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James K, Macreadie PI, Burdett HL, Davies I, Kamenos NA. It's time to broaden what we consider a 'blue carbon ecosystem'. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2024; 30:e17261. [PMID: 38712641 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.17261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Photoautotrophic marine ecosystems can lock up organic carbon in their biomass and the associated organic sediments they trap over millennia and are thus regarded as blue carbon ecosystems. Because of the ability of marine ecosystems to lock up organic carbon for millennia, blue carbon is receiving much attention within the United Nations' 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development as a nature-based solution (NBS) to climate change, but classically still focuses on seagrass meadows, mangrove forests, and tidal marshes. However, other coastal ecosystems could also be important for blue carbon storage, but remain largely neglected in both carbon cycling budgets and NBS strategic planning. Using a meta-analysis of 253 research publications, we identify other coastal ecosystems-including mud flats, fjords, coralline algal (rhodolith) beds, and some components or coral reef systems-with a strong capacity to act as blue carbon sinks in certain situations. Features that promote blue carbon burial within these 'non-classical' blue carbon ecosystems included: (1) balancing of carbon release by calcification via carbon uptake at the individual and ecosystem levels; (2) high rates of allochthonous organic carbon supply because of high particle trapping capacity; (3) high rates of carbon preservation and low remineralization rates; and (4) location in depositional environments. Some of these features are context-dependent, meaning that these ecosystems were blue carbon sinks in some locations, but not others. Therefore, we provide a universal framework that can evaluate the likelihood of a given ecosystem to behave as a blue carbon sink for a given context. Overall, this paper seeks to encourage consideration of non-classical blue carbon ecosystems within NBS strategies, allowing more complete blue carbon accounting.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter I Macreadie
- Marine Research and Innovation Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
| | - Heidi L Burdett
- Umeå Marine Sciences Centre, Umeå University, Norrbyn, Sweden
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Nicholas A Kamenos
- Umeå Marine Sciences Centre, Umeå University, Norrbyn, Sweden
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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Isla E. Animal-Energy Relationships in a Changing Ocean: The Case of Continental Shelf Macrobenthic Communities on the Weddell Sea and the Vicinity of the Antarctic Peninsula. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12050659. [PMID: 37237473 DOI: 10.3390/biology12050659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The continental shelves of the Weddell Sea and the Antarctic Peninsula vicinity host abundant macrobenthic communities, and the persistence of which is facing serious global change threats. The current relationship among pelagic energy production, its distribution over the shelf, and macrobenthic consumption is a "clockwork" mechanism that has evolved over thousands of years. Together with biological processes such as production, consumption, reproduction, and competence, it also involves ice (e.g., sea ice, ice shelves, and icebergs), wind, and water currents, among the most important physical controls. This bio-physical machinery undergoes environmental changes that most likely will compromise the persistence of the valuable biodiversity pool that Antarctic macrobenthic communities host. Scientific evidence shows that ongoing environmental change leads to primary production increases and also suggests that, in contrast, macrobenthic biomass and the organic carbon concentration in the sediment may decrease. Warming and acidification may affect the existence of the current Weddell Sea and Antarctic Peninsula shelf macrobenthic communities earlier than other global change agents. Species with the ability to cope with warmer water may have a greater chance of persisting together with allochthonous colonizers. The Antarctic macrobenthos biodiversity pool is a valuable ecosystem service that is under serious threat, and establishing marine protected areas may not be sufficient to preserve it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Isla
- Institut de Ciències del Mar-CSIC, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
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3
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In-situ observations of an intact natural whale fall in Palmer deep, Western Antarctic Peninsula. Polar Biol 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-022-03109-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
AbstractWhale carcasses on the seafloor support unique, ephemeral communities of organisms, and ‘natural’ whale fall sites are infrequently encountered, especially in polar regions. During a manned submersible dive in early 2017, we discovered the skeleton of an Antarctic minke whale (Balaenoptera bonaerensis) at 963 m in Palmer Deep, in the Western Antarctic Peninsula. The site was filmed in HD for approximately two hours, enabling visual identification of representatives from at least eight phyla, although physical sampling was not possible. The remains appeared to be in the late ‘enrichment–opportunistic’ phase (although some mobile scavengers were still present and some sulfonic activity had already commenced), with polychaetes of the order Aciculata, and family Ampharetidae, plus several amphipod species, most abundant. Novel eusirid amphipod and rhodaliid siphonophore taxa were also present. The observed faunal distribution suggests patterns consistent with reports from other Antarctic whale falls (both experimental and natural). This discovery represents the highest-latitude natural whale fall reported to date.
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Antarctic Seabed Assemblages in an Ice-Shelf-Adjacent Polynya, Western Weddell Sea. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11121705. [PMID: 36552215 PMCID: PMC9774262 DOI: 10.3390/biology11121705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Ice shelves cover ~1.6 million km2 of the Antarctic continental shelf and are sensitive indicators of climate change. With ice-shelf retreat, aphotic marine environments transform into new open-water spaces of photo-induced primary production and associated organic matter export to the benthos. Predicting how Antarctic seafloor assemblages may develop following ice-shelf loss requires knowledge of assemblages bordering the ice-shelf margins, which are relatively undocumented. This study investigated seafloor assemblages, by taxa and functional groups, in a coastal polynya adjacent to the Larsen C Ice Shelf front, western Weddell Sea. The study area is rarely accessed, at the frontline of climate change, and located within a CCAMLR-proposed international marine protected area. Four sites, ~1 to 16 km from the ice-shelf front, were explored for megabenthic assemblages, and potential environmental drivers of assemblage structures were assessed. Faunal density increased with distance from the ice shelf, with epifaunal deposit-feeders a surrogate for overall density trends. Faunal richness did not exhibit a significant pattern with distance from the ice shelf and was most variable at sites closest to the ice-shelf front. Faunal assemblages significantly differed in composition among sites, and those nearest to the ice shelf were the most dissimilar; however, ice-shelf proximity did not emerge as a significant driver of assemblage structure. Overall, the study found a biologically-diverse and complex seafloor environment close to an ice-shelf front and provides ecological baselines for monitoring benthic ecosystem responses to environmental change, supporting marine management.
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Meredith MP, Inall ME, Brearley JA, Ehmen T, Sheen K, Munday D, Cook A, Retallick K, Van Landeghem K, Gerrish L, Annett A, Carvalho F, Jones R, Naveira Garabato AC, Bull CYS, Wallis BJ, Hogg AE, Scourse J. Internal tsunamigenesis and ocean mixing driven by glacier calving in Antarctica. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eadd0720. [PMID: 36417533 PMCID: PMC9683708 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.add0720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Ocean mixing around Antarctica exerts key influences on glacier dynamics and ice shelf retreats, sea ice, and marine productivity, thus affecting global sea level and climate. The conventional paradigm is that this is dominated by winds, tides, and buoyancy forcing. Direct observations from the Antarctic Peninsula demonstrate that glacier calving triggers internal tsunamis, the breaking of which drives vigorous mixing. Being widespread and frequent, these internal tsunamis are at least comparable to winds, and much more important than tides, in driving regional shelf mixing. They are likely relevant everywhere that marine-terminating glaciers calve, including Greenland and across the Arctic. Calving frequency may change with higher ocean temperatures, suggesting possible shifts to internal tsunamigenesis and mixing in a warming climate.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Alison Cook
- Scottish Association for Marine Science, Oban, UK
| | | | | | | | - Amber Annett
- Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | | | - Rhiannon Jones
- Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | | | - Christopher Y. S. Bull
- Department of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | | | - Anna E. Hogg
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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Johnston NM, Murphy EJ, Atkinson A, Constable AJ, Cotté C, Cox M, Daly KL, Driscoll R, Flores H, Halfter S, Henschke N, Hill SL, Höfer J, Hunt BPV, Kawaguchi S, Lindsay D, Liszka C, Loeb V, Manno C, Meyer B, Pakhomov EA, Pinkerton MH, Reiss CS, Richerson K, Jr. WOS, Steinberg DK, Swadling KM, Tarling GA, Thorpe SE, Veytia D, Ward P, Weldrick CK, Yang G. Status, Change, and Futures of Zooplankton in the Southern Ocean. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.624692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In the Southern Ocean, several zooplankton taxonomic groups, euphausiids, copepods, salps and pteropods, are notable because of their biomass and abundance and their roles in maintaining food webs and ecosystem structure and function, including the provision of globally important ecosystem services. These groups are consumers of microbes, primary and secondary producers, and are prey for fishes, cephalopods, seabirds, and marine mammals. In providing the link between microbes, primary production, and higher trophic levels these taxa influence energy flows, biological production and biomass, biogeochemical cycles, carbon flux and food web interactions thereby modulating the structure and functioning of ecosystems. Additionally, Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) and various fish species are harvested by international fisheries. Global and local drivers of change are expected to affect the dynamics of key zooplankton species, which may have potentially profound and wide-ranging implications for Southern Ocean ecosystems and the services they provide. Here we assess the current understanding of the dominant metazoan zooplankton within the Southern Ocean, including Antarctic krill and other key euphausiid, copepod, salp and pteropod species. We provide a systematic overview of observed and potential future responses of these taxa to a changing Southern Ocean and the functional relationships by which drivers may impact them. To support future ecosystem assessments and conservation and management strategies, we also identify priorities for Southern Ocean zooplankton research.
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Smith P, Arneth A, Barnes DKA, Ichii K, Marquet PA, Popp A, Pörtner HO, Rogers AD, Scholes RJ, Strassburg B, Wu J, Ngo H. How do we best synergize climate mitigation actions to co-benefit biodiversity? GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:2555-2577. [PMID: 34951743 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A multitude of actions to protect, sustainably manage and restore natural and modified ecosystems can have co-benefits for both climate mitigation and biodiversity conservation. Reducing greenhouse emissions to limit warming to less than 1.5 or 2°C above preindustrial levels, as outlined in the Paris Agreement, can yield strong co-benefits for land, freshwater and marine biodiversity and reduce amplifying climate feedbacks from ecosystem changes. Not all climate mitigation strategies are equally effective at producing biodiversity co-benefits, some in fact are counterproductive. Moreover, social implications are often overlooked within the climate-biodiversity nexus. Protecting biodiverse and carbon-rich natural environments, ecological restoration of potentially biodiverse and carbon-rich habitats, the deliberate creation of novel habitats, taking into consideration a locally adapted and meaningful (i.e. full consequences considered) mix of these measures, can result in the most robust win-win solutions. These can be further enhanced by avoidance of narrow goals, taking long-term views and minimizing further losses of intact ecosystems. In this review paper, we first discuss various climate mitigation actions that evidence demonstrates can negatively impact biodiversity, resulting in unseen and unintended negative consequences. We then examine climate mitigation actions that co-deliver biodiversity and societal benefits. We give examples of these win-win solutions, categorized as 'protect, restore, manage and create', in different regions of the world that could be expanded, upscaled and used for further innovation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pete Smith
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Almut Arneth
- Atmospheric Environmental Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | | | - Kazuhito Ichii
- Center for Environmental Remote Sensing (CeRES), Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Pablo A Marquet
- Center for Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexander Popp
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Potsdam, Germany
| | - Hans-Otto Pörtner
- Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Alex D Rogers
- Somerville College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- REV Ocean, Lysaker, Norway
| | - Robert J Scholes
- Global Change Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Bernardo Strassburg
- Rio Conservation and Sustainability Science Centre, Department of Geography and Environment, Pontifical Catholic University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- International Institute for Sustainability, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jianguo Wu
- The Institute of Environmental Ecology, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hien Ngo
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Rome, Italy
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Benthic Biodiversity, Carbon Storage and the Potential for Increasing Negative Feedbacks on Climate Change in Shallow Waters of the Antarctic Peninsula. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11020320. [PMID: 35205187 PMCID: PMC8869673 DOI: 10.3390/biology11020320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The importance of cold-water blue carbon as biological carbon pumps that sequester carbon into ocean sediments is now being realised. Most polar blue carbon research to date has focussed on deep water, yet the highest productivity is in the shallows. This study measured the functional biodiversity and carbon standing stock accumulated by shallow-water (<25 m) benthic assemblages on both hard and soft substrata on the Antarctic Peninsula (WAP, 67° S). Soft substrata benthic assemblages (391 ± 499 t C km-2) contained 60% less carbon than hard substrata benthic assemblages (648 ± 909). In situ observations of substrata by SCUBA divers provided estimates of 59% hard (4700 km) and 12% soft (960 km) substrata on seasonally ice-free shores of the Antarctic Peninsula, giving an estimate of 253,000 t C at 20 m depth, with a sequestration potential of ~4500 t C year-1. Currently, 54% of the shoreline is permanently ice covered and so climate-mediated ice loss along the Peninsula is predicted to more than double this carbon sink. The steep fjordic shorelines make these assemblages a globally important pathway to sequestration, acting as one of the few negative (mitigating) feedbacks to climate change. The proposed WAP marine protected area could safeguard this ecosystem service, helping to tackle the climate and biodiversity crises.
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Zwerschke N, Sands CJ, Roman-Gonzalez A, Barnes DKA, Guzzi A, Jenkins S, Muñoz-Ramírez C, Scourse J. Quantification of blue carbon pathways contributing to negative feedback on climate change following glacier retreat in West Antarctic fjords. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:8-20. [PMID: 34658117 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Global warming is causing significant losses of marine ice around the polar regions. In Antarctica, the retreat of tidewater glaciers is opening up novel, low-energy habitats (fjords) that have the potential to provide a negative feedback loop to climate change. These fjords are being colonized by organisms on and within the sediment and act as a sink for particulate matter. So far, blue carbon potential in Antarctic habitats has mainly been estimated using epifaunal megazoobenthos (although some studies have also considered macrozoobenthos). We investigated two further pathways of carbon storage and potential sequestration by measuring the concentration of carbon of infaunal macrozoobenthos and total organic carbon (TOC) deposited in the sediment. We took samples along a temporal gradient since time of last glacier ice cover (1-1000 years) at three fjords along the West Antarctic Peninsula. We tested the hypothesis that seabed carbon standing stock would be mainly driven by time since last glacier covered. However, results showed this to be much more complex. Infauna were highly variable over this temporal gradient and showed similar total mass of carbon standing stock per m2 as literature estimates of Antarctic epifauna. TOC mass in the sediment, however, was an order of magnitude greater than stocks of infaunal and epifaunal carbon and increased with time since last ice cover. Thus, blue carbon stocks and recent gains around Antarctica are likely much higher than previously estimated as is their negative feedback on climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadescha Zwerschke
- British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge, UK
- Joint Nature Conservation Committee, Aberdeen, UK
| | | | | | | | - Alice Guzzi
- Department of Physical Sciences, Earth and Environment (DSFTA), University of Siena, Siena, Italy
- Italian National Antarctic Museum (MNA, Section of Genoa), Genoa, Italy
| | - Stuart Jenkins
- School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd, UK
| | - Carlos Muñoz-Ramírez
- Instituto de Entomología, Universidad Metropolitana de Ciencias de la Educación, Santiago, Chile
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Grounding Event of Iceberg D28 and Its Interactions with Seabed Topography. REMOTE SENSING 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/rs14010154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Iceberg D28, a giant tabular iceberg that calved from Amery Ice Shelf in September 2019, grounded off Kemp Coast, East Antarctica, from August to September of 2020. The motion of the iceberg is characterized herein by time-series images captured by synthetic aperture radar (SAR) on Sentinel-1 and the moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) boarded on Terra from 6 August to 15 September 2020. The thickness of iceberg D28 was estimated by utilizing data from altimeters on Cryosat-2, Sentinel-3, and ICESat-2. By using the iceberg draft and grounding point locations inferred from its motion, the maximum water depths at grounding points were determined, varying from 221.72 ± 21.77 m to 269.42 ± 25.66 m. The largest disagreements in seabed elevation inferred from the grounded iceberg and terrain models from the Bedmap2 and BedMachine datasets were over 570 m and 350 m, respectively, indicating a more complicated submarine topography in the study area than that presented by the existing seabed terrain models. Wind and sea water velocities from reanalysis products imply that the driving force from sea water is a more dominant factor than the wind in propelling iceberg D28 during its grounding, which is consistent with previous findings on iceberg dynamics.
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de Aranzamendi MC, Martínez JJ, Held C, Sahade R. Parallel shape divergence between ecotypes of the limpet Nacella concinna along the Antarctic Peninsula: a new model species for parallel evolution? ZOOLOGY 2021; 150:125983. [PMID: 34915245 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2021.125983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Parallel phenotypic divergence is the independent differentiation between phenotypes of the same lineage or species occupying ecologically similar environments in different populations. We tested in the Antarctic limpet Nacella concinna the extent of parallel morphological divergence in littoral and sublittoral ecotypes throughout its distribution range. These ecotypes differ in morphological, behavioural and physiological characteristics. We studied the lateral and dorsal outlines of shells and the genetic variation of the mitochondrial gene Cytochrome Oxidase subunit I from both ecotypes in 17 sample sites along more than 2,000 km. The genetic data indicate that both ecotypes belong to a single evolutionary lineage. The magnitude and direction of phenotypic variation differ between ecotypes across sample sites; completely parallel ecotype-pairs (i.e., they diverge in the same magnitude and in the same direction) were detected in 84.85% of lateral and 65.15% in dorsal view comparisons. Besides, specific traits (relative shell height, position of shell apex, and elliptical/pear-shape outline variation) showed high parallelism. We observed weak morphological covariation between the two shape shell views, indicating that distinct evolutionary forces and environmental pressures could be acting on this limpet shell shape. Our results demonstrate there is a strong parallel morphological divergence pattern in N. concinna along its distribution, making this Antarctic species a suitable model for the study of different evolutionary forces shaping the shell evolution of this limpet.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Carla de Aranzamendi
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Cátedra de Ecología Marina, Av. Vélez Sarsfield 299, X5000JJC, Córdoba, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal (IDEA), Ecosistemas Marinos y Polares (ECOMARES), Av. Vélez Sarsfield 299, X5000JJC, Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - Juan José Martínez
- Laboratorio de Ecología Evolutiva y Biogeografía, Instituto de Ecorregiones Andinas (INECOA), CONICET and Universidad Nacional de Jujuy, C. Gorriti 237, San Salvador de Jujuy, 4600, Argentina.
| | - Christoph Held
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Am Handelshafen 12, D-27570 Bremerhaven, Germany.
| | - Ricardo Sahade
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Cátedra de Ecología Marina, Av. Vélez Sarsfield 299, X5000JJC, Córdoba, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal (IDEA), Ecosistemas Marinos y Polares (ECOMARES), Av. Vélez Sarsfield 299, X5000JJC, Córdoba, Argentina.
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Societal importance of Antarctic negative feedbacks on climate change: blue carbon gains from sea ice, ice shelf and glacier losses. Naturwissenschaften 2021; 108:43. [PMID: 34491425 PMCID: PMC8423686 DOI: 10.1007/s00114-021-01748-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Diminishing prospects for environmental preservation under climate change are intensifying efforts to boost capture, storage and sequestration (long-term burial) of carbon. However, as Earth’s biological carbon sinks also shrink, remediation has become a key part of the narrative for terrestrial ecosystems. In contrast, blue carbon on polar continental shelves have stronger pathways to sequestration and have increased with climate-forced marine ice losses—becoming the largest known natural negative feedback on climate change. Here we explore the size and complex dynamics of blue carbon gains with spatiotemporal changes in sea ice (60–100 MtCyear−1), ice shelves (4–40 MtCyear−1 = giant iceberg generation) and glacier retreat (< 1 MtCyear−1). Estimates suggest that, amongst these, reduced duration of seasonal sea ice is most important. Decreasing sea ice extent drives longer (not necessarily larger biomass) smaller cell-sized phytoplankton blooms, increasing growth of many primary consumers and benthic carbon storage—where sequestration chances are maximal. However, sea ice losses also create positive feedbacks in shallow waters through increased iceberg movement and scouring of benthos. Unlike loss of sea ice, which enhances existing sinks, ice shelf losses generate brand new carbon sinks both where giant icebergs were, and in their wake. These also generate small positive feedbacks from scouring, minimised by repeat scouring at biodiversity hotspots. Blue carbon change from glacier retreat has been least well quantified, and although emerging fjords are small areas, they have high storage-sequestration conversion efficiencies, whilst blue carbon in polar waters faces many diverse and complex stressors. The identity of these are known (e.g. fishing, warming, ocean acidification, non-indigenous species and plastic pollution) but not their magnitude of impact. In order to mediate multiple stressors, research should focus on wider verification of blue carbon gains, projecting future change, and the broader environmental and economic benefits to safeguard blue carbon ecosystems through law.
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Intermediate ice scour disturbance is key to maintaining a peak in biodiversity within the shallows of the Western Antarctic Peninsula. Sci Rep 2021; 11:16712. [PMID: 34408210 PMCID: PMC8373922 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96269-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate-related disturbance regimes are changing rapidly with profound consequences for ecosystems. Disturbance is often perceived as detrimental to biodiversity; however, the literature is divided on how they influence each other. Disturbance events in nature are diverse, occurring across numerous interacting trophic levels and multiple spatial and temporal scales, leading to divergence between empirical and theoretical studies. The shallow Antarctic seafloor has one of the largest disturbance gradients on earth, due to iceberg scouring. Scour rates are changing rapidly along the Western Antarctic Peninsula because of climate change and with further changes predicted, the Antarctic benthos will likely undergo dramatic shifts in diversity. We investigated benthic macro and megafaunal richness across 10–100 m depth range, much of which, 40–100 m, has rarely been sampled. Macro and megafauna species richness peaked at 50–60 m depth, a depth dominated by a diverse range of sessile suspension feeders, with an intermediate level of iceberg disturbance. Our results show that a broad range of disturbance values are required to detect the predicted peak in biodiversity that is consistent with the Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis, suggesting ice scour is key to maintaining high biodiversity in Antarctica’s shallows.
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Grant SM, Waller CL, Morley SA, Barnes DKA, Brasier MJ, Double MC, Griffiths HJ, Hughes KA, Jackson JA, Waluda CM, Constable AJ. Local Drivers of Change in Southern Ocean Ecosystems: Human Activities and Policy Implications. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.624518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Local drivers are human activities or processes that occur in specific locations, and cause physical or ecological change at the local or regional scale. Here, we consider marine and land-derived pollution, non-indigenous species, tourism and other human visits, exploitation of marine resources, recovery of marine mammals, and coastal change as a result of ice loss, in terms of their historic and current extent, and their interactions with the Southern Ocean environment. We summarise projected increases or decreases in the influence of local drivers, and projected changes to their geographic range, concluding that the influence of non-indigenous species, fishing, and the recovery of marine mammals are predicted to increase in the future across the Southern Ocean. Local drivers can be managed regionally, and we identify existing governance frameworks as part of the Antarctic Treaty System and other instruments which may be employed to mitigate or limit their impacts on Southern Ocean ecosystems.
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Bax N, Sands CJ, Gogarty B, Downey RV, Moreau CVE, Moreno B, Held C, Paulsen ML, McGee J, Haward M, Barnes DKA. Perspective: Increasing blue carbon around Antarctica is an ecosystem service of considerable societal and economic value worth protecting. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2021; 27:5-12. [PMID: 33064891 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Precautionary conservation and cooperative global governance are needed to protect Antarctic blue carbon: the world's largest increasing natural form of carbon storage with high sequestration potential. As patterns of ice loss around Antarctica become more uniform, there is an underlying increase in carbon capture-to-storage-to-sequestration on the seafloor. The amount of carbon captured per unit area is increasing and the area available to blue carbon is also increasing. Carbon sequestration could further increase under moderate (+1°C) ocean warming, contrary to decreasing global blue carbon stocks elsewhere. For example, in warmer waters, mangroves and seagrasses are in decline and benthic organisms are close to their physiological limits, so a 1°C increase in water temperature could push them above their thermal tolerance (e.g. bleaching of coral reefs). In contrast, on the basis of past change and current research, we expect that Antarctic blue carbon could increase by orders of magnitude. The Antarctic seafloor is biophysically unique and the site of carbon sequestration, the benthos, faces less anthropogenic disturbance than any other ocean continental shelf environment. This isolation imparts both vulnerability to change, and an avenue to conserve one of the world's last biodiversity refuges. In economic terms, the value of Antarctic blue carbon is estimated at between £0.65 and £1.76 billion (~2.27 billion USD) for sequestered carbon in the benthos around the continental shelf. To balance biodiversity protection against society's economic objectives, this paper builds on a proposal incentivising protection by building a 'non-market framework' via the 2015 Paris Agreement to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. This could be connected and coordinated through the Antarctic Treaty System to promote and motivate member states to value Antarctic blue carbon and maintain scientific integrity and conservation for the positive societal values ingrained in the Antarctic Treaty System.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narissa Bax
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tas., Australia
| | | | - Brendan Gogarty
- Faculty of Law, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tas., Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jeffrey McGee
- Faculty of Law, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tas., Australia
| | - Marcus Haward
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tas., Australia
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Friedlander AM, Goodell W, Salinas-de-León P, Ballesteros E, Berkenpas E, Capurro AP, Cárdenas CA, Hüne M, Lagger C, Landaeta MF, Muñoz A, Santos M, Turchik A, Werner R, Sala E. Spatial patterns of continental shelf faunal community structure along the Western Antarctic Peninsula. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0239895. [PMID: 33002046 PMCID: PMC7529263 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowledge of continental shelf faunal biodiversity of Antarctica is patchy and as such, the ecology of this unique ecosystem is not fully understood. To this end, we deployed baited cameras at 20 locations along ~ 500 km of the Western Antarctic Peninsula (WAP) at depths from 90 to 797 m. We identified 111 unique taxa, with mud bottom accounting for 90% of the dominant (≥ 50% cover) habitat sampled. Amphipoda comprised 41% of the total maximum number of individuals per camera deployment (MaxN) and occurred on 75% of deployments. Excluding this taxon, the highest MaxN occurred around King George/25 de Mayo Island and was driven primarily by the abundance of krill (Euphausiidae), which accounted for 36% of total average MaxN among deployments around this island. In comparison, krill comprised 22% of total average MaxN at Deception Island and only 10% along the peninsula. Taxa richness, diversity, and evenness all increased with depth and depth explained 18.2% of the variation in community structure among locations, which may be explained by decreasing ice scour with depth. We identified a number of Vulnerable Marine Ecosystem taxa, including habitat-forming species of cold-water corals and sponge fields. Channichthyidae was the most common fish family, occurring on 80% of all deployments. The Antarctic jonasfish (Notolepis coatsorum) was the most frequently encountered fish taxa, occurring on 70% of all deployments and comprising 25% of total MaxN among all deployments. Nototheniidae was the most numerically abundant fish family, accounting for 36% of total MaxN and was present on 70% of the deployments. The WAP is among the fastest warming regions on Earth and mitigating the impacts of warming, along with more direct impacts such as those from fishing, is critical in providing opportunities for species to adapt to environmental change and to preserve this unique ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan M. Friedlander
- Pristine Seas, National Geographic Society, Washington, DC, United States of America
- Hawaiʿi Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawaiʿi, Kāneʻohe, Hawaiʿi, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Whitney Goodell
- Pristine Seas, National Geographic Society, Washington, DC, United States of America
- Hawaiʿi Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawaiʿi, Kāneʻohe, Hawaiʿi, United States of America
| | - Pelayo Salinas-de-León
- Pristine Seas, National Geographic Society, Washington, DC, United States of America
- Charles Darwin Research Station, Charles Darwin Foundation, Puerto Ayora, Galápagos, Ecuador
| | | | - Eric Berkenpas
- Exploration Technology, National Geographic Society, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Andrea P. Capurro
- Instituto Antártico Argentino/Dirección Nacional del Antártico/Cancilleria Argentina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - César A. Cárdenas
- Departamento Científico, Instituto Antártico Chileno, Punta Arenas, Chile
| | | | - Cristian Lagger
- Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal (IDEA), CONICET-UNC and Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Mauricio F. Landaeta
- Laboratorio de Ictioplancton (LABITI), Escuela de Biología Marina, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y de Recursos Naturales, Universidad de Valparaíso, Viña del Mar, Chile
| | - Alex Muñoz
- Pristine Seas, National Geographic Society, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Mercedes Santos
- Instituto Antártico Argentino/Dirección Nacional del Antártico/Cancilleria Argentina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alan Turchik
- Exploration Technology, National Geographic Society, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Rodolfo Werner
- The Pew Charitable Trusts & Antarctic and Southern Ocean Coalition, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Enric Sala
- Pristine Seas, National Geographic Society, Washington, DC, United States of America
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Rondon R, González-Aravena M, Font A, Osorio M, Cárdenas CA. Effects of Climate Change Stressors on the Prokaryotic Communities of the Antarctic Sponge Isodictya kerguelenensis. Front Ecol Evol 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2020.00262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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18
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Barnes DKA, Sands CJ, Cook A, Howard F, Roman Gonzalez A, Muñoz–Ramirez C, Retallick K, Scourse J, Van Landeghem K, Zwerschke N. Blue carbon gains from glacial retreat along Antarctic fjords: What should we expect? GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:2750-2755. [PMID: 32108972 PMCID: PMC7216916 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Rising atmospheric CO2 is intensifying climate change but it is also driving global and particularly polar greening. However, most blue carbon sinks (that held by marine organisms) are shrinking, which is important as these are hotspots of genuine carbon sequestration. Polar blue carbon increases with losses of marine ice over high latitude continental shelf areas. Marine ice (sea ice, ice shelf and glacier retreat) losses generate a valuable negative feedback on climate change. Blue carbon change with sea ice and ice shelf losses has been estimated, but not how blue carbon responds to glacier retreat along fjords. We derive a testable estimate of glacier retreat driven blue carbon gains by investigating three fjords in the West Antarctic Peninsula (WAP). We started by multiplying ~40 year mean glacier retreat rates by the number of retreating WAP fjords and their time of exposure. We multiplied this area by regional zoobenthic carbon means from existing datasets to suggest that WAP fjords generate 3,130 tonnes of new zoobenthic carbon per year (t zC/year) and sequester >780 t zC/year. We tested this by capture and analysis of 204 high resolution seabed images along emerging WAP fjords. Biota within these images were identified to density per 13 functional groups. Mean stored carbon per individual was assigned from literature values to give a stored zoobenthic Carbon per area, which was multiplied up by area of fjord exposed over time, which increased the estimate to 4,536 t zC/year. The purpose of this study was to establish a testable estimate of blue carbon change caused by glacier retreat along Antarctic fjords and thus to establish its relative importance compared to polar and other carbon sinks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Carlos Muñoz–Ramirez
- Facultad de CienciasCentro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Ambientes Sustentables (CIBAS)Universidad Católica de la Santísima ConcepciónConcepciónChile
- Instituto de EntomologíaUniversidad Metropolitana de Ciencias de la EducaciónSantiagoChile
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Rogers AD, Frinault BAV, Barnes DKA, Bindoff NL, Downie R, Ducklow HW, Friedlaender AS, Hart T, Hill SL, Hofmann EE, Linse K, McMahon CR, Murphy EJ, Pakhomov EA, Reygondeau G, Staniland IJ, Wolf-Gladrow DA, Wright RM. Antarctic Futures: An Assessment of Climate-Driven Changes in Ecosystem Structure, Function, and Service Provisioning in the Southern Ocean. ANNUAL REVIEW OF MARINE SCIENCE 2020; 12:87-120. [PMID: 31337252 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-marine-010419-011028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this article, we analyze the impacts of climate change on Antarctic marine ecosystems. Observations demonstrate large-scale changes in the physical variables and circulation of the Southern Ocean driven by warming, stratospheric ozone depletion, and a positive Southern Annular Mode. Alterations in the physical environment are driving change through all levels of Antarctic marine food webs, which differ regionally. The distributions of key species, such as Antarctic krill, are also changing. Differential responses among predators reflect differences in species ecology. The impacts of climate change on Antarctic biodiversity will likely vary for different communities and depend on species range. Coastal communities and those of sub-Antarctic islands, especially range-restricted endemic communities, will likely suffer the greatest negative consequences of climate change. Simultaneously, ecosystem services in the Southern Ocean will likely increase. Such decoupling of ecosystem services and endemic species will require consideration in the management of human activities such as fishing in Antarctic marine ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Rogers
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PS, United Kingdom;
- REV Ocean, 1366 Lysaker, Norway
| | - B A V Frinault
- School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QY, United Kingdom
| | - D K A Barnes
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, Cambridge CB3 0ET, United Kingdom
| | - N L Bindoff
- Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre and CSIRO Oceans and Atmospheres, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - R Downie
- WWF, Living Planet Centre, Surrey GU21 4LL, United Kingdom
| | - H W Ducklow
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory and Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Columbia University, Palisades, New York 10964-8000, USA
| | - A S Friedlaender
- Institute for Marine Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95060, USA
| | - T Hart
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PS, United Kingdom;
| | - S L Hill
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, Cambridge CB3 0ET, United Kingdom
| | - E E Hofmann
- Center for Coastal Physical Oceanography, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia 23508, USA
| | - K Linse
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, Cambridge CB3 0ET, United Kingdom
| | - C R McMahon
- Integrated Marine Observing System Animal Tracking Facility, Sydney Institute of Marine Science, Sydney, New South Wales 2088, Australia
| | - E J Murphy
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, Cambridge CB3 0ET, United Kingdom
| | - E A Pakhomov
- Department of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Aquatic Ecosystems Research Lab, Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - G Reygondeau
- Aquatic Ecosystems Research Lab, Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - I J Staniland
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, Cambridge CB3 0ET, United Kingdom
| | - D A Wolf-Gladrow
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung (AWI), 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - R M Wright
- Tyndall Centre, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
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Alurralde G, Fuentes VL, Maggioni T, Movilla J, Olariaga A, Orejas C, Schloss IR, Tatián M. Role of suspension feeders in antarctic pelagic-benthic coupling: Trophic ecology and potential carbon sinks under climate change. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 152:104790. [PMID: 31537412 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2019.104790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Sea-ice and coastal glacier loss in the Western Antarctic Peninsula open new ice-free areas. They allowing primary production and providing new seabed for colonisation, both acting as a negative feedback of climate change. However, the injection of sediment-laden runoff from the melting of land-terminating glaciers may reduce this feedback. Changes in particulate matter will affect nutrition and excretion (faeces stoichiometry and properties) of suspension feeders, reshaping coastal carbon dynamics and pelagic-benthic coupling. Absorption efficiency and biodeposition of Euphausia superba and Cnemidocarpa verrucosa were quantified for different food treatments and varying sediment concentrations. Both species showed high overall absorption efficiency for free-sediment diets, but were negatively affected by sediment addition. High sediment conditions increased krill biodeposition, while it decreased in ascidians. Energy balance estimation indicated high carbon sink potential in ascidians, but it is modulated by food characteristics and negatively affected by sediment inputs in the water column.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gastón Alurralde
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Departamento de Diversidad Biológica y Ecología, Ecología Marina, Córdoba, Argentina; Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal (IDEA) CONICET, Córdoba, Argentina.
| | | | - Tamara Maggioni
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Departamento de Diversidad Biológica y Ecología, Ecología Marina, Córdoba, Argentina; Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal (IDEA) CONICET, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Juancho Movilla
- Institut de Ciències del Mar (ICM-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain; Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Oceanográfico de Baleares, Estación de Investigación Jaume Ferrer, Mahón, Spain
| | | | - Covadonga Orejas
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Oceanográfico de Baleares, Palma, Mallorca, Spain
| | - Irene R Schloss
- Instituto Antártico Argentino, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas, CONICET, Ushuaia, Argentina; Universidad Nacional de Tierra del Fuego, Ushuaia, Argentina
| | - Marcos Tatián
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Departamento de Diversidad Biológica y Ecología, Ecología Marina, Córdoba, Argentina; Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal (IDEA) CONICET, Córdoba, Argentina
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21
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Li AZ, Han XB, Zhang MX, Zhou Y, Chen M, Yao Q, Zhu HH. Culture-Dependent and -Independent Analyses Reveal the Diversity, Structure, and Assembly Mechanism of Benthic Bacterial Community in the Ross Sea, Antarctica. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2523. [PMID: 31787942 PMCID: PMC6856632 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The benthic bacterial community in Antarctic continental shelf ecosystems are not well-documented. We collected 13 surface sediments from the Ross Sea, a biological hotspot in high-latitude maritime Antarctica undergoing rapid climate change and possible microflora shift, and aimed to study the diversity, structure and assembly mechanism of benthic bacterial community using both culture-dependent and -independent approaches. High-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA gene amplicons revealed 370 OTUs distributed in 21 phyla and 284 genera. The bacterial community was dominated by Bacteroidetes, Gamma- and Alphaproteobacteria, and constituted by a compact, conserved and positively-correlated group of anaerobes and other competitive aerobic chemoheterotrophs. Null-model test based on βNTI and RCBray indicated that stochastic processes, including dispersal limitation and undominated fractions, were the main forces driving community assembly. On the other hand, environmental factors, mainly temperature, organic matter and chlorophyll, were significantly correlated with bacterial richness, diversity and community structure. Moreover, metabolic and physiological features of the prokaryotic taxa were mapped to evaluate the adaptive mechanisms and functional composition of the benthic bacterial community. Our study is helpful to understand the structural and functional aspects, as well as the ecological and biogeochemical role of the benthic bacterial community in the Ross Sea.
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Affiliation(s)
- An-Zhang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Microbial Culture Collection Center, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xi-Bin Han
- Key Laboratory of Submarine Geosciences, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ming-Xia Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Microbial Culture Collection Center, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Microbial Culture Collection Center, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Meng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Microbial Culture Collection Center, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qing Yao
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Grass Science, Guangdong Engineering Center for Litchi, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong-Hui Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Microbial Culture Collection Center, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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Bastidas Pacheco GA, Hernández R. Cambio climático algunos aspectos a considerar para la supervivencia del ser vivo: revisión sistemática de la literatura. REVISTA CUIDARTE 2019. [DOI: 10.15649/cuidarte.v10i3.664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introducción: La problemática del cambio climático global que experimenta el planeta debe ser continuamente mostrada con el propósito de lograr en los países una visión objetiva y coherente y facilitar el desarrollo de planes y políticas de manejo medio ambiental. El objetivo fue proporcionar de forma consolidada y actualizada información sobre cambio climático a considerar en la toma de conciencia sobre su efecto para la supervivencia. Materiales y Métodos: Se basó en la revisión de literatura sobre aspectos del cambio climático en la supervivencia de la vida en la tierra, para ello se recurrió a bases de datos físicas (bibliotecas) y virtuales (Bireme/OPS, Medline, PudMed, Scielo). Resultados: De la revisión destacan cinco elementos claves: La evidencia del cambio climático; el cambio climático y su construcción mediática; el clima, su cambio y efecto sobre la salud; la política global y cambio climático; y los ecosistemas en materia de conservación en América Latina. Discusión: El cambio climático tiene un amplio cuerpo teórico de cimiento que debe presentarse de forma concisa y actualizada en procura de favorecer la toma de decisiones en la mitigación y adaptación de los efectos adversos que de él se deriva para la supervivencia de la vida en la tierra. Conclusiones: Toda acción de prevención, mitigación o adaptación a cambio climáticos requiere de información actual con el fin de garantizar el éxito una vez instauradas, debido a la diversidad de impactos y vulnerabilidad que tienen las poblaciones en distintas regiones del mundo.
Como citar este artículo: Bastidas GA, Hernández R. Cambio climático algunos aspectos a considerar para la supervivencia del ser vivo: revisión sistemática de la literatura. Rev Cuid. 2019; 10(3): e664. http://dx.doi.org/10.15649/cuidarte.v10i3.664
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Kennicutt MC, Bromwich D, Liggett D, Njåstad B, Peck L, Rintoul SR, Ritz C, Siegert MJ, Aitken A, Brooks CM, Cassano J, Chaturvedi S, Chen D, Dodds K, Golledge NR, Le Bohec C, Leppe M, Murray A, Nath PC, Raphael MN, Rogan-Finnemore M, Schroeder DM, Talley L, Travouillon T, Vaughan DG, Wang L, Weatherwax AT, Yang H, Chown SL. Sustained Antarctic Research: A 21st Century Imperative. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.oneear.2019.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Sutherland WJ, Broad S, Butchart SH, Clarke SJ, Collins AM, Dicks LV, Doran H, Esmail N, Fleishman E, Frost N, Gaston KJ, Gibbons DW, Hughes AC, Jiang Z, Kelman R, LeAnstey B, le Roux X, Lickorish FA, Monk KA, Mortimer D, Pearce-Higgins JW, Peck LS, Pettorelli N, Pretty J, Seymour CL, Spalding MD, Wentworth J, Ockendon N. A Horizon Scan of Emerging Issues for Global Conservation in 2019. Trends Ecol Evol 2019; 34:83-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Hendry KR, Meredith MP, Ducklow HW. The marine system of the West Antarctic Peninsula: status and strategy for progress. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2018; 376:rsta.2017.0179. [PMID: 29760121 PMCID: PMC5954477 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2017.0179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Katharine R Hendry
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Wills Memorial Building, Queen's Road, Bristol BS8 1RJ, UK
| | - Michael P Meredith
- British Antarctic Survey, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ET, UK
| | - Hugh W Ducklow
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, 61 US-9 W, Palisades, NY 10964, USA
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