fishes. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:12765-12778. [PMID: 34594537 PMCID: PMC8462170 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Piscivory is a key ecological function in aquatic ecosystems, mediating energy flow within trophic networks. However, our understanding of the nature of piscivory is limited; we currently lack an empirical assessment of the dynamics of prey capture and how this differs between piscivores. We therefore conducted aquarium-based performance experiments, to test the feeding abilities of 19 piscivorous fish species. We quantified their feeding morphology, striking, capturing, and processing behavior. We identify two major functional groups: grabbers and engulfers. Grabbers are characterized by horizontal, long-distance strikes, capturing their prey tailfirst and subsequently processing their prey using their oral jaw teeth. Engulfers strike from short distances, from high angles above or below their prey, engulfing their prey and swallowing their prey whole. Based on a meta-analysis of 2,209 published in situ predator-prey relationships in marine and freshwater aquatic environments, we show resource partitioning between grabbers and engulfers. Our results provide a functional classification for piscivorous fishes delineating patterns, which transcend habitats, that may help explain size structures in fish communities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michalis Mihalitsis
- Research Hub for Coral Reef Ecosystem FunctionsJames Cook UniversityTownsvilleQldAustralia
- College of Science and EngineeringJames Cook UniversityTownsvilleQldAustralia
- Australian Research CouncilCentre of Excellence for Coral Reef StudiesJames Cook UniversityTownsvilleQldAustralia
| | - David R. Bellwood
- Research Hub for Coral Reef Ecosystem FunctionsJames Cook UniversityTownsvilleQldAustralia
- College of Science and EngineeringJames Cook UniversityTownsvilleQldAustralia
- Australian Research CouncilCentre of Excellence for Coral Reef StudiesJames Cook UniversityTownsvilleQldAustralia
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Burke PJ, Williamson JE. Using cone beam CT scans to reveal headfirst ingestion and possible prey manipulation tactics in sawsharks. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2021; 99:271-274. [PMID: 33534180 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Prey manipulation through headfirst ingestion is a common foraging tactic in predatory taxa. Sawsharks possess a toothed rostrum that is thought to assist in prey capture, but the process from prey contact to ingestion is unknown. This study provides evidence of headfirst ingestion and possible prey orientation in situ through the use of cone beam CT scans in the common sawshark (Pristiophorus cirratus). CT scans provide an efficient method for assessing ingestion and proposing plausible behavioural tactics for food manipulation in a species difficult to observe in the wild or maintain in captivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J Burke
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jane E Williamson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney Institute of Marine Science, Mosman, New South Wales, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Cloyed CS, Grady JM, Savage VM, Uyeda JC, Dell AI. The allometry of locomotion. Ecology 2021; 102:e03369. [PMID: 33864262 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Organismal locomotion mediates ecological interactions and shapes community dynamics. Locomotion is constrained by intrinsic and environmental factors and integrating these factors should clarify how locomotion affects ecology across scales. We extended general theory based on metabolic scaling and biomechanics to predict the scaling of five locomotor performance traits: routine speed, maximum speed, maximum acceleration, minimum powered turn radius, and angular speed. To test these predictions, we used phylogenetically informed analyses of a new database with 884 species and found support for our quantitative predictions. Larger organisms were faster but less maneuverable than smaller organisms. Routine and maximum speeds scaled with body mass to 0.20 and 0.17 powers, respectively, and plateaued at higher body masses, especially for maximum speed. Acceleration was unaffected by body mass. Minimum turn radius scaled to a 0.19 power, and the 95% CI included our theoretical prediction, as we predicted. Maximum angular speed scaled higher than predicted but in the same direction. We observed universal scaling among locomotor modes for routine and maximum speeds but the intercepts varied; flying organisms were faster than those that swam or ran. Acceleration was independent of size in flying and aquatic taxa but decreased with body mass in land animals, possibly due to the risk of injury large, terrestrial organisms face at high speeds and accelerations. Terrestrial mammals inhabiting structurally simple habitats tended to be faster than those in complex habitats. Despite effects of body size, locomotor mode, and habitat complexity, universal scaling of locomotory performance reveals the general ways organisms move across Earth's complex environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carl S Cloyed
- National Great Rivers Research and Education Center, East Alton, Illinois, 62024, USA.,Department of Biology, Washington University of St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, 63130, USA.,Dauphin Island Sea Lab, Dauphin Island, Alabama, 36528, USA
| | - John M Grady
- National Great Rivers Research and Education Center, East Alton, Illinois, 62024, USA
| | - Van M Savage
- Department of Biomathematics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, 90024, USA
| | - Josef C Uyeda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, 24061, USA
| | - Anthony I Dell
- National Great Rivers Research and Education Center, East Alton, Illinois, 62024, USA.,Department of Biology, Washington University of St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, 63130, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Gilbert MC, Conith AJ, Lerose CS, Moyer JK, Huskey SH, Albertson RC. Extreme Morphology, Functional Trade-offs, and Evolutionary Dynamics in a Clade of Open-Ocean Fishes (Perciformes: Bramidae). Integr Org Biol 2021; 3:obab003. [PMID: 33937628 PMCID: PMC8077895 DOI: 10.1093/iob/obab003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
When novel or extreme morphologies arise, they are oft met with the burden of functional trade-offs in other aspects of anatomy, which may limit phenotypic diversification and make particular adaptive peaks inaccessible. Bramids (Perciformes: Bramidae) comprise a small family of 20 extant species of fishes, which are distributed throughout pelagic waters worldwide. Within the Bramidae, the fanfishes (Pteraclis and Pterycombus) differ morphologically from the generally stout, laterally compressed species that typify the family. Instead, Pteraclis and Pterycombus exhibit extreme anterior positioning of the dorsal fin onto the craniofacial skeleton. Consequently, they possess fin and skull anatomies that are radically different from other bramid species. Here, we investigate the anatomy, development, and evolution of the Bramidae to test the hypothesis that morphological innovations come at functional (proximate) and evolutionary (ultimate) costs. Addressing proximate effects, we find that the development of an exaggerated dorsal fin is associated with neurocrania modified to accommodate an anterior expansion of the dorsal fin. This occurs via reduced development of the supraoccipital crest (SOC), providing a broad surface area on the skull for insertion of the dorsal fin musculature. While these anatomical shifts are presumably associated with enhanced maneuverability in fanfishes, they are also predicted to result in compromised suction feeding, possibly limiting the mechanisms of feeding in this group. Phylogenetic analyses suggest craniofacial and fin morphologies of fanfishes evolved rapidly and are evolutionarily correlated across bramids. Furthermore, fanfishes exhibit a similar rate of lineage diversification as the rest of the Bramidae, lending little support for the prediction that exaggerated medial fins are associated with phylogenetic constraint. Our phylogeny places fanfishes at the base of the Bramidae and suggests that nonfanfish bramids have reduced medial fins and re-evolved SOCs. These observations suggest that the evolution of novel fin morphologies in basal species has led to the phylogenetic coupling of head and fin shape, possibly predisposing the entire family to a limited range of feeding. Thus, the evolution of extreme morphologies may have carryover effects, even after the morphology is lost, limiting ecological diversification of lineages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle C Gilbert
- Organismic and Evolutionary Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Andrew J Conith
- Biology Department, Morrill Science Center, University of Massachusetts, 611 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Catherine S Lerose
- Biology Department, Morrill Science Center, University of Massachusetts, 611 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Joshua K Moyer
- Organismic and Evolutionary Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Steve H Huskey
- Biology Department, Western Kentucky University, 1906 College Heights Boulevard, Bowling Green, KY 42101, USA
| | - R Craig Albertson
- Biology Department, Morrill Science Center, University of Massachusetts, 611 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Dhellemmes F, Hansen MJ, Bouet SD, Videler JJ, Domenici P, Steffensen JF, Hildebrandt T, Fritsch G, Bach P, Sabarros PS, Krüger A, Kurvers RHJM, Krause J. Oil gland and oil pores in billfishes: in search of a function. J Exp Biol 2020; 223:jeb224956. [PMID: 32796039 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.224956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Billfishes are well known for their distinctive elongated rostra, i.e. bills. The functional significance of billfish rostra has been frequently discussed and the recent discovery of an oil gland (glandula oleofera) at the base of the rostrum in swordfish, Xiphias gladius, has added an interesting facet to this discussion regarding the potential co-evolution of gland and rostra. Here, we investigated the oil gland and oil pores (through which the oil is brought to the skin surface) of four billfish species - swordfish, Atlantic blue marlin (Makaira nigricans), Indo-Pacific sailfish (Istiophorus platypterus) and striped marlin (Kajikia audax) - and provide detailed evidence for the presence of an oil gland in the last three. All four species had a high density of oil pores on the forehead which is consistent with the hypothesis of hydrodynamic benefits of the oil. The extension of the pores onto the front half of the rostrum in sailfish and striped marlin, but not in swordfish or blue marlin, suggests that the oil may have additional functions. One such function could be linked to the antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties of the oil. However, the available evidence on predatory rostrum use (and hence the likelihood of tissue damage) is only partly consistent with the extension of pores on rostra across species. We conclude that the oil gland probably serves multiple, non-mutually exclusive functions. More detailed information on rostrum use in blue marlin and swordfish is needed to better link behavioural and morphological data with the aim of accomplishing a full comparative analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Dhellemmes
- Department of Biology and Ecology of Fishes, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Müggelseedamm 310, 12587 Berlin, Germany
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Invalidenstrasse 42, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - M J Hansen
- Department of Biology and Ecology of Fishes, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Müggelseedamm 310, 12587 Berlin, Germany
| | - S D Bouet
- Department of Biology and Ecology of Fishes, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Müggelseedamm 310, 12587 Berlin, Germany
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Invalidenstrasse 42, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - J J Videler
- Groningen & Leiden University, Zuidlaarderweg 57, Noordlaren, The Netherlands
| | - P Domenici
- IAS-CNR, Istituto per lo studio degli impatti Antropici e Sostenibilità in ambiente marino, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Località Sa Mardini, 09170, Torregrande, Oristano, Italy
| | - J F Steffensen
- Marine Biological Section, University of Copenhagen, Strandpromenaden 5, DK-3000 Helsingør, Denmark
| | - T Hildebrandt
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Straße 17, 10315 Berlin, Germany
- Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - G Fritsch
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Straße 17, 10315 Berlin, Germany
| | - P Bach
- MARBEC, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, 34203 Sète, France
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Ob7, 34203 Sète, France
| | - P S Sabarros
- MARBEC, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, 34203 Sète, France
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Ob7, 34203 Sète, France
| | - A Krüger
- Department of Biology and Ecology of Fishes, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Müggelseedamm 310, 12587 Berlin, Germany
| | - R H J M Kurvers
- Centre for Adaptive Rationality, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Lentzeallee 94, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - J Krause
- Department of Biology and Ecology of Fishes, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Müggelseedamm 310, 12587 Berlin, Germany
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Invalidenstrasse 42, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Stoehr AA, Donley JM, Aalbers SA, Syme DA, Sepulveda C, Bernal D. Thermal effects on red muscle contractile performance in deep-diving, large-bodied fishes. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2020; 46:1833-1845. [PMID: 32588156 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-020-00831-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Bigeye thresher sharks (Alopias superciliosus) and swordfish (Xiphias gladius) are large, pelagic fishes, which make long-duration, diurnal foraging dives from warm, surface waters (18-24 °C) to cold waters beneath the thermocline (5-10 °C). In bigeye thresher sharks, the subcutaneous position of the red, aerobic swimming muscles (RM) suggests that RM temperature mirrors ambient during dives (i.e., ectothermy). In swordfish, the RM is closer to the vertebrae and its associated with vascular counter-current heat exchangers that maintain RM temperature above ambient (i.e., RM endothermy). Here, we sought to determine how exposure to a wide range of ambient temperatures (8, 16, 24 °C) impacted peak power output and optimum cycle (i.e., tailbeat) frequency (0.25, 0.5, 1 Hz) in RM isolated from both species. Bigeye thresher shark RM did not produce substantial power at high cycle frequencies, even at high temperatures; but it did produce relatively high power at slow cycle frequencies regardless of temperature. Swordfish RM produced more power when operating at a combination of fast cycle frequencies and higher temperatures. This suggests that swordfish RM benefits considerably more from warming than bigeye thresher shark RM, while the RM of both species was able to produce power at cold temperatures and slow cycle frequencies. Despite different thermal strategies (i.e., ectothermy vs. RM endothermy), the ability of the RM to power sustained swimming during foraging-related search behaviors may contribute to the unique ability of these fishes to successfully exploit food resources in deep, cold water.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Scott A Aalbers
- Pfleger Institute of Environmental Research, Oceanside, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Diego Bernal
- University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, Dartmouth, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Bioluminescent backlighting illuminates the complex visual signals of a social squid in the deep sea. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:8524-8531. [PMID: 32205436 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1920875117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Visual signals rapidly relay information, facilitating behaviors and ecological interactions that shape ecosystems. However, most known signaling systems can be restricted by low light levels-a pervasive condition in the deep ocean, the largest inhabitable space on the planet. Resident visually cued animals have therefore been hypothesized to have simple signals with limited information-carrying capacity. We used cameras mounted on remotely operated vehicles to study the behavior of the Humboldt squid, Dosidicus gigas, in its natural deep-sea habitat. We show that specific pigmentation patterns from its diverse repertoire are selectively displayed during foraging and in social scenarios, and we investigate how these behaviors may be used syntactically for communication. We additionally identify the probable mechanism by which D. gigas, and related squids, illuminate these patterns to create visual signals that can be readily perceived in the deep, dark ocean. Numerous small subcutaneous (s.c.) photophores (bioluminescent organs) embedded throughout the muscle tissue make the entire body glow, thereby backlighting the pigmentation patterns. Equipped with a mechanism by which complex information can be rapidly relayed through a visual pathway under low-light conditions, our data suggest that the visual signals displayed by D. gigas could share design features with advanced forms of animal communication. Visual signaling by deep-living cephalopods will likely be critical in understanding how, and how much, information can be shared in one of the planet's most challenging environments for visual communication.
Collapse
|
20
|
Yahosseini KS, Moussaïd M. Comparing Groups of Independent Solvers and Transmission Chains as Methods for Collective Problem-Solving. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3060. [PMID: 32080278 PMCID: PMC7033214 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59946-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Groups can be very successful problem-solvers. This collective achievement crucially depends on how the group is structured, that is, how information flows between members and how individual contributions are merged. Numerous methods have been proposed, which can be divided into two major categories: those that involve an exchange of information between the group members, and those that do not. Here we compare two instances of such methods for solving multi-dimensional problems: (1) transmission chains, where individuals tackle the problem one after the other, each one building on the solution of the predecessor and (2) groups of independent solvers, where individuals tackle the problem independently, and the best solution found in the group is selected afterwards. By means of numerical simulations and experimental observations, we show that the best performing method is determined by the interplay between two key factors: the individual's degrees of freedom as an aspect of skill and the complexity of the problem. We find that transmission chains are superior either when the problem is rather smooth, or when the group is composed of rather unskilled individuals with a low degree of freedom. On the contrary, groups of independent solvers are preferable for rugged problems or for groups of rather skillful individuals with a high degree of freedom. Finally, we deepen the comparison by studying the impact of the group size and diversity. Our research stresses that efficient collective problem-solving requires a good matching between the nature of the problem and the structure of the group.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mehdi Moussaïd
- Center for Adaptive Rationality, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Hansen MJ, Krause S, Breuker M, Kurvers RHJM, Dhellemmes F, Viblanc PE, Müller J, Mahlow C, Boswell K, Marras S, Domenici P, Wilson ADM, Herbert-Read JE, Steffensen JF, Fritsch G, Hildebrandt TB, Zaslansky P, Bach P, Sabarros PS, Krause J. Linking hunting weaponry to attack strategies in sailfish and striped marlin. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20192228. [PMID: 31937224 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.2228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Linking morphological differences in foraging adaptations to prey choice and feeding strategies has provided major evolutionary insights across taxa. Here, we combine behavioural and morphological approaches to explore and compare the role of the rostrum (bill) and micro-teeth in the feeding behaviour of sailfish (Istiophorus platypterus) and striped marlin (Kajikia audax) when attacking schooling sardine prey. Behavioural results from high-speed videos showed that sailfish and striped marlin both regularly made rostrum contact with prey but displayed distinct strategies. Marlin used high-speed dashes, breaking schools apart, often contacting prey incidentally or tapping at isolated prey with their rostra; while sailfish used their rostra more frequently and tended to use a slower, less disruptive approach with more horizontal rostral slashes on cohesive prey schools. Capture success per attack was similar between species, but striped marlin had higher capture rates per minute. The rostra of both species are covered with micro-teeth, and micro-CT imaging showed that species did not differ in average micro-tooth length, but sailfish had a higher density of micro-teeth on the dorsal and ventral sides of their rostra and a higher amount of micro-teeth regrowth, suggesting a greater amount of rostrum use is associated with more investment in micro-teeth. Our analysis shows that the rostra of billfish are used in distinct ways and we discuss our results in the broader context of relationships between morphological and behavioural feeding adaptations across species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M J Hansen
- Department of Biology and Ecology of Fishes, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Müggelseedamm 310, Berlin 12587, Germany
| | - S Krause
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Lübeck University of Applied Sciences, Lübeck 23562, Germany
| | - M Breuker
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Lübeck University of Applied Sciences, Lübeck 23562, Germany
| | - R H J M Kurvers
- Department of Biology and Ecology of Fishes, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Müggelseedamm 310, Berlin 12587, Germany.,Center for Adaptive Rationality, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Lentzeallee 94, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - F Dhellemmes
- Department of Biology and Ecology of Fishes, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Müggelseedamm 310, Berlin 12587, Germany
| | - P E Viblanc
- Faculty of Life Science, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Invalidenstrasse 42, Berlin 10115, Germany
| | - J Müller
- Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz-Institut für Evolutions- und Biodiversitätsforschung, an der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Invalidenstr. 43, Berlin 10115, Germany
| | - C Mahlow
- Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz-Institut für Evolutions- und Biodiversitätsforschung, an der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Invalidenstr. 43, Berlin 10115, Germany
| | - K Boswell
- Department of Biological Science, Marine Sciences Program, Florida International University, North Miami, FL 33181, USA
| | - S Marras
- IAMC-CNR, Istituto per l'Ambiente Marino Costiero, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Località Sa Mardini, 09170 Torregrande, Oristano, Italy
| | - P Domenici
- IAMC-CNR, Istituto per l'Ambiente Marino Costiero, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Località Sa Mardini, 09170 Torregrande, Oristano, Italy
| | - A D M Wilson
- School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK
| | - J E Herbert-Read
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - J F Steffensen
- Marine Biological Section, University of Copenhagen, Strandpromenaden 5, Helsingør 3000, Denmark
| | - G Fritsch
- Department for Reproduction Management and Reproduction Biology, Leibniz-Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Straße, Berlin 1710315, Germany
| | - T B Hildebrandt
- Department for Reproduction Management and Reproduction Biology, Leibniz-Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Straße, Berlin 1710315, Germany
| | - P Zaslansky
- Julius Wolff Institute, Charité - Universitätsmedizin, Berlin 13353, Germany
| | - P Bach
- IRD, Centre Halieutique Méditerranéen et Tropical, BP 171, Sète Cedex 34203, France
| | - P S Sabarros
- IRD, Centre Halieutique Méditerranéen et Tropical, BP 171, Sète Cedex 34203, France.,Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR 248 MARBEC, Ob7, Avenue Jean Monnet, CS 30171, Sète Cedex 34203, France
| | - J Krause
- Department of Biology and Ecology of Fishes, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Müggelseedamm 310, Berlin 12587, Germany.,Faculty of Life Science, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Invalidenstrasse 42, Berlin 10115, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Cade DE, Carey N, Domenici P, Potvin J, Goldbogen JA. Predator-informed looming stimulus experiments reveal how large filter feeding whales capture highly maneuverable forage fish. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:472-478. [PMID: 31871184 PMCID: PMC6955359 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1911099116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The unique engulfment filtration strategy of microphagous rorqual whales has evolved relatively recently (<5 Ma) and exploits extreme predator/prey size ratios to overcome the maneuverability advantages of swarms of small prey, such as krill. Forage fish, in contrast, have been engaged in evolutionary arms races with their predators for more than 100 million years and have performance capabilities that suggest they should easily evade whale-sized predators, yet they are regularly hunted by some species of rorqual whales. To explore this phenomenon, we determined, in a laboratory setting, when individual anchovies initiated escape from virtually approaching whales, then used these results along with in situ humpback whale attack data to model how predator speed and engulfment timing affected capture rates. Anchovies were found to respond to approaching visual looming stimuli at expansion rates that give ample chance to escape from a sea lion-sized predator, but humpback whales could capture as much as 30-60% of a school at once because the increase in their apparent (visual) size does not cross their prey's response threshold until after rapid jaw expansion. Humpback whales are, thus, incentivized to delay engulfment until they are very close to a prey school, even if this results in higher hydrodynamic drag. This potential exaptation of a microphagous filter feeding strategy for fish foraging enables humpback whales to achieve 7× the energetic efficiency (per lunge) of krill foraging, allowing for flexible foraging strategies that may underlie their ecological success in fluctuating oceanic conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David E Cade
- Hopkins Marine Station, Department of Biology, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA 93950;
| | - Nicholas Carey
- Hopkins Marine Station, Department of Biology, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA 93950
| | - Paolo Domenici
- Istituto per lo studio degli impatti Antropici e Sostenibilità in ambiente marino, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, IAS-CNR, 09170, Torregrande, Oristano, Italy
| | - Jean Potvin
- Department of Physics, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63103
| | - Jeremy A Goldbogen
- Hopkins Marine Station, Department of Biology, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA 93950
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Domenici P, Hale ME. Escape responses of fish: a review of the diversity in motor control, kinematics and behaviour. J Exp Biol 2019; 222:222/18/jeb166009. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.166009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
The study of fish escape responses has provided important insights into the accelerative motions and fast response times of these animals. In addition, the accessibility of the underlying neural circuits has made the escape response a fundamental model in neurobiology. Fish escape responses were originally viewed as highly stereotypic all-or-none behaviours. However, research on a wide variety of species has shown considerable taxon-specific and context-dependent variability in the kinematics and neural control of escape. In addition, escape-like motions have been reported: these resemble escape responses kinematically, but occur in situations that do not involve a response to a threatening stimulus. This Review focuses on the diversity of escape responses in fish by discussing recent work on: (1) the types of escape responses as defined by kinematic analysis (these include C- and S-starts, and single- versus double-bend responses); (2) the diversity of neuromuscular control; (3) the variability of escape responses in terms of behaviour and kinematics within the context of predator−prey interactions; and (4) the main escape-like motions observed in various species. Here, we aim to integrate recent knowledge on escape responses and highlight rich areas for research. Rapidly developing approaches for studying the kinematics of swimming motion both in the lab and within the natural environment provide new avenues for research on these critical and common behaviours.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Domenici
- Organismal Biology Laboratory, IAS-CNR Località Sa Mardini, Torregrande, Oristano 09170, Italy
| | - Melina E. Hale
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Schmidt FN, Zimmermann EA, Walsh F, Plumeyer C, Schaible E, Fiedler IAK, Milovanovic P, Rößle M, Amling M, Blanchet C, Gludovatz B, Ritchie RO, Busse B. On the Origins of Fracture Toughness in Advanced Teleosts: How the Swordfish Sword's Bone Structure and Composition Allow for Slashing under Water to Kill or Stun Prey. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2019; 6:1900287. [PMID: 31380168 PMCID: PMC6662059 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201900287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The osseous sword of a swordfish (Xiphias gladius) is specialized to incapacitate prey with stunning blows. Considering the sword's growth and maturation pattern, aging from the sword's base to the tip, while missing a mechanosensitive osteocytic network, an in-depth understanding of its mechanical properties and bone quality is lacking. Microstructural, compositional, and nanomechanical characteristics of the bone along the sword are investigated to reveal structural mechanisms accounting for its exceptional mechanical competence. The degree of mineralization, homogeneity, and particle size increase from the base toward the tip, reflecting aging along its length. Fracture experiments reveal that crack-growth toughness vastly decreases at the highly and homogeneously mineralized tip, suggesting the importance of aging effects. Initiation toughness, however, is unchanged suggesting that aging effects on this hierarchical level are counteracted by constant mineral/fibril interaction. In conclusion, the sword of the swordfish provides an excellent model reflecting base-to-tip-wise aging of bone, as indicated by increasing mineralization and decreasing crack-growth toughness toward the tip. The hierarchical, structural, and compositional changes along the sword reflect peculiar prerequisites needed for resisting high mechanical loads. Further studies on advanced teleosts bone tissue may help to unravel structure-function relationships of heavily loaded skeletons lacking mechanosensing cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felix N. Schmidt
- Department of Osteology and BiomechanicsUniversity Medical Center Hamburg‐EppendorfLottestrasse 55A22529HamburgGermany
| | - Elizabeth A. Zimmermann
- Department of Osteology and BiomechanicsUniversity Medical Center Hamburg‐EppendorfLottestrasse 55A22529HamburgGermany
| | - Flynn Walsh
- Materials Sciences DivisionLawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryDepartment of Materials Science and EngineeringUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCA94720USA
| | - Christine Plumeyer
- Department of Osteology and BiomechanicsUniversity Medical Center Hamburg‐EppendorfLottestrasse 55A22529HamburgGermany
| | - Eric Schaible
- Advanced Light SourceLawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBerkeleyCA94720USA
| | - Imke A. K. Fiedler
- Department of Osteology and BiomechanicsUniversity Medical Center Hamburg‐EppendorfLottestrasse 55A22529HamburgGermany
| | - Petar Milovanovic
- Department of Osteology and BiomechanicsUniversity Medical Center Hamburg‐EppendorfLottestrasse 55A22529HamburgGermany
| | - Manfred Rößle
- European Molecular Biology LaboratoryHamburg OutstationHamburg22607Germany
| | - Michael Amling
- Department of Osteology and BiomechanicsUniversity Medical Center Hamburg‐EppendorfLottestrasse 55A22529HamburgGermany
| | - Clément Blanchet
- European Molecular Biology LaboratoryHamburg OutstationHamburg22607Germany
| | - Bernd Gludovatz
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing EngineeringUNSW SydneyNSW2052Australia
| | - Robert O. Ritchie
- Materials Sciences DivisionLawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryDepartment of Materials Science and EngineeringUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCA94720USA
| | - Björn Busse
- Department of Osteology and BiomechanicsUniversity Medical Center Hamburg‐EppendorfLottestrasse 55A22529HamburgGermany
- Forum Medical Technology Health Hamburg (FMTHH)Hamburg22529Germany
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Sumpter DJT, Szorkovszky A, Kotrschal A, Kolm N, Herbert-Read JE. Using activity and sociability to characterize collective motion. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2019; 373:rstb.2017.0015. [PMID: 29581400 PMCID: PMC5882985 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2017.0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A wide range of measurements can be made on the collective motion of groups, and the movement of individuals within them. These include, but are not limited to: group size, polarization, speed, turning speed, speed or directional correlations, and distances to near neighbours. From an ecological and evolutionary perspective, we would like to know which of these measurements capture biologically meaningful aspects of an animal's behaviour and contribute to its survival chances. Previous simulation studies have emphasized two main factors shaping individuals' behaviour in groups; attraction and alignment. Alignment responses appear to be important in transferring information between group members and providing synergistic benefits to group members. Likewise, attraction to conspecifics is thought to provide benefits through, for example, selfish herding. Here, we use a factor analysis on a wide range of simple measurements to identify two main axes of collective motion in guppies (Poecilia reticulata): (i) sociability, which corresponds to attraction (and to a lesser degree alignment) to neighbours, and (ii) activity, which combines alignment with directed movement. We show that for guppies, predation in a natural environment produces higher degrees of sociability and (in females) lower degrees of activity, while female guppies sorted for higher degrees of collective alignment have higher degrees of both sociability and activity. We suggest that the activity and sociability axes provide a useful framework for measuring the behaviour of animals in groups, allowing the comparison of individual and collective behaviours within and between species.This article is part of the theme issue 'Collective movement ecology'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Niclas Kolm
- Zoology Department, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Rico-Guevara A, Hurme KJ. Intrasexually selected weapons. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2019; 94:60-101. [PMID: 29924496 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
We propose a practical concept that distinguishes the particular kind of weaponry that has evolved to be used in combat between individuals of the same species and sex, which we term intrasexually selected weapons (ISWs). We present a treatise of ISWs in nature, aiming to understand their distinction and evolution from other secondary sex traits, including from 'sexually selected weapons', and from sexually dimorphic and monomorphic weaponry. We focus on the subset of secondary sex traits that are the result of same-sex combat, defined here as ISWs, provide not previously reported evolutionary patterns, and offer hypotheses to answer questions such as: why have only some species evolved weapons to fight for the opposite sex or breeding resources? We examined traits that seem to have evolved as ISWs in the entire animal phylogeny, restricting the classification of ISW to traits that are only present or enlarged in adults of one of the sexes, and are used as weapons during intrasexual fights. Because of the absence of behavioural data and, in many cases, lack of sexually discriminated series from juveniles to adults, we exclude the fossil record from this review. We merge morphological, ontogenetic, and behavioural information, and for the first time thoroughly review the tree of life to identify separate evolution of ISWs. We found that ISWs are only found in bilateral animals, appearing independently in nematodes, various groups of arthropods, and vertebrates. Our review sets a reference point to explore other taxa that we identify with potential ISWs for which behavioural or morphological studies are warranted. We establish that most ISWs come in pairs, are located in or near the head, are endo- or exoskeletal modifications, are overdeveloped structures compared with those found in females, are modified feeding structures and/or locomotor appendages, are most common in terrestrial taxa, are frequently used to guard females, territories, or both, and are also used in signalling displays to deter rivals and/or attract females. We also found that most taxa lack ISWs, that females of only a few species possess better-developed weapons than males, that the cases of independent evolution of ISWs are not evenly distributed across the phylogeny, and that animals possessing the most developed ISWs have non-hunting habits (e.g. herbivores) or are faunivores that prey on very small prey relative to their body size (e.g. insectivores). Bringing together perspectives from studies on a variety of taxa, we conceptualize that there are five ways in which a sexually dimorphic trait, apart from the primary sex traits, can be fixed: sexual selection, fecundity selection, parental role division, differential niche occupation between the sexes, and interference competition. We discuss these trends and the factors involved in the evolution of intrasexually selected weaponry in nature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Rico-Guevara
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, 3040 Valley Life Sciences Building, Berkeley, CA, 94720, U.S.A.,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, 75 N. Eagleville Rd, Unit 3043, Storrs, CT, 06269, U.S.A.,Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Código Postal 11001, Bogotá DC, Colombia
| | - Kristiina J Hurme
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, 3040 Valley Life Sciences Building, Berkeley, CA, 94720, U.S.A.,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, 75 N. Eagleville Rd, Unit 3043, Storrs, CT, 06269, U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Habegger L, Motta P, Huber D, Pulaski D, Grosse I, Dumont E. Feeding Biomechanics in Billfishes: Investigating the Role of the Rostrum through Finite Element Analysis. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2019; 303:44-52. [PMID: 30623594 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Billfishes are large pelagic fishes that have an extreme elongation of the upper jaw bones forming the rostrum. Recent kinematic and biomechanical studies show the rostrum to be associated to feeding, however, it is less clear how the wide range of morphologies present among billfish may affect their striking behavior. In this study, we aim to assess the mechanical performance of different rostrum morphologies under loads that simulate feeding and to test existing hypotheses of species-specific feeding behaviors. We use finite element analysis (FEA)-a physics-based method that predicts patterns of stress and strain in morphologically complex structures under specified boundary conditions-to test hypotheses on the form and mechanical performance of billfish rostra. Patterns of von Mises stress and total strain energy suggest that distinct rostral morphologies may be functionally segregated. The rounder blue marlin rostrum may be better suited for a wide range of slashing motions to disable prey, whereas the more flattened swordfish rostrum appears to be more specialized for lateral swiping during prey capture. The almost homogenous stress distribution along each rostrum implies their possible use as a predatory weapon regardless of morphological differences between species. The mechanical implications of other less commonly reported behaviors such as spearing are discussed, as well as the potential impact of hydrodynamics in shaping the evolution of the rostrum in this lineage. Anat Rec, 2019. © 2019 American Association for Anatomy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Habegger
- Department of Biology, Florida Southern College, 111 Lake Hollingsworth Dr., Lakeland, Florida.,Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, 4202 E. Fowler Ave, Tampa, Florida
| | - Philip Motta
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, 4202 E. Fowler Ave, Tampa, Florida
| | - Daniel Huber
- Department of Biology, The University of Tampa, 401 W. Kennedy Blvd, Tampa, Florida
| | - Daniel Pulaski
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, 611 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, Massachusetts.,Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Massachusetts, 160 Governor's Drive, Amherst, Massachusetts
| | - Ian Grosse
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Massachusetts, 160 Governor's Drive, Amherst, Massachusetts
| | - Elizabeth Dumont
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, 611 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, Massachusetts.,School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, 5200 North Lake Rd, Merced, California
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Goldbogen JA, Madsen PT. The evolution of foraging capacity and gigantism in cetaceans. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 221:221/11/jeb166033. [PMID: 29895582 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.166033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The extant diversity and rich fossil record of cetaceans provides an extraordinary evolutionary context for investigating the relationship between form, function and ecology. The transition from terrestrial to marine ecosystems is associated with a complex suite of morphological and physiological adaptations that were required for a fully aquatic mammalian life history. Two specific functional innovations that characterize the two great clades of cetaceans, echolocation in toothed whales (Odontoceti) and filter feeding in baleen whales (Mysticeti), provide a powerful comparative framework for integrative studies. Both clades exhibit gigantism in multiple species, but we posit that large body size may have evolved for different reasons and in response to different ecosystem conditions. Although these foraging adaptations have been studied using a combination of experimental and tagging studies, the precise functional drivers and consequences of morphological change within and among these lineages remain less understood. Future studies that focus at the interface of physiology, ecology and paleontology will help elucidate how cetaceans became the largest predators in aquatic ecosystems worldwide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J A Goldbogen
- Department of Biology, Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, 120 Ocean View Boulevard, Pacific Grove, CA 93950, USA
| | - P T Madsen
- Zoophysiology, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, C.F. Møllers Allé 3, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.,Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 6B, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Nevatte RJ, Wueringer BE, Jacob DE, Park JM, Williamson JE. First insights into the function of the sawshark rostrum through examination of rostral tooth microwear. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2017; 91:1582-1602. [PMID: 29034467 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.13467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Potential roles of the rostrum of sawsharks (Pristiophoridae), including predation and self-defence, were assessed through a variety of inferential methods. Comparison of microwear on the surface of the rostral teeth of sawsharks and sawfishes (Pristidae) show that microwear patterns are alike and suggest that the elongate rostra in these two elasmobranch families are used for a similar purpose (predation). Raman spectroscopy indicates that the rostral teeth of both sawsharks and sawfishes are composed of hydroxyapatite, but differ in their collagen content. Sawfishes possess collagen throughout their rostral teeth whereas collagen is present only in the centre of the rostral teeth of sawsharks, which may relate to differences in ecological use. The ratio of rostrum length to total length in the common sawshark Pristiophorus cirratus was found to be similar to the largetooth sawfish Pristis pristis but not the knifetooth sawfish Anoxypristis cuspidata. Analysis of the stomach contents of P. cirratus indicates that the diet consists of demersal fishes and crustaceans, with shrimp from the family Pandalidae being the most important dietary component. No prey item showed evidence of wounds inflicted by the rostral teeth. In light of the similarities in microwear patterns, rostral tooth chemistry and diet with sawfishes, it is hypothesised that sawsharks use their rostrum in a similar manner for predation (sensing and capturing prey) and possibly for self-defence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R J Nevatte
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | - B E Wueringer
- College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, James Cook University, P. O. Box 6811, Cairns, Queensland 4870, Australia
- Sharks and Rays Australia, P. O. Box 575, Bungalow, Queensland, 4870, Australia
| | - D E Jacob
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Macquarie University, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | - J M Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | - J E Williamson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Krause J, Herbert-Read JE, Seebacher F, Domenici P, Wilson ADM, Marras S, Svendsen MBS, Strömbom D, Steffensen JF, Krause S, Viblanc PE, Couillaud P, Bach P, Sabarros PS, Zaslansky P, Kurvers RHJM. Injury-mediated decrease in locomotor performance increases predation risk in schooling fish. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2017; 372:20160232. [PMID: 28673910 PMCID: PMC5498294 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The costs and benefits of group living often depend on the spatial position of individuals within groups and the ability of individuals to occupy preferred positions. For example, models of predation events for moving prey groups predict higher mortality risk for individuals at the periphery and front of groups. We investigated these predictions in sardine (Sardinella aurita) schools under attack from group hunting sailfish (Istiophorus platypterus) in the open ocean. Sailfish approached sardine schools about equally often from the front and rear, but prior to attack there was a chasing period in which sardines attempted to swim away from the predator. Consequently, all sailfish attacks were directed at the rear and peripheral positions of the school, resulting in higher predation risk for individuals at these positions. During attacks, sailfish slash at sardines with their bill causing prey injury including scale removal and tissue damage. Sardines injured in previous attacks were more often found in the rear half of the school than in the front half. Moreover, injured fish had lower tail-beat frequencies and lagged behind uninjured fish. Injuries inflicted by sailfish bills may, therefore, hinder prey swimming speed and drive spatial sorting in prey schools through passive self-assortment. We found only partial support for the theoretical predictions from current predator-prey models, highlighting the importance of incorporating more realistic predator-prey dynamics into these models.This article is part of the themed issue 'Physiological determinants of social behaviour in animals'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Krause
- Department of Biology and Ecology of Fishes, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Müggelseedamm 310, 12587 Berlin, Germany
- Albrecht Daniel Thaer-Institute, Faculty of Life Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Invalidenstrasse 42, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - J E Herbert-Read
- Department of Mathematics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - F Seebacher
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - P Domenici
- IAMC-CNR, Istituto per l'Ambiente Marino Costiero, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Località Sa Mardini, 09170 Torregrande, Oristano, Italy
| | - A D M Wilson
- Department of Biology and Ecology of Fishes, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Müggelseedamm 310, 12587 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S Marras
- IAMC-CNR, Istituto per l'Ambiente Marino Costiero, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Località Sa Mardini, 09170 Torregrande, Oristano, Italy
| | - M B S Svendsen
- Marine Biological Section, University of Copenhagen, Strandpromenaden 5, 3000 Helsingør, Denmark
| | - D Strömbom
- Department of Mathematics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Biology, Lafayette College, Easton, 18042 PA, USA
| | - J F Steffensen
- Marine Biological Section, University of Copenhagen, Strandpromenaden 5, 3000 Helsingør, Denmark
| | - S Krause
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Lübeck University of Applied Sciences, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - P E Viblanc
- Albrecht Daniel Thaer-Institute, Faculty of Life Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Invalidenstrasse 42, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - P Couillaud
- Département de la Licence Sciences et Technologies, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 4 place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - P Bach
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR 248 MARBEC, Ob7, Avenue Jean Monnet, CS 30171, 34203 Sète Cedex, France
| | - P S Sabarros
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR 248 MARBEC, Ob7, Avenue Jean Monnet, CS 30171, 34203 Sète Cedex, France
| | - P Zaslansky
- Julius Wolff Institute for Biomechanics and Musculoskeletal Regeneration, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Philippstraße 13, Haus 11, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - R H J M Kurvers
- Department of Biology and Ecology of Fishes, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Müggelseedamm 310, 12587 Berlin, Germany
- Center for Adaptive Rationality, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Lentzeallee 94, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Herbert-Read JE, Ward AJW, Sumpter DJT, Mann RP. Escape path complexity and its context dependency in Pacific blue-eyes ( Pseudomugil signifer). J Exp Biol 2017; 220:2076-2081. [PMID: 28348040 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.154534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The escape paths prey animals take following a predatory attack appear to be highly unpredictable - a property that has been described as 'protean behaviour'. Here, we present a method of quantifying the escape paths of individual animals using a path complexity approach. When individual fish (Pseudomugil signifer) were attacked, we found that a fish's movement path rapidly increased in complexity following the attack. This path complexity remained elevated (indicating a more unpredictable path) for a sustained period (at least 10 s) after the attack. The complexity of the path was context dependent: paths were more complex when attacks were made closer to the fish, suggesting that these responses are tailored to the perceived level of threat. We separated out the components of speed and turning rate changes to determine which of these components contributed to the overall increase in path complexity following an attack. We found that both speed and turning rate measures contributed similarly to an individual's path complexity in absolute terms. Overall, our work highlights the context-dependent escape responses that animals use to avoid predators, and also provides a method for quantifying the escape paths of animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J E Herbert-Read
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden .,Department of Mathematics, Uppsala University, 75106 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - A J W Ward
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - D J T Sumpter
- Department of Mathematics, Uppsala University, 75106 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - R P Mann
- Department of Statistics, School of Mathematics, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Habegger ML, Huber DH, Lajeunesse MJ, Motta PJ. Theoretical calculations of bite force in billfishes. J Zool (1987) 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. L. Habegger
- Department of Biology Florida Southern College Lakeland FL USA
- Department of Integrative Biology University of South Florida Tampa FL USA
- Fish and Wildlife Research Institute Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission St. Petersburg FL USA
| | - D. H. Huber
- Department of Biology The University of Tampa Tampa FL USA
| | - M. J. Lajeunesse
- Department of Integrative Biology University of South Florida Tampa FL USA
| | - P. J. Motta
- Department of Integrative Biology University of South Florida Tampa FL USA
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Bergshoeff JA, Zargarpour N, Legge G, Favaro B. How to build a low-cost underwater camera housing for aquatic research. Facets (Ott) 2017. [DOI: 10.1139/facets-2016-0048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Remote cameras are an increasingly important tool in field-based biological research. Terrestrial researchers can purchase inexpensive off-the-shelf cameras, but aquatic researchers face challenges in adopting similar systems for underwater science. Although technology allows researchers to deploy cameras in any aquatic environment, high procurement costs are often a barrier, particularly for studies that require the collection of lengthy videos. In this note, we provide a detailed guide explaining how to assemble an underwater camera system for less than $425 USD. We focus especially on the construction of the underwater housing, which is typically the most expensive component of an underwater camera system. As described, this system can record 13 h full high-definition videos in depths up to 100 m. It can be constructed and assembled with limited technical background using tools available in most workshops. The guide includes a general overview of the system, a full list of components, detailed instructions on constructing the camera housing, and suggestions on how to mount and use the camera in fieldwork. Our goal for this note is to promote the wider use of remote underwater cameras in aquatic research by making them accessible to those with limited financial means.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A. Bergshoeff
- Centre for Sustainable Aquatic Resources, Fisheries and Marine Institute of Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1C 5R3, Canada
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Logy Bay, NL A1K 3E6, Canada
| | - Nicola Zargarpour
- Centre for Sustainable Aquatic Resources, Fisheries and Marine Institute of Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1C 5R3, Canada
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Logy Bay, NL A1K 3E6, Canada
| | - George Legge
- Centre for Sustainable Aquatic Resources, Fisheries and Marine Institute of Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1C 5R3, Canada
| | - Brett Favaro
- Centre for Sustainable Aquatic Resources, Fisheries and Marine Institute of Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1C 5R3, Canada
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Logy Bay, NL A1K 3E6, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Kurvers RHJM, Krause S, Viblanc PE, Herbert-Read JE, Zaslansky P, Domenici P, Marras S, Steffensen JF, Svendsen MBS, Wilson ADM, Couillaud P, Boswell KM, Krause J. The Evolution of Lateralization in Group Hunting Sailfish. Curr Biol 2017; 27:521-526. [PMID: 28190733 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2016.12.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Lateralization is widespread throughout the animal kingdom [1-7] and can increase task efficiency via shortening reaction times and saving on neural tissue [8-16]. However, lateralization might be costly because it increases predictability [17-21]. In predator-prey interactions, for example, predators might increase capture success because of specialization in a lateralized attack, but at the cost of increased predictability to their prey, constraining the evolution of lateralization. One unexplored mechanism for evading such costs is group hunting: this would allow individual-level specialization, while still allowing for group-level unpredictability. We investigated this mechanism in group hunting sailfish, Istiophorus platypterus, attacking schooling sardines, Sardinella aurita. During these attacks, sailfish alternate in attacking the prey using their elongated bills to slash or tap the prey [22-24]. This rapid bill movement is either leftward or rightward. Using behavioral observations of identifiable individual sailfish hunting in groups, we provide evidence for individual-level attack lateralization in sailfish. More strongly lateralized individuals had a higher capture success. Further evidence of lateralization comes from morphological analyses of sailfish bills that show strong evidence of one-sided micro-teeth abrasions. Finally, we show that attacks by single sailfish are indeed highly predictable, but predictability rapidly declines with increasing group size because of a lack of population-level lateralization. Our results present a novel benefit of group hunting: by alternating attacks, individual-level attack lateralization can evolve, without the negative consequences of individual-level predictability. More generally, our results suggest that group hunting in predators might provide more suitable conditions for the evolution of strategy diversity compared to solitary life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ralf H J M Kurvers
- Center for Adaptive Rationality, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Lentzeallee 94, 14195 Berlin, Germany; Department of Biology and Ecology of Fishes, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Mueggelseedamm 310, 12587 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Stefan Krause
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Lübeck University of Applied Sciences, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Paul E Viblanc
- Department of Biology and Ecology of Fishes, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Mueggelseedamm 310, 12587 Berlin, Germany; Faculty of Life Sciences, Albrecht Daniel Thaer-Institut, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Invalidenstrasse 42, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - James E Herbert-Read
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Mathematics, Uppsala University, 751 05 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Paul Zaslansky
- Julius Wolff Institut, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Föhrer Str. 15, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Paolo Domenici
- IAMC-CNR, Istituto per l'Ambiente Marino Costiero, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Località Sa Mardini, 09170 Torregrande, Oristano, Italy
| | - Stefano Marras
- IAMC-CNR, Istituto per l'Ambiente Marino Costiero, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Località Sa Mardini, 09170 Torregrande, Oristano, Italy
| | - John F Steffensen
- Marine Biological Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Strandpromenaden 5, 3000 Helsingør, Denmark
| | - Morten B S Svendsen
- Marine Biological Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Strandpromenaden 5, 3000 Helsingør, Denmark
| | - Alexander D M Wilson
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Heydon-Laurence Building A08, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Pierre Couillaud
- Département du Master Sciences de l'Univers, Environnement, Écologie, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Kevin M Boswell
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, 3000 N.E. 151(st) Street, North Miami, FL 33181, USA
| | - Jens Krause
- Department of Biology and Ecology of Fishes, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Mueggelseedamm 310, 12587 Berlin, Germany; Faculty of Life Sciences, Albrecht Daniel Thaer-Institut, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Invalidenstrasse 42, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Carey N, Goldbogen JA. Kinematics of ram filter feeding and beat-glide swimming in the northern anchovy Engraulis mordax. J Exp Biol 2017; 220:2717-2725. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.158337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In the dense aquatic environment, the most adept swimmers are streamlined to reduce drag and increase the efficiency of locomotion. However, because they open their mouth to wide gape angles to deploy their filtering apparatus, ram filter feeders apparently switch between diametrically opposite swimming modes; highly efficient, streamlined 'beat-glide' swimming, and ram filter feeding, which has been hypothesized to be a high-cost feeding mode because of presumed increased drag. Ram filter feeding forage fish are thought to play an important role in the flux of nutrients and energy in upwelling ecosystems, however the biomechanics and energetics of this feeding mechanism remain poorly understood. We quantified the kinematics of an iconic forage fish, the northern anchovy, Engraulis mordax, during ram filter feeding and non-feeding, mouth-closed beat-glide swimming. Although many kinematic parameters between the two swimming modes were similar, we found that swimming speeds and tailbeat frequencies were significantly lower during ram feeding. Rather than maintain speed with the school, a speed which closely matches theoretical optimum filter feeding speeds was consistently observed. Beat-glide swimming was characterized by high variability in all kinematic parameters, but variance in kinematic parameters was much lower during ram filter feeding. Under this mode, body kinematics are substantially modified, and E. mordax swims more slowly, and with decreased lateral movement along the entire body, but most noticeably in the anterior. Our results suggest that hydrodynamic effects that come with deployment of the filtering anatomy may limit behavioral options during foraging and result in slower swimming speeds during ram filtration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Carey
- Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, 120 Ocean View Blvd., Pacific Grove, CA 93950, USA
| | - Jeremy A. Goldbogen
- Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, 120 Ocean View Blvd., Pacific Grove, CA 93950, USA
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Herbert-Read JE, Romanczuk P, Krause S, Strömbom D, Couillaud P, Domenici P, Kurvers RHJM, Marras S, Steffensen JF, Wilson ADM, Krause J. Proto-cooperation: group hunting sailfish improve hunting success by alternating attacks on grouping prey. Proc Biol Sci 2016; 283:20161671. [PMID: 27807269 PMCID: PMC5124094 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2016.1671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We present evidence of a novel form of group hunting. Individual sailfish (Istiophorus platypterus) alternate attacks with other group members on their schooling prey (Sardinella aurita). While only 24% of attacks result in prey capture, multiple prey are injured in 95% of attacks, resulting in an increase of injured fish in the school with the number of attacks. How quickly prey are captured is positively correlated with the level of injury of the school, suggesting that hunters can benefit from other conspecifics' attacks on the prey. To explore this, we built a mathematical model capturing the dynamics of the hunt. We show that group hunting provides major efficiency gains (prey caught per unit time) for individuals in groups of up to 70 members. We also demonstrate that a free riding strategy, where some individuals wait until the prey are sufficiently injured before attacking, is only beneficial if the cost of attacking is high, and only then when waiting times are short. Our findings provide evidence that cooperative benefits can be realized through the facilitative effects of individuals' hunting actions without spatial coordination of attacks. Such 'proto-cooperation' may be the pre-cursor to more complex group-hunting strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James E Herbert-Read
- Department of Mathematics, Uppsala University, 75106, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pawel Romanczuk
- Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Müggelseedamm 310, Berlin, Germany
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton 08544, NJ, USA
| | - Stefan Krause
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Lübeck University of Applied Sciences, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Daniel Strömbom
- Department of Mathematics, Uppsala University, 75106, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Biology, Lafayette College, Easton 18042, PA, USA
| | - Pierre Couillaud
- Département de la Licence Sciences et Technologies, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Paolo Domenici
- IAMC-CNR, Istituto per l'Ambiente Marino Costiero, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Località Sa Mardini, 09170 Torregrande, Oristano, Italy
| | - Ralf H J M Kurvers
- Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Müggelseedamm 310, Berlin, Germany
- Center for Adaptive Rationality, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefano Marras
- IAMC-CNR, Istituto per l'Ambiente Marino Costiero, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Località Sa Mardini, 09170 Torregrande, Oristano, Italy
| | - John F Steffensen
- Marine Biological Section, University of Copenhagen, Helsingor 3000, Denmark
| | - Alexander D M Wilson
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - Jens Krause
- Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Müggelseedamm 310, Berlin, Germany
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Currey JD, Dean MN, Shahar R. Revisiting the links between bone remodelling and osteocytes: insights from across phyla. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2016; 92:1702-1719. [DOI: 10.1111/brv.12302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- John D. Currey
- Department of Biology; University of York; York YO10 5DD U.K
| | - Mason N. Dean
- Department Biomaterials; Max Planck Institute of Colloids & Interfaces; 14424 Potsdam Germany
| | - Ron Shahar
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Rehovot 76100 Israel
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Svendsen MBS, Domenici P, Marras S, Krause J, Boswell KM, Rodriguez-Pinto I, Wilson ADM, Kurvers RHJM, Viblanc PE, Finger JS, Steffensen JF. Maximum swimming speeds of sailfish and three other large marine predatory fish species based on muscle contraction time and stride length: a myth revisited. Biol Open 2016; 5:1415-1419. [PMID: 27543056 PMCID: PMC5087677 DOI: 10.1242/bio.019919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Billfishes are considered to be among the fastest swimmers in the oceans. Previous studies have estimated maximum speed of sailfish and black marlin at around 35 m s−1 but theoretical work on cavitation predicts that such extreme speed is unlikely. Here we investigated maximum speed of sailfish, and three other large marine pelagic predatory fish species, by measuring the twitch contraction time of anaerobic swimming muscle. The highest estimated maximum swimming speeds were found in sailfish (8.3±1.4 m s−1), followed by barracuda (6.2±1.0 m s−1), little tunny (5.6±0.2 m s−1) and dorado (4.0±0.9 m s−1); although size-corrected performance was highest in little tunny and lowest in sailfish. Contrary to previously reported estimates, our results suggest that sailfish are incapable of exceeding swimming speeds of 10-15 m s−1, which corresponds to the speed at which cavitation is predicted to occur, with destructive consequences for fin tissues. Summary: Using muscle contraction measurements, this work provides evidence that sailfish are most likely unable to reach the extremely high speeds claimed by previous research and popular articles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Morten B S Svendsen
- Department of Biology, Marine Biological Section, University of Copenhagen Strandpromenaden 5, Helsingør DK-3000, Denmark
| | - Paolo Domenici
- IAMC-CNR, Istituto per l'Ambiente Marino Costiero, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Località Sa Mardini, Torregrande, Oristano 09170, Italy
| | - Stefano Marras
- IAMC-CNR, Istituto per l'Ambiente Marino Costiero, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Località Sa Mardini, Torregrande, Oristano 09170, Italy
| | - Jens Krause
- Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Müggelseedamm 310, Berlin 12587, Germany Faculty of Life Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Invalidenstrasse 42, Berlin 10115, Germany
| | - Kevin M Boswell
- Department of Biological Science, Marine Sciences Program, Florida International University, North Miami, FL 33181, USA
| | - Ivan Rodriguez-Pinto
- Department of Biological Science, Marine Sciences Program, Florida International University, North Miami, FL 33181, USA
| | - Alexander D M Wilson
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Heydon-Laurence Building A08, Sydney New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Ralf H J M Kurvers
- Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Center for Adaptive Rationality Lentzeallee 94, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Paul E Viblanc
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Invalidenstrasse 42, Berlin 10115, Germany
| | - Jean S Finger
- Bimini Biological Field Station Foundation, 9300 SW 99st, Miami, FL 33176, USA
| | - John F Steffensen
- Department of Biology, Marine Biological Section, University of Copenhagen Strandpromenaden 5, Helsingør DK-3000, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Videler JJ, Haydar D, Snoek R, Hoving HJT, Szabo BG. Lubricating the swordfish head. J Exp Biol 2016; 219:1953-6. [PMID: 27385753 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.139634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The swordfish is reputedly the fastest swimmer on Earth. The concave head and iconic sword are unique characteristics, but how they contribute to its speed is still unknown. Recent computed tomography scans revealed a poorly mineralised area near the base of the rostrum. Here we report, using magnetic resonance imaging and electron microscopy scanning, the discovery of a complex organ consisting of an oil-producing gland connected to capillaries that communicate with oil-excreting pores in the skin of the head. The capillary vessels transport oil to abundant tiny circular pores that are surrounded by denticles. The oil is distributed from the pores over the front part of the head. The oil inside the gland is identical to that found on the skin and is a mixture of methyl esters. We hypothesize that the oil layer, in combination with the denticles, creates a super-hydrophobic layer that reduces streamwise friction drag and increases swimming efficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John J Videler
- Prof. Em. Groningen & Leiden University, Zuidlaarderweg 57, Noordlaren 9479 TH, The Netherlands
| | - Deniz Haydar
- Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, Grote Kruisstraat 2/1, Groningen 9712 TS, The Netherlands
| | - Roelant Snoek
- Waterproof, Marine Consultancy & Services BV, Flevo Marina Trade Centre, IJsselmeerdijk 2, Lelystad 8221 RC, The Netherlands
| | - Henk-Jan T Hoving
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Düsternbrooker Weg 20, Kiel D-24105, Germany
| | - Ben G Szabo
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Groningen University, Institute for Medical Education, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, Groningen 9713 AV, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Anwar SB, Cathcart K, Darakananda K, Gaing AN, Shin SY, Vronay X, Wright DN, Ellerby DJ. The effects of steady swimming on fish escape performance. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2016; 202:425-33. [DOI: 10.1007/s00359-016-1090-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
41
|
Marras S, Noda T, Steffensen JF, Svendsen MBS, Krause J, Wilson ADM, Kurvers RHJM, Herbert-Read J, Boswell KM, Domenici P. Not So Fast: Swimming Behavior of Sailfish during Predator-Prey Interactions using High-Speed Video and Accelerometry. Integr Comp Biol 2015; 55:719-27. [PMID: 25898843 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icv017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Billfishes are considered among the fastest swimmers in the oceans. Despite early estimates of extremely high speeds, more recent work showed that these predators (e.g., blue marlin) spend most of their time swimming slowly, rarely exceeding 2 m s(-1). Predator-prey interactions provide a context within which one may expect maximal speeds both by predators and prey. Beyond speed, however, an important component determining the outcome of predator-prey encounters is unsteady swimming (i.e., turning and accelerating). Although large predators are faster than their small prey, the latter show higher performance in unsteady swimming. To contrast the evading behaviors of their highly maneuverable prey, sailfish and other large aquatic predators possess morphological adaptations, such as elongated bills, which can be moved more rapidly than the whole body itself, facilitating capture of the prey. Therefore, it is an open question whether such supposedly very fast swimmers do use high-speed bursts when feeding on evasive prey, in addition to using their bill for slashing prey. Here, we measured the swimming behavior of sailfish by using high-frequency accelerometry and high-speed video observations during predator-prey interactions. These measurements allowed analyses of tail beat frequencies to estimate swimming speeds. Our results suggest that sailfish burst at speeds of about 7 m s(-1) and do not exceed swimming speeds of 10 m s(-1) during predator-prey interactions. These speeds are much lower than previous estimates. In addition, the oscillations of the bill during swimming with, and without, extension of the dorsal fin (i.e., the sail) were measured. We suggest that extension of the dorsal fin may allow sailfish to improve the control of the bill and minimize its yaw, hence preventing disturbance of the prey. Therefore, sailfish, like other large predators, may rely mainly on accuracy of movement and the use of the extensions of their bodies, rather than resorting to top speeds when hunting evasive prey.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Marras
- *IAMC-CNR, Istituto per l'Ambiente Marino Costiero, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Località Sa Mardini, Torregrande, 09170 Oristano, Italy; Department of Social Informatics, Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto University, Yoshidahonmachi, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; Marine Biological Section, University of Copenhagen Strandpromenaden 5, DK-3000 Helsingør, Denmark; Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Mueggelseedamm 310, 12587 Berlin, Germany; Faculty of Life Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Invalidenstrasse 42, 10115 Berlin, Germany; Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1S 5B6; **Department of Mathematics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, 75106, Sweden; Department of Biological Sciences, Marine Sciences Program, Florida International University, North Miami, FL 33181, USA
| | - Takuji Noda
- *IAMC-CNR, Istituto per l'Ambiente Marino Costiero, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Località Sa Mardini, Torregrande, 09170 Oristano, Italy; Department of Social Informatics, Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto University, Yoshidahonmachi, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; Marine Biological Section, University of Copenhagen Strandpromenaden 5, DK-3000 Helsingør, Denmark; Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Mueggelseedamm 310, 12587 Berlin, Germany; Faculty of Life Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Invalidenstrasse 42, 10115 Berlin, Germany; Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1S 5B6; **Department of Mathematics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, 75106, Sweden; Department of Biological Sciences, Marine Sciences Program, Florida International University, North Miami, FL 33181, USA *IAMC-CNR, Istituto per l'Ambiente Marino Costiero, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Località Sa Mardini, Torregrande, 09170 Oristano, Italy; Department of Social Informatics, Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto University, Yoshidahonmachi, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; Marine Biological Section, University of Copenhagen Strandpromenaden 5, DK-3000 Helsingør, Denmark; Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Mueggelseedamm 310, 12587 Berlin, Germany; Faculty of Life Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Invalidenstrasse 42, 10115 Berlin, Germany; Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1S 5B6; **Department of Mathematics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, 75106, Sweden; Department of Biological Sciences, Marine Sciences Program, Florida International University, North Miami, FL 33181, USA
| | - John F Steffensen
- *IAMC-CNR, Istituto per l'Ambiente Marino Costiero, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Località Sa Mardini, Torregrande, 09170 Oristano, Italy; Department of Social Informatics, Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto University, Yoshidahonmachi, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; Marine Biological Section, University of Copenhagen Strandpromenaden 5, DK-3000 Helsingør, Denmark; Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Mueggelseedamm 310, 12587 Berlin, Germany; Faculty of Life Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Invalidenstrasse 42, 10115 Berlin, Germany; Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1S 5B6; **Department of Mathematics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, 75106, Sweden; Department of Biological Sciences, Marine Sciences Program, Florida International University, North Miami, FL 33181, USA
| | - Morten B S Svendsen
- *IAMC-CNR, Istituto per l'Ambiente Marino Costiero, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Località Sa Mardini, Torregrande, 09170 Oristano, Italy; Department of Social Informatics, Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto University, Yoshidahonmachi, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; Marine Biological Section, University of Copenhagen Strandpromenaden 5, DK-3000 Helsingør, Denmark; Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Mueggelseedamm 310, 12587 Berlin, Germany; Faculty of Life Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Invalidenstrasse 42, 10115 Berlin, Germany; Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1S 5B6; **Department of Mathematics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, 75106, Sweden; Department of Biological Sciences, Marine Sciences Program, Florida International University, North Miami, FL 33181, USA
| | - Jens Krause
- *IAMC-CNR, Istituto per l'Ambiente Marino Costiero, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Località Sa Mardini, Torregrande, 09170 Oristano, Italy; Department of Social Informatics, Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto University, Yoshidahonmachi, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; Marine Biological Section, University of Copenhagen Strandpromenaden 5, DK-3000 Helsingør, Denmark; Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Mueggelseedamm 310, 12587 Berlin, Germany; Faculty of Life Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Invalidenstrasse 42, 10115 Berlin, Germany; Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1S 5B6; **Department of Mathematics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, 75106, Sweden; Department of Biological Sciences, Marine Sciences Program, Florida International University, North Miami, FL 33181, USA *IAMC-CNR, Istituto per l'Ambiente Marino Costiero, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Località Sa Mardini, Torregrande, 09170 Oristano, Italy; Department of Social Informatics, Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto University, Yoshidahonmachi, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; Marine Biological Section, University of Copenhagen Strandpromenaden 5, DK-3000 Helsingør, Denmark; Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Mueggelseedamm 310, 12587 Berlin, Germany; Faculty of Life Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Invalidenstrasse 42, 10115 Berlin, Germany; Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1S 5B6; **Department of Mathematics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, 75106, Sweden; Department of Biological Sciences, Marine Sciences Program, Florida International University, North Miami, FL 33181, USA
| | - Alexander D M Wilson
- *IAMC-CNR, Istituto per l'Ambiente Marino Costiero, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Località Sa Mardini, Torregrande, 09170 Oristano, Italy; Department of Social Informatics, Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto University, Yoshidahonmachi, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; Marine Biological Section, University of Copenhagen Strandpromenaden 5, DK-3000 Helsingør, Denmark; Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Mueggelseedamm 310, 12587 Berlin, Germany; Faculty of Life Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Invalidenstrasse 42, 10115 Berlin, Germany; Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1S 5B6; **Department of Mathematics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, 75106, Sweden; Department of Biological Sciences, Marine Sciences Program, Florida International University, North Miami, FL 33181, USA *IAMC-CNR, Istituto per l'Ambiente Marino Costiero, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Località Sa Mardini, Torregrande, 09170 Oristano, Italy; Department of Social Informatics, Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto University, Yoshidahonmachi, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; Marine Biological Section, University of Copenhagen Strandpromenaden 5, DK-3000 Helsingør, Denmark; Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Mueggelseedamm 310, 12587 Berlin, Germany; Faculty of Life Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Invalidenstrasse 42, 10115 Berlin, Germany; Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1S 5B6; **Department of Mathematics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, 75106, Sweden; Department of Biological Sciences, Marine Sciences Program, Florida International University, North Miami, FL 33181, USA
| | - Ralf H J M Kurvers
- *IAMC-CNR, Istituto per l'Ambiente Marino Costiero, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Località Sa Mardini, Torregrande, 09170 Oristano, Italy; Department of Social Informatics, Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto University, Yoshidahonmachi, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; Marine Biological Section, University of Copenhagen Strandpromenaden 5, DK-3000 Helsingør, Denmark; Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Mueggelseedamm 310, 12587 Berlin, Germany; Faculty of Life Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Invalidenstrasse 42, 10115 Berlin, Germany; Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1S 5B6; **Department of Mathematics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, 75106, Sweden; Department of Biological Sciences, Marine Sciences Program, Florida International University, North Miami, FL 33181, USA
| | - James Herbert-Read
- *IAMC-CNR, Istituto per l'Ambiente Marino Costiero, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Località Sa Mardini, Torregrande, 09170 Oristano, Italy; Department of Social Informatics, Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto University, Yoshidahonmachi, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; Marine Biological Section, University of Copenhagen Strandpromenaden 5, DK-3000 Helsingør, Denmark; Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Mueggelseedamm 310, 12587 Berlin, Germany; Faculty of Life Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Invalidenstrasse 42, 10115 Berlin, Germany; Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1S 5B6; **Department of Mathematics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, 75106, Sweden; Department of Biological Sciences, Marine Sciences Program, Florida International University, North Miami, FL 33181, USA
| | - Kevin M Boswell
- *IAMC-CNR, Istituto per l'Ambiente Marino Costiero, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Località Sa Mardini, Torregrande, 09170 Oristano, Italy; Department of Social Informatics, Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto University, Yoshidahonmachi, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; Marine Biological Section, University of Copenhagen Strandpromenaden 5, DK-3000 Helsingør, Denmark; Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Mueggelseedamm 310, 12587 Berlin, Germany; Faculty of Life Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Invalidenstrasse 42, 10115 Berlin, Germany; Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1S 5B6; **Department of Mathematics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, 75106, Sweden; Department of Biological Sciences, Marine Sciences Program, Florida International University, North Miami, FL 33181, USA
| | - Paolo Domenici
- *IAMC-CNR, Istituto per l'Ambiente Marino Costiero, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Località Sa Mardini, Torregrande, 09170 Oristano, Italy; Department of Social Informatics, Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto University, Yoshidahonmachi, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; Marine Biological Section, University of Copenhagen Strandpromenaden 5, DK-3000 Helsingør, Denmark; Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Mueggelseedamm 310, 12587 Berlin, Germany; Faculty of Life Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Invalidenstrasse 42, 10115 Berlin, Germany; Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1S 5B6; **Department of Mathematics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, 75106, Sweden; Department of Biological Sciences, Marine Sciences Program, Florida International University, North Miami, FL 33181, USA
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Habegger ML, Dean MN, Dunlop JWC, Mullins G, Stokes M, Huber DR, Winters D, Motta PJ. Feeding in billfishes: inferring the role of the rostrum from a biomechanical standpoint. J Exp Biol 2015; 218:824-36. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.106146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Perhaps the most striking feature of billfishes is the extreme elongation of the premaxillary bones forming their rostra. Surprisingly, the exact role of this structure in feeding is still controversial. The goal of this study is to investigate the use of the rostrum from a functional, biomechanical and morphological standpoint to ultimately infer its possible role during feeding. Using beam theory, experimental and theoretical loading tests were performed on the rostra from two morphologically different billfish, the blue marlin (Makaira nigricans) and the swordfish (Xiphias gladius). Two loading regimes were applied (dorsoventral and lateral) to simulate possible striking behaviors. Histological samples and material properties of the rostra were obtained along their lengths to further characterize structure and mechanical performance. Intraspecific results show similar stress distributions for most regions of the rostra, suggesting that this structure may be designed to withstand continuous loadings with no particular region of stress concentration. Although material stiffness increased distally, flexural stiffness increased proximally owing to higher second moment of area. The blue marlin rostrum was stiffer and resisted considerably higher loads for both loading planes compared with that of the swordfish. However, when a continuous load along the rostrum was considered, simulating the rostrum swinging through the water, swordfish exhibited lower stress and drag during lateral loading. Our combined results suggest that the swordfish rostrum is suited for lateral swiping to incapacitate their prey, whereas the blue marlin rostrum is better suited to strike prey from a wider variety of directions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria L. Habegger
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, 4202 E. Fowler Ave, Tampa, FL 33613, USA
| | - Mason N. Dean
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids & Interfaces, Am Muehlenberg 1, Potsdam 14476, Germany
| | - John W. C. Dunlop
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids & Interfaces, Am Muehlenberg 1, Potsdam 14476, Germany
| | - Gray Mullins
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of South Florida, 4202 E. Fowler Ave, Tampa, FL 33613, USA
| | - Michael Stokes
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of South Florida, 4202 E. Fowler Ave, Tampa, FL 33613, USA
| | - Daniel R. Huber
- Department of Biology, University of Tampa, 401 W. Kennedy Blvd, Tampa, FL 33606, USA
| | - Daniel Winters
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of South Florida, 4202 E. Fowler Ave, Tampa, FL 33613, USA
| | - Philip J. Motta
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, 4202 E. Fowler Ave, Tampa, FL 33613, USA
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Remodeling in bone without osteocytes: billfish challenge bone structure-function paradigms. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:16047-52. [PMID: 25331870 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1412372111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A remarkable property of tetrapod bone is its ability to detect and remodel areas where damage has accumulated through prolonged use. This process, believed vital to the long-term health of bone, is considered to be initiated and orchestrated by osteocytes, cells within the bone matrix. It is therefore surprising that most extant fishes (neoteleosts) lack osteocytes, suggesting their bones are not constantly repaired, although many species exhibit long lives and high activity levels, factors that should induce considerable fatigue damage with time. Here, we show evidence for active and intense remodeling occurring in the anosteocytic, elongated rostral bones of billfishes (e.g., swordfish, marlins). Despite lacking osteocytes, this tissue exhibits a striking resemblance to the mature bone of large mammals, bearing structural features (overlapping secondary osteons) indicating intensive tissue repair, particularly in areas where high loads are expected. Billfish osteons are an order of magnitude smaller in diameter than mammalian osteons, however, implying that the nature of damage in this bone may be different. Whereas billfish bone material is as stiff as mammalian bone (unlike the bone of other fishes), it is able to withstand much greater strains (relative deformations) before failing. Our data show that fish bone can exhibit far more complex structure and physiology than previously known, and is apparently capable of localized repair even without the osteocytes believed essential for this process. These findings challenge the unique and primary role of osteocytes in bone remodeling, a basic tenet of bone biology, raising the possibility of an alternative mechanism driving this process.
Collapse
|
44
|
The soft power of sailfish bills. Nature 2014. [DOI: 10.1038/nature.2014.15086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|