1
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Shifts from cooperative to individual-based predation defense determine microbial predator-prey dynamics. THE ISME JOURNAL 2023; 17:775-785. [PMID: 36854789 PMCID: PMC10119117 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-023-01381-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
Predation defense is an important feature of predator-prey interactions adding complexity to ecosystem dynamics. Prey organisms have developed various strategies to escape predation which differ in mode (elude vs. attack), reversibility (inducible vs. permanent), and scope (individual vs. cooperative defenses). While the mechanisms and controls of many singular defenses are well understood, important ecological and evolutionary facets impacting long-term predator-prey dynamics remain underexplored. This pertains especially to trade-offs and interactions between alternative defenses occurring in prey populations evolving under predation pressure. Here, we explored the dynamics of a microbial predator-prey system consisting of bacterivorous flagellates (Poteriospumella lacustris) feeding on Pseudomonas putida. Within five weeks of co-cultivation corresponding to about 35 predator generations, we observed a consistent succession of bacterial defenses in all replicates (n = 16). Initially, bacteria expressed a highly effective cooperative defense based on toxic metabolites, which brought predators close to extinction. This initial strategy, however, was consistently superseded by a second mechanism of predation defense emerging via de novo mutations. Combining experiments with mathematical modeling, we demonstrate how this succession of defenses is driven by the maximization of individual rather than population benefits, highlighting the role of rapid evolution in the breakdown of social cooperation.
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2
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Kuhn T, Mamin M, Bindschedler S, Bshary R, Estoppey A, Gonzalez D, Palmieri F, Junier P, Richter XYL. Spatial scales of competition and a growth-motility trade-off interact to determine bacterial coexistence. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2022; 9:211592. [PMID: 36483758 PMCID: PMC9727664 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.211592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The coexistence of competing species is a long-lasting puzzle in evolutionary ecology research. Despite abundant experimental evidence showing that the opportunity for coexistence decreases as niche overlap increases between species, bacterial species and strains competing for the same resources are commonly found across diverse spatially heterogeneous habitats. We thus hypothesized that the spatial scale of competition may play a key role in determining bacterial coexistence, and interact with other mechanisms that promote coexistence, including a growth-motility trade-off. To test this hypothesis, we let two Pseudomonas putida strains compete at local and regional scales by inoculating them either in a mixed droplet or in separate droplets in the same Petri dish, respectively. We also created conditions that allow the bacterial strains to disperse across abiotic or fungal hyphae networks. We found that competition at the local scale led to competitive exclusion while regional competition promoted coexistence. When competing in the presence of dispersal networks, the growth-motility trade-off promoted coexistence only when the strains were inoculated in separate droplets. Our results provide a mechanism by which existing laboratory data suggesting competitive exclusion at a local scale is reconciled with the widespread coexistence of competing bacterial strains in complex natural environments with dispersal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Kuhn
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Émile-Argand 11, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Eco-Ethology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Émile-Argand 11, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Marine Mamin
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Émile-Argand 11, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Saskia Bindschedler
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Émile-Argand 11, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Redouan Bshary
- Laboratory of Eco-Ethology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Émile-Argand 11, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Aislinn Estoppey
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Émile-Argand 11, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Diego Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Émile-Argand 11, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Fabio Palmieri
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Émile-Argand 11, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Pilar Junier
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Émile-Argand 11, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Xiang-Yi Li Richter
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Émile-Argand 11, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Eco-Ethology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Émile-Argand 11, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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3
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Orr JA, Luijckx P, Arnoldi JF, Jackson AL, Piggott JJ. Rapid evolution generates synergism between multiple stressors: Linking theory and an evolution experiment. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:1740-1752. [PMID: 33829610 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Global change encompasses many co-occurring anthropogenic stressors. Understanding the interactions between these multiple stressors, whether they be additive, antagonistic or synergistic, is critical for ecosystem managers when prioritizing which stressors to mitigate in the face of global change. While such interactions between stressors appear prevalent, it remains unclear if and how these interactions change over time, as the majority of multiple-stressor studies rarely span multiple generations of study organisms. Although meta-analyses have reported some intriguing temporal trends in stressor interactions, for example that synergism may take time to emerge, the mechanistic basis for such observations is unknown. In this study, by analysing data from an evolution experiment with the rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus (~35 generations and 31,320 observations), we show that adaptation to multiple stressors shifts stressor interactions towards synergism. We show that trade-offs, where populations cannot optimally perform multiple tasks (i.e. adapting to multiple stressors), generate this bias towards synergism. We also show that removal of stressors from evolved populations does not necessarily increase fitness and that there is variation in the evolutionary trajectories of populations that experienced the same stressor regimes. Our results highlight outstanding questions at the interface between evolution and global change biology, and illustrate the importance of considering rapid adaptation when managing or restoring ecosystems subjected to multiple stressors under global change.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Orr
- School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Pepijn Luijckx
- School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jean-François Arnoldi
- School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Experimental and Theoretical Ecology Station, Moulis, France
| | - Andrew L Jackson
- School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jeremy J Piggott
- School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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4
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Voigt E, Rall BC, Chatzinotas A, Brose U, Rosenbaum B. Phage strategies facilitate bacterial coexistence under environmental variability. PeerJ 2021; 9:e12194. [PMID: 34760346 PMCID: PMC8572521 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial communities are often exposed to temporal variations in resource availability, which exceed bacterial generation times and thereby affect bacterial coexistence. Bacterial population dynamics are also shaped by bacteriophages, which are a main cause of bacterial mortality. Several strategies are proposed in the literature to describe infections by phages, such as "Killing the Winner", "Piggyback the loser" (PtL) or "Piggyback the Winner" (PtW). The two temperate phage strategies PtL and PtW are defined by a change from lytic to lysogenic infection when the host density changes, from high to low or from low to high, respectively. To date, the occurrence of different phage strategies and their response to environmental variability is poorly understood. In our study, we developed a microbial trophic network model using ordinary differential equations (ODEs) and performed 'in silico' experiments. To model the switch from the lysogenic to the lytic cycle, we modified the lysis rate of infected bacteria and their growth was turned on or off using a density-dependent switching point. We addressed whether and how the different phage strategies facilitate bacteria coexistence competing for limiting resources. We also studied the impact of a fluctuating resource inflow to evaluate the response of the different phage strategies to environmental variability. Our results show that the viral shunt (i.e. nutrient release after bacterial lysis) leads to an enrichment of the system. This enrichment enables bacterial coexistence at lower resource concentrations. We were able to show that an established, purely lytic model leads to stable bacterial coexistence despite fluctuating resources. Both temperate phage models differ in their coexistence patterns. The model of PtW yields stable bacterial coexistence at a limited range of resource supply and is most sensitive to resource fluctuations. Interestingly, the purely lytic phage strategy and PtW both result in stable bacteria coexistence at oligotrophic conditions. The PtL model facilitates stable bacterial coexistence over a large range of stable and fluctuating resource inflow. An increase in bacterial growth rate results in a higher resilience to resource variability for the PtL and the lytic infection model. We propose that both temperate phage strategies represent different mechanisms of phages coping with environmental variability. Our study demonstrates how phage strategies can maintain bacterial coexistence in constant and fluctuating environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Voigt
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Leipzig, Germany.,Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Björn C Rall
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Leipzig, Germany.,Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Antonis Chatzinotas
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Environmental Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Leipzig, Germany.,Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ulrich Brose
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Leipzig, Germany.,Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Benjamin Rosenbaum
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Leipzig, Germany.,Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
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5
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Scheuerl T, Kaitala V. The effect of dilution on eco-evolutionary dynamics of experimental microbial communities. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:13430-13444. [PMID: 34646480 PMCID: PMC8495831 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Changing environmental conditions can infer structural modifications of predator-prey communities. New conditions often increase mortality which reduces population sizes. Following this, predation pressure may decrease until populations are dense again. Dilution may thus have substantial impact not only on ecological but also on evolutionary dynamics because it amends population densities. Experimental studies, in which microbial populations are maintained by a repeated dilution into fresh conditions after a certain period, are extensively used approaches allowing us to obtain mechanistic insights into fundamental processes. By design, dilution, which depends on transfer volume (modifying mortality) and transfer interval (determining the time of interaction), is an inherent feature of these experiments, but often receives little attention. We further explore previously published data from a live predator-prey (bacteria and ciliates) system which investigated eco-evolutionary principles and apply a mathematical model to predict how various transfer volumes and transfer intervals would affect such an experiment. We find not only the ecological dynamics to be modified by both factors but also the evolutionary rates to be affected. Our work predicts that the evolution of the anti-predator defense in the bacteria, and the evolution of the predation efficiency in the ciliates, both slow down with lower transfer volume, but speed up with longer transfer intervals. Our results provide testable hypotheses for future studies of predator-prey systems, and we hope this work will help improve our understanding of how ecological and evolutionary processes together shape composition of microbial communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Scheuerl
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Research Department for LimnologyUniversity of InnsbruckMondseeAustria
| | - Veijo Kaitala
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research ProgrammeUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
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6
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Mariam SH. A sampling survey of enterococci within pasteurized, fermented dairy products and their virulence and antibiotic resistance properties. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0254390. [PMID: 34264984 PMCID: PMC8282027 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Globally, fermented foods (FFs), which may be traditional or industrially-produced, are major sources of nutrition. In the traditional practice, the fermentation process is driven by communities of virtually uncharacterized microflora indigenous to the food substrate. Some of these flora can have virulent or antibiotic resistance properties, posing risk to consumers. Others, such as Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium, may also be found in such foods. Enterococci that harbor antibiotic resistance or virulence factors can cycle among animals, food, humans and the environment, thereby transferring these harmful properties at the gene level to harmless commensals in the food matrix, animals and humans. In this work, several microbial isolates obtained from different FF sources were analyzed for their identity and virulence and/or antibiotic resistance properties. For identification aiming at enterococci, isolates that were Gram-positive and catalase- and oxidase-negative were subjected to multiple tests including for growth in broth containing 6.5% NaCl, growth and hydrolytic activity on medium containing bile-esculin, hemolytic activity on blood agar, and growth at 45°C and survival after incubation at 60°C for 30 min. Furthermore, the isolates were tested for susceptibility/resistance to a select group of antibiotics. Finally, the isolates were molecularly-characterized with respect to species identity and presence of virulence-encoding genes by amplification of target genes. Most sources contained enterococci, in addition to most of them also containing Gram-negative flora. Most of these also harbored virulence factors. Several isolates were also antibiotic-resistant. These results strongly suggest attention should be given to better control presence of such potentially pathogenic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solomon H. Mariam
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- * E-mail:
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7
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Yamamichi M, Letten AD. Rapid evolution promotes fluctuation-dependent species coexistence. Ecol Lett 2021; 24:812-818. [PMID: 33617685 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated that rapid contemporary evolution can play a significant role in regulating population dynamics on ecological timescales. Here we identify a previously unrecognised mode by which rapid evolution can promote species coexistence via temporal fluctuations and a trade-off between competitive ability and the speed of adaptive evolution. We show that this interaction between rapid evolution and temporal fluctuations not only increases the range of coexistence conditions under a gleaner-opportunist trade-off (i.e. low minimum resource requirement [R* ] vs. high maximum growth rate) but also yields stable coexistence in the absence of a classical gleaner-opportunist trade-off. Given the propensity for both oscillatory dynamics and different rates of adaptation between species (including rapid evolution and phenotypic plasticity) in the real world, we argue that this expansion of fluctuation-dependent coexistence theory provides an important overlooked solution to the so-called 'paradox of the plankton'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Yamamichi
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.,Department of International Health and Medical Anthropology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
| | - Andrew D Letten
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
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8
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Yamamichi M, Kyogoku D, Iritani R, Kobayashi K, Takahashi Y, Tsurui-Sato K, Yamawo A, Dobata S, Tsuji K, Kondoh M. Intraspecific Adaptation Load: A Mechanism for Species Coexistence. Trends Ecol Evol 2020; 35:897-907. [PMID: 32674869 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2020.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Evolutionary ecological theory suggests that selection arising from interactions with conspecifics, such as sexual and kin selection, may result in evolution of intraspecific conflicts and evolutionary 'tragedy of the commons'. Here, we propose that such an evolution of conspecific conflicts may affect population dynamics in a way that enhances species coexistence. Empirical evidence and theoretical models suggest that more abundant species is more susceptible to invasion of 'selfish' individuals that increase their own reproductive success at the expense of population growth (intraspecific adaptation load). The density-dependent intraspecific adaptation load gives rise to a self-regulation mechanism at the population level, and stabilizes species coexistence at the community level by negative frequency-dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Yamamichi
- Department of General Systems Studies, University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan.
| | - Daisuke Kyogoku
- Faculty of Agriculture, Ryukoku University, 1-5 Yokotani, Seta Oe-cho, Otsu, Shiga 520-2194, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Iritani
- RIKEN Interdisciplinary Theoretical and Mathematical Sciences Program (iTHEMS), Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Kazuya Kobayashi
- Hokkaido Forest Research Station, Field Science Education and Research Center, Kyoto University, 553 Tawa, Shibecha-cho, Kawakami-gun, Hokkaido 088-2339, Japan
| | - Yuma Takahashi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi, Inage, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Kaori Tsurui-Sato
- Center for Strategic Research Project, University of the Ryukyus, Senbaru, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan
| | - Akira Yamawo
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, 1 Bunkyo-cho, Hirosaki 036-8560, Japan
| | - Shigeto Dobata
- Laboratory of Insect Ecology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Kazuki Tsuji
- Department of Subtropical Agro-Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of the Ryukyus, 1 Senbaru, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan
| | - Michio Kondoh
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan.
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9
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Cairns J, Moerman F, Fronhofer EA, Altermatt F, Hiltunen T. Evolution in interacting species alters predator life-history traits, behaviour and morphology in experimental microbial communities. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20200652. [PMID: 32486984 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.0652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Predator-prey interactions heavily influence the dynamics of many ecosystems. An increasing body of evidence suggests that rapid evolution and coevolution can alter these interactions, with important ecological implications, by acting on traits determining fitness, including reproduction, anti-predatory defence and foraging efficiency. However, most studies to date have focused only on evolution in the prey species, and the predator traits in (co)evolving systems remain poorly understood. Here, we investigated changes in predator traits after approximately 600 generations in a predator-prey (ciliate-bacteria) evolutionary experiment. Predators independently evolved on seven different prey species, allowing generalization of the predator's evolutionary response. We used highly resolved automated image analysis to quantify changes in predator life history, morphology and behaviour. Consistent with previous studies, we found that prey evolution impaired growth of the predator, although the effect depended on the prey species. By contrast, predator evolution did not cause a clear increase in predator growth when feeding on ancestral prey. However, predator evolution affected morphology and behaviour, increasing size, speed and directionality of movement, which have all been linked to higher prey search efficiency. These results show that in (co)evolving systems, predator adaptation can occur in traits relevant to foraging efficiency without translating into an increased ability of the predator to grow on the ancestral prey type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Cairns
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK.,Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Department of Computer Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, PO Box 56, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Felix Moerman
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.,Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland.,ISEM, University of Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Florian Altermatt
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.,Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Teppo Hiltunen
- Department of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, PO Box 56, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Biology, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
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10
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Using a Two-Sex Life Table Tool to Calculate the Fitness of Orius strigicollis as a Predator of Pectinophora gossypiella. INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11050275. [PMID: 32365977 PMCID: PMC7290837 DOI: 10.3390/insects11050275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
A two-sex life table is a useful tool for studying the fitness of predators. Previous studies of Oriusstrigicollis Poppius (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae) fitness have not been done on Pectinophora gossypiella (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) using a two-sex life table tool. This study reports the fitness of the minute predatory flower bug, O. strigicollis when feeding on the cotton pest P. gossypiella using a two-sex life table tool. Different densities (5, 10, and 15 eggs) of P. gossypiella eggs were used to calculate the feeding capacity and fitness of O. strigicollis in the laboratory at 28 °C ± 1, 75 ± 5% RH and 16:8 (L:D). The results concluded that O. strigicollis is an efficient predator of P. gossypiella. The maximum growth capacity of the predatory bug O. strigicollis was attained when it was fed on 10 and 15 P. gossypiella eggs. Furthermore, shorter generation and development time were also observed in the case of 15 eggs of P. gossypiella. These results suggest that O. strigicollis has considerable predatory potential and prefers feeding on P. gossypiella eggs than on the first instar larvae at the fourth instar or the female stage. Although the field potential of O. strigicollis is still unknown, this study will support future investigations in terms of field applications.
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11
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McClean D, Friman V, Finn A, Salzberg LI, Donohue I. Coping with multiple enemies: pairwise interactions do not predict evolutionary change in complex multitrophic communities. OIKOS 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.06586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Deirdre McClean
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, Univ. of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK
- Centre for Synthetic and Systems Biology, School of Biological Sciences Univ. of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK
| | | | - Alain Finn
- Dept of Zoology, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin Ireland
| | - Letal I. Salzberg
- Smurfit Inst. of Genetics, School of Genetics and Microbiology, Trinity College Dublin Ireland
| | - Ian Donohue
- Dept of Zoology, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin Ireland
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12
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Scheuerl T, Cairns J, Becks L, Hiltunen T. Predator coevolution and prey trait variability determine species coexistence. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 286:20190245. [PMID: 31088272 PMCID: PMC6532513 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.0245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Predation is one of the key ecological mechanisms allowing species coexistence and influencing biological diversity. However, ecological processes are subject to contemporary evolutionary change, and the degree to which predation affects diversity ultimately depends on the interplay between evolution and ecology. Furthermore, ecological interactions that influence species coexistence can be altered by reciprocal coevolution especially in the case of antagonistic interactions such as predation or parasitism. Here we used an experimental evolution approach to test for the role of initial trait variation in the prey population and coevolutionary history of the predator in the ecological dynamics of a two-species bacterial community predated by a ciliate. We found that initial trait variation both at the bacterial and ciliate level enhanced species coexistence, and that subsequent trait evolutionary trajectories depended on the initial genetic diversity present in the population. Our findings provide further support to the notion that the ecology-centric view of diversity maintenance must be reinvestigated in light of recent findings in the field of eco-evolutionary dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Scheuerl
- Department of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, PO Box 56, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Johannes Cairns
- Department of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, PO Box 56, Helsinki 00014, Finland
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, University of Helsinki, PO Box 65, Helsinki 00014Finland
| | - Lutz Becks
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Community Dynamics Group, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, August Thienemann Strasse 2, 24306 Plön, Germany
- Aquatic Ecology and Evolution, Limnological Institute University Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Teppo Hiltunen
- Department of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, PO Box 56, Helsinki 00014, Finland
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku 20014, Finland
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13
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Theodosiou L, Hiltunen T, Becks L. The role of stressors in altering eco‐evolutionary dynamics. Funct Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Loukas Theodosiou
- Community Dynamics GroupMax Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology Plön Germany
- Department of Microbial Population BiologyMax Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology Plön Germany
| | - Teppo Hiltunen
- Department of MicrobiologyUniversity of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Turku Turku Finland
| | - Lutz Becks
- Community Dynamics GroupMax Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology Plön Germany
- Limnology ‐ Aquatic Ecology and Evolution, Limnological InstituteUniversity of Konstanz Konstanz Germany
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14
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Dual-stressor selection alters eco-evolutionary dynamics in experimental communities. Nat Ecol Evol 2018; 2:1974-1981. [DOI: 10.1038/s41559-018-0701-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Hiltunen T, Kaitala V, Laakso J, Becks L. Evolutionary contribution to coexistence of competitors in microbial food webs. Proc Biol Sci 2018; 284:rspb.2017.0415. [PMID: 29021178 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2017.0415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The theory of species coexistence is a key concept in ecology that has received much attention. The role of rapid evolution for determining species coexistence is still poorly understood although evolutionary change on ecological time-scales has the potential to change almost any ecological process. The influence of evolution on coexistence can be especially pronounced in microbial communities where organisms often have large population sizes and short generation times. Previous work on coexistence has assumed that traits involved in resource use and species interactions are constant or change very slowly in terms of ecological time-scales. However, recent work suggests that these traits can evolve rapidly. Nevertheless, the importance of rapid evolution to coexistence has not been tested experimentally. Here, we show how rapid evolution alters the frequency of two bacterial competitors over time when grown together with specialist consumers (bacteriophages), a generalist consumer (protozoan) and all in combination. We find that consumers facilitate coexistence in a manner consistent with classic ecological theory. However, through disentangling the relative contributions of ecology (changes in consumer abundance) and evolution (changes in traits mediating species interactions) on the frequency of the two competitors over time, we find differences between the consumer types and combinations. Overall, our results indicate that the influence of evolution on species coexistence strongly depends on the traits and species interactions considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teppo Hiltunen
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences/Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Veijo Kaitala
- Department of Biosciences/Ecology and Evolutionary biology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 65, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Jouni Laakso
- Department of Biosciences/Ecology and Evolutionary biology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 65, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Lutz Becks
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Community Dynamics Group, August Thienemann Str. 2, 24306 Plön, Germany
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