1
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Hogle SL, Ruusulehto L, Cairns J, Hultman J, Hiltunen T. Localized coevolution between microbial predator and prey alters community-wide gene expression and ecosystem function. ISME J 2023; 17:514-524. [PMID: 36658394 PMCID: PMC10030642 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-023-01361-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Closely interacting microbial species pairs (e.g., predator and prey) can become coadapted via reciprocal natural selection. A fundamental challenge in evolutionary ecology is to untangle how coevolution in small species groups affects and is affected by biotic interactions in diverse communities. We conducted an experiment with a synthetic 30-species bacterial community where we experimentally manipulated the coevolutionary history of a ciliate predator and one bacterial prey species from the community. Altering the coevolutionary history of the focal prey species had little effect on community structure or carrying capacity in the presence or absence of the coevolved predator. However, community metabolic potential (represented by per-cell ATP concentration) was significantly higher in the presence of both the coevolved focal predator and prey. This ecosystem-level response was mirrored by community-wide transcriptional shifts that resulted in the differential regulation of nutrient acquisition and surface colonization pathways across multiple bacterial species. Our findings show that the disruption of localized coevolution between species pairs can reverberate through community-wide transcriptional networks even while community composition remains largely unchanged. We propose that these altered expression patterns may signal forthcoming evolutionary and ecological change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane L Hogle
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
| | - Liisa Ruusulehto
- Department of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johannes Cairns
- Department of Computer Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jenni Hultman
- Department of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Natural Resources Institute Finland, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Teppo Hiltunen
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
- Department of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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2
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Wortel MT, Agashe D, Bailey SF, Bank C, Bisschop K, Blankers T, Cairns J, Colizzi ES, Cusseddu D, Desai MM, van Dijk B, Egas M, Ellers J, Groot AT, Heckel DG, Johnson ML, Kraaijeveld K, Krug J, Laan L, Lässig M, Lind PA, Meijer J, Noble LM, Okasha S, Rainey PB, Rozen DE, Shitut S, Tans SJ, Tenaillon O, Teotónio H, de Visser JAGM, Visser ME, Vroomans RMA, Werner GDA, Wertheim B, Pennings PS. Towards evolutionary predictions: Current promises and challenges. Evol Appl 2023; 16:3-21. [PMID: 36699126 PMCID: PMC9850016 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Evolution has traditionally been a historical and descriptive science, and predicting future evolutionary processes has long been considered impossible. However, evolutionary predictions are increasingly being developed and used in medicine, agriculture, biotechnology and conservation biology. Evolutionary predictions may be used for different purposes, such as to prepare for the future, to try and change the course of evolution or to determine how well we understand evolutionary processes. Similarly, the exact aspect of the evolved population that we want to predict may also differ. For example, we could try to predict which genotype will dominate, the fitness of the population or the extinction probability of a population. In addition, there are many uses of evolutionary predictions that may not always be recognized as such. The main goal of this review is to increase awareness of methods and data in different research fields by showing the breadth of situations in which evolutionary predictions are made. We describe how diverse evolutionary predictions share a common structure described by the predictive scope, time scale and precision. Then, by using examples ranging from SARS-CoV2 and influenza to CRISPR-based gene drives and sustainable product formation in biotechnology, we discuss the methods for predicting evolution, the factors that affect predictability and how predictions can be used to prevent evolution in undesirable directions or to promote beneficial evolution (i.e. evolutionary control). We hope that this review will stimulate collaboration between fields by establishing a common language for evolutionary predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meike T. Wortel
- Swammerdam Institute for Life SciencesUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Deepa Agashe
- National Centre for Biological SciencesBangaloreIndia
| | | | - Claudia Bank
- Institute of Ecology and EvolutionUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
- Swiss Institute of BioinformaticsLausanneSwitzerland
- Gulbenkian Science InstituteOeirasPortugal
| | - Karen Bisschop
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem DynamicsUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Origins CenterGroningenThe Netherlands
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biology, KU Leuven KulakKortrijkBelgium
| | - Thomas Blankers
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem DynamicsUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Origins CenterGroningenThe Netherlands
| | | | - Enrico Sandro Colizzi
- Origins CenterGroningenThe Netherlands
- Mathematical InstituteLeiden UniversityLeidenThe Netherlands
| | | | | | - Bram van Dijk
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary BiologyPlönGermany
| | - Martijn Egas
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem DynamicsUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Jacintha Ellers
- Department of Ecological ScienceVrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Astrid T. Groot
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem DynamicsUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | | | | | - Ken Kraaijeveld
- Leiden Centre for Applied BioscienceUniversity of Applied Sciences LeidenLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Joachim Krug
- Institute for Biological PhysicsUniversity of CologneCologneGermany
| | - Liedewij Laan
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of NanoscienceTU DelftDelftThe Netherlands
| | - Michael Lässig
- Institute for Biological PhysicsUniversity of CologneCologneGermany
| | - Peter A. Lind
- Department Molecular BiologyUmeå UniversityUmeåSweden
| | - Jeroen Meijer
- Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics, Department of BiologyUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Luke M. Noble
- Institute de Biologie, École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, InsermParisFrance
| | | | - Paul B. Rainey
- Department of Microbial Population BiologyMax Planck Institute for Evolutionary BiologyPlönGermany
- Laboratoire Biophysique et Évolution, CBI, ESPCI Paris, Université PSL, CNRSParisFrance
| | - Daniel E. Rozen
- Institute of Biology, Leiden UniversityLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Shraddha Shitut
- Origins CenterGroningenThe Netherlands
- Institute of Biology, Leiden UniversityLeidenThe Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | - Marcel E. Visser
- Department of Animal EcologyNetherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO‐KNAW)WageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Renske M. A. Vroomans
- Origins CenterGroningenThe Netherlands
- Informatics InstituteUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | | | - Bregje Wertheim
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life SciencesUniversity of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
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3
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Mononen T, Kuosmanen T, Cairns J, Mustonen V. Understanding cellular growth strategies via optimal control. J R Soc Interface 2023; 20:20220744. [PMID: 36596459 PMCID: PMC9810423 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2022.0744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Evolutionary prediction and control are increasingly interesting research topics that are expanding to new areas of application. Unravelling and anticipating successful adaptations to different selection pressures becomes crucial when steering rapidly evolving cancer or microbial populations towards a chosen target. Here we introduce and apply a rich theoretical framework of optimal control to understand adaptive use of traits, which in turn allows eco-evolutionarily informed population control. Using adaptive metabolism and microbial experimental evolution as a case study, we show how demographic stochasticity alone can lead to lag time evolution, which appears as an emergent property in our model. We further show that the cycle length used in serial transfer experiments has practical importance as it may cause unintentional selection for specific growth strategies and lag times. Finally, we show how frequency-dependent selection can be incorporated to the state-dependent optimal control framework allowing the modelling of complex eco-evolutionary dynamics. Our study demonstrates the utility of optimal control theory in elucidating organismal adaptations and the intrinsic decision making of cellular communities with high adaptive potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommi Mononen
- Department of Computer Science, Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Teemu Kuosmanen
- Department of Computer Science, Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Johannes Cairns
- Department of Computer Science, Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Ville Mustonen
- Department of Computer Science, Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland,Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
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4
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Hosseini F, Pitcher I, Kang M, MacKay M, Singer J, Lee T, Madden K, Cairns J, Wong G, Fordyce C. Association of malnutrition with in-hospital and long-term outcomes among ST-elevation myocardial infarction patients receiving primary PCI. Eur Heart J 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehac544.1421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
The impact of malnutrition on outcomes in a contemporary ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) population is unclear. We hypothesized that malnutrition severity amongst STEMI patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention (pPCI) is associated with worse long-term outcomes.
Purpose
The aim of this study was 2-fold: 1) to establish the prevalence of malnutrition among STEMI patients undergoing pPCI; 2) to determine the association of malnutrition severity on in-hospital and 1-year outcomes in STEMI patients receiving pPCI
Methods
We retrospectively identified 1,169 STEMI patients of age ≥65 years who had received pPCI (2013–2020). Patients who had presented with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest or those who received fibrinolytic therapy were excluded. The Controlling Nutritional Status (CONUT) score, based on serum albumin, total cholesterol and lymphocyte count, was used as a tool to assess the nutritional status of included patients. Malnourished patients were defined as those with a CONUT score of 5 to 12. To account for the impact of frailty, a frailty index (FI) was determined using the health deficit accumulation model (Table 1). The primary outcome was 1-year all-cause mortality. The secondary outcome was a composite of in-hospital heart failure, cardiogenic shock, re-infarction, major bleeding, stroke, and all-cause mortality. A multivariable model adjusting for baseline covariates, including frailty index score, was performed (Figure 1).
Results
Among 1,169 STEMI patients receiving pPCI, 315 (26.9%) were classified as malnourished. Malnourished patients were older (mean 77.4 vs. 76.0 years, p=0.009) and had a higher comorbidity burden. After multivariable adjustment, worsening malnutrition was associated with increased 1-year all-cause mortality (odds ratio [OR] = 1.29, p<0.001). Worsening malnutrition was also associated with a higher incidence of the in-hospital composite adverse outcome (OR = 1.12, p=0.003) and increased in-hospital all-cause mortality (OR=1.41, p<0.001).
Conclusion
Among STEMI patients receiving pPCI, 1 in 4 were malnourished. Malnutrition was associated with increased rate of in-hospital composite adverse outcome and worse long-term outcomes, even when accounting for frailty. Efforts to routinely identify malnourished STEMI patients and to implement best practices to reduce the risk of adverse events in this vulnerable population are warranted.
Funding Acknowledgement
Type of funding sources: None.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Hosseini
- University of British Columbia, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine , Vancouver , Canada
| | - I Pitcher
- University of British Columbia, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine , Vancouver , Canada
| | - M Kang
- University of British Columbia, Faculty of Medicine , Vancouver , Canada
| | - M MacKay
- University of British Columbia, Centre for Health Evaluation and Outcome Sciences , Vancouver , Canada
| | - J Singer
- University of British Columbia, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine , Vancouver , Canada
| | - T Lee
- University of British Columbia, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine , Vancouver , Canada
| | - K Madden
- University of British Columbia, Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine , Vancouver , Canada
| | - J Cairns
- University of British Columbia, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine , Vancouver , Canada
| | - G Wong
- University of British Columbia, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine , Vancouver , Canada
| | - C Fordyce
- University of British Columbia, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine , Vancouver , Canada
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5
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Cairns J, Borse F, Mononen T, Hiltunen T, Mustonen V. Strong selective environments determine evolutionary outcome in time‐dependent fitness seascapes. Evol Lett 2022; 6:266-279. [PMID: 35784450 PMCID: PMC9233173 DOI: 10.1002/evl3.284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of fitness landscape features on evolutionary outcomes has attracted considerable interest in recent decades. However, evolution often occurs under time‐dependent selection in so‐called fitness seascapes where the landscape is under flux. Fitness seascapes are an inherent feature of natural environments, where the landscape changes owing both to the intrinsic fitness consequences of previous adaptations and extrinsic changes in selected traits caused by new environments. The complexity of such seascapes may curb the predictability of evolution. However, empirical efforts to test this question using a comprehensive set of regimes are lacking. Here, we employed an in vitro microbial model system to investigate differences in evolutionary outcomes between time‐invariant and time‐dependent environments, including all possible temporal permutations, with three subinhibitory antimicrobials and a viral parasite (phage) as selective agents. Expectedly, time‐invariant environments caused stronger directional selection for resistances compared to time‐dependent environments. Intriguingly, however, multidrug resistance outcomes in both cases were largely driven by two strong selective agents (rifampicin and phage) out of four agents in total. These agents either caused cross‐resistance or obscured the phenotypic effect of other resistance mutations, modulating the evolutionary outcome overall in time‐invariant environments and as a function of exposure epoch in time‐dependent environments. This suggests that identifying strong selective agents and their pleiotropic effects is critical for predicting evolution in fitness seascapes, with ramifications for evolutionarily informed strategies to mitigate drug resistance evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Cairns
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme (OEB), Department of Computer Science University of Helsinki Helsinki 00014 Finland
- Department of Microbiology University of Helsinki Helsinki 00014 Finland
- Department of Biology University of Turku Turku 20014 Finland
| | - Florian Borse
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme (OEB), Department of Computer Science University of Helsinki Helsinki 00014 Finland
| | - Tommi Mononen
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme (OEB), Department of Computer Science University of Helsinki Helsinki 00014 Finland
| | - Teppo Hiltunen
- Department of Microbiology University of Helsinki Helsinki 00014 Finland
- Department of Biology University of Turku Turku 20014 Finland
| | - Ville Mustonen
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme (OEB), Department of Computer Science University of Helsinki Helsinki 00014 Finland
- Institute of Biotechnology University of Helsinki Helsinki 00014 Finland
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6
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Muurinen J, Cairns J, Ekakoro JE, Wickware CL, Ruple A, Johnson TA. Biological units of antimicrobial resistance and strategies for their containment in animal production. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2022; 98:6589402. [PMID: 35587376 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiac060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing prevalence of antimicrobial resistant bacterial infections has ushered in a major global public health crisis. Judicious or restricted antimicrobial use in animal agriculture, aiming to confine the use for the treatment of infections, is the most commonly proposed solution to reduce selection pressure for resistant bacterial strains and resistance genes. However, a multifaceted solution will likely be required to make acceptable progress in reducing antimicrobial resistance, due to other common environmental conditions maintaining antimicrobial resistance and limited executionary potential as human healthcare and agriculture will continue to rely heavily on antimicrobials in the foreseeable future. Drawing parallels from systematic approaches to the management of infectious disease agents and biodiversity loss, we provide examples that a more comprehensive approach is required, targeting antimicrobial resistance in agroecosystems on multiple fronts simultaneously. We present one such framework, based on nested biological units of antimicrobial resistance, and describe established or innovative strategies targeting units. Some of the proposed strategies are already in use or ready to be implemented, while some require further research and discussion among scientists and policymakers. We envision that antimicrobial resistance mitigation strategies for animal agriculture combining multiple tools would constitute powerful ecosystem-level interventions necessary to mitigate antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Muurinen
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Viikinkaari 9, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johannes Cairns
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme (OEB), Department of Computer Science, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - John Eddie Ekakoro
- Department of Public and Ecosystem Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Carmen L Wickware
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Audrey Ruple
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Timothy A Johnson
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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7
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Hogle SL, Hepolehto I, Ruokolainen L, Cairns J, Hiltunen T. Effects of phenotypic variation on consumer coexistence and prey community structure. Ecol Lett 2021; 25:307-319. [PMID: 34808704 PMCID: PMC9299012 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A popular idea in ecology is that trait variation among individuals from the same species may promote the coexistence of competing species. However, theoretical and empirical tests of this idea have yielded inconsistent findings. We manipulated intraspecific trait diversity in a ciliate competing with a nematode for bacterial prey in experimental microcosms. We found that intraspecific trait variation inverted the original competitive hierarchy to favour the consumer with variable traits, ultimately resulting in competitive exclusion. This competitive outcome was driven by foraging traits (size, speed and directionality) that increased the ciliate's fitness ratio and niche overlap with the nematode. The interplay between consumer trait variation and competition resulted in non‐additive cascading effects—mediated through prey defence traits—on prey community assembly. Our results suggest that predicting consumer competitive population dynamics and the assembly of prey communities will require understanding the complexities of trait variation within consumer species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane L Hogle
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Iina Hepolehto
- Department of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lasse Ruokolainen
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johannes Cairns
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Computer Science, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Teppo Hiltunen
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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8
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Cairns J, Jousset A, Becks L, Hiltunen T. Effect of mutation supply on population dynamics and trait evolution in an experimental microbial community. Ecol Lett 2021; 25:355-365. [PMID: 34808691 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Mutation supply can influence evolutionary and thereby ecological dynamics in important ways which have received little attention. Mutation supply influences features of population genetics, such as the pool of adaptive mutations, evolutionary pathways and importance of processes, such as clonal interference. The resultant trait evolutionary dynamics, in turn, can alter population size and species interactions. However, controlled experiments testing for the importance of mutation supply on rapid adaptation and thereby population and community dynamics have primarily been restricted to the first of these aspects. To close this knowledge gap, we performed a serial passage experiment with wild-type Pseudomonas fluorescens and a mutant with reduced mutation rate. Bacteria were grown at two resource levels in combination with the presence of a ciliate predator. A higher mutation supply enabled faster adaptation to the low-resource environment and anti-predatory defence. This was associated with higher population size at the ecological level and better access to high-recurrence mutational targets at the genomic level with higher mutation supply. In contrast, mutation rate did not affect growth under high-resource level. Our results demonstrate that intrinsic mutation rate influences population dynamics and trait evolution particularly when population size is constrained by extrinsic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Cairns
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme (OEB), Department of Computer Science, University of Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Alexandre Jousset
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Lutz Becks
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Community Dynamics Group, Plön, Germany.,Limnological Institute University Konstanz, Aquatic Ecology and Evolution, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Teppo Hiltunen
- Department of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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9
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Garg A, Rao-Melacini P, Quinn R, Ainsworth C, Belley-Cote E, Cairns J, Cantor W, Dzavik V, Gomez RM, Kedev S, Lavi S, Stankovic G, Jolly S. TOTAL risk score for predicting safe very early discharge in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Eur Heart J 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehab724.1472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background/Introduction
Previously validated risk scores for identifying low-risk patients after ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) have led to acceptance of the safety and feasibility of discharge after 48–72 hours of hospitalization, reducing hospital length of stay and costs. With ongoing improvements in outcomes, it may be possible to select patients who are safe to discharge very early (24–48 hours) but this has never been evaluated.
Purpose
We sought to develop and validate a novel risk score for identifying low-risk patients suitable for very early discharge (≤48 hours of hospitalization) post-STEMI.
Methods
We derived a novel risk score using data from patients enrolled in the Trial of Routine Aspiration Thrombectomy with PCI versus PCI alone in Patients with STEMI (TOTAL). The TOTAL database was randomly divided into a derivation cohort with 2/3 of the composite events and non-events and remaining 1/3 as the internal validation cohort. Using the derivation cohort, we identified risk factors for cardiovascular death (CV) or non-fatal cardiac arrest by performing a univariate and multivariable stepwise regression analysis of baseline clinical and angiographic characteristics. Each co-variate was assigned an integer score based on regression coefficients and the novel TOTAL risk score was developed by adding points from each risk factor profile. We externally validated the TOTAL score using data from the Radial versus Femoral Access for Coronary Intervention (RIVAL) trial.
Results
The TOTAL derivation cohort included 6331 participants with 287 events (CV death/cardiac arrest). Twelve independent risk-factors associated with risk of CV death and non-fatal cardiac arrest at 1 year were selected and weighted for the TOTAL risk score (Table 1). In the TOTAL validation cohort (n=3166), patients with a TOTAL score of 0–4 points (n=779 (24.6%)) were categorized as very low risk with only a 0.1% risk of CV death/cardiac arrest observed within 24 hours of hospitalization, and no further events observed between 24 hours and 30 days post-STEMI. In the RIVAL validation dataset (n=1451), patients with a TOTAL score of 0–4 points (n=737 (50.7%)) had a 0.3% risk of CV death/cardiac arrest within 24 hours, with no further events observed between 24 hours and 72 hours of hospitalization.
Conclusion
The TOTAL risk score identified a very low risk subset of patients for whom early discharge, 24–48 hours post-STEMI, is likely safe. These findings have the potential to change practice and support early discharge after STEMI.
Funding Acknowledgement
Type of funding sources: None.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Garg
- McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | | | - R Quinn
- McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | | | - E Belley-Cote
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Canada
| | - J Cairns
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - W Cantor
- Southlake Regional Health Centre, Newmarket, Canada
| | - V Dzavik
- Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - S Kedev
- University of St Cyril and Methodius, Skopje, North Macedonia
| | - S Lavi
- Western University, London, Canada
| | - G Stankovic
- University Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - S Jolly
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Canada
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10
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Kuosmanen T, Cairns J, Noble R, Beerenwinkel N, Mononen T, Mustonen V. Drug-induced resistance evolution necessitates less aggressive treatment. PLoS Comput Biol 2021; 17:e1009418. [PMID: 34555024 PMCID: PMC8491903 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing body of experimental evidence suggests that anticancer and antimicrobial therapies may themselves promote the acquisition of drug resistance by increasing mutability. The successful control of evolving populations requires that such biological costs of control are identified, quantified and included to the evolutionarily informed treatment protocol. Here we identify, characterise and exploit a trade-off between decreasing the target population size and generating a surplus of treatment-induced rescue mutations. We show that the probability of cure is maximized at an intermediate dosage, below the drug concentration yielding maximal population decay, suggesting that treatment outcomes may in some cases be substantially improved by less aggressive treatment strategies. We also provide a general analytical relationship that implicitly links growth rate, pharmacodynamics and dose-dependent mutation rate to an optimal control law. Our results highlight the important, but often neglected, role of fundamental eco-evolutionary costs of control. These costs can often lead to situations, where decreasing the cumulative drug dosage may be preferable even when the objective of the treatment is elimination, and not containment. Taken together, our results thus add to the ongoing criticism of the standard practice of administering aggressive, high-dose therapies and motivate further experimental and clinical investigation of the mutagenicity and other hidden collateral costs of therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teemu Kuosmanen
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Department of Computer Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johannes Cairns
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Department of Computer Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Robert Noble
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Present address: Department of Mathematics, City, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Niko Beerenwinkel
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tommi Mononen
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Department of Computer Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ville Mustonen
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Department of Computer Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute for Information Technology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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11
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Amon J, Fordyce C, Wong G, Lee T, Arnesen M, Cairns J, Singer J, Gin K. INCIDENCE AND PREDICTORS OF ADVERSE EVENTS AMONG INITIALLY STABLE ST-ELEVATION MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION PATIENTS FOLLOWING PRIMARY PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTION: IMPLICATIONS FOR CRITICAL CARE RESOURCE UTILIZATION. Can J Cardiol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2020.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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12
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Cairns J, Jokela R, Becks L, Mustonen V, Hiltunen T. Repeatable ecological dynamics govern the response of experimental communities to antibiotic pulse perturbation. Nat Ecol Evol 2020; 4:1385-1394. [PMID: 32778754 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-020-1272-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In an era of pervasive anthropogenic ecological disturbances, there is a pressing need to understand the factors that constitute community response and resilience. A detailed understanding of disturbance response needs to go beyond associations and incorporate features of disturbances, species traits, rapid evolution and dispersal. Multispecies microbial communities that experience antibiotic perturbation represent a key system with important medical dimensions. However, previous microbiome studies on this theme have relied on high-throughput sequencing data from uncultured species without the ability to explicitly account for the role of species traits and immigration. Here, we serially passage a 34-species defined bacterial community through different levels of pulse antibiotic disturbance, manipulating the presence or absence of species immigration. To understand the ecological community response measured using amplicon sequencing, we combine initial trait data measured for each species separately and metagenome sequencing data revealing adaptive mutations during the experiment. We found that the ecological community response was highly repeatable within the experimental treatments, which could be attributed in part to key species traits (antibiotic susceptibility and growth rate). Increasing antibiotic levels were also coupled with an increasing probability of species extinction, making species immigration critical for community resilience. Moreover, we detected signals of antibiotic-resistance evolution occurring within species at the same time scale, leaving evolutionary changes in communities despite recovery at the species compositional level. Together, these observations reveal a disturbance response that presents as classic species sorting, but is nevertheless accompanied by rapid within-species evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Cairns
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK. .,Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme (OEB), Department of Computer Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. .,Department of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Roosa Jokela
- Department of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Human Microbiome Research Program (HUMI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lutz Becks
- Community Dynamics Group, Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Plön, Germany.,Aquatic Ecology and Evolution, Limnological Institute University Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Ville Mustonen
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme (OEB), Department of Computer Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Helsinki Institute for Information Technology, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Teppo Hiltunen
- Department of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. .,Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
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13
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Cairns J, Moerman F, Fronhofer EA, Altermatt F, Hiltunen T. Evolution in interacting species alters predator life-history traits, behaviour and morphology in experimental microbial communities. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20200652. [PMID: 32486984 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.0652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Predator-prey interactions heavily influence the dynamics of many ecosystems. An increasing body of evidence suggests that rapid evolution and coevolution can alter these interactions, with important ecological implications, by acting on traits determining fitness, including reproduction, anti-predatory defence and foraging efficiency. However, most studies to date have focused only on evolution in the prey species, and the predator traits in (co)evolving systems remain poorly understood. Here, we investigated changes in predator traits after approximately 600 generations in a predator-prey (ciliate-bacteria) evolutionary experiment. Predators independently evolved on seven different prey species, allowing generalization of the predator's evolutionary response. We used highly resolved automated image analysis to quantify changes in predator life history, morphology and behaviour. Consistent with previous studies, we found that prey evolution impaired growth of the predator, although the effect depended on the prey species. By contrast, predator evolution did not cause a clear increase in predator growth when feeding on ancestral prey. However, predator evolution affected morphology and behaviour, increasing size, speed and directionality of movement, which have all been linked to higher prey search efficiency. These results show that in (co)evolving systems, predator adaptation can occur in traits relevant to foraging efficiency without translating into an increased ability of the predator to grow on the ancestral prey type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Cairns
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK.,Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Department of Computer Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, PO Box 56, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Felix Moerman
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.,Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland.,ISEM, University of Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Florian Altermatt
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.,Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Teppo Hiltunen
- Department of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, PO Box 56, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Biology, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
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14
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Cairns J, Spellman J, Kanatas A. Attendance at a one-off screening clinic for head and neck cancer during Cancer Awareness Week. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2020; 58:e1-e2. [PMID: 32359953 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjoms.2020.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J Cairns
- Oral and maxillofacial surgery department, Leeds Dental Institute. Clarendon Way, Leeds LS2 9LU.
| | - J Spellman
- Leeds Teaching Hospitals and Leeds Dental Institute.
| | - A Kanatas
- Leeds Teaching Hospitals and St James Institute of Oncology, Leeds Dental Institute and Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds.
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15
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Thibert M, Wong G, Fordyce C, Lee T, Singer J, Mackay M, Arnesen MP, Tocher W, Cairns J. ASSOCIATION OF MAJOR BLEEDING AND BLEEDING AVOIDANCE STRATEGIES WITH IN-HOSPITAL OUTCOMES AMONG ST-SEGMENT ELEVATION MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION PATIENTS RECEIVING PRIMARY PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTION. Can J Cardiol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2019.07.492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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16
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Lauck S, Wood DA, Baron SJ, Borregaard B, Wijeysundera H, Asgar A, Hawkey M, Keegan P, Natarajan M, Masson JB, Humphries K, Welsh R, Cairns J, Webb JG, Cohen D. 4071Early changes in quality of life after transcatheter aortic valve replacement: One-year results from the 3M TAVR Study. Eur Heart J 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz745.0095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
In patients with severe calcific aortic stenosis, transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) has been shown to significantly improve quality of life (QOL). However, changes in QOL at early follow-up (<1 month), and following next-day discharge are poorly understood.
Methods
A total of 411 patients at 13 centers were enrolled in the Multimodality, Multidisciplinary but Minimalist TAVR (3M TAVR) study in 2015–2017. QOL was evaluated using the Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire (KCCQ-12) in participants with a baseline score and at least one score at 2 weeks, 30 days and 1 year. Study endpoints were change in (1) KCCQ-Overall Summary Score (KCCQ-OS) and (2) minimal clinically important differences (MCID). Mixed effects models were used to explore patterns of change from baseline, with fixed terms for time, status at 1-year and their interaction terms, and a random intercept for subject to account for within subject correlation. Descriptive statistics were used to report MCID.
Results
Data were available for 358 (87.1%) participants. 216 (60.3%) were men with a median age 84.0 and STS 5.0 There was significant increase in QOL 2 weeks after TAVR (p≤0.01), and further significant improvement at the 1-month timepoint (p<0.01) for participants who were alive at 1 year. Sex, age category, and STS score category did not have a significant effect on the change in QOL (p>0.05). In the first 2 weeks, moderate (10–20 points) and large (>20 points) improvements were observed in 19.9% and 49.0% of the surviving patients, respectively; at 1-year, similar MCID were seen in 14.6% and 64.0% respectively.
Figure 1
Conclusion
This is the first study to report significant increase in QOL 2 weeks after TAVR, with sustained improvement during the first year in patients treated with the Vancouver TAVR Clinical Pathway with a goal of next-day discharge. Further studies are necessary to determine whether alternative TAVR clinical pathways yield similar findings.
Acknowledgement/Funding
Investigator-initiated unrestricted research grant, Edwards
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Affiliation(s)
- S Lauck
- St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada
| | - D A Wood
- St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada
| | - S J Baron
- Saint Lukes Hospital, Kansas City, United States of America
| | | | | | - A Asgar
- Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Canada
| | - M Hawkey
- Columbia University, New York, United States of America
| | - P Keegan
- Emory University Hospital, Atlanta, United States of America
| | | | - J B Masson
- University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | | | - R Welsh
- Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, Edmonton, Canada
| | - J Cairns
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - J G Webb
- St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada
| | - D Cohen
- Saint Lukes Hospital, Kansas City, United States of America
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17
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Akl E, Dzavik V, Cairns J, Lavi S, Mehta S, Cantor W, Sibbald M, Cheema A, Welsh R, Sheth T, Bertrand O, Liu Y, Jolly S. HEART FAILURE IN ST-SEGMENT ELEVATION MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION, PREDICTORS AND PROGNOSTIC IMPACT: INSIGHTS FROM THE TOTAL TRIAL. Can J Cardiol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2019.07.300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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18
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Moxham R, Dzavik V, Cairns J, Natarajan M, Bainey K, Akl E, Tsang M, Lavi S, Cantor W, Liu Y, Jolly S. TIME AND MORTALITY IN ST ELEVATION MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION: INSIGHTS FROM THE TOTAL TRIAL. Can J Cardiol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2019.07.472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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19
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Manu H, Lee SH, Huang Q, Pangeni D, Keyes MC, Cairns J, Baidoo SK. 5 Effect of feeding time on behavioral and stress responses in gestation sows under isocaloric conditions. J Anim Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/jas/skz122.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Investigated the effect of feeding time on behavior and stress responses in pregnant sows under isocaloric conditions. Eighteen sows (Landrace × Yorkshire); BW 248.6 ± 2.8 kg; parity 3.30 ± 0.39); were blocked by parity and randomly assigned to 1 of 3 feeding times. Corn-soybean meal-based diet was fed once at: 0730 (Control, T1), 1130 (T2), and 1530 h (T3). On average, sows received 7190 kcal ME d−1 during gestation from 2.25 kg of diet formulated to contain SID Lys/ME of 1.71 g/Mcal. Saliva samples were collected every 2 h for 12 h in stalls on d 52 of pregnancy and assayed for cortisol using ELISA technique. Behavior data were collected 24 h for 7 d from d 53 of gestation by affixing a Remote Insights ear tag to each sow after 21 d adaptation period. Each sow had 120,960 data points categorized into: “Active,” “Feed” or “Dormant”. Data were analyzed using GLIMMIX procedure of SAS 9.4. Statistical significance was set at P ≤ 0.05, and a trend as 0.05 < P ≤ 0.10. Sow was the experimental unit. A 24 h area under the curve (AUC) was estimated by trapezoidal summation method. Adjustment for multiple comparisons was based on Tukey Kramer’s method. Sows fed daily at 0730 had both lower feeding and total activity compared with sows fed at 1130 h (P < 0.02) but similar to sows fed at 1530 h (P > 0.05). Feeding sows at 1130 h daily resulted in reduced cortisol AUC compared with 1530 h fed sows (P < 0.04) but similar to sows fed at 0730 h (P > 0.05). In conclusion, feeding sows daily at 1130 resulted in increased feed and total activity but reduced cortisol concentration, suggesting that elevated sow activity might not necessary indicate activation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis.
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20
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Manu H, Lee SH, Huang Q, Pangeni D, Keyes MC, Cairns J, Baidoo SK. 9 Behavioral and stress responses to feeding frequency in pregnant sows under isocaloric conditions. J Anim Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/jas/skz122.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate behavioral and stress responses to feeding frequency in pregnant sows under isocaloric conditions. Eighteen sows (Landrace × Yorkshire); BW 226.10 ± 1.29 kg; parity 3.1 ± 0.42); were blocked by parity and randomly assigned to 1 of 3 feeding frequency regimes. Sows were fed corn-soybean meal-based diet 1× [0730 (Control, T1), 2× “[half ration at 0730 and 1530 h (T2)]” and then “[one-third portion at 0730, 1130, and 1530 h (T3)]”. On average, sows received 7190 kcal ME d−1 during gestation from 2.25 kg of diet formulated to contain SID Lys/ME of 1.71 g/Mcal. Saliva samples were collected from 0630 to 1830 h, 2 hrs apart and assayed for cortisol using ELISA technique. Behavior data were collected for 7 d from d 53 of gestation by affixing a Remote Insights ear tag to each sow. Each sow had 120,960 data points categorized into: “Active,” “Feed” or “Dormant”. The data were analyzed using GLIMMIX procedure of SAS 9.4 with treatment as fixed effect and sow as random effect. Results were considered statistically significant when P < 0·05 and were considered as trends when P ≤ 0·10. Sow was the experimental unit. A 24 h area under the curve (AUC) was calculated by trapezoidal method. The P-values were adjusted for multiplicity based on Tukey Kramer’s method. A 24 h total activity and total feeding activity AUC were reduced in sows fed 2× daily compared with sows fed 1× and 3× daily (P < 0.01). A 12 h cortisol AUC was lower for sows fed 2× daily relative to treatment groups fed 1× and 3× daily (P < 0.02). In conclusion, feeding pregnant sows twice daily may improve sow welfare by reducing feeding activity, total activity, and the activation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis.
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21
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Scheuerl T, Cairns J, Becks L, Hiltunen T. Predator coevolution and prey trait variability determine species coexistence. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 286:20190245. [PMID: 31088272 PMCID: PMC6532513 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.0245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Predation is one of the key ecological mechanisms allowing species coexistence and influencing biological diversity. However, ecological processes are subject to contemporary evolutionary change, and the degree to which predation affects diversity ultimately depends on the interplay between evolution and ecology. Furthermore, ecological interactions that influence species coexistence can be altered by reciprocal coevolution especially in the case of antagonistic interactions such as predation or parasitism. Here we used an experimental evolution approach to test for the role of initial trait variation in the prey population and coevolutionary history of the predator in the ecological dynamics of a two-species bacterial community predated by a ciliate. We found that initial trait variation both at the bacterial and ciliate level enhanced species coexistence, and that subsequent trait evolutionary trajectories depended on the initial genetic diversity present in the population. Our findings provide further support to the notion that the ecology-centric view of diversity maintenance must be reinvestigated in light of recent findings in the field of eco-evolutionary dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Scheuerl
- Department of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, PO Box 56, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Johannes Cairns
- Department of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, PO Box 56, Helsinki 00014, Finland
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, University of Helsinki, PO Box 65, Helsinki 00014Finland
| | - Lutz Becks
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Community Dynamics Group, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, August Thienemann Strasse 2, 24306 Plön, Germany
- Aquatic Ecology and Evolution, Limnological Institute University Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Teppo Hiltunen
- Department of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, PO Box 56, Helsinki 00014, Finland
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku 20014, Finland
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22
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Hultman J, Tamminen M, Pärnänen K, Cairns J, Karkman A, Virta M. Host range of antibiotic resistance genes in wastewater treatment plant influent and effluent. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2019. [PMID: 29514229 PMCID: PMC5939699 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiy038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) collect wastewater from various sources for a multi-step treatment process. By mixing a large variety of bacteria and promoting their proximity, WWTPs constitute potential hotspots for the emergence of antibiotic resistant bacteria. Concerns have been expressed regarding the potential of WWTPs to spread antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) from environmental reservoirs to human pathogens. We utilized epicPCR (Emulsion, Paired Isolation and Concatenation PCR) to detect the bacterial hosts of ARGs in two WWTPs. We identified the host distribution of four resistance-associated genes (tetM, int1, qacEΔ1and blaOXA-58) in influent and effluent. The bacterial hosts of these resistance genes varied between the WWTP influent and effluent, with a generally decreasing host range in the effluent. Through 16S rRNA gene sequencing, it was determined that the resistance gene carrying bacteria include both abundant and rare taxa. Our results suggest that the studied WWTPs mostly succeed in decreasing the host range of the resistance genes during the treatment process. Still, there were instances where effluent contained resistance genes in bacterial groups not carrying these genes in the influent. By permitting exhaustive profiling of resistance-associated gene hosts in WWTP bacterial communities, the application of epicPCR provides a new level of precision to our resistance gene risk estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenni Hultman
- Department of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Manu Tamminen
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, University Hill, 20014 University of Turku, Finland
| | - Katariina Pärnänen
- Department of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johannes Cairns
- Department of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Antti Karkman
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Guldhedsgatan 10, 41346 Gothenburg, Sweden.,Centre for Antibiotic Resistance Research (CARe), University of Gothenburg, Guldhedsgatan 10, 41346 Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 1, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marko Virta
- Department of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
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23
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Sathananthan J, Webb J, Lauck S, Cairns J, Murdoch D, Cook R, Humphries K, Park J, Zhao Y, Welsh R, Leipsic J, Genereux P, Tyrrell B, Alqoofi F, Velianou J, Natarajan M, Wijeysundera H, Radhakrishnan S, Horlick E, Osten M, Asgar A, Kodali S, Nazif T, Thourani V, Babaliaros V, Cohen D, Masson J, Klein R, Rondi K, Umedaly H, Leon M, Wood D. IMPACT OF LEVEL OF ANAESTHESIA USING THE VANCOUVER CLINICAL PATHWAY FOR TRANSCATHETER AORTIC VALVE REPLACEMENT: INSIGHTS FROM THE 3M TAVR STUDY. Can J Cardiol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2018.07.217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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24
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Cairns J, Jokela R, Hultman J, Tamminen M, Virta M, Hiltunen T. Construction and Characterization of Synthetic Bacterial Community for Experimental Ecology and Evolution. Front Genet 2018; 9:312. [PMID: 30154827 PMCID: PMC6102323 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Experimental microbial ecology and evolution have yielded foundational insights into ecological and evolutionary processes using simple microcosm setups and phenotypic assays with one- or two-species model systems. The fields are now increasingly incorporating more complex systems and exploration of the molecular basis of observations. For this purpose, simplified, manageable and well-defined multispecies model systems are required that can be easily investigated using culturing and high-throughput sequencing approaches, bridging the gap between simpler and more complex synthetic or natural systems. Here we address this need by constructing a completely synthetic 33 bacterial strain community that can be cultured in simple laboratory conditions. We provide whole-genome data for all the strains as well as metadata about genomic features and phenotypic traits that allow resolving individual strains by amplicon sequencing and facilitate a variety of envisioned mechanistic studies. We further show that a large proportion of the strains exhibit coexistence in co-culture over serial transfer for 48 days in the absence of any experimental manipulation to maintain diversity. The constructed bacterial community can be a valuable resource in future experimental work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Cairns
- Department of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Roosa Jokela
- Department of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jenni Hultman
- Department of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Manu Tamminen
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Marko Virta
- Department of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Teppo Hiltunen
- Department of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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25
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Lanz H, Saleh A, Kramer B, Vught RV, Cairns J, Yu J, Joore J, Vulto P, Weinshilboum R, Wang L. PO-048 Therapy response testing using a 3d perfused microfluidic platform. ESMO Open 2018. [DOI: 10.1136/esmoopen-2018-eacr25.581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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26
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Cairns J, Ruokolainen L, Hultman J, Tamminen M, Virta M, Hiltunen T. Ecology determines how low antibiotic concentration impacts community composition and horizontal transfer of resistance genes. Commun Biol 2018; 1:35. [PMID: 30271921 PMCID: PMC6123812 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-018-0041-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Low concentrations of antibiotics have numerous effects on bacteria. However, it is unknown whether ecological factors such as trophic interactions and spatial structuring influence the effects of low concentrations of antibiotics on multispecies microbial communities. Here, we address this question by investigating the effects of low antibiotic concentration on community composition and horizontal transfer of an antibiotic resistance plasmid in a 62-strain bacterial community in response to manipulation of the spatial environment and presence of predation. The strong effects of antibiotic treatment on community composition depend on the presence of predation and spatial structuring that have strong community effects on their own. Overall, we find plasmid transfer to diverse recipient taxa. Plasmid transfer is likely to occur to abundant strains, occurs to a higher number of strains in the presence of antibiotic, and also occurs to low-abundance strains in the presence of spatial structures. These results fill knowledge gaps concerning the effects of low antibiotic concentrations in complex ecological settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Cairns
- Department of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lasse Ruokolainen
- Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 65, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jenni Hultman
- Department of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Manu Tamminen
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Eawag, Dubendorf, 8600, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marko Virta
- Department of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Teppo Hiltunen
- Department of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.
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27
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Cairns J, Ingle JN, Shepherd LE, Kubo M, Goetz MP, Weinshilboum RM, Kalari KR, Wang L. Abstract P5-07-01: LncRNA MIR2052HG regulates ERα level and endocrine resistance through LMTK3 by recruiting early growth response protein 1. Cancer Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.sabcs17-p5-07-01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
BACKGROUND: A GWAS for the MA.27 aromatase inhibitors (AIs) adjuvant trial (4,406 controls and 252 cases) identified variant (V) SNPs in a long noncoding (lnc) RNA, MIR2052HG, that were associated with longer breast cancer free interval (HR= 0.37, P= 2.15E-07). V SNPs (MAF= 0.32 to 0.42) were associated with lower MIR2052HG and ERα expression in the presence of AIs. MIR2052HG maintained ERα both by promoting AKT/FOXO3-mediated ESR1 transcription and by limiting ubiquitin-mediated ERα degradation. (Cancer Res 76:7012-23, 2016). Our goal was to further elucidate MIR2052HG's mechanism of action.
METHODS: RNA-Binding Protein Immunoprecipitation (RBPI) assays were performed to demonstrate that the transcription factor, early growth response protein 1 (EGR1), worked together with MIR2052HG to regulate lemur tyrosine kinase-3 (LMTK3) transcription in MCF7/AC1 and CAMA-1 cells. The location of EGR1 on the LMTK3 gene locus was mapped using chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays. The co-localization of MIR2052HG RNA and the LMTK3 gene locus was determined using RNA-DNA dual fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH). SNP effects were evaluated using a panel of human lymphoblastoid cell lines.
RESULTS: TCGA analysis revealed LMTK3 and MIR2052HG expression were highly correlated in ERα-positive breast cancer patients. We found that the MIR2052HG transcript was located in the LMTK3 gene locus by RNA-DNA FISH. Among all of the 12 potential LMTK3 transcription factors identified in the Encode database that were examined by RBPI, only EGR1 showed an interaction with MIR2052HG. CHIP assays confirmed EGR1 binding to the two putative EGR1 binding sites in LMTK3 gene.Depletion of MIR2052HG reduced the binding of EGR1 to the LMTK3 promoter and decreased LMTK3 expression, suggesting that it might function as a scaffold. Mechanistically, decreased LMTK3 levels further increased protein kinase C (PKC) activity and downstream AKT activity, leading to reduced ESR1 mRNA levels via increased pFOXO3. At the protein level, in MIR2052HG depleted cells, increased PKC activity increased the phosphorylation of MEK, ERK, and RSK1, leading to increased ERα phosphorylation at Ser167 and increased ERα degradation. Conversely, overexpression of LMTK3 in MIR2052HG depleted cells reversed these phenotypes. MIR2052HG regulated LMTK3 and ERα expression in a SNP- dependent fashion: the MIR2052HG V SNP, relative to wild-type (WT) genotype, increased LMTK3/ERα expression in response to androstenedione due to increased binding between EGR1 and the LMTK3 promoter in LCLs. However, AI treatment reduced this binding in MIR2052HG variant cells but increased binding in WT cells, resulting in decreased LMTK3/ERα in V cells and increased expression in WT cells.
CONCLUSIONS: Our findings support a model in which the protective MIR2052HG variant genotype regulates LMTK3 via MIR2052HG/EGR1, and LMTK3 regulates ERα stability via the PKC/MEK/ERK/RSK1 axis. This regulation may explain the effect of the MIR2052HG variant genotype on cell proliferation and response to AIs in MA.27. These findings provide new insight into the mechanism of action of MIR2052HG and suggest that LMTK3 may be a new therapeutic target in ERα-positive breast cancer patients treated with AIs.
Citation Format: Cairns J, Ingle JN, Shepherd LE, Kubo M, Goetz MP, Weinshilboum RM, Kalari KR, Wang L. LncRNA MIR2052HG regulates ERα level and endocrine resistance through LMTK3 by recruiting early growth response protein 1 [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2017 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2017 Dec 5-9; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P5-07-01.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Cairns
- Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Canadian Cancer Trials Group, Kingston, ON, Canada; Riken Center for Integrative Medical Science, Yokohama, Japan
| | - JN Ingle
- Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Canadian Cancer Trials Group, Kingston, ON, Canada; Riken Center for Integrative Medical Science, Yokohama, Japan
| | - LE Shepherd
- Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Canadian Cancer Trials Group, Kingston, ON, Canada; Riken Center for Integrative Medical Science, Yokohama, Japan
| | - M Kubo
- Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Canadian Cancer Trials Group, Kingston, ON, Canada; Riken Center for Integrative Medical Science, Yokohama, Japan
| | - MP Goetz
- Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Canadian Cancer Trials Group, Kingston, ON, Canada; Riken Center for Integrative Medical Science, Yokohama, Japan
| | - RM Weinshilboum
- Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Canadian Cancer Trials Group, Kingston, ON, Canada; Riken Center for Integrative Medical Science, Yokohama, Japan
| | - KR Kalari
- Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Canadian Cancer Trials Group, Kingston, ON, Canada; Riken Center for Integrative Medical Science, Yokohama, Japan
| | - L Wang
- Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Canadian Cancer Trials Group, Kingston, ON, Canada; Riken Center for Integrative Medical Science, Yokohama, Japan
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Cairns J, Becks L, Jalasvuori M, Hiltunen T. Sublethal streptomycin concentrations and lytic bacteriophage together promote resistance evolution. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2017; 372:rstb.2016.0040. [PMID: 27920385 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sub-minimum inhibiting concentrations (sub-MICs) of antibiotics frequently occur in natural environments owing to wide-spread antibiotic leakage by human action. Even though the concentrations are very low, these sub-MICs have recently been shown to alter bacterial populations by selecting for antibiotic resistance and increasing the rate of adaptive evolution. However, studies are lacking on how these effects reverberate into key ecological interactions, such as bacteria-phage interactions. Previously, co-selection of bacteria by phages and antibiotic concentrations exceeding MICs has been hypothesized to decrease the rate of resistance evolution because of fitness costs associated with resistance mutations. By contrast, here we show that sub-MICs of the antibiotic streptomycin (Sm) increased the rate of phage resistance evolution, as well as causing extinction of the phage. Notably, Sm and the phage in combination also enhanced the evolution of Sm resistance compared with Sm alone. These observations demonstrate the potential of sub-MICs of antibiotics to impact key ecological interactions in microbial communities with evolutionary outcomes that can radically differ from those associated with high concentrations. Our findings also contribute to the understanding of ecological and evolutionary factors essential for the management of the antibiotic resistance problem.This article is part of the themed issue 'Human influences on evolution, and the ecological and societal consequences'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Cairns
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences/Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, PO Box 65, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lutz Becks
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology/Community Dynamics Group, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, August Thienemann Street 2, Plön 24306, Germany
| | - Matti Jalasvuori
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science/Centre of Excellence in Biological Interactions, University of Jyväskylä, PO Box 35, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Teppo Hiltunen
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences/Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, PO Box 65, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
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Bertic M, Wong G, Fordyce C, Cairns J, Singer J, Lee T, Perry-Arnesen M, Tocher W, Mackay M. ASSOCIATION OF LEFT ANTERIOR CORONARY ARTERY INVOLVEMENT ON CLINICAL OUTCOMES AMONG STEMI PATIENTS PRESENTING WITH AND WITHOUT OUT-OF-HOSPITAL CARDIAC ARREST. Can J Cardiol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2017.07.255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Rayner-Hartley E, Wong G, Cairns J, Singer J, Lee T, Perry-Arnesen M, Tocher W, Mackay M, Fordyce C. SEX DIFFERENCES IN CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS, REPERFUSION TIMES, AND OUTCOMES AMONG PATIENTS BEFORE AND AFTER IMPLEMENTATION OF A REGIONAL ST-ELEVATION MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION REPERFUSION CARE DELIVERY MODEL. Can J Cardiol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2017.07.228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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AlKhodair A, Cairns J, Fordyce C, Perry-Arnesen M, Mackay M, Tocher W, Singer J, Lee T, Wong G. CLINICAL OUTCOMES OF ST-ELEVATION MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION PATIENTS PRESENTING TO NON-PCI CENTERS TREATED WITH FIBRINOLYSIS COMPARED TO PRIMARY PCI: AN ANALYSIS FROM THE VANCOUVER COASTAL HEALTH AUTHORITY STEMI PROGRAM. Can J Cardiol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2017.07.202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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Lavi S, Iqbal J, Cairns J, Cantor W, Chema A, Moreno R, Meeks B, Welsh R, Kedev S, Chowdhary S, Stankovic G, Schwalm J, Liu Y, Jolly S, Dzavik V. 5994Use of drug eluting stents compared to bare metal stents in ST segment elevation myocardial infarction is associated with reduced mortality and cardiovascular outcomes: results from the TOTAL trial. Eur Heart J 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehx493.5994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Dickson PE, Cairns J, Goldowitz D, Mittleman G. Cerebellar contribution to higher and lower order rule learning and cognitive flexibility in mice. Neuroscience 2017; 345:99-109. [PMID: 27012612 PMCID: PMC5031514 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive flexibility has traditionally been considered a frontal lobe function. However, converging evidence suggests involvement of a larger brain circuit which includes the cerebellum. Reciprocal pathways connecting the cerebellum to the prefrontal cortex provide a biological substrate through which the cerebellum may modulate higher cognitive functions, and it has been observed that cognitive inflexibility and cerebellar pathology co-occur in psychiatric disorders (e.g., autism, schizophrenia, addiction). However, the degree to which the cerebellum contributes to distinct forms of cognitive flexibility and rule learning is unknown. We tested lurcher↔wildtype aggregation chimeras which lose 0-100% of cerebellar Purkinje cells during development on a touchscreen-mediated attentional set-shifting task to assess the contribution of the cerebellum to higher and lower order rule learning and cognitive flexibility. Purkinje cells, the sole output of the cerebellar cortex, ranged from 0 to 108,390 in tested mice. Reversal learning and extradimensional set-shifting were impaired in mice with⩾95% Purkinje cell loss. Cognitive deficits were unrelated to motor deficits in ataxic mice. Acquisition of a simple visual discrimination and an attentional-set were unrelated to Purkinje cells. A positive relationship was observed between Purkinje cells and errors when exemplars from a novel, non-relevant dimension were introduced. Collectively, these data suggest that the cerebellum contributes to higher order cognitive flexibility, lower order cognitive flexibility, and attention to novel stimuli, but not the acquisition of higher and lower order rules. These data indicate that the cerebellar pathology observed in psychiatric disorders may underlie deficits involving cognitive flexibility and attention to novel stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- P E Dickson
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, United States
| | - J Cairns
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - D Goldowitz
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - G Mittleman
- Department of Psychology, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, United States.
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Cairns J, Ingle J, Dudenkov T, Kalari K, Buzdar A, Kubo M, Robson M, Ellis M, Goss P, Shepherd L, Goetz M, Weinshilboum R, Wang L. Abstract PD1-04: CSMD1 SNPs selectively affect anastrozole response in postmenopausal breast cancer patients. Cancer Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.sabcs16-pd1-04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Based on prospective clinical trials, there is no evidence for differences in efficacy between the 3 aromatase inhibitors (AIs) anastrozole, exemestane, and letrozole. The purpose of this study was to identify germline genetic variants associated with response to AIs and to help identify novel mechanisms associated with drug disease efficacy.
METHODS: A genome-wide association study (GWAS) was performed for 624 patients (Steroids 2015;99:32-38) to identify SNPs associated with estrogen level change in women with estrogen receptor (ER) positive breast cancer treated with anastrozole. Replication of associated SNPs was performed in a GWAS from the MA.27 trial that compared adjuvant anastrozole and exemestane treatment of post-menopausal women with ER+ breast cancer. Functional studies were subsequently performed to determine SNP effects and underlying mechanisms.
RESULTS: Our initial GWAS identified SNPs within CSMD1 that were associated with changes in estrogen levels during anastrozole therapy. An additional SNP in CSMD1 was also associated with breast cancer events in CCTG MA.27. Functionally, we showed that CSMD1 regulates CYP19 expression in a SNP-, and in an anastrozole- dependent fashion. These phenomena were not observed for either letrozole or exemestane. In MA.27, an anastrozole- specific effect was also seen with the minor allele having a protective effect on time to distant metastasis (HR=0.49, p=0.00259), but this was not the case for exemestane (HR=0.71, p=0.111). Our in vitro functional studies indicated that overexpression of CSMD1 sensitized anastrozole or letrozole resistant cells to anastrozole but not to the other two AIs. The SNP in CSMD1 that was associated with increased CSMD1 and CYP19 expression levels increased anastrozole sensitivity, but not letrozole or exemestane in lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) homozygous for either WT or variant CSMD1 SNP genotypes. Based on these observations, we explored whether anastrozole has additional mechanisms beyond its function as a CYP19 inhibitor. Utilizing an estrogen response element (ERE) luciferase reporter assay in a CYP19 CRISPR knockout breast cancer T47D cell line and a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) assay, we found that anastrozole can also function as an ERα agonist, and can bind to, and result in, proteasome dependent ERα degradation, especially in the presence of E2. Treatment of these CYP19 CRISPR knockout cells with anastrozole in the presence of increasing concentrations of E2 results in greater sensitivity compared with anastrozole alone, while the addition of E2, as expected, does not improve letrozole or exemestane sensitivity. These same observations were also seen in letrozole and anastrazole resistant cells.
CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that anastrozole might be more effective than letrozole or exemestane in patients with the CSMD1 SNP. Furthermore, anastrozole can function as an ERα agonist, binding to ERα and resulting in its degradation, especially in the presence of E2. These findings should help to make it possible to develop precision endocrine therapies for women who are candidates for AIs.
Citation Format: Cairns J, Ingle J, Dudenkov T, Kalari K, Buzdar A, Kubo M, Robson M, Ellis M, Goss P, Shepherd L, Goetz M, Weinshilboum R, Wang L. CSMD1 SNPs selectively affect anastrozole response in postmenopausal breast cancer patients [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2016 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2016 Dec 6-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(4 Suppl):Abstract nr PD1-04.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Cairns
- Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Riken Center for Integrative Medical Science, Yokohama, Japan; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Baylor Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; NCIC Clinical Trials Group, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - J Ingle
- Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Riken Center for Integrative Medical Science, Yokohama, Japan; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Baylor Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; NCIC Clinical Trials Group, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - T Dudenkov
- Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Riken Center for Integrative Medical Science, Yokohama, Japan; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Baylor Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; NCIC Clinical Trials Group, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - K Kalari
- Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Riken Center for Integrative Medical Science, Yokohama, Japan; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Baylor Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; NCIC Clinical Trials Group, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - A Buzdar
- Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Riken Center for Integrative Medical Science, Yokohama, Japan; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Baylor Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; NCIC Clinical Trials Group, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - M Kubo
- Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Riken Center for Integrative Medical Science, Yokohama, Japan; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Baylor Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; NCIC Clinical Trials Group, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - M Robson
- Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Riken Center for Integrative Medical Science, Yokohama, Japan; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Baylor Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; NCIC Clinical Trials Group, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - M Ellis
- Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Riken Center for Integrative Medical Science, Yokohama, Japan; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Baylor Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; NCIC Clinical Trials Group, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - P Goss
- Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Riken Center for Integrative Medical Science, Yokohama, Japan; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Baylor Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; NCIC Clinical Trials Group, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - L Shepherd
- Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Riken Center for Integrative Medical Science, Yokohama, Japan; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Baylor Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; NCIC Clinical Trials Group, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - M Goetz
- Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Riken Center for Integrative Medical Science, Yokohama, Japan; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Baylor Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; NCIC Clinical Trials Group, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - R Weinshilboum
- Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Riken Center for Integrative Medical Science, Yokohama, Japan; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Baylor Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; NCIC Clinical Trials Group, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - L Wang
- Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Riken Center for Integrative Medical Science, Yokohama, Japan; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Baylor Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; NCIC Clinical Trials Group, Kingston, ON, Canada
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Cairns J, Frickel J, Jalasvuori M, Hiltunen T, Becks L. Genomic evolution of bacterial populations under coselection by antibiotics and phage. Mol Ecol 2017; 26:1848-1859. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.13950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Cairns
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences / Microbiology and Biotechnology; University of Helsinki; P.O. Box 65 00014 Helsinki Finland
| | - Jens Frickel
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology / Community Dynamics Group; Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology; August Thienemann Street 2 24306 Plön Germany
| | - Matti Jalasvuori
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science / Centre of Excellence in Biological Interactions; University of Jyväskylä; P.O. Box 35 Jyväskylä 40014 Finland
| | - Teppo Hiltunen
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences / Microbiology and Biotechnology; University of Helsinki; P.O. Box 65 00014 Helsinki Finland
| | - Lutz Becks
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology / Community Dynamics Group; Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology; August Thienemann Street 2 24306 Plön Germany
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Kunkler IH, Fielding RG, Brebner J, Prescott R, Maclean JR, Cairns J, Chetty U, Neades G, Walls A, Bowman A, Dixon JM, Gardner T, Smith M, MacCoubrey J, Lee AJ, Swann S, Mcnab M, Wilson J, Nawroz I. A comprehensive approach for evaluating telemedicine-delivered multidisciplinary breast cancer meetings in southern Scotland. J Telemed Telecare 2016; 11 Suppl 1:71-73. [PMID: 16124136 DOI: 10.1258/1357633054461804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Multidisciplinary team (MDT) meetings for decisions on cancer management are a cornerstone of UK cancer policy. We have proposed a comprehensive methodology to assess the clinical and economic effectiveness of telemedicine in this setting, which is being tested in a randomized breast cancer trial. Pre- and post-telemedicine assessment includes attitudes to and expectations of telemedicine, based on semistructured interviews. The communication content of videotapes of the MDT meeting is being scored using Borgatta's revised Interaction Process Analysis System. The technical performance of the telemedicine equipment is reported on a standardized pro forma. A short questionnaire captures key elements of professional satisfaction for each patient discussion (consensus on future management, confidence in and sharing of decision), added value of linkage, group atmosphere, overall conduct of the meeting and compliance with SIGN guidelines. A cost-minimization analysis will be used for economic assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- I H Kunkler
- University Department of Clinical Oncology and Edinburgh Breast Unit, Western General Hospital, UK.
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Cairns J, Coloma S, Sivonen K, Hiltunen T. Evolving interactions between diazotrophic cyanobacterium and phage mediate nitrogen release and host competitive ability. R Soc Open Sci 2016; 3:160839. [PMID: 28083116 PMCID: PMC5210698 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.160839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Interactions between nitrogen-fixing (i.e. diazotrophic) cyanobacteria and their viruses, cyanophages, can have large-scale ecosystem effects. These effects are mediated by temporal alterations in nutrient availability in aquatic systems owing to the release of nitrogen and carbon sources from cells lysed by phages, as well as by ecologically important changes in the diversity and fitness of cyanobacterial populations that evolve in the presence of phages. However, ecological and evolutionary feedbacks between phages and nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria are still relative poorly understood. Here, we used an experimental evolution approach to test the effect of interactions between a common filamentous, nitrogen-fixing cyanobacterium (Nodularia sp.) and its phage on cellular nitrogen release and host properties. Ecological, community-level effects of phage-mediated nitrogen release were tested with a phytoplankton bioassay. We found that cyanobacterial nitrogen release increased significantly as a result of viral lysis, which was associated with enhanced growth of phytoplankton species in cell-free filtrates compared with phage-resistant host controls in which lysis and subsequent nutrient release did not occur after phage exposure. We also observed an ecologically important change among phage-evolved cyanobacteria with phage-resistant phenotypes, a short-filamentous morphotype with reduced buoyancy compared with the ancestral long-filamentous morphotype. Reduced buoyancy might decrease the ability of these morphotypes to compete for light compared with longer, more buoyant filaments. Together, these findings demonstrate the potential of cyanobacteria-phage interactions to affect ecosystem biogeochemical cycles and planktonic community dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Teppo Hiltunen
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences/Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, PO Box 56, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
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Visram S, Thirlway F, Cairns J, Akhter N, Lewis S. Interim evaluation of an integrated approach to improving health and wellbeing in County Durham, UK. Eur J Public Health 2016. [DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckw169.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Hanson C, Cairns J, Wang L, Sinha S. Computational discovery of transcription factors associated with drug response. Pharmacogenomics J 2016; 16:573-582. [PMID: 26503816 PMCID: PMC4848185 DOI: 10.1038/tpj.2015.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Revised: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
This study integrates gene expression, genotype and drug response data in lymphoblastoid cell lines with transcription factor (TF)-binding sites from ENCODE (Encyclopedia of Genomic Elements) in a novel methodology that elucidates regulatory contexts associated with cytotoxicity. The method, GENMi (Gene Expression iN the Middle), postulates that single-nucleotide polymorphisms within TF-binding sites putatively modulate its regulatory activity, and the resulting variation in gene expression leads to variation in drug response. Analysis of 161 TFs and 24 treatments revealed 334 significantly associated TF-treatment pairs. Investigation of 20 selected pairs yielded literature support for 13 of these associations, often from studies where perturbation of the TF expression changes drug response. Experimental validation of significant GENMi associations in taxanes and anthracyclines across two triple-negative breast cancer cell lines corroborates our findings. The method is shown to be more sensitive than an alternative, genome-wide association study-based approach that does not use gene expression. These results demonstrate the utility of GENMi in identifying TFs that influence drug response and provide a number of candidates for further testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Hanson
- Department of Computer Science, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - J Cairns
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - L Wang
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - S Sinha
- Department of Computer Science and Institute of Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
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Cairns J, Jalasvuori M, Ojala V, Brockhurst M, Hiltunen T. Conjugation is necessary for a bacterial plasmid to survive under protozoan predation. Biol Lett 2016; 12:20150953. [PMID: 26843557 PMCID: PMC4780553 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2015.0953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Horizontal gene transfer by conjugative plasmids plays a critical role in the evolution of antibiotic resistance. Interactions between bacteria and other organisms can affect the persistence and spread of conjugative plasmids. Here we show that protozoan predation increased the persistence and spread of the antibiotic resistance plasmid RP4 in populations of the opportunist bacterial pathogen Serratia marcescens. A conjugation-defective mutant plasmid was unable to survive under predation, suggesting that conjugative transfer is required for plasmid persistence under the realistic condition of predation. These results indicate that multi-trophic interactions can affect the maintenance of conjugative plasmids with implications for bacterial evolution and the spread of antibiotic resistance genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Cairns
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences/Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, PO Box 65, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Matti Jalasvuori
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science/Centre of Excellence in Biological Interactions, University of Jyväskylä, PO Box 35, Jyväskylä 40014, Finland
| | - Ville Ojala
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science/Centre of Excellence in Biological Interactions, University of Jyväskylä, PO Box 35, Jyväskylä 40014, Finland
| | | | - Teppo Hiltunen
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences/Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, PO Box 65, Helsinki 00014, Finland
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Abrines Jaume N, Abbiss M, Wray J, Ashworth J, Brown KL, Cairns J. CHILDSPLA: a collaboration between children and researchers to design and animate health states. Child Care Health Dev 2015; 41:1140-51. [PMID: 26227090 DOI: 10.1111/cch.12280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Revised: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM The children's health state preferences learnt from animation (CHILDSPLA) project developed an interactive application presented on a touch screen device using an animated character to collect information from children about their health. BACKGROUND The underlying hypothesis was that health information could be directly collected from children as young as 4 years old by the use of animated characters. This paper describes in detail how children were involved in the development of the application, and recounts both the challenges and benefits of that process. A child psychologist and an animation filmmaker worked closely with children to design a character and to animate it to represent different health states. Children were recruited from a local primary school (n = 38) and a paediatric specialist hospital (n = 36). Diverse interactive activities were organized to help children give feedback and guide the design process. The activities for each session were adjusted to the children's needs, based on the experience of previous sessions. RESULTS The character and the animations were modified according to the feedback provided by the children. CONCLUSIONS Developing the CHILDSPLA app in collaboration with children was a worthwhile and enriching experience, despite the required iteration and extension of the design process, as it enabled us to adjust the tool to the children's needs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - M Abbiss
- Animation, Royal College of Art, London, UK
| | - J Wray
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - J Ashworth
- Animation, Royal College of Art, London, UK
| | - K L Brown
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - J Cairns
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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Zaman-Allah M, Vergara O, Araus JL, Tarekegne A, Magorokosho C, Zarco-Tejada PJ, Hornero A, Albà AH, Das B, Craufurd P, Olsen M, Prasanna BM, Cairns J. Unmanned aerial platform-based multi-spectral imaging for field phenotyping of maize. Plant Methods 2015; 11:35. [PMID: 26106438 PMCID: PMC4477614 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-015-0078-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent developments in unmanned aerial platforms (UAP) have provided research opportunities in assessing land allocation and crop physiological traits, including response to abiotic and biotic stresses. UAP-based remote sensing can be used to rapidly and cost-effectively phenotype large numbers of plots and field trials in a dynamic way using time series. This is anticipated to have tremendous implications for progress in crop genetic improvement. RESULTS We present the use of a UAP equipped with sensors for multispectral imaging in spatial field variability assessment and phenotyping for low-nitrogen (low-N) stress tolerance in maize. Multispectral aerial images were used to (1) characterize experimental fields for spatial soil-nitrogen variability and (2) derive indices for crop performance under low-N stress. Overall, results showed that the aerial platform enables to effectively characterize spatial field variation and assess crop performance under low-N stress. The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) data derived from spectral imaging presented a strong correlation with ground-measured NDVI, crop senescence index and grain yield. CONCLUSION This work suggests that the aerial sensing platform designed for phenotyping studies has the potential to effectively assist in crop genetic improvement against abiotic stresses like low-N provided that sensors have enough resolution for plot level data collection. Limitations and future potential uses are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Zaman-Allah
- />International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), PO Box MP163, Peg Mazowe Rd, Mt Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - O Vergara
- />Plant Physiology Unit, Department of Plant Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - J L Araus
- />Plant Physiology Unit, Department of Plant Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Tarekegne
- />International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), PO Box MP163, Peg Mazowe Rd, Mt Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - C Magorokosho
- />International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), PO Box MP163, Peg Mazowe Rd, Mt Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - P J Zarco-Tejada
- />Laboratory for Research Methods in Quantitative Remote Sensing (Quantalab IAS-CSIC), Cordoba, Spain
| | - A Hornero
- />Laboratory for Research Methods in Quantitative Remote Sensing (Quantalab IAS-CSIC), Cordoba, Spain
| | | | - B Das
- />International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), PO Box 1041, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - P Craufurd
- />International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), PO Box 1041, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - M Olsen
- />International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), PO Box 1041, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - B M Prasanna
- />International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), PO Box 1041, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - J Cairns
- />International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), PO Box MP163, Peg Mazowe Rd, Mt Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe
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Roberts I, Shakur H, Coats T, Hunt B, Balogun E, Barnetson L, Cook L, Kawahara T, Perel P, Prieto-Merino D, Ramos M, Cairns J, Guerriero C. The CRASH-2 trial: a randomised controlled trial and economic evaluation of the effects of tranexamic acid on death, vascular occlusive events and transfusion requirement in bleeding trauma patients. Health Technol Assess 2013; 17:1-79. [PMID: 23477634 DOI: 10.3310/hta17100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 332] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Among trauma patients who survive to reach hospital, exsanguination is a common cause of death. A widely practicable treatment that reduces blood loss after trauma could prevent thousands of premature deaths each year. The CRASH-2 trial aimed to determine the effect of the early administration of tranexamic acid on death and transfusion requirement in bleeding trauma patients. In addition, the effort of tranexamic acid on the risk of vascular occlusive events was assessed. OBJECTIVE Tranexamic acid (TXA) reduces bleeding in patients undergoing elective surgery. We assessed the effects and cost-effectiveness of the early administration of a short course of TXA on death, vascular occlusive events and the receipt of blood transfusion in trauma patients. DESIGN Randomised placebo-controlled trial and economic evaluation. Randomisation was balanced by centre, with an allocation sequence based on a block size of eight, generated with a computer random number generator. Both participants and study staff (site investigators and trial co-ordinating centre staff) were masked to treatment allocation. All analyses were by intention to treat. A Markov model was used to assess cost-effectiveness. The health outcome was the number of life-years (LYs) gained. Cost data were obtained from hospitals, the World Health Organization database and UK reference costs. Cost-effectiveness was measured in international dollars ($) per LY. Deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were performed to test the robustness of the results to model assumptions. SETTING Two hundred and seventy-four hospitals in 40 countries. PARTICIPANTS Adult trauma patients (n = 20,211) with, or at risk of, significant bleeding who were within 8 hours of injury. INTERVENTIONS Tranexamic acid (loading dose 1 g over 10 minutes then infusion of 1 g over 8 hours) or matching placebo. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The primary outcome was death in hospital within 4 weeks of injury, and was described with the following categories: bleeding, vascular occlusion (myocardial infarction, stroke and pulmonary embolism), multiorgan failure, head injury and other. RESULTS Patients were allocated to TXA (n = 10,096) and to placebo (n = 10,115), of whom 10,060 and 10,067 patients, respectively, were analysed. All-cause mortality at 28 days was significantly reduced by TXA [1463 patients (14.5%) in the TXA group vs 1613 patients (16.0%) in the placebo group; relative risk (RR) 0.91; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.85 to 0.97; p = 0.0035]. The risk of death due to bleeding was significantly reduced [489 patients (4.9%) died in the TXA group vs 574 patients (5.7%) in the placebo group; RR 0.85; 95% CI 0.76 to 0.96; p = 0.0077]. We recorded strong evidence that the effect of TXA on death due to bleeding varied according to the time from injury to treatment (test for interaction p < 0.0001). Early treatment (≤ 1 hour from injury) significantly reduced the risk of death due to bleeding [198 out of 3747 patients (5.3%) died in the TXA group vs 286 out of 3704 patients (7.7%) in the placebo group; RR 0.68; 95% CI 0.57 to 0.82; p < 0.0001]. Treatment given between 1 and 3 hours also reduced the risk of death due to bleeding [147 out of 3037 patients (4.8%) died in the TXA group vs 184 out of 2996 patients (6.1%) in the placebo group; RR 0.79; 95% CI 0.64 to 0.97; p = 0.03]. Treatment given after 3 hours seemed to increase the risk of death due to bleeding [144 out of 3272 patients (4.4%) died in the TXA group vs 103 out of 3362 patients (3.1%) in the placebo group; RR 1.44; 95% CI1.12 to 1.84; p = 0.004]. We recorded no evidence that the effect of TXA on death due to bleeding varied by systolic blood pressure, Glasgow Coma Scale score or type of injury. Administering TXA to bleeding trauma patients within 3 hours of injury saved an estimated 755 LYs per 1000 trauma patients in the UK. The cost of giving TXA to 1000 patients was estimated at $30,830. The incremental cost of giving TXA compared with not giving TXA was $48,002. The incremental cost per LY gained of administering TXA was $64. CONCLUSIONS Early administration of TXA safely reduced the risk of death in bleeding trauma patients and is highly cost-effective. Treatment beyond 3 hours of injury is unlikely to be effective. Future work [the Clinical Randomisation of an Antifibrinolytic in Significant Head injury-3 (CRASH-3) trial] will evaluate the effectiveness and safety of TXA in the treatments of isolated traumatic brain injury (http://crash3.lshtm.ac.uk/). TRIAL REGISTRATION Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN86750102, ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00375258 and South African Clinical Trial Register DOH-27-0607-1919. FUNDING The project was funded by the Bupa Foundation, the J P Moulton Charitable Foundation and the NIHR Health Technology Assessment programme and will be published in full in Health Technology Assessment; Vol. 17, No. 10. See HTA programme website for further project information.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Roberts
- Clinical Trials Unit, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
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Gleick PH, Adams RM, Amasino RM, Anders E, Anderson DJ, Anderson WW, Anselin LE, Arroyo MK, Asfaw B, Ayala FJ, Bax A, Bebbington AJ, Bell G, Bennett MVL, Bennetzen JL, Berenbaum MR, Berlin OB, Bjorkman PJ, Blackburn E, Blamont JE, Botchan MR, Boyer JS, Boyle EA, Branton D, Briggs SP, Briggs WR, Brill WJ, Britten RJ, Broecker WS, Brown JH, Brown PO, Brunger AT, Cairns J, Canfield DE, Carpenter SR, Carrington JC, Cashmore AR, Castilla JC, Cazenave A, Chapin FS, Ciechanover AJ, Clapham DE, Clark WC, Clayton RN, Coe MD, Conwell EM, Cowling EB, Cowling RM, Cox CS, Croteau RB, Crothers DM, Crutzen PJ, Daily GC, Dalrymple GB, Dangl JL, Darst SA, Davies DR, Davis MB, De Camilli PV, Dean C, DeFries RS, Deisenhofer J, Delmer DP, DeLong EF, DeRosier DJ, Diener TO, Dirzo R, Dixon JE, Donoghue MJ, Doolittle RF, Dunne T, Ehrlich PR, Eisenstadt SN, Eisner T, Emanuel KA, Englander SW, Ernst WG, Falkowski PG, Feher G, Ferejohn JA, Fersht A, Fischer EH, Fischer R, Flannery KV, Frank J, Frey PA, Fridovich I, Frieden C, Futuyma DJ, Gardner WR, Garrett CJR, Gilbert W, Goldberg RB, Goodenough WH, Goodman CS, Goodman M, Greengard P, Hake S, Hammel G, Hanson S, Harrison SC, Hart SR, Hartl DL, Haselkorn R, Hawkes K, Hayes JM, Hille B, Hökfelt T, House JS, Hout M, Hunten DM, Izquierdo IA, Jagendorf AT, Janzen DH, Jeanloz R, Jencks CS, Jury WA, Kaback HR, Kailath T, Kay P, Kay SA, Kennedy D, Kerr A, Kessler RC, Khush GS, Kieffer SW, Kirch PV, Kirk K, Kivelson MG, Klinman JP, Klug A, Knopoff L, Kornberg H, Kutzbach JE, Lagarias JC, Lambeck K, Landy A, Langmuir CH, Larkins BA, Le Pichon XT, Lenski RE, Leopold EB, Levin SA, Levitt M, Likens GE, Lippincott-Schwartz J, Lorand L, Lovejoy CO, Lynch M, Mabogunje AL, Malone TF, Manabe S, Marcus J, Massey DS, McWilliams JC, Medina E, Melosh HJ, Meltzer DJ, Michener CD, Miles EL, Mooney HA, Moore PB, Morel FMM, Mosley-Thompson ES, Moss B, Munk WH, Myers N, Nair GB, Nathans J, Nester EW, Nicoll RA, Novick RP, O'Connell JF, Olsen PE, Opdyke ND, Oster GF, Ostrom E, Pace NR, Paine RT, Palmiter RD, Pedlosky J, Petsko GA, Pettengill GH, Philander SG, Piperno DR, Pollard TD, Price PB, Reichard PA, Reskin BF, Ricklefs RE, Rivest RL, Roberts JD, Romney AK, Rossmann MG, Russell DW, Rutter WJ, Sabloff JA, Sagdeev RZ, Sahlins MD, Salmond A, Sanes JR, Schekman R, Schellnhuber J, Schindler DW, Schmitt J, Schneider SH, Schramm VL, Sederoff RR, Shatz CJ, Sherman F, Sidman RL, Sieh K, Simons EL, Singer BH, Singer MF, Skyrms B, Sleep NH, Smith BD, Snyder SH, Sokal RR, Spencer CS, Steitz TA, Strier KB, Südhof TC, Taylor SS, Terborgh J, Thomas DH, Thompson LG, Tjian RT, Turner MG, Uyeda S, Valentine JW, Valentine JS, Van Etten JL, van Holde KE, Vaughan M, Verba S, von Hippel PH, Wake DB, Walker A, Walker JE, Watson EB, Watson PJ, Weigel D, Wessler SR, West-Eberhard MJ, White TD, Wilson WJ, Wolfenden RV, Wood JA, Woodwell GM, Wright HE, Wu C, Wunsch C, Zoback ML. Climate change and the integrity of science. Science 2010; 328:689-90. [PMID: 20448167 DOI: 10.1126/science.328.5979.689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- D Brash
- Yale Comprehensive Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8040, USA
| | - J Cairns
- Clinical Trial Service Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LF, UK
- 105 Alleyn Park, London SE21 8AA, UK
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Burr JM, Mowatt G, Hernández R, Siddiqui MAR, Cook J, Lourenco T, Ramsay C, Vale L, Fraser C, Azuara-Blanco A, Deeks J, Cairns J, Wormald R, McPherson S, Rabindranath K, Grant A. The clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of screening for open angle glaucoma: a systematic review and economic evaluation. Health Technol Assess 2008; 11:iii-iv, ix-x, 1-190. [PMID: 17927922 DOI: 10.3310/hta11410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess whether open angle glaucoma (OAG) screening meets the UK National Screening Committee criteria, to compare screening strategies with case finding, to estimate test parameters, to model estimates of cost and cost-effectiveness, and to identify areas for future research. DATA SOURCES Major electronic databases were searched up to December 2005. REVIEW METHODS Screening strategies were developed by wide consultation. Markov submodels were developed to represent screening strategies. Parameter estimates were determined by systematic reviews of epidemiology, economic evaluations of screening, and effectiveness (test accuracy, screening and treatment). Tailored highly sensitive electronic searches were undertaken. RESULTS Most potential screening tests reviewed had an estimated specificity of 85% or higher. No test was clearly most accurate, with only a few, heterogeneous studies for each test. No randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of screening were identified. Based on two treatment RCTs, early treatment reduces the risk of progression. Extrapolating from this, and assuming accelerated progression with advancing disease severity, without treatment the mean time to blindness in at least one eye was approximately 23 years, compared to 35 years with treatment. Prevalence would have to be about 3-4% in 40 year olds with a screening interval of 10 years to approach cost-effectiveness. It is predicted that screening might be cost-effective in a 50-year-old cohort at a prevalence of 4% with a 10-year screening interval. General population screening at any age, thus, appears not to be cost-effective. Selective screening of groups with higher prevalence (family history, black ethnicity) might be worthwhile, although this would only cover 6% of the population. Extension to include other at-risk cohorts (e.g. myopia and diabetes) would include 37% of the general population, but the prevalence is then too low for screening to be considered cost-effective. Screening using a test with initial automated classification followed by assessment by a specialised optometrist, for test positives, was more cost-effective than initial specialised optometric assessment. The cost-effectiveness of the screening programme was highly sensitive to the perspective on costs (NHS or societal). In the base-case model, the NHS costs of visual impairment were estimated as 669 pounds. If annual societal costs were 8800 pounds, then screening might be considered cost-effective for a 40-year-old cohort with 1% OAG prevalence assuming a willingness to pay of 30,000 pounds per quality-adjusted life-year. Of lesser importance were changes to estimates of attendance for sight tests, incidence of OAG, rate of progression and utility values for each stage of OAG severity. Cost-effectiveness was not particularly sensitive to the accuracy of screening tests within the ranges observed. However, a highly specific test is required to reduce large numbers of false-positive referrals. The findings that population screening is unlikely to be cost-effective are based on an economic model whose parameter estimates have considerable uncertainty. In particular, if rate of progression and/or costs of visual impairment are higher than estimated then screening could be cost-effective. CONCLUSIONS While population screening is not cost-effective, the targeted screening of high-risk groups may be. Procedures for identifying those at risk, for quality assuring the programme, as well as adequate service provision for those screened positive would all be needed. Glaucoma detection can be improved by increasing attendance for eye examination, and improving the performance of current testing by either refining practice or adding in a technology-based first assessment, the latter being the more cost-effective option. This has implications for any future organisational changes in community eye-care services. Further research should aim to develop and provide quality data to populate the economic model, by conducting a feasibility study of interventions to improve detection, by obtaining further data on costs of blindness, risk of progression and health outcomes, and by conducting an RCT of interventions to improve the uptake of glaucoma testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Burr
- Health Services Research Unit, Institute of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, UK
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Apfelbacher CJ, Cairns J, Bruckner T, Mohrenschlager M, Behrendt H, Ring J, Kramer U. Prevalence of overweight and obesity in East and West German children in the decade after reunification: population-based series of cross-sectional studies. J Epidemiol Community Health 2008; 62:125-30. [DOI: 10.1136/jech.2007.062117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Prescott RJ, Kunkler IH, Williams LJ, King CC, Jack W, van der Pol M, Goh TT, Lindley R, Cairns J. A randomised controlled trial of postoperative radiotherapy following breast-conserving surgery in a minimum-risk older population. The PRIME trial. Health Technol Assess 2007; 11:1-149, iii-iv. [PMID: 17669280 DOI: 10.3310/hta11310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess whether omission of postoperative radiotherapy in women with 'low-risk' axillary node negative breast cancer (T0-2) treated by breast-conserving surgery and endocrine therapy improves quality of life and is more cost-effective. DESIGN A randomised controlled clinical trial, using a method of minimisation balanced by centre, grade of cancer, age, lymphatic/vascular invasion and preoperative endocrine therapy, was performed. A non-randomised cohort was also recruited, in order to complete a comprehensive cohort study. SETTING The setting was breast cancer clinics in cancer centres in the UK. PARTICIPANTS Patients aged 65 years or more were eligible provided that their cancers were considered to be at low risk of local recurrence, were suitable for breast-conservation surgery, were receiving endocrine therapy and were able and willing to give informed consent. INTERVENTIONS The standard treatment of postoperative breast irradiation or the omission of radiotherapy. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Quality of life was the primary outcome measure, together with anxiety and depression and cost-effectiveness. Secondary outcome measures were recurrence rates, functional status, treatment-related morbidity and cosmesis. The principal method of data collection was by questionnaire, completed at home with a research nurse at four times over 15 months. RESULTS The hypothesised improvement in overall quality of life with the omission of radiotherapy was not seen in the EuroQol assessment or in the functionality and symptoms summary domains of the European Organisation for Research in the Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) scales. Some differences were apparent within subscales of the EORTC questionnaires, and insights into the impact of treatment were also provided by the qualitative data obtained by open-ended questions. Differences were most apparent shortly after the time of completion of radiotherapy. Radiotherapy was then associated with increased breast symptoms and with greater fatigue but with less insomnia and endocrine side-effects. Patients had significant concerns about the delivery of radiotherapy services, such as transport, accommodation and travel costs associated with receiving radiotherapy. By the end of follow-up, patients receiving radiotherapy were expressing less anxiety about recurrence than those who had not received radiotherapy. Functionality was not greatly affected by treatment. Within the randomised controlled trial, the Barthel Index demonstrated a small but significant fall in functionality with radiotherapy compared with the no radiotherapy arm of the trial. Results from the non-randomised patients did not confirm this effect, however. Cosmetic results were better in those not receiving radiotherapy but this did not appear to be an important issue to the patients. The use of home-based assessments by a research nurse proved to be an effective way of obtaining high-quality data. Costs to the NHS associated with postoperative radiotherapy were calculated to be of the order of 2000 pounds per patient. In the follow-up in this study, there were no recurrences, and the quality of life utilities from EuroQol were almost identical. CONCLUSIONS Although there are no differences in overall quality of life scores between the patients treated with and without radiotherapy, there are several dimensions that exhibit significant advantage to the omission of irradiation. Over the first 15 months, radiotherapy for this population is not a cost-effective treatment. However, the early postoperative outcome does not give a complete answer and the eventual cost-effectiveness will only become clear after long-term follow-up. Extrapolations from these data suggest that radiotherapy may not be a cost-effective treatment unless it results in a recurrence rate that is at least 5% lower in absolute terms than those treated without radiotherapy. Further research is needed into a number of areas including the long-term aspects of quality of life, clinical outcomes, costs and consequences of omitting radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Prescott
- Medical Statistics Unit, University of Edinburgh, UK
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