1
|
Yang S, Du S, Zhu J, Ma S. Closed-loop recyclable polymers: from monomer and polymer design to the polymerization-depolymerization cycle. Chem Soc Rev 2024. [PMID: 39177226 DOI: 10.1039/d4cs00663a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
The extensive utilization of plastic, as a symbol of modern technological society, has consumed enormous amounts of finite and non-renewable fossil resources and produced huge amounts of plastic wastes in the land or ocean, and thus recycling and reuse of the plastic wastes have great ecological and economic benefits. Closed-loop recyclable polymers with inherent recyclability can be readily depolymerized into monomers with high selectivity and purity and repolymerized into polymers with the same performance. They are deemed to be the next generation of recyclable polymers and have captured great and increasing attention from academia and industry. Herein, we provide an overview of readily closed-loop recyclable polymers based on monomer and polymer design and no-other-reactant-involved reversible ring-opening and addition polymerization reactions. The state-of-the-art of circular polymers is separately summarized and discussed based on different monomers, including lactones, thiolactones, cyclic carbonates, hindered olefins, cycloolefins, thermally labile olefin comonomers, cyclic disulfides, cyclic (dithio) acetals, lactams, Diels-Alder addition monomers, Michael addition monomers, anhydride-secondary amide monomers, and cyclic anhydride-aldehyde monomers, and polymers with activatable end groups. The polymerization and depolymerization mechanisms are clearly disclosed, and the evolution of the monomer structure, the polymerization and depolymerization conditions, the corresponding polymerization yield, molecular weight, performance of the polymers, monomer recovery, and depolymerization equipment are also systematically summarized and discussed. Furthermore, the challenges and future prospects are also highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuaiqi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, P. R. China.
| | - Shuai Du
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, P. R. China.
| | - Jin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Polymeric Materials Technology and Application of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, P. R. China
| | - Songqi Ma
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Navarro M, Sobrino S, Fernández I, Lara-Sánchez A, Garcés A, Sánchez-Barba LF. Exploring enantiopure zinc-scorpionates as catalysts for the preparation of polylactides, cyclic carbonates, and polycarbonates. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:13933-13949. [PMID: 39099454 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt01526f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
New and simple ligand design strategies for the preparation of versatile metal-based catalysts capable of operating under greener and eco-friendly conditions in several industrially attractive processes are in high demand for society development. We present the first nucleophilic addition of an organolithium to ketenimines which incorporates a stereogenic centre in an N-donor atom to prepare new enantiopure NNN-donor scorpionates. We have also verified its potential utility as a valuable scaffold for chirality induction through the preparation of inexpensive, non-toxic and asymmetric zinc complexes. The pro-ligands and the corresponding zinc-based complexes have been characterized by X-ray diffraction studies. DFT studies were carried out to rationalize the different complexation abilities of these pro-ligands. These complexes have proved to act as highly efficient catalysts for a variety of sustainable bioresourced processes that are industrially attractive, with a wide substrate scope. Thus, complex 7 behaves as a highly efficient initiator for the well-behaved living ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of rac-lactide under very mild conditions. The PLA materials produced exhibited enhanced levels of isoselectivity, comparable to the highest value reported so far for zinc-based catalysts (Pi = 0.88). In addition, the combination of 7 with onium halide salts functioned as a very active and selective catalyst for CO2 fixation into five-membered cyclic carbonates through the cycloaddition of CO2 into epoxides under very mild and solvent-free conditions, reaching very good to excellent conversions (TOF = 227 h-1). Furthermore, this bicomponent system exhibits a broad substrate scope and functional group tolerance, including mono- and di-substituted epoxides, as well as the very challenging bio-renewable tri-substituted terpene-derived cis/trans-limonene oxide, whose reaction proceeds with high stereoselectivity. Finally, complex 7 also achieved high activity and selectivity as a one-component initiator for the synthesis of poly(cyclohexene carbonate)s via ring-opening copolymerization (ROCOP) of cyclohexene oxide and CO2 under very soft conditions, affording materials with narrow dispersity values.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Navarro
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica-Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Campus Universitario, 13071-Ciudad Real, Spain
- Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Departamento de Biología y Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica, Móstoles-28933-Madrid, Spain.
| | - Sonia Sobrino
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica-Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Campus Universitario, 13071-Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Israel Fernández
- Universidad Complutense de Madrid. Departamento de Química Orgánica I and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Agustín Lara-Sánchez
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica-Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Campus Universitario, 13071-Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Andrés Garcés
- Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Departamento de Biología y Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica, Móstoles-28933-Madrid, Spain.
| | - Luis F Sánchez-Barba
- Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Departamento de Biología y Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica, Móstoles-28933-Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Tufano F, Napolitano C, Mazzeo M, Grisi F, Lamberti M. CO 2-Based Polycarbonates through Ring-Opening Polymerization of Cyclic Carbonates Promoted by a NHC-Based Zinc Complex. Biomacromolecules 2024; 25:4523-4534. [PMID: 38916862 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.4c00532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
A backbone-substituted N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) zinc complex, in combination with alcohol initiators, has been shown to be an effective catalyst for the ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of trimethylene carbonate (TMC) to poly(trimethylene carbonate) (PTMC) devoid of oxetane linkages. The ROP of TMC proceeded in solution to give PTMC, possessing controlled molecular mass (2500 < Mn < 10000) and low dispersity (Đ ∼ 1.2). Changing the alcohol initiators, PTMCs with different end-groups were obtained, included a telechelic polymer. The results of MALDI-ToF and NMR analysis confirmed the controlled/living nature of the present ROP catalytic system, where side reactions, such as inter- and intramolecular transesterifications, were minimized during the polymerization. Solution studies in different solvents demonstrated the polymerization reaction to proceed via a mechanism first order in monomer and in catalyst. The zinc complex was also able to convert substituted cyclic carbonates, which were purposely synthesized from renewable feedstocks such as CO2 and 1,3-diols. For the asymmetric 2-Me TMC monomer, good regioselectivity was observed (Xreg up to 0.92). The excellent control of the polymerization process was finally brought to light through the preparation of polycarbonate/polyether triblock copolymers by using polyethylene glycol (PEG) as a macroinitiator and of well-defined di- and triblock polycarbonate/polylactide copolymers by sequential ROP of TMC and L-LA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Federica Tufano
- Department of Chemistry and Biology "Adolfo Zambelli" University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
- Interuniversity Consortium Chemical Reactivity and Catalysis (CIRCC), Via Celso Ulpiani 27, 70126 Bari, BA, Italy
| | - Claudia Napolitano
- Department of Chemistry and Biology "Adolfo Zambelli" University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
- Interuniversity Consortium Chemical Reactivity and Catalysis (CIRCC), Via Celso Ulpiani 27, 70126 Bari, BA, Italy
| | - Mina Mazzeo
- Department of Chemistry and Biology "Adolfo Zambelli" University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
- Interuniversity Consortium Chemical Reactivity and Catalysis (CIRCC), Via Celso Ulpiani 27, 70126 Bari, BA, Italy
| | - Fabia Grisi
- Department of Chemistry and Biology "Adolfo Zambelli" University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
- Interuniversity Consortium Chemical Reactivity and Catalysis (CIRCC), Via Celso Ulpiani 27, 70126 Bari, BA, Italy
| | - Marina Lamberti
- Department of Chemistry and Biology "Adolfo Zambelli" University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
- Interuniversity Consortium Chemical Reactivity and Catalysis (CIRCC), Via Celso Ulpiani 27, 70126 Bari, BA, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yolsal U, Shaw PJ, Lowy PA, Chambenahalli R, Garden JA. Exploiting Multimetallic Cooperativity in the Ring-Opening Polymerization of Cyclic Esters and Ethers. ACS Catal 2024; 14:1050-1074. [PMID: 38269042 PMCID: PMC10804381 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.3c05103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
The use of multimetallic complexes is a rapidly advancing route to enhance catalyst performance in the ring-opening polymerization of cyclic esters and ethers. Multimetallic catalysts often outperform their monometallic analogues in terms of reactivity and/or polymerization control, and these improvements are typically attributed to "multimetallic cooperativity". Yet the origins of multimetallic cooperativity often remain unclear. This review explores the key factors underpinning multimetallic cooperativity, including metal-metal distances, the flexibility, electronics and conformation of the ligand framework, and the coordination environment of the metal centers. Emerging trends are discussed to provide insights into why cooperativity occurs and how to harness cooperativity for the development of highly efficient multimetallic catalysts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Utku Yolsal
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Peter J. Shaw
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Phoebe A. Lowy
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Raju Chambenahalli
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer A. Garden
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Smith M, McGuire TM, Buchard A, Williams CK. Evaluating Heterodinuclear Mg(II)M(II) (M = Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, and Zn) Catalysts for the Chemical Recycling of Poly(cyclohexene carbonate). ACS Catal 2023; 13:15770-15778. [PMID: 38125977 PMCID: PMC10728899 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.3c04208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Polymer chemical recycling to monomers (CRM) is important to help achieve a circular plastic economy, but the "rules" governing catalyst design for such processes remain unclear. Here, carbon dioxide-derived polycarbonates undergo CRM to produce epoxides and carbon dioxide. A series of dinuclear catalysts, Mg(II)M(II) where M(II) = Mg, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn, are compared for poly(cyclohexene carbonate) depolymerizations. The recycling is conducted in the solid state, at 140 °C monitored using thermal gravimetric analyses, or performed at larger-scale using laboratory glassware. The most active catalysts are, in order of decreasing rate, Mg(II)Co(II), Mg(II)Ni(II), and Mg(II)Zn(II), with the highest activity reaching 8100 h-1 and with >99% selectivity for cyclohexene oxide. Both the activity and selectivity values are the highest yet reported in this field, and the catalysts operate at low loadings and moderate temperatures (from 1:300 to 1:5000, 140 °C). For the best heterodinuclear catalysts, the depolymerization kinetics and activation barriers are determined. The rates in both reverse depolymerization and forward CHO/CO2 polymerization catalysis show broadly similar trends, but the processes feature different intermediates; forward polymerization depends upon a metal-carbonate intermediate, while reverse depolymerization depends upon a metal-alkoxide intermediate. These dinuclear catalysts are attractive for the chemical recycling of carbon dioxide-derived plastics and should be prioritized for recycling of other oxygenated polymers and copolymers, including polyesters and polyethers. This work provides insights into the factors controlling depolymerization catalysis and steers future recycling catalyst design toward exploitation of lightweight and abundant s-block metals, such as Mg(II).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine
L. Smith
- Department
of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Rd, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Thomas M. McGuire
- Department
of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Rd, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Antoine Buchard
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Institute
for Sustainability, Claverton Down, Bath BA2
7AY, U.K.
| | - Charlotte K. Williams
- Department
of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Rd, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Hughes JWJ, Babula DJ, Stowers-Veitch F, Yuan K, Uzelac M, Nichol GS, Ingleson MJ, Garden JA. NacNac-zinc-pyridonate mediated ε-caprolactone ROP. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:17767-17775. [PMID: 37981810 PMCID: PMC10696559 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt03344a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Herein we report the synthesis, isolation and polymerisation activity of two new zinc compounds based on a 2,6-diisopropylphenyl (Dipp) β-diiminate (NacNac) ligand framework with zinc also ligated by an amidate (2-pyridonate or 6-methyl-2-pyridonate) unit. The compounds crystallised as either monomeric (6-Me-2-pyridonate derivative) or dimeric (2-pyridonate) species, although both were found to be monomeric in solution via1H DOSY NMR spectroscopy, which was supported by DFT calculations. These observations suggest that both complexes initiate ring-opening polymerisation (ROP) through a single-site monometallic mechanism. High molecular weight poly ε-caprolactone (PCL) was achieved via exogenous initiator-free ROP conditions with both catalysts. An increase in the 2-pyridonate initiator steric bulk (6-Me- vs. 6-H-) resulted in an improved catalytic activity, facilitating complete monomer conversion within 1 h at 60 °C. Pyridonate end-groups were observed by MALDI-ToF mass spectrometry, contrasting with previous observations for DippNacNac-Zn acetate complexes (where no acetate end groups are observed), instead this more closely resembles the reactivity of DippNacNac-Zn alkoxide complexes in ROP (where RO end groups are observed). Additional major signals in the MALDI-ToF spectra were consistent with cyclic PCL species, which are attributed to back-biting ring-closing termination steps occuring in a process facilitated by the pyridonate unit being an effective leaving group. To the best of our knowledge, these complexes represent the first examples of pyridonate, and indeed amidate, initated ROP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jack W J Hughes
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, UK.
| | - Dawid J Babula
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, UK.
| | | | - Kang Yuan
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, UK.
| | - Marina Uzelac
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, UK.
| | - Gary S Nichol
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, UK.
| | - Michael J Ingleson
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, UK.
| | - Jennifer A Garden
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Gupta V, Justyniak I, Chwojnowska E, Szejko V, Lewiński J. Multinuclear Zinc-Magnesium Hydroxide Carboxylates: A Predesigned Model System for Copolymerization of CO 2 with Epoxides. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:16274-16279. [PMID: 37712907 PMCID: PMC10565889 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c02177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Among numerous catalysts in the ring-opening copolymerization of epoxides with carbon dioxide (CO2), zinc dicarboxylate complexes are the most common type, and in the family of metal-based homogeneous catalysts, zinc and magnesium complexes have attracted widespread attention. We report on the synthesis and structural characterization of a zinc-magnesium benzoate framework templated by the central hydroxide anion with μ3-κ2:κ2:κ2 coordination mode, [ZnMg2(μ3-OH)(O2CPh)5]n (n = 1 or 2). The resulting heterometallic system forms stable Lewis acid-base adducts with tetrahydrofuran (THF) and cyclohexene oxide (CHO), which crystallize as the hexanuclear zinc-magnesium hydroxide carboxylate cluster [ZnMg2(μ3-OH)(O2CPh)5(L)2]2 (L = THF or CHO). Their X-ray crystal structure analysis revealed that the Zn center prefers 4-fold coordination and the Mg centers demonstrated the ability to accommodate higher coordination numbers, and as a result, the heterocyclic molecules are exclusively bonded to 6-fold Mg atoms. The heteronuclear carboxylate aggregates appeared active in the copolymerization reaction at elevated temperatures to produce an alternating poly(cyclohexene carbonate).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Gupta
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Iwona Justyniak
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of
Sciences, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Chwojnowska
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of
Sciences, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Vadim Szejko
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Janusz Lewiński
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of
Sciences, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Nagae H, Matsushiro S, Okuda J, Mashima K. Cationic tetranuclear macrocyclic CaCo 3 complexes as highly active catalysts for alternating copolymerization of propylene oxide and carbon dioxide. Chem Sci 2023; 14:8262-8268. [PMID: 37564411 PMCID: PMC10411860 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc00974b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
We found that a cationic hetero tetranuclear complex including a calcium and three cobalts exhibited high catalytic activity toward alternating copolymerization of propylene oxide (PO) and carbon dioxide (CO2). The tertiary anilinium salt [PhNMe2H][B(C6F5)4] was the best additive to generate the cationic species while maintaining polymer selectivity and carbonate linkage, even under 1.0 MPa CO2. Density functional theory calculations clarified that the reaction pathway mediated by the cationic complex is more favorable than that mediated by the neutral complex by 1.0 kcal mol-1. We further found that the flexible ligand exchange between Ca and Co ions is important for the alternating copolymerization to proceed smoothly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haruki Nagae
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University Toyonaka Osaka 560-8531 Japan
| | - Saki Matsushiro
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University Toyonaka Osaka 560-8531 Japan
| | - Jun Okuda
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 D-52062 Aachen Germany
| | - Kazushi Mashima
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University Toyonaka Osaka 560-8531 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Grimaldi I, Santulli F, Lamberti M, Mazzeo M. Chromium Complexes Supported by Salen-Type Ligands for the Synthesis of Polyesters, Polycarbonates, and Their Copolymers through Chemoselective Catalysis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087642. [PMID: 37108806 PMCID: PMC10144741 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Salen, Salan, and Salalen chromium (III) chloride complexes have been investigated as catalysts for the ring-opening copolymerization reactions of cyclohexene oxide (CHO) with CO2 and of phthalic anhydride (PA) with limonene oxide (LO) or cyclohexene oxide (CHO). In the production of polycarbonates, the more flexible skeleton of salalen and salan ancillary ligands favors high activity. Differently, in the copolymerization of phthalic anhydride with the epoxides, the salen complex showed the best performance. Diblock polycarbonate-polyester copolymers were selectively obtained by one-pot procedures from mixtures of CO2, cyclohexene oxide, and phthalic anhydride with all complexes. In addition, all chromium complexes were revealed to be very active in the chemical depolymerization of polycyclohexene carbonate producing cyclohexene oxide with high selectivity, thus offering the opportunity to close the loop on the life of these materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Grimaldi
- Department of Chemistry and Biology "Adolfo Zambelli", University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Federica Santulli
- Department of Chemistry and Biology "Adolfo Zambelli", University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Marina Lamberti
- Department of Chemistry and Biology "Adolfo Zambelli", University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Mina Mazzeo
- Department of Chemistry and Biology "Adolfo Zambelli", University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Yang S, Zhou X, Hu Y, Abella L, Yao YR, Peng P, Zhang Q, Rodríguez-Fortea A, Poblet JM, Li FF. Effects of Solvents on Reaction Products: Synthesis of Endohedral Metallofullerene Oxazoline and Epoxide. J Org Chem 2023; 88:4234-4243. [PMID: 36989519 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we performed the reactions of M3N@Ih-C80 (M = Sc and Lu) with the methanol (CH3OH) solution of TBAOH (note that both CH3O- and OH- are nucleophiles) in benzonitrile (PhCN) and dimethylformamide, respectively. It is found that OH- ions rather than CH3O- ions selectively attacked the fullerene cage to form the M3N@C80--O- intermediate. Although the fullerene cage is initially attacked by OH- in both PhCN and DMF solvents, the products are quite different. In PhCN, two isomeric Sc3N@Ih-C80 fullerooxazoline heterocyclic products (1 and 2) were synthesized. Whereas, in DMF, an epoxide of Lu3N@Ih-C80 (3) was obtained. The preference for fullerooxazoline formation over that of fullerene epoxy in PhCN is well explained by density functional theory calculations. Plausible reaction mechanisms for the formation of metallofullerene oxazoline and epoxide were proposed based on the experimental and theoretical results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaoting Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Xinyi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Yajing Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Laura Abella
- Departament de Química Física i Inorgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C/Marcel·lí Domingo 1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Yang-Rong Yao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Anhui Laboratory of Advanced Photon Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Ping Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Qianyan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Antonio Rodríguez-Fortea
- Departament de Química Física i Inorgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C/Marcel·lí Domingo 1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Josep M Poblet
- Departament de Química Física i Inorgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C/Marcel·lí Domingo 1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Fang-Fang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Sengoden M, Bhat GA, Darensbourg DJ. Sustainable Synthesis of CO 2-Derived Polycarbonates from the Natural Product, Eugenol: Terpolymerization with Propylene Oxide. Macromolecules 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.3c00079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mani Sengoden
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Gulzar A. Bhat
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovations, University of Kashmir, Srinagar Jammu and Kashmir 190006, India
| | - Donald J. Darensbourg
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Dahy AA, Koga N. Theoretical Study on the Formation of 2-Pyrone Derivatives from the Reaction of Alkynes with Carbon Dioxide in the Presence of Nickel Catalyst. Organometallics 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- AbdelRahman A. Dahy
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut 71516, Egypt
- Graduate School of Informatics, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Koga
- Graduate School of Informatics, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Sengoden M, Bhat GA, Darensbourg DJ. Bifunctional organoboron-phosphonium catalysts for coupling reactions of CO 2 and epoxides. RSC Adv 2022; 12:32440-32447. [PMID: 36425720 PMCID: PMC9661183 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra06358a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent years have witnessed intensive research activity in exploring novel metal-free organocatalysts for catalyzing the coupling reactions of CO2 and epoxides to afford cyclic or polymeric carbonates. In this direction, herein we report a series of boron-phosphonium organocatalysts for catalyzing the coupling reactions of CO2 and epoxides. These organophosphonium catalysts were synthesized in high yields by following a two step protocol involving Menschutkin and hydroboration reactions in succession. The purity of these organocatalysts was confirmed by spectroscopic techniques like 1H, 13C and 31P NMR, and molecular structures were confirmed by single crystal X-ray diffraction studies. We have also demonstrated that these bifunctional organoboron-phosphonium catalysts are comparatively much less hygroscopic compared to the analogus ammonium catalysts. These phosphonium organocatalysts were shown to catalyze the copolymerization of CO2 and cyclohexene oxide or vinyl cyclohexene oxide to provide polycarbonates with >99% polymer selectivity and carbonate linkages. The coupling reactions of aliphatic epoxides such as PO, having lower energy barrier to cycloaddition formation compared to alicyclic epoxides, preferentially provided cyclic carbonates in good yields. It was demonstrated that these organoboron-phosphonium catalysts are sensitive to chain transfer agents like water, and hence are deactivated in its presence. This is opposite to what is observed for metal based catalysts for these transformations, where water serves as a precursor to the chain-transfer agent diols.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mani Sengoden
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station Texas 77843 USA
| | - Gulzar A Bhat
- Centre for Interdiciplinary Research and Innovations, University of Kashmir Srinagar Jammu and Kashmir 190006 India
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Fazekas E, Lowy PA, Abdul Rahman M, Lykkeberg A, Zhou Y, Chambenahalli R, Garden JA. Main group metal polymerisation catalysts. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:8793-8814. [PMID: 36214205 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00048b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
With sustainability at the forefront of current polymerisation research, the typically earth-abundant, inexpensive and low-toxicity main group metals are attractive candidates for catalysis. Main group metals have been exploited in a broad range of polymerisations, ranging from classical alkene polymerisation to the synthesis of new bio-derived and degradable polyesters and polycarbonates via ring-opening polymerisation and ring-opening copolymerisation. This tutorial review highlights efficient polymerisation catalysts based on Group 1, Group 2, Zn and Group 13 metals. Key mechanistic pathways and catalyst developments are discussed, including tailored ligand design, heterometallic cooperativity, bicomponent systems and careful selection of the polymerisation conditions, all of which can be used to fine-tune the metal Lewis acidity and the metal-alkyl bond polarity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eszter Fazekas
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, UK.
| | - Phoebe A Lowy
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, UK.
| | | | - Anna Lykkeberg
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, UK.
| | - Yali Zhou
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, UK.
| | - Raju Chambenahalli
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, UK.
| | - Jennifer A Garden
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Mbabazi R, Wendt OF, Allan Nyanzi S, Naziriwo B, Tebandeke E. Advances in carbon dioxide and propylene oxide copolymerization to form poly(propylene carbonate) over heterogeneous catalysts. RESULTS IN CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rechem.2022.100542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
|
16
|
Lidston CAL, Severson SM, Abel BA, Coates GW. Multifunctional Catalysts for Ring-Opening Copolymerizations. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c02524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Claire A. L. Lidston
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, United States
| | - Sarah M. Severson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, United States
| | - Brooks A. Abel
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, United States
| | - Geoffrey W. Coates
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, United States
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Della Monica F, Capacchione C. Recent Advancements in Metal‐Catalysts Design for CO2/Epoxide Reactions. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202200300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Della Monica
- Università degli Studi dell'Insubria: Universita degli Studi dell'Insubria Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Scienze della Vita ITALY
| | - Carmine Capacchione
- Università degli Studi di Salerno Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia "Adolfo Zambelli" via Giovanni Paolo II 84081 Fisciano SA ITALY
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Liao X, Cui FC, He JH, Ren WM, Lu XB, Zhang YT. A sustainable approach for the synthesis of recyclable cyclic CO 2-based polycarbonates. Chem Sci 2022; 13:6283-6290. [PMID: 35733884 PMCID: PMC9159078 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc01387h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
It is highly desirable to reduce the environmental pollution related to the disposal of end-of-life plastics. Polycarbonates derived from the copolymerization of CO2 and epoxides have attracted much attention since they can enable CO2-fixation and furnish biorenewable and degradable polymeric materials. So far, only linear CO2-based polycarbonates have been reported and typically degraded to cyclic carbonates. Here we synthesize a homogeneous dinuclear methyl zinc catalyst ((BDI-ZnMe)2, 1) to rapidly copolymerize meso-CHO and CO2 into poly(cyclohexene carbonate) (PCHC) with an unprecedentedly cyclic structure. Moreover, in the presence of trace amounts of water, a heterogeneous multi-nuclear zinc catalyst ((BDI-(ZnMe2·xH2O)) n , 2) is prepared and shows up to 99% selectivity towards the degradation of PCHC back to meso-CHO and CO2. This strategy not only achieves the first case of cyclic CO2-based polycarbonate but also realizes the complete chemical recycling of PCHC back to its monomers, representing closed-loop recycling of CO2-based polycarbonates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xi Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University 130012 Changchun P. R. China
| | - Feng-Chao Cui
- Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University 130024 Changchun P. R. China
| | - Jiang-Hua He
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University 130012 Changchun P. R. China
| | - Wei-Min Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology 116024 Dalian P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Bing Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology 116024 Dalian P. R. China
| | - Yue-Tao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University 130012 Changchun P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Penche G, González-Marcos MP, González-Velasco JR. Transition Metal Hexacyanoferrate(II) Complexes as Catalysts in the Ring-Opening Copolymerization of CO2 and Propylene Oxide. Top Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11244-022-01628-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe catalytic activity of four transition metal hexacyanoferrate(II) complexes (Ni2[Fe(CN)6], Co2[Fe(CN)6], KFe[Fe(CN)6] and Zn2[Fe(CN)6]) in the ring-opening copolymerization (ROCOP) of CO2 and propylene oxide (PO) is reported here for the first time and compared with that of other hexacyanometallate compounds. Complexes were prepared by coprecipitation employing tert-butanol as complexing agent. X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, elemental analysis, X-ray fluorescence, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and N2 physisorption were used to confirm the identity of the obtained materials. Except for Zn2[Fe(CN)6], which showed an amorphous nature, the complexes were constituted by aggregates of cubic nanocrystals with intra-crystalline micropores and inter-crystalline mesopores. Gas–solid phase titration with NH3 revealed the high potential of hexacyanoferrates as Lewis acid catalysts. In the case of Zn2[Fe(CN)6], the lack of structural organization led to an extremely high density of acid sites (43 μmol m−2). The resulting copolymers were analyzed via nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and gel permeation chromatography. The studied transition metal hexacyanoferrate(II) catalysts showed mild activity in the target reaction, giving rise to polyethercarbonates with moderate CO2 content (9.3–18.1 wt%), random configuration (67.0–92.4% of polyethercarbonate linkages), modest molecular weights (MW, g mol−1 = 3400–20,200) and high dispersity (ĐM = 4.0–5.4). Cyclic propylene carbonate (PC) was also produced (1.4–19.8 wt%). Among all, the Co2[Fe(CN)6] complex stands as a potential catalyst for CO2/PO ROCOP due to its high CO2 uptake, selectivity and molecular weight of the obtained copolymer.
Collapse
|
20
|
Reis NV, Deacy AC, Rosetto G, Durr CB, Williams CK. Heterodinuclear Mg(II)M(II) (M=Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu and Zn) Complexes for the Ring Opening Copolymerization of Carbon Dioxide/Epoxide and Anhydride/Epoxide. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202104198. [PMID: 35114048 PMCID: PMC9306976 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202104198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The catalysed ring opening copolymerizations (ROCOP) of carbon dioxide/epoxide or anhydride/epoxide are controlled polymerizations that access useful polycarbonates and polyesters. Here, a systematic investigation of a series of heterodinuclear Mg(II)M(II) complexes reveals which metal combinations are most effective. The complexes combine different first row transition metals (M(II)) from Cr(II) to Zn(II), with Mg(II); all complexes are coordinated by the same macrocyclic ancillary ligand and by two acetate co-ligands. The complex syntheses and characterization data, as well as the polymerization data, for both carbon dioxide/cyclohexene oxide (CHO) and endo-norbornene anhydride (NA)/cyclohexene oxide, are reported. The fastest catalyst for both polymerizations is Mg(II)Co(II) which shows propagation rate constants (kp ) of 34.7 mM-1 s-1 (CO2 ) and 75.3 mM-1 s-1 (NA) (100 °C). The Mg(II)Fe(II) catalyst also shows excellent performances with equivalent rates for CO2 /CHO ROCOP (kp =34.7 mM-1 s-1 ) and may be preferable in terms of metallic abundance, low cost and low toxicity. Polymerization kinetics analyses reveal that the two lead catalysts show overall second order rate laws, with zeroth order dependencies in CO2 or anhydride concentrations and first order dependencies in both catalyst and epoxide concentrations. Compared to the homodinuclear Mg(II)Mg(II) complex, nearly all the transition metal heterodinuclear complexes show synergic rate enhancements whilst maintaining high selectivity and polymerization control. These findings are relevant to the future design and optimization of copolymerization catalysts and should stimulate broader investigations of synergic heterodinuclear main group/transition metal catalysts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia V Reis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Rd, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Arron C Deacy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Rd, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Gloria Rosetto
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Rd, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Christopher B Durr
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Rd, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Charlotte K Williams
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Rd, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Florjańczyk Z, Rokicki G, Parzuchowski PG, Mazurek-Budzyńska M, Dębowski M. Polymeric Materials Based on Carbon Dioxide: A Brief Review of Studies Carried Out at the Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:718. [PMID: 35215631 PMCID: PMC8876848 DOI: 10.3390/polym14040718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon dioxide is an important raw material in many industrial technologies, but it is also one of the greenhouse gases that has to be effectively removed from the environment. This contribution provides a brief overview of carbon dioxide-based polymers developed in the laboratories of the Faculty of Chemistry at Warsaw University of Technology. We present some simple and versatile synthetic approaches that can be used to prepare a library of oligocarbonate diols, polycarbonates, poly(ester-carbonates), poly(ether-carbonates) and various types of polyurethanes, including the newly emerging family of environmentally friendly non-isocyanate polyurethanes. The main synthesis strategy involves the reaction of CO2 with oxiranes to form five-membered cyclic carbonates, which can be utilized as a source of carbonate bonds in polymeric materials obtained by the ester exchange reactions and/or step-growth polyaddition. We also show that cyclic carbonates are valuable starting materials in the synthesis of hyperbranched polymers and polymer networks. The properties of several CO2-based polymers are presented and their potential application as biomaterials, smart materials, and absorbers with a high CO2 capture capacity is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zbigniew Florjańczyk
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland; (G.R.); (P.G.P.); (M.M.-B.)
| | | | | | | | - Maciej Dębowski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland; (G.R.); (P.G.P.); (M.M.-B.)
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Plajer AJ, Williams CK. Heterocycle/Heteroallene Ring-Opening Copolymerization: Selective Catalysis Delivering Alternating Copolymers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202104495. [PMID: 34015162 PMCID: PMC9298364 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202104495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Heteroatom-containing polymers have strong potential as sustainable replacements for petrochemicals, show controllable monomer-polymer equilibria and properties spanning plastics, elastomers, fibres, resins, foams, coatings, adhesives, and self-assembled nanostructures. Their current and future applications span packaging, house-hold goods, clothing, automotive components, electronics, optical materials, sensors, and medical products. An interesting route to these polymers is the catalysed ring-opening copolymerisation (ROCOP) of heterocycles and heteroallenes. It is a living polymerization, occurs with high atom economy, and creates precise, new polymer structures inaccessible by traditional methods. In the last decade there has been a renaissance in research and increasing examples of commercial products made using ROCOP. It is better known in the production of polycarbonates and polyesters, but is also a powerful route to make N-, S-, and other heteroatom-containing polymers, including polyamides, polycarbamates, and polythioesters. This Review presents an overview of the different catalysts, monomer combinations, and polymer classes that can be accessed by heterocycle/heteroallene ROCOP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alex J. Plajer
- Oxford ChemistryChemical Research Laboratory12 Mansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Plajer AJ, Williams CK. Heterocycle/Heteroallene Ring‐Opening Copolymerization: Selective Catalysis Delivering Alternating Copolymers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202104495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alex J. Plajer
- Oxford Chemistry Chemical Research Laboratory 12 Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Esakkimuthu S, Wang S, Abomohra AEF. CO2-Mediated Energy Conversion and Recycling. WASTE-TO-ENERGY 2022:379-409. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-91570-4_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
|
25
|
Honda M, Nakamura R, Sugimoto H. Copolymerization of carbon dioxide and oxetane catalyzed by aluminum porphyrin complex system. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masayoshi Honda
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering Tokyo University of Science Tokyo Japan
| | - Ryo Nakamura
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering Tokyo University of Science Tokyo Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sugimoto
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering Tokyo University of Science Tokyo Japan
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Baek S, Lee J, Kim H, Cha I, Song C. Self-Healable and Recyclable Biomass-Derived Polyurethane Networks through Carbon Dioxide Immobilization. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:4381. [PMID: 34960932 PMCID: PMC8707029 DOI: 10.3390/polym13244381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to growing environmental issues, research on carbon dioxide (CO2) use is widely conducted and efforts are being made to produce useful materials from biomass-derived resources. However, polymer materials developed by a combined strategy (i.e., both CO2-immobilized and biomass-derived) are rare. In this study, we synthesized biomass-derived poly(carbonate-co-urethane) (PCU) networks using CO2-immobilized furan carbonate diols (FCDs) via an ecofriendly method. The synthesis of FCDs was performed by directly introducing CO2 into a biomass-derived 2,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)furan. Using mechanochemical synthesis (ball-milling), the PCU networks were effortlessly prepared from FCDs, erythritol, and diisocyanate, which were then hot-pressed into films. The thermal and thermomechanical properties of the PCU networks were thoroughly characterized by thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, dynamic (thermal) mechanical analysis, and using a rheometer. The self-healing and recyclable properties of the PCU films were successfully demonstrated using dynamic covalent bonds. Interestingly, transcarbamoylation (urethane exchange) occurred preferentially as opposed to transcarbonation (carbonate exchange). We believe our approach presents an efficient means for producing sustainable polyurethane copolymers using biomass-derived and CO2-immobilized diols.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Changsik Song
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (S.B.); (J.L.); (H.K.); (I.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Plajer AJ, Williams CK. Heterotrinuclear Ring Opening Copolymerization Catalysis: Structure–activity Relationships. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c04449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alex J. Plajer
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte K. Williams
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Garcia Espinosa LD, Williams-Pavlantos K, Turney KM, Wesdemiotis C, Eagan JM. Degradable Polymer Structures from Carbon Dioxide and Butadiene. ACS Macro Lett 2021; 10:1254-1259. [PMID: 35549034 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.1c00523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The utilization of carbon dioxide as a polymer feedstock is an ongoing challenge. This report describes the catalytic conversion of carbon dioxide and an olefin comonomer, 1,3-butadiene, into a polymer structure that arises from divergent propagation mechanisms. Disubstituted unsaturated δ-valerolactone 1 (EVL) was homopolymerized by the bifunctional organocatalyst 1,5,7-triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec-5-ene (TBD) to produce a hydrolytically degradable polymer. Isolation and characterization of reaction intermediates using 1H, 13C, COSY, HSQC, and MS techniques revealed a vinylogous 1,4-conjugate addition dimer forms in addition to polymeric materials. Polymer number-average molecular weights up to 3760 g/mol and glass transition temperatures in the range of 25-52 °C were measured by GPC and DSC, respectively. The polymer microstructure was characterized by 1H, 13C, FTIR, MALDI-TOF MS, and ESI tandem MS/MS. The olefin/CO2-derived materials depolymerized by hydrolysis at 80 °C in 1 M NaOH. This method and the observed chemical structures expand the materials and properties that can be obtained from carbon dioxide and olefin feedstocks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luis D. Garcia Espinosa
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325-3909, United States
| | | | - Keaton M. Turney
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325-3909, United States
| | - Chrys Wesdemiotis
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325-3909, United States
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325-3909, Unites States
| | - James M. Eagan
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325-3909, United States
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Shukla G, Ferrier RC. The versatile, functional polyether, polyepichlorohydrin: History, synthesis, and applications. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Geetanjali Shukla
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Michigan State University East Lansing Michigan USA
| | - Robert C. Ferrier
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Michigan State University East Lansing Michigan USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Earth-abundant bimetallic and multimetallic catalysts for Epoxide/CO2 ring-opening copolymerization. Tetrahedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2021.132433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
31
|
Lindeboom W, Fraser DAX, Durr CB, Williams CK. Heterodinuclear Zn(II), Mg(II) or Co(III) with Na(I) Catalysts for Carbon Dioxide and Cyclohexene Oxide Ring Opening Copolymerizations. Chemistry 2021; 27:12224-12231. [PMID: 34133043 PMCID: PMC8456860 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A series heterodinuclear catalysts, operating without co-catalyst, show good performances for the ring opening copolymerization (ROCOP) of cyclohexene oxide and carbon dioxide. The complexes feature a macrocyclic ligand designed to coordinate metals such as Zn(II), Mg(II) or Co(III), in a Schiff base 'pocket', and Na(I) in a modified crown-ether binding 'pocket'. The 11 new catalysts are used to explore the influences of the metal combinations and ligand backbones over catalytic activity and selectivity. The highest performance catalyst features the Co(III)Na(I) combination, [N,N'-bis(3,3'-triethylene glycol salicylidene)-1,2-ethylenediamino cobalt(III) di(acetate)]sodium (7), and it shows both excellent activity and selectivity at 1 bar carbon dioxide pressure (TOF=1590 h-1 , >99 % polymer selectivity, 1 : 10: 4000, 100 °C), as well as high activity at higher carbon dioxide pressure (TOF=4343 h-1 , 20 bar, 1 : 10 : 25000). Its rate law shows a first order dependence on both catalyst and cyclohexene oxide concentrations and a zeroth order for carbon dioxide pressure, over the range 10-40 bar. These new catalysts eliminate any need for ionic or Lewis base co-catalyst and instead exploit the coordination of earth-abundant and inexpensive Na(I) adjacent to a second metal to deliver efficient catalysis. They highlight the potential for well-designed ancillary ligands and inexpensive Group 1 metals to deliver high performance heterodinuclear catalysts for carbon dioxide copolymerizations and, in future, these catalysts may also show promise in other alternating copolymerization and carbon dioxide utilizations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wouter Lindeboom
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordChemistry Research LaboratoryOxfordUK
| | - Duncan A. X. Fraser
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordChemistry Research LaboratoryOxfordUK
| | - Christopher B. Durr
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordChemistry Research LaboratoryOxfordUK
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Virachotikul A, Laiwattanapaisarn N, Chainok K, Phomphrai K. Bifunctional zinc and magnesium Schiff-base complexes containing quaternary ammonium side-arms for epoxide/CO 2 coupling reactions. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:12399-12403. [PMID: 34355226 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt02121d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Novel bifunctional zinc and magnesium Schiff-base complexes containing quaternary ammonium halide side-arms were developed. Zinc complex 1Et-I (0.02 mol%) having an iodide anion has shown the highest TOF for the propylene oxide/CO2 coupling reaction of up to 459 h-1. This TOF value was maintained even when the catalyst loading was reduced to 0.005 mol%.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arnut Virachotikul
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Molecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Wangchan, Rayong 21210, Thailand.
| | - Nattiya Laiwattanapaisarn
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Molecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Wangchan, Rayong 21210, Thailand.
| | - Kittipong Chainok
- Materials and Textile Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Thammasat University, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12121, Thailand
| | - Khamphee Phomphrai
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Molecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Wangchan, Rayong 21210, Thailand. and Research Network of NANOTEC-VISTEC on Nanotechnology for Energy, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology, Wangchan, Rayong 21210, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Deacy A, Gregory GL, Sulley GS, Chen TTD, Williams CK. Sequence Control from Mixtures: Switchable Polymerization Catalysis and Future Materials Applications. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:10021-10040. [PMID: 34190553 PMCID: PMC8297863 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c03250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
There is an ever-increasing demand for higher-performing polymeric materials counterbalanced by the need for sustainability throughout the life cycle. Copolymers comprising ester, carbonate, or ether linkages could fulfill some of this demand as their monomer-polymer chemistry is closer to equilibrium, facilitating (bio)degradation and recycling; many monomers are or could be sourced from renewables or waste. Here, an efficient and broadly applicable route to make such copolymers is discussed, a form of switchable polymerization catalysis which exploits a single catalyst, switched between different catalytic cycles, to prepare block sequence selective copolymers from monomer mixtures. This perspective presents the principles of this catalysis, catalyst design criteria, the selectivity and structural copolymer characterization tools, and the properties of the resulting copolymers. Uses as thermoplastic elastomers, toughened plastics, adhesives, and self-assembled nanostructures, and for programmed degradation, among others, are discussed. The state-of-the-art research into both catalysis and products, as well as future challenges and directions, are presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gregory S. Sulley
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Thomas T. D. Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Charlotte K. Williams
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Xing T, Wang Z, Sun Y, He Z, Wang K, Liu Z, Elsegood MRJ, Bedwell EV, Redshaw C. Co‐polymerization of propylene oxide and
CO
2
using early transition metal (groups
IV
and V) metallocalix[
n
]arenes (n = 4, 6, 8). J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tian Xing
- Plastics Collaboratory, Department of Chemistry University of Hull Hull UK
| | - Zhong‐Yu Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shaanxi University of Science & Technology Xi'an China
| | - Yong‐Chang Sun
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shaanxi University of Science & Technology Xi'an China
| | - Zhen‐Hong He
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shaanxi University of Science & Technology Xi'an China
| | - Kuan Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shaanxi University of Science & Technology Xi'an China
| | - Zhao‐Tie Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shaanxi University of Science & Technology Xi'an China
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering Shaanxi Normal University Xi'an China
| | | | | | - Carl Redshaw
- Plastics Collaboratory, Department of Chemistry University of Hull Hull UK
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Plajer AJ, Williams CK. Heterotrimetallic Carbon Dioxide Copolymerization and Switchable Catalysts: Sodium is the Key to High Activity and Unusual Selectivity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202101180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alex J. Plajer
- Oxford Chemistry Chemical Research Laboratory 12 Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Plajer AJ, Williams CK. Heterotrimetallic Carbon Dioxide Copolymerization and Switchable Catalysts: Sodium is the Key to High Activity and Unusual Selectivity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:13372-13379. [PMID: 33971064 PMCID: PMC8251569 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202101180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A challenge in polymer synthesis using CO2 is to precisely control CO2 placement in the backbone and chain end groups. Here, a new catalyst class delivers unusual selectivity and is self-switched between different polymerization cycles to construct specific sequences and desirable chain-end chemistries. The best catalyst is a trinuclear dizinc(II)sodium(I) complex and it functions without additives or co-catalysts. It shows excellent rates across different ring-opening (co)polymerization catalytic cycles and allows precise control of CO2 incorporation within polyesters and polyethers, thereby allowing access to new polymer chemistries without requiring esoteric monomers, multi-reactor processes or complex post-polymerization procedures. The structures, kinetics and mechanisms of the catalysts are investigated, providing evidence for intermediate speciation and uncovering the factors governing structure and composition and thereby guiding future catalyst design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alex J. Plajer
- Oxford ChemistryChemical Research Laboratory12 Mansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Gruszka W, Garden JA. Advances in heterometallic ring-opening (co)polymerisation catalysis. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3252. [PMID: 34059676 PMCID: PMC8167082 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23192-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Truly sustainable plastics require renewable feedstocks coupled with efficient production and end-of-life degradation/recycling processes. Some of the most useful degradable materials are aliphatic polyesters, polycarbonates and polyamides, which are often prepared via ring-opening (co)polymerisation (RO(CO)P) using an organometallic catalyst. While there has been extensive research into ligand development, heterometallic cooperativity offers an equally promising yet underexplored strategy to improve catalyst performance, as heterometallic catalysts often exhibit significant activity and selectivity enhancements compared to their homometallic counterparts. This review describes advances in heterometallic RO(CO)P catalyst design, highlighting the overarching structure-activity trends and reactivity patterns to inform future catalyst design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weronika Gruszka
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jennifer A Garden
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Gray SJ, Brown K, Lam FYT, Garden JA, Arnold PL. Dinuclear Ce(IV) Aryloxides: Highly Active Catalysts for Anhydride/Epoxide Ring-Opening Copolymerization. Organometallics 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.1c00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Steven J. Gray
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, The University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, U.K
| | - Karen Brown
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, The University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, U.K
| | - Francis Y. T. Lam
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, The University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, U.K
| | - Jennifer A. Garden
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, The University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, U.K
| | - Polly L. Arnold
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, The University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Theoretical Study on Epoxide Ring-opening in CO2/Epoxide Copolymerization Catalyzed by Bifunctional Salen-Type Cobalt(III) Complexes: Influence of Stereoelectronic Factors. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11030328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Propylene oxide (PO) binding and ring-opening reaction with the bifunctional CO2/epoxide copolymerization catalyst, based on the Co(III)-salcy complex including two quaternary ammonium salts with n-butyl substituents (N+-chains) were investigated by Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations and compared with the model systems without the N+-chains. The importance of the different possible stereoisomers and the stereoselectivity of these processes for (S)- and (R)-enantiomers of PO were considered. To explore the conformational space for the real catalyst, a complex approach, developed previously was applied. The calculations for the model systems directly demonstrate that PO-ring opening proceeds preferentially in trans catalysts’ configuration and no participation of cis-β isomers is viable; nucleophilic attack at the methylene-carbon atom is preferred over that at methine-carbon atom. For the real bifunctional catalyst, with the (S,S)-configuration of cyclohexane, the results indicate a preference of (R)-PO ring-opening over (S)-PO ring-opening (ca. 6:5). Concerning stereoisomers resulting from the orientation of N+-chains in the real catalyst, different groups of structures participate in the ring-opening reaction for (R)-PO, and different for (S)-PO. The high population of nonreactive complexes of (R)-PO may be the key factor responsible for decreasing the activity of the analyzed catalyst in the epoxide ring-opening reaction.
Collapse
|
40
|
Yue T, Ren B, Zhang W, Lu X, Ren W, Darensbourg DJ. Randomly Distributed Sulfur Atoms in the Main Chains of CO
2
‐Based Polycarbonates: Enhanced Optical Properties. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202012565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tian‐Jun Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals Dalian University of Technology 2 Linggong Road Dalian 116024 China
- DepartmentDepartment of Chemistry Texas A&M University College Station TX 77843 USA
| | - Bai‐Hao Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals Dalian University of Technology 2 Linggong Road Dalian 116024 China
| | - Wen‐Jian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals Dalian University of Technology 2 Linggong Road Dalian 116024 China
| | - Xiao‐Bing Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals Dalian University of Technology 2 Linggong Road Dalian 116024 China
| | - Wei‐Min Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals Dalian University of Technology 2 Linggong Road Dalian 116024 China
| | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Yu W, Maynard E, Chiaradia V, Arno MC, Dove AP. Aliphatic Polycarbonates from Cyclic Carbonate Monomers and Their Application as Biomaterials. Chem Rev 2021; 121:10865-10907. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yu
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT U.K
| | - Edward Maynard
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT U.K
| | - Viviane Chiaradia
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT U.K
| | - Maria C. Arno
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT U.K
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT U.K
| | - Andrew P. Dove
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT U.K
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Alshamrani AFA, Santoro O, Prior TJ, Alamri MA, Stasiuk GJ, Elsegood MRJ, Redshaw C. Scandium calix[ n]arenes ( n = 4, 6, 8): structural, cytotoxicity and ring opening polymerization studies. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:8302-8306. [PMID: 34100050 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt01330k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Interaction of [Sc(OR)3] (R = iPr or triflate) with p-tert-butylcalix[n]arenes, where n = 4, 6, or 8, affords a number of intriguing structural motifs, which are relatively non-toxic (cytotoxicity evaluated against cell lines HCT116 and HT-29) and a number were capable of the ring opening polymerization (ROP) of cyclohexene oxide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Fahad A Alshamrani
- Plastics Collaboratory, Department of Chemistry, The University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK. and Department of Diagnostic Radiology Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Madina, Saudi Arabia
| | - Orlando Santoro
- Plastics Collaboratory, Department of Chemistry, The University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK.
| | - Timothy J Prior
- Plastics Collaboratory, Department of Chemistry, The University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK.
| | - Mohammed A Alamri
- Plastics Collaboratory, Department of Chemistry, The University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK.
| | - Graeme J Stasiuk
- Department of Imaging Chemistry and Biology, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging, King's College London, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Mark R J Elsegood
- Chemistry Department, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Carl Redshaw
- Plastics Collaboratory, Department of Chemistry, The University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Diaz C, Mehrkhodavandi P. Strategies for the synthesis of block copolymers with biodegradable polyester segments. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py01534b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Oxygenated block copolymers with biodegradable polyester segments can be prepared in one-pot through sequential or simultaneous addition of monomers. This review highlights the state of the art in this area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Diaz
- University of British Columbia
- Department of Chemistry
- Vancouver
- Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Rawajfeh RS, Awwadi FF, Bardaweel SK, Hodali HA. SYNTHESIS, X-RAY STRUCTURES, AND ANTICANCER
ACTIVITY OF Co(II), Cu(II), Ni(II), AND Pd(II) COMPLEXES
WITH A SALEN LIGAND DERIVED FROM TRANS-1,2-DIAMINOCYCLOHEXANE. J STRUCT CHEM+ 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022476620120173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
45
|
Yue TJ, Ren BH, Zhang WJ, Lu XB, Ren WM, Darensbourg DJ. Randomly Distributed Sulfur Atoms in the Main Chains of CO 2 -Based Polycarbonates: Enhanced Optical Properties. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 60:4315-4321. [PMID: 33180984 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202012565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Polymeric materials possessing both high refractive indices and high Abbe numbers are much in demand for the development of advanced optical devices. However, the synthesis of such functional materials is a challenge because of the trade-off between these two properties. Herein, a synthetic strategy is presented for enhancing the optical properties of CO2 -based polycarbonates by modifying the polymer's topological structure. Terpolymers with thiocarbonate and carbonate units randomly distributed in the polymers' main chain were synthesized via the terpolymerization of cyclohexene oxide with a mixture of CO2 and COS in the presence of metal catalysts, most notably a dinuclear aluminum complex. DFT calculations were employed to explain why different structural sequence were obtained with distinct bimetallic catalysts. Varying the CO2 pressure made it possible to obtain terpolymers with tunable carbonate linkages in the polymer chain. More importantly, optical property studies revealed that terpolymers with comparable thiocarbonate and carbonate units exhibited a refractive index of 1.501 with an enhanced Abbe number as high as 48.6, much higher than the corresponding polycarbonates or polythiocarbonates. Additionally, all terpolymers containing varying thiocarbonate content displayed good thermal properties with Tg >109 °C and Td >260 °C, suggesting little loss in the thermal stability compared to the polycarbonate. Hence, modification of the topological structure of the polycarbonate is an efficient method of obtaining polymeric materials with enhanced optical properties without compromising thermal performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Jun Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, China.,DepartmentDepartment of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Bai-Hao Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Wen-Jian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Xiao-Bing Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Wei-Min Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Donald J Darensbourg
- DepartmentDepartment of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Strianese M, Pappalardo D, Mazzeo M, Lamberti M, Pellecchia C. Salen-type aluminum and zinc complexes as two-faced Janus compounds: contribution to molecular sensing and polymerization catalysis. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:16533-16550. [PMID: 33140763 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt02639e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present review is to highlight the most recent achievements in different fields of application of salen-based zinc and aluminum complexes. More specifically this article focuses on the use of aluminum and zinc salen-type complexes as optical probes for biologically relevant molecules, as catalysts for the ring opening polymerization (ROP) of cyclic esters and co-polymerization of epoxides and anhydrides (ROCOP) and in the chemical fixation of carbon dioxide (CO2). The intention is to provide an overview of the most recent results from our group within the framework of the state-of-art-results in the literature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Strianese
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia "Adolfo Zambelli", Università degli Studi di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Deacy A, Moreby E, Phanopoulos A, Williams CK. Co(III)/Alkali-Metal(I) Heterodinuclear Catalysts for the Ring-Opening Copolymerization of CO 2 and Propylene Oxide. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:19150-19160. [PMID: 33108736 PMCID: PMC7662907 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c07980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The ring-opening copolymerization of carbon dioxide and propene oxide is a useful means to valorize waste into commercially attractive poly(propylene carbonate) (PPC) polyols. The reaction is limited by low catalytic activities, poor tolerance to a large excess of chain transfer agent, and tendency to form byproducts. Here, a series of new catalysts are reported that comprise heterodinuclear Co(III)/M(I) macrocyclic complexes (where M(I) = Group 1 metal). These catalysts show highly efficient production of PPC polyols, outstanding yields (turnover numbers), quantitative carbon dioxide uptake (>99%), and high selectivity for polyol formation (>95%). The most active, a Co(III)/K(I) complex, shows a turnover frequency of 800 h-1 at low catalyst loading (0.025 mol %, 70 °C, 30 bar CO2). The copolymerizations are well controlled and produce hydroxyl telechelic PPC with predictable molar masses and narrow dispersity (Đ < 1.15). The polymerization kinetics show a second order rate law, first order in both propylene oxide and catalyst concentrations, and zeroth order in CO2 pressure. An Eyring analysis, examining the effect of temperature on the propagation rate coefficient (kp), reveals the transition state barrier for polycarbonate formation: ΔG‡ = +92.6 ± 2.5 kJ mol-1. The Co(III)/K(I) catalyst is also highly active and selective in copolymerizations of other epoxides with carbon dioxide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arron
C. Deacy
- Department of Chemistry,
Chemistry Research Laboratory, University
of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Emma Moreby
- Department of Chemistry,
Chemistry Research Laboratory, University
of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Andreas Phanopoulos
- Department of Chemistry,
Chemistry Research Laboratory, University
of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Charlotte K. Williams
- Department of Chemistry,
Chemistry Research Laboratory, University
of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Sobrino S, Navarro M, Fernández-Baeza J, Sánchez-Barba LF, Lara-Sánchez A, Garcés A, Castro-Osma JA, Rodríguez AM. Efficient Production of Poly(Cyclohexene Carbonate) via ROCOP of Cyclohexene Oxide and CO 2 Mediated by NNO-Scorpionate Zinc Complexes. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12092148. [PMID: 32967153 PMCID: PMC7569798 DOI: 10.3390/polym12092148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
New mono- and dinuclear chiral alkoxide/thioalkoxide NNO-scorpinate zinc complexes were easily synthesized in very high yields, and characterized by spectroscopic methods. X-ray diffraction analysis unambiguously confirmed the different nuclearity of the new complexes as well as the variety of coordination modes of the scorpionate ligands. Scorpionate zinc complexes 2, 4 and 6 were assessed as catalysts for polycarbonate production from epoxide and carbon dioxide with no need for a co-catalyst or activator under mild conditions. Interestingly, at 70 °C, 10 bar of CO2 pressure and 1 mol % of loading, the dinuclear thioaryloxide [Zn(bpzaepe)2{Zn(SAr)2}] (4) behaves as an efficient and selective one-component initiator for the synthesis of poly(cyclohexene carbonate) via ring-opening copolymerization of cyclohexene oxide (CHO) and CO2, affording polycarbonate materials with narrow dispersity values.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Sobrino
- Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain; (S.S.); (J.F.-B.); (A.L.-S.); (J.A.C.-O.); (A.M.R.)
| | - Marta Navarro
- Departamento de Biología y Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, 28933 Madrid, Spain; (M.N.); (A.G.)
| | - Juan Fernández-Baeza
- Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain; (S.S.); (J.F.-B.); (A.L.-S.); (J.A.C.-O.); (A.M.R.)
| | - Luis F. Sánchez-Barba
- Departamento de Biología y Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, 28933 Madrid, Spain; (M.N.); (A.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-91-488-8504
| | - Agustín Lara-Sánchez
- Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain; (S.S.); (J.F.-B.); (A.L.-S.); (J.A.C.-O.); (A.M.R.)
| | - Andrés Garcés
- Departamento de Biología y Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, 28933 Madrid, Spain; (M.N.); (A.G.)
| | - José A. Castro-Osma
- Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain; (S.S.); (J.F.-B.); (A.L.-S.); (J.A.C.-O.); (A.M.R.)
| | - Ana M. Rodríguez
- Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain; (S.S.); (J.F.-B.); (A.L.-S.); (J.A.C.-O.); (A.M.R.)
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Honda M, Ebihara T, Ohkawa T, Sugimoto H. Alternating terpolymerization of carbon dioxide, propylene oxide, and various epoxides with bulky side groups for the tuning of thermal properties. Polym J 2020. [DOI: 10.1038/s41428-020-00412-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
50
|
DMC-Mediated Copolymerization of CO2 and PO—Mechanistic Aspects Derived from Feed and Polymer Composition. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10091066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of composition of liquid phase on composition of poly(propylene ether carbonates) in the copolymerization of CO2 with propylene oxide (PO), mediated by a zinc chloride cobalt double metal cyanide, was monitored by FT-IR/CO2 uptake/size exclusion chromatography in batch and semi-batch mode. The ratio of mol fractions of carbonate to ether linkages F (~0.15) was found virtually independent on the feed between 60 and 120 °C. The presence of CO2 lowers the catalytic activity but yields more narrowly distributed poly(propylene ether carbonates). Hints on diffusion and chemistry-related restrictions were found underlying, broadening the distribution. The incorporation of CO2 seems to proceed in a metal-based insertion chain process, ether linkages are generated stepwise after external nucleophilic attack. The presence of amines resulted in lower activities and no change in F. An exchange of chloride for nitrate in the catalyst led to a higher F of max. 0.45. The observations are interpreted in a mechanistic scheme, comprising surface-base-assisted nucleophilic attack of external weak nucleophiles and of mobile surface-bound carboxylato entities on activated PO in competition to protonation of surface-bound alkoxide intermediates by poly(propylene ether carbonate) glycols or by surface-bound protons. Basic entities on the catalyst may promote CO2 incorporation.
Collapse
|