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Roguz K, Pstrokoński P, Ryniewicz J, Chmur M, Bajguz A, Sapir Y. Environment or Pollinators? Factors Shaping Breeding System and Spatial Variation in Nectar Properties and Pollination System in a Desert Species Fritillaria persica L. (Liliaceae). Ecol Evol 2025; 15:e71265. [PMID: 40290383 PMCID: PMC12022800 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.71265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2024] [Revised: 03/03/2025] [Accepted: 03/28/2025] [Indexed: 04/30/2025] Open
Abstract
Interaction with pollinators has been proposed as one of the most important factors shaping the diversity of flowering plants. Spatial variation in the directions of the selective pressure exerted by pollinators drives the evolution of adaptive differentiation. Across-population studies of flower traits and plant-pollinator interaction are therefore an important step to understanding the diverse selective pressures that drive floral evolution in zoogamous angiosperms. Here we combine observational data and field experiments to describe the assemblages of pollinators, breeding systems, and reward properties in studied populations of the Middle East geophyte, Fritillaria persica. Natural populations of this species include two floral color morphs with greenish or purple flowers; in both morphs, the nectaries of the outer whorl are covered by the tepals of the inner one. Our study documented geographical variation in the pollination system of two color morphs of F. persica. Visitors recorded in both populations were similar qualitatively; however, their contribution varied. Nectar sugar concentration and profile were generally constant in studied populations; we recorded differences only in nectar volume and concentration of amino acids. These results suggest that the observed variation in nectar production is likely to be a result of environmental factors rather than pollinator-mediated selection. In the context of reward, we also tested how uncovering the hidden nectar reward from outer tepals influences potential pollinators. Uncovering hidden reward did not change the time spent in one flower or inflorescence penetration; however, it increased the number of seeds produced. Nectar properties and the pollinator assemblages similarity suggest that in the context of pollination, F. persica represents a rather generalistic strategy, and observed differences may be caused by abiotic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Roguz
- Botanic GardenFaculty of Biology, University of WarsawWarsawPoland
| | - Paweł Pstrokoński
- Department of Animal BreedingInstitute of Animal Sciences, Warsaw University of Life SciencesWarsawPoland
| | | | - Magdalena Chmur
- Department of Plant Biochemistry and ToxicologyInstitute of Biology, Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, University of BialystokBialystokPoland
| | - Andrzej Bajguz
- Department of Plant Biochemistry and ToxicologyInstitute of Biology, Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, University of BialystokBialystokPoland
| | - Yuval Sapir
- Yehuda Naftali Botanic GardenSchool of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Faculty of Life Science, Tel Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael
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Yang M, Zhang ZQ. Quantitative nectar spur length governs nonrandom mating in a bee-pollinated Aquilegia species. PLANT DIVERSITY 2025; 47:323-336. [PMID: 40182476 PMCID: PMC11962968 DOI: 10.1016/j.pld.2025.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2024] [Revised: 01/22/2025] [Accepted: 01/24/2025] [Indexed: 04/05/2025]
Abstract
Mating patterns in angiosperms are typically nonrandom, yet the mechanisms driving nonrandom mating remain unclear, especially regarding the effects of quantitative floral traits on plant mating success across male and female functions. In this study, we investigated how variation in spur length and flower number per plant influences mating patterns in Aquilegia rockii within a natural population. Using marker-based paternity analyses and manipulative experiments, we assessed the role of these traits in mating success across both sexual functions. We found significant variation in the mate composition between male and female function, with spur-length frequency positively associated with female outcrossing rate and mate number, but not with male outcrossing or mate number. Most mating events occurred within 10 m, and spur-length frequency positively correlated with mating distance. Regardless of selfing, there was evidence for assortative mating for spur length. Although spur length did not correlate with pollinator visitation, plants with mid-length spurs had higher seed set than those with shorter or longer spurs when autonomous selfing was excluded. Flowers number per plant was only associated with mating distance and female outcrossing rate. Our results suggest that spur length plays a key role in nonrandom mating by frequency-dependent mating, with implications for stabilizing selection and maintenance of genetic diversity. This study advances our understanding of floral diversity by dissecting the role of quantitative floral traits in plant mating through both female and male functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingliu Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Vegetation Structure, Functions and Construction, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Transboundary Ecosecurity of Southwest China, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plant Reproductive Adaptation and Evolutionary Ecology, Institute of Biodiversity, School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650504, Yunnan, China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Vegetation Structure, Functions and Construction, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Transboundary Ecosecurity of Southwest China, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plant Reproductive Adaptation and Evolutionary Ecology, Institute of Biodiversity, School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650504, Yunnan, China
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3
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Artamendi M, Martin PA, Bartomeus I, Magrach A. Loss of pollinator diversity consistently reduces reproductive success for wild and cultivated plants. Nat Ecol Evol 2025; 9:296-313. [PMID: 39663417 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-024-02595-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 09/16/2024] [Indexed: 12/13/2024]
Abstract
Pollination is a crucial ecosystem service, yet pollinator species diversity is declining as a result of factors such as climate change, habitat loss and agricultural intensification. While previous studies have often examined the extreme scenario of complete pollinator removal, showing negative impacts on plant reproductive success, we take a more realistic approach by focusing on the effects of decreasing pollinator diversity. Our global meta-analysis reveals a notable negative impact of reduced pollinator species diversity on plant reproductive success measures, such as seed set, fruit set and fruit weight. Notably, this effect varies across plant families, impacting both self-incompatible and self-compatible species. We also find that wild plant species suffer more than cultivated ones. Furthermore, the loss of invertebrate, nocturnal and wild pollinators has a more substantial impact than the loss of vertebrate, diurnal or managed pollinators. Overall, our findings consistently underscore the positive role of biodiversity in maintaining ecosystem functioning, highlighting the urgency of mitigating factors that lead to the decline in pollinator species diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maddi Artamendi
- University of the Basque Country, (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain.
- Basque Centre for Climate Change-BC3, Leioa, Spain.
| | - Philip A Martin
- Basque Centre for Climate Change-BC3, Leioa, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | | | - Ainhoa Magrach
- Basque Centre for Climate Change-BC3, Leioa, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
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4
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Etterson JR, Fliehr P, Pizza R, Gross BL. Domestication During Restoration: Unintentional Selection During Eight Generations of Wild Seed Propagation Reduces Herkogamy, Dichogamy and Heterozygosity in Clarkia pulchella. Mol Ecol 2025:e17655. [PMID: 39810715 DOI: 10.1111/mec.17655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2024] [Revised: 12/09/2024] [Accepted: 12/31/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2025]
Abstract
Seed production on native seed farms has increased to meet the rising demand for plant material for restoration. Although these propagation efforts are necessary for restoration, cultivating wild populations may also result in unintentional selection and elicit evolutionary changes that mimic crop domestication, essentially turning these efforts into artificial domestication experiments. Here, we investigated whether phenotypic and genomic changes associated with domestication occurred in the wildflower Clarkia pulchella Pursh (Onagraceae) by comparing the wild source populations to the farmed population after eight generations of cultivation. At the phenotypic level, the farmed population shifted towards a floral morphology associated with self-pollination, with a significant decrease in both dichogamy and herkogamy. At the genomic level, > 6500 SNPs revealed that mean expected heterozygosity of the farmed population was significantly lower than the wild populations, despite the fact that the farmed population originated from a pool of multiple wild populations. Both the shift towards a selfing phenotype and the loss of diversity are expected consequences of domestication, although the phenotypic shifts in particular occurred much more rapidly than has been observed for other domestication traits. We discuss these results in the context of plant domestication and the implications for retaining the genetic integrity of wild populations during the process of seed production for restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie R Etterson
- Department of Biology, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, Minnesota, USA
| | - Paige Fliehr
- Department of Biology, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, Minnesota, USA
| | - Riley Pizza
- Department of Biology, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
- Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Briana L Gross
- Department of Biology, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, Minnesota, USA
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Grillo M, Gutiérrez A. Floral traits underlying mating system differentiation in the wind-pollinated sister species Oryza rufipogon and Oryza nivara. AOB PLANTS 2025; 17:plae073. [PMID: 39850951 PMCID: PMC11752648 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plae073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 12/29/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2025]
Abstract
The shift from outcrossing to predominantly selfing is one of the most common transitions in plant evolution. This evolutionary shift has received considerable attention from biologists; however, this work has almost exclusively been focused on animal-pollinated systems. Despite the seminal ecological and economic importance of wind-pollinated species, the mechanisms controlling the degree of outcrossing in wind-pollinated taxa remain poorly understood. As a first step toward addressing this issue, we have conducted a comparative study of floral biology between two recently diverged sister species, Oryza rufipogon and Oryza nivara (Poaceae), that are wind-pollinated and possess distinct mating systems with O. rufipogon being outcrossing and O. nivara highly self-fertilized Therefore, these species present an ideal system for exploring mating system evolution in wind-pollinated taxa. We have identified key floral traits that differ between populations of these species and that are associated with mating system divergence including anther length, anther basal pore size, stigma papillae density, panicle shape, panicle exsertion, pollen viability, and early anther dehiscence. Of these traits, large anther basal pore size and early anther dehiscence are hypothesized to confer reliable autogamous selfing in O. nivara. Manipulations of floret number were conducted to partition the role of geitonogamy and autogamy in conferring self-fertilization. This experiment revealed that selfing in O. nivara is consistent with autogamous selfing, whereas O. rufipogon achieves selfing through geitonogamy. This study serves as a model for understanding the floral mechanisms controlling the outcrossing rate in other wind-pollinated systems, most notably other grasses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Grillo
- Department of Biology, Loyola University Chicago1032 W. Sheridan Rd. Chicago, IL 60660, United States
| | - Andrés Gutiérrez
- Department of Biology, Loyola University Chicago1032 W. Sheridan Rd. Chicago, IL 60660, United States
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Cao Z, Jiang S, Qu H. Strategies to enhance greenhouse strawberry yield through honeybee pollination behavior: a simulation study. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1514372. [PMID: 39703552 PMCID: PMC11655200 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1514372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2024] [Accepted: 11/18/2024] [Indexed: 12/21/2024]
Abstract
Strawberries are a widely cultivated greenhouse crop in China, primarily pollinated by honeybees, in accordance with traditional planting practices and local conditions. Extensive research has demonstrated that cross-pollination benefits numerous strawberry cultivars, leading to enhanced yield through the interplanting of different cultivars. However, the high costs associated with cultivation have hindered systematic research on the design of interplanting strategies. In this study, we utilized a simulation model to investigate how to leverage honeybee natural foraging behavior to improve pollination efficiency and explore fruit weight under various interplanting strategies within a greenhouse. Our findings indicate that adopting an alternating planting approach for different cultivars within the same bed effectively facilitates cross-pollination, leading to increased strawberry fruit yield. Additionally, dividing the strawberry plants into two batches and staggering their planting time helps mitigating the pressure of competition for bee pollination during peak blooming period, consequently contributing to enhanced yield. These proposed planting strategies offer valuable cultivation suggestions for farmers in some remote areas in China who still rely on honeybees as primary pollinators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihao Cao
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Zaozhuang University, Zaozhuang, China
| | - Shuo Jiang
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Zaozhuang University, Zaozhuang, China
| | - Hongchun Qu
- College of Automation, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, China
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Shi X, Zheng B, Liu X, Li F, Zhu Z, Quan Q, Li Y. Do Larger Pollinators Have Higher Pollination Efficiency for the Generalized Pollination Plant Hibiscus mutabilis? BIOLOGY 2024; 13:1009. [PMID: 39765676 PMCID: PMC11673843 DOI: 10.3390/biology13121009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2024] [Revised: 11/18/2024] [Accepted: 12/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/11/2025]
Abstract
To understand the reproductive strategies of the typically introduced plant Hibiscus mutabilis and to compare the pollination efficiency of its different pollinators, we observed, measured, and recorded the flowering dynamics, floral traits, and visiting insects of H. mutabilis. Furthermore, we compared the body size, visitation rate, and pollination efficiency of the pollination insects of H. mutabilis. The results indicated that, despite exhibiting specialized moth pollination characteristics based on similarities in flower features to other moth-pollinated species, H. mutabilis actually presented a generalized pollination system. The nectar of H. mutabilis attracted a variety of insects to provide pollination services, a total of five flower visitors, one moth species (Macroglossum pyrrhosticta), and four bee species (Xylocopa appendiculata, Xylocopa dissimilis, Bombus breviceps, and Apis mellifera), were found to provide pollination services for H. mutabilis. The pollination efficiency of these pollinators was related to the parts of their body in contact with the stamens and stigmas of flowers. Although M. pyrrhosticta was larger in size and its visitation frequency in our field observations was higher, its pollination efficiency was lower. This was due to the small part of its body (proboscis) contacting the two sexual organs of H. mutabilis while visiting flowers, resulting in a low amount of pollen being transferred and deposited. In contrast, the bee pollinators' proboscis was significantly shorter than that of M. pyrrhosticta, and it must enter the flower to suck the nectar that is hidden deeply inside the base of the flower. Therefore, the body parts of bee pollinators in contact with the two sexual organs of H. mutabilis were larger than M. pyrrhosticta in the process of visiting flowers, and the pollination efficiencies were significantly higher than those of M. pyrrhosticta. In addition, larger bee pollinators have higher pollination efficiency. As a result, H. mutabilis suffered from pollen limitation due to the pollination efficiencies of the moth pollinators in the introduced habitats, but it compensated by attracting more species of bee pollinators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Shi
- Chengdu Botanical Garden (Chengdu Institute of Park City Plant Research), Chengdu 610083, China; (X.S.); (X.L.); (F.L.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Bin Zheng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637009, China;
| | - Xiaoli Liu
- Chengdu Botanical Garden (Chengdu Institute of Park City Plant Research), Chengdu 610083, China; (X.S.); (X.L.); (F.L.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Fangwen Li
- Chengdu Botanical Garden (Chengdu Institute of Park City Plant Research), Chengdu 610083, China; (X.S.); (X.L.); (F.L.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Zhangshun Zhu
- Chengdu Botanical Garden (Chengdu Institute of Park City Plant Research), Chengdu 610083, China; (X.S.); (X.L.); (F.L.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Qiumei Quan
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637009, China;
| | - Yunxiang Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637009, China;
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Liu B, Wu H, Cao Y, Ma G, Zheng X, Zhu H, Song X, Sui S. Metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses jointly reveal the mechanism underlying the reddening of Chimonanthus praecox stamens. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1491246. [PMID: 39640987 PMCID: PMC11618622 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1491246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2024] [Accepted: 10/30/2024] [Indexed: 12/07/2024]
Abstract
Introduction Flower characteristics are crucial ornamental and reproductive traits in Chimonanthus praecox. Over its long cultivation history, variations have been observed in the floral organs, primarily in the petals, with limited reports on stamen traits. Stamen variation, integral to the mating system, can enhance the plant's ornamental value and directly impact its reproductive success. Methods This study is the first to report the phenomenon of red coloration in C. praecox stamens. Using UPLC-MS/MS, we analyzed the types and quantities of major metabolites in stamens of different colors. Results Our results indicated that the red coloration was primarily due to the accumulation 42 on of high levels of anthocyanins, specifically cyanidin 3-O-rutinoside and cyanidin 3-O-glucoside. Transcriptomic sequencing identified 63 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway, most showing peak expression during the bud stage. The results of the metabolite analysis and transcriptomic sequencing were similar to those of previous studies on petal reddening, suggesting a close relationship between the mechanisms of stamen and petal reddening. Discussion This study elucidated the mechanism of stamen reddening in C. praecox, expanding the species' genetic resources and offering insights into color changes across floral tissue..
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Liu
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Huafeng Wu
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yinzhu Cao
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guanpeng Ma
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Institute of Horticulture, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Xiaowen Zheng
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Haoxiang Zhu
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xingrong Song
- Garden and Flower Research Center, Horticultural Research Institute of Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Science, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Shunzhao Sui
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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Giudicelli GC, Pezzi PH, Guzmán-Rodriguez S, Turchetto C, Bombarely A, Freitas LB. Historical and ongoing hybridisation in Southern South American grassland species. Sci Rep 2024; 14:27989. [PMID: 39543384 PMCID: PMC11564536 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-79584-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 11/11/2024] [Indexed: 11/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Natural hybridisation in plants can impact genetic and morphological diversity, including the emergence of better-adapted new populations and the potential extinction of some lineages involved in this intricate process. Under progressive global warming, species often need to migrate to newly suitable areas, which may be an additional challenge for species with low dispersal ability. Throughout the search for new environments, previously allopatric lineages can come into secondary contact and eventually hybridise if reproductive isolation is incomplete. Here, we focused on two taxa representing the natural herbaceous component of southern South American lowland grasslands. We aimed to evaluate the impact of contact zones and potential hybridisation on the evolutionary relationships and population dynamics. We used single nucleotide polymorphisms and morphological data of multiple individuals from allopatric and contact zones between taxa to shed light on hybridisation patterns and demographic scenarios. Our results indicated that the contact zones impact taxa's genetic and morphological diversity, and each contact zone had different patterns of genetic diversity and morphology, constituting stable populations that potentially reflect hybridisation events occurring at distinct evolutionary times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna C Giudicelli
- Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, PoBox 15053, Porto Alegre, 91501-970, Brazil
| | - Pedro H Pezzi
- Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, PoBox 15053, Porto Alegre, 91501-970, Brazil
| | - Sebastián Guzmán-Rodriguez
- Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, PoBox 15053, Porto Alegre, 91501-970, Brazil
| | - Caroline Turchetto
- Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, PoBox 15053, Porto Alegre, 91501-970, Brazil
- Department of Botany, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Aureliano Bombarely
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP) (CSIC-UPV), Valencia, Spain
| | - Loreta B Freitas
- Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, PoBox 15053, Porto Alegre, 91501-970, Brazil.
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Kofler XV, Grossniklaus U, Schiestl FP, Frachon L. Uncovering genes involved in pollinator-driven mating system shifts and selfing syndrome evolution in Brassica rapa. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 243:1220-1230. [PMID: 38853408 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Shifts in pollinator occurrence and their pollen transport effectiveness drive the evolution of mating systems in flowering plants. Understanding the genomic basis of these changes is essential for predicting the persistence of a species under environmental changes. We investigated the genomic changes in Brassica rapa over nine generations of pollination by hoverflies associated with rapid morphological evolution toward the selfing syndrome. We combined a genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) approach with a genome-wide association study (GWAS) to identify candidate genes, and assessed their functional role in the observed morphological changes by studying mutations of orthologous genes in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. We found 31 candidate genes involved in a wide range of functions from DNA/RNA binding to transport. Our functional assessment of orthologous genes in A. thaliana revealed that two of the identified genes in B. rapa are involved in regulating the size of floral organs. We found a protein kinase superfamily protein involved in petal width, an important trait in plant attractiveness to pollinators. Moreover, we found a histone lysine methyltransferase (HKMT) associated with stamen length. Altogether, our study shows that hoverfly pollination leads to rapid evolution toward the selfing syndrome mediated by polygenic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xeniya V Kofler
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008, Zürich, Switzerland
- Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, ETH Zurich, University of Basel, Tannenstrasse 1, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ueli Grossniklaus
- Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, ETH Zurich, University of Basel, Tannenstrasse 1, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Florian P Schiestl
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008, Zürich, Switzerland
- Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, ETH Zurich, University of Basel, Tannenstrasse 1, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Léa Frachon
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008, Zürich, Switzerland
- Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, ETH Zurich, University of Basel, Tannenstrasse 1, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
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11
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Gavini SS, Quintero C. Predation risk and floral rewards: How pollinators balance these conflicts and the consequences on plant fitness. CURRENT RESEARCH IN INSECT SCIENCE 2024; 6:100091. [PMID: 39193177 PMCID: PMC11345579 DOI: 10.1016/j.cris.2024.100091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
Foraging behavior of pollinators is shaped by, among other factors, the conflict between maximizing resource intake and minimizing predation risk; yet, empirical studies quantifying variation in both forces are rare, compared to those investigating each separately. Here, we discuss the importance of simultaneously assessing bottom-up and top-down forces in the study of plant-pollinator interactions, and propose a conceptual and testable graphical hypothesis for pollinator foraging behavior and plant fitness outcomes as a function of varying floral rewards and predation risk. In low predation risk scenarios, no noticeable changes in pollinator foraging behavior are expected, with reward levels affecting only the activity threshold. However, as predation risk increases we propose that there is a decrease in foraging behavior, with a steeper decline as plants are more rewarding and profitable. Lastly, in high predation risk scenarios, we expect foraging to approach zero, regardless of floral rewards. Thus, we propose that pollinator foraging behavior follows an inverse S-shape curve, with more pronounced changes in foraging activity at intermediate levels of predation risk, especially in high reward systems. We present empirical evidence that is consistent with this hypothesis. In terms of the consequences for plant fitness, we propose that specialized plant-pollinator systems should be more vulnerable to increased predation risk, with a steeper and faster decline in plant fitness, compared with generalist systems, in which pollinator redundancy can delay or buffer the effect of predators. Moreover, whereas we expect that specialist systems follows a similar inverse S-shape curve, in generalist systems we propose three different scenarios as a function not only of reward level but also compatibility, mating-system, and the interplay between growth form and floral display. The incorporation of trade-offs in pollinator behavior balancing the conflicting demands between feeding and predation risk has a promising future as a key feature enabling the development of more complex foraging models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina S. Gavini
- INIBIOMA, CONICET-CRUB, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Quintral 1250, San Carlos de Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina
| | - Carolina Quintero
- INIBIOMA, CONICET-CRUB, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Quintral 1250, San Carlos de Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina
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Perdomo O, Becker R, Singer RB. Pollination Ecology, Breeding System, and Conservation of Butia lallemantii Deble & Marchiori (Arecaceae): A Useful Dwarf Palm Tree from the Pampa. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1562. [PMID: 38891370 PMCID: PMC11174781 DOI: 10.3390/plants13111562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Revised: 06/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
The Dwarf Palm, Butia lallemantii Deble & Marchiori, is an endangered species endemic to the Pampa biome and typically grows in sandy and rocky soils. Given its economic, ecological, and cultural relevance, it is crucial to understand the ecology and biology of this species to encourage its preservation and highlight its significance for the Pampa. This study aims to investigate whether this palm relies on animal vectors for pollination, analyze its breeding system, and propose strategies for its conservation and sustainable use. We conducted field observations on pollination ecology, identified floral visitors, and designed six breeding system experiments to test cross-compatibility, self-compatibility, and apomixis. Additionally, we conducted a literature review to propose conservation strategies. Butia lallemantii is pollinator-dependent and self-compatible. The flowers are mostly melittophilous and offer pollen and nectar for floral visitors. The main pollinators are native Meliponinae and Halictinae bees and the introduced Apis mellifera. This study represents the first comprehensive and complete examination of the breeding system and pollination process on Butia palms. This palm can provide materials for industries, but urgent actions are needed to preserve the remaining populations through effective policies and strategies. Furthermore, this palm should be integrated into diversified agroecosystems to evaluate its adaptability to cultivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Perdomo
- NÚCLEO—Basic Science Research Group, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Universidad de Boyacá, Tunja 150003, Colombia
| | - Rafael Becker
- Laboratory of Systematics of Vascular Plants, Postgraduate Program in Botany, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 91509-900, RS, Brazil; (R.B.); (R.B.S.)
| | - Rodrigo Bustos Singer
- Laboratory of Systematics of Vascular Plants, Postgraduate Program in Botany, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 91509-900, RS, Brazil; (R.B.); (R.B.S.)
- Graduate Program in Botany (PPGBOT-UFRGS), Institute of Biosciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 91501-970, RS, Brazil
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13
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Oberhofer G, Johnson ML, Ivy T, Antoshechkin I, Hay BA. Cleave and Rescue gamete killers create conditions for gene drive in plants. NATURE PLANTS 2024; 10:936-953. [PMID: 38886522 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-024-01701-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Gene drive elements promote the spread of linked traits and can be used to change the composition or fate of wild populations. Cleave and Rescue (ClvR) drive elements sit at a fixed chromosomal position and include a DNA sequence-modifying enzyme such as Cas9/gRNAs that disrupts endogenous versions of an essential gene and a recoded version of the essential gene resistant to cleavage. ClvR spreads by creating conditions in which those lacking ClvR die because they lack functional versions of the essential gene. Here we demonstrate the essential features of the ClvR gene drive in the plant Arabidopsis thaliana through killing of gametes that fail to inherit a ClvR that targets the essential gene YKT61. Resistant alleles, which can slow or prevent drive, were not observed. Modelling shows plant ClvRs are robust to certain failure modes and can be used to rapidly drive population modification or suppression. Possible applications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Oberhofer
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Michelle L Johnson
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Tobin Ivy
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Igor Antoshechkin
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Bruce A Hay
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
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14
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Zhou C, Yu Y, Liu Y, Yang S, Chen Y. Gradual pollen presentation in Vaccinium corymbosum 'Bluecrop': an adaptive mechanism to improve pollination efficiency and outcrossing. PeerJ 2024; 12:e17273. [PMID: 38708362 PMCID: PMC11067903 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Gradual pollen presentation is a plant reproductive mechanism to improve pollination efficiency and accuracy and promote outcrossing. Vaccinium corymbosum 'Bluecrop' has a typical gradual pollen presentation mechanism. 'Bluecrop' exhibits an inverted bell-shaped flower with a white coloration. By investigating the flower syndrome, pollination characteristics, pollination efficiency, and breeding system of 'Bluecrop', this study aims to explore the adaptive significance of these traits. The results showed 'Bluecrop' released pollen gradually through anther poricidal dehiscence. Among different pollinators, Apis mellifera and Bombus can pollinate effectively, and the mechanism of gradual pollen presentation significantly improved the efficiency of pollen transfer. This characteristic limits the amount of pollen removed by the pollinators and prolongs pollen presentation, thus attracting more pollinators and thereby increasing male fitness. The nectar secretion of 'Bluecrop' is gradual, with a large nectar production and a long phase of nectar secretion, enhance visitation frequencies and the chances of successful pollination. At the same time, campanulate corolla can protect pollen as well as nectar from waste due to environmental factors and other effects. The breeding system of 'Bluecrop' relies mainly on outcrossing because of its low affinity for self-fertilization and good interaction with pollinating insects. Thus, the special floral syndrome and the mechanism of secondary pollen presentation are significant in improving pollination efficiency and promoting the reproductive success of 'Bluecrop' by outcrossing. It can provide a certain theoretical basis for the future propagation breeding of 'Bluecrop'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunzhi Zhou
- School of Landscape Architecture, Changchun University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yalong Yu
- School of Landscape Architecture, Changchun University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yuwei Liu
- School of Landscape Architecture, Changchun University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Shanlin Yang
- School of Landscape Architecture, Changchun University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yanfeng Chen
- School of Geography and Tourism, Qufu Normal University, Rizhao, Shandong, China
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15
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Chen KH, Pannell JR. Unisexual flowers as a resolution to intralocus sexual conflict in hermaphrodites. Proc Biol Sci 2023; 290:20232137. [PMID: 38018108 PMCID: PMC10685137 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.2137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
In dioecious populations, males and females may evolve different trait values to increase fitness through their respective sexual functions. Because hermaphrodites express both sexual functions, resolving sexual conflict is potentially more difficult for them. Here, we show that hermaphrodite plants can partially resolve sexual conflict by expressing different trait values in different male and female modules (e.g. different flowers, inflorescences, branches etc.). We analysed the flowering phenology, sex allocation and selection gradients on floral traits of flowers of the andromonoecious plant Pulsatilla alpina, which produces both bisexual and male flowers. Our results indicate that strong protogyny prevents early bisexual flowers from profiting from high siring opportunities early in the reproductive season at a time when male flowers could achieve high siring success. The production of unisexual male flowers thus resolves this sexual conflict because it allows the flowers to express their male function without waiting until after the female function has been performed. Our study illustrates the resolution of sexual conflict arising from phenological constraints via modular divergence in sex allocation. We discuss the extent to which modular variation in sex allocation in the context of other sexual systems may be similarly explained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Hsiu Chen
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - John R. Pannell
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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16
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Nathan M, Gruner DS. Sustained mangrove reproduction despite major turnover in pollinator community composition at expanding range edge. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2023; 132:107-120. [PMID: 37389585 PMCID: PMC10550273 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcad085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS How well plants reproduce near their geographic range edge can determine whether distributions will shift in response to changing climate. Reproduction at the range edge can be limiting if pollinator scarcity leads to pollen limitation, or if abiotic stressors affect allocation to reproduction. For many animal-pollinated plants with expanding ranges, the mechanisms by which they have overcome these barriers are poorly understood. METHODS In this study, we examined plant-pollinator interactions hypothesized to impact reproduction of the black mangrove, Avicennia germinans, which is expanding northward in coastal Florida, USA. We monitored insects visiting A. germinans populations varying in proximity to the geographic range edge, measured the pollen loads of the most common insect taxa and pollen receipt by A. germinans stigmas, and quantified flower and propagule production. KEY RESULTS We found that despite an 84 % decline in median floral visits by insects at northernmost versus southernmost sites, range-edge pollen receipt remained high. Notably, local floral visitor assemblages exhibited substantial turnover along the study's latitudinal gradient, with large-bodied bees and hover flies increasingly common at northern sites. We also observed elevated flower production in northern populations and higher per capita reproductive output at the range edge. Furthermore, mean propagule mass in northern populations was 18 % larger than that from the southernmost populations. CONCLUSIONS These findings reveal no erosion of fecundity in A. germinans populations at range limits, allowing rapid expansion of mangrove cover in the region. These results also illustrate that substantial turnover in the assemblage of flower-visiting insects can occur at an expanding range edge without altering pollen receipt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayda Nathan
- Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Daniel S Gruner
- Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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Maldonado M, Fornoni J, Boege K, Pérez Ishiwara R, Santos-Gally R, Domínguez CA. The role of within-plant variation in nectar production: an experimental approach. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2023; 132:95-106. [PMID: 37419457 PMCID: PMC10550272 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcad082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Nectar, a plant reward for pollinators, can be energetically expensive. Hence, a higher investment in nectar production can lead to reduced allocation to other vital functions and/or increased geitonogamous pollination. One possible strategy employed by plants to reduce these costs is to offer variable amounts of nectar among flowers within a plant, to manipulate pollinator behaviour. Using artificial flowers, we tested this hypothesis by examining how pollinator visitation responds to inter- and intra-plant variation in nectar production, assessing how these responses impact the energetic cost per visit. METHODS We conducted a 2 × 2 factorial experiment using artificial flowers, with two levels of nectar investment (high and low sugar concentration) and two degrees of intra-plant variation in nectar concentration (coefficient of variation 0 and 20 %). The experimental plants were exposed to visits (number and type) from a captive Bombus impatiens colony, and we recorded the total visitation rate, distinguishing geitonogamous from exogamous visits. Additionally, we calculated two estimators of the energetic cost per visit and examined whether flowers with higher nectar concentrations (richer flowers) attracted more bumblebees. KEY RESULTS Plants in the variable nectar production treatment (coefficient of variation 20 %) had a greater proportion of flowers visited by pollinators, with higher rates of total, geitonogamous and exogamous visitation, compared with plants with invariable nectar production. When assuming no nectar reabsorption, variable plants incurred a lower cost per visit compared with invariable plants. Moreover, highly rewarding flowers on variable plants had higher rates of pollination visits compared with flowers with few rewards. CONCLUSIONS Intra-plant variation in nectar concentration can represent a mechanism for pollinator manipulation, enabling plants to decrease the energetic costs of the interaction while still ensuring consistent pollinator visitation. However, our findings did not provide support for the hypothesis that intra-plant variation in nectar concentration acts as a mechanism to avoid geitonogamy. Additionally, our results confirmed the hypothesis that increased visitation to variable plants is dependent on the presence of flowers with nectar concentration above the mean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Maldonado
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoA.P. 70-275, 04510 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Juan Fornoni
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoA.P. 70-275, 04510 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Karina Boege
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoA.P. 70-275, 04510 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rubén Pérez Ishiwara
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoA.P. 70-275, 04510 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rocío Santos-Gally
- CONAHCYT-Instituto de Ecología, Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoA.P. 70-275, 04510 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - César A Domínguez
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoA.P. 70-275, 04510 Mexico City, Mexico
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18
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Hassa P, Traiperm P, Stewart AB. Compatibility systems and pollinator dependency in morning glory species (Convolvulaceae). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:432. [PMID: 37715144 PMCID: PMC10503090 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04437-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Convolvulaceae is a large family containing species exhibiting a range of breeding systems and pollinated by diverse animal taxa. We studied the pollination ecology of 15 Convolvulaceae species, representing seven genera (Argyreia Lour., Camonea Raf., Evolvulus L., Hewittia Wight & Arn., Ipomoea L., Merremia Dennst. ex Endl., and Operculina Silva Manso), in northeastern Thailand, a family that is highly diverse yet understudied in the paleotropics. Specifically, we studied their compatibility systems and degrees of pollinator dependency using pollination experiments, examined pollinator composition and visitation rates using video observation, and determined if there is an association between pollinator visitation rates and degree of pollinator dependence. RESULTS Our results showed that most species are self-compatible, but the degree of pollinator dependence varies. Six species were found to be highly dependent on pollinators, as two are self-incompatible and four are self-compatible but had reduced seed set when pollinators were excluded, possibly due to herkogamy. Seven species showed low dependence on pollinators and seed set remained high when pollinators were excluded. Pollinator dependence was inconclusive for two species as seed set was low in all pollination treatments. We also found an association between pollinator visitation rates and degree of pollinator dependence. Specifically, species exhibiting high pollinator dependence received frequent visits from pollinators, while species exhibiting low pollinator dependence either received frequent visits from pollinators (and received high amounts of xenogamous pollen) or infrequent visits from pollinators (and received significantly lower amounts of xenogamous pollen). Most of our study species were primarily visited by bees (e.g., Lasioglossum, Amegilla, Apis, and meliponines), with the exception of one night-blooming species that was visited primarily by crepuscular butterflies and hawkmoths. CONCLUSIONS The cumulative findings of this study demonstrate how pollinator dependence is influenced by breeding system, and suggest that pollinator visitation is consistently high for species exhibiting high pollinator dependence but varies across species exhibiting low pollinator dependence. Our findings are also important for assessing the conservation risks of paleotropical Convolvulaceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piriya Hassa
- Department of Plant Science, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Paweena Traiperm
- Department of Plant Science, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Alyssa B Stewart
- Department of Plant Science, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
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19
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Deng X, Liao Y, Wong D, Yu H. The genetic structuring in pollinating wasps of Ficus hispida in continental Asia. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e10518. [PMID: 37745788 PMCID: PMC10511832 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The interaction between figs and fig wasps provides a striking example of obligate brood site pollination mutualism. Monoecious figs, constituting independent radiations in each tropical biome, are present in significant proportions worldwide, but in continental Asia, dioecious figs have diverged into various niches, making the region's assemblage remarkably diverse. However, the reproductive success of figs and fig wasps largely depends on the fig wasp dispersal process. Monoecious fig pollinators in continental Asian tropical rain forests exhibit high gene flow of the plant, while many dioecious fig pollinators have a more restricted gene flow. However, there are limited studies on the genetic structure of dioecious Ficus pollinators that pollinate figs with intermediate gene flow. Here, we used molecular methods to investigate the genetic structure of pollinating wasps of the widely distributed dioecious Ficus hispida in China and Southeast Asia. Sequence data from two gene regions were used: the mitochondrial protein-coding gene cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) and the nuclear 28S genes. Both molecular and morphological results support two fig wasp species at our sampling sites. Our findings suggest that for widely sympatric Ficus species in continental Asia, monoecious figs presenting long gene glow have the fewest fig wasp species, followed by dioecious figs presenting intermediate gene flow, and dioecious figs presenting local gene flow have the most fig wasp species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxia Deng
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Sustainable UtilizationSouth China Botanical Garden, CASGuangzhouChina
- South China National Botanical GardenGuangzhouChina
- CEFECNRS, Univ Montpellier, EPHE, IRDMontpellierFrance
| | - Yaolin Liao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Sustainable UtilizationSouth China Botanical Garden, CASGuangzhouChina
- South China National Botanical GardenGuangzhouChina
| | - Da‐Mien Wong
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Sustainable UtilizationSouth China Botanical Garden, CASGuangzhouChina
- South China National Botanical GardenGuangzhouChina
| | - Hui Yu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Sustainable UtilizationSouth China Botanical Garden, CASGuangzhouChina
- South China National Botanical GardenGuangzhouChina
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20
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Tel-Zur N. Preventing self-fertilization: Insights from Ziziphus species. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1226502. [PMID: 37662155 PMCID: PMC10471802 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1226502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
The fitness of self-progeny individuals is inferior to that of their outcrossed counterparts, resulting in a reduction in a plant population's ability to survive and reproduce. To prevent self-fertilization, angiosperms with hermaphrodite flowers may exploit a variety of mechanisms, including synchronous dichogamy and self-incompatibility. Synchronous dichogamy involves two flowering morphs, with strict within-morph synchronization, thereby preventing not only autogamy and geitonogamy but also intra-morph mating. Self-fertilization is also prevented by self-incompatibility, a genetic mechanism that allows the identification and rejection of "self" pollen, thereby preventing both autogamy and geitonogamy. Here, I seek to provide a perspective of flowering in Ziziphus species exhibiting both synchronous (i.e., "Early" morph flowers open in the morning and "Late" morph flowers open in the afternoon) protandrous dichogamy (i.e., pollen dispersal before the stigma becomes receptive) and self-incompatibility.
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21
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Jia Y, Liu C, Li Y, Xiang Y, Pan Y, Liu Q, Gao S, Yin X, Wang Z. Inheritance of distyly and homostyly in self-incompatible Primula forbesii. Heredity (Edinb) 2023; 130:259-268. [PMID: 36788365 PMCID: PMC10076296 DOI: 10.1038/s41437-023-00598-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The evolutionary transition from self-incompatible distyly to self-compatible homostyly frequently occurs in heterostylous taxa. Although the inheritance of distyly and homostyly has been deeply studied, our understanding on modifications of the classical simple Mendelian model is still lacking. Primula forbesii, a biennial herb native to southwest China, is a typical distylous species, but after about 20 years of cultivation with open pollination, self-compatible homostyly appeared, providing ideal material for the study of the inheritance of distyly and homostyly. In this study, exogenous homobrassinolide was used to break the heteromorphic incompatibility of P. forbesii. Furthermore, we performed artificial pollination and open-pollination experiments to observe the distribution of floral morphs in progeny produced by different crosses. The viability of seeds from self-pollination was always the lowest among all crosses, and the homozygous S-morph plants (S/S) occurred in artificial pollination experiments but may experience viability selection. The distyly of P. forbesii is governed by a single S-locus, with S-morph dominant hemizygotes (S/-) and L-morph recessive homozygotes (-/-). Homostylous plants have a genotype similar to L-morph plants, and homostyly may be caused by one or more unlinked modifier genes outside the S-locus. Open pollinations confirm that autonomous self-pollination occurs frequently in L-morphs and homostylous plants. This study deepens the understanding of the inheritance of distyly and details a case of homostyly that likely originated from one or more modifier genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Jia
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Cailei Liu
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yifeng Li
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuanfen Xiang
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuanzhi Pan
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qinglin Liu
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Suping Gao
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiancai Yin
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zexun Wang
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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22
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Martinossi-Allibert I, Ament-Velásquez SL, Saupe SJ, Johannesson H. To self or not to self? Absence of mate choice despite costly outcrossing in the fungus Podospora anserina. J Evol Biol 2023; 36:238-250. [PMID: 36263943 PMCID: PMC10092876 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.14108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Fungi have a large potential for flexibility in their mode of sexual reproduction, resulting in mating systems ranging from haploid selfing to outcrossing. However, we know little about which mating strategies are used in nature, and why, even in well-studied model organisms. Here, we explored the fitness consequences of alternative mating strategies in the ascomycete fungus Podospora anserina. We measured and compared fitness proxies of nine genotypes in either diploid selfing or outcrossing events, over two generations, and with or without environmental stress. We showed that fitness was consistently lower in outcrossing events, irrespective of the environment. The cost of outcrossing was partly attributed to non-self recognition genes with pleiotropic effects on fertility. We then predicted that when presented with options to either self or outcross, individuals would perform mate choice in favour of the reproductive strategy that yields higher fitness. Contrary to our prediction, individuals did not seem to avoid outcrossing when a choice was offered, in spite of the fitness cost incurred. Our results suggest that, although functionally diploid, P. anserina does not benefit from outcrossing in most cases. We outline different explanations for the apparent lack of mate choice in face of high fitness costs associated with outcrossing, including a new perspective on the pleiotropic effect of non-self recognition genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivain Martinossi-Allibert
- Systematic Biology, Department of Organismal Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Institut de Biochimie et de Génétique Cellulaire, UMR 5095 CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux CEDEX, France.,Department of Biology, Realfagbygget, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - Sven J Saupe
- Institut de Biochimie et de Génétique Cellulaire, UMR 5095 CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux CEDEX, France
| | - Hanna Johannesson
- Systematic Biology, Department of Organismal Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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23
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Rehman A, Farooq M, Lee DJ, Siddique KHM. Sustainable agricultural practices for food security and ecosystem services. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:84076-84095. [PMID: 36258111 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-23635-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The notion of food security is a global phenomenon that impinges on every human. Efforts to increase productivity and yields have historically degraded the environment and reduced biodiversity and ecosystem services, with the significant impact on the poor. Sustainable agriculture-farming in sustainable ways based on an understanding of ecosystem services-is a practical option for achieving global food security while minimizing further environmental degradation. Sustainable agricultural systems offer ecosystem services, such as pollination, biological pest control, regulation of soil and water quality, maintenance of soil structure and fertility, carbon sequestration and mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions, nutrient cycling, hydrological services, and biodiversity conservation. In this review, we discuss the potential of sustainable agriculture for achieving global food security alongside healthy ecosystems that provide other valuable services to humankind. Too often, agricultural production systems are considered separate from other natural ecosystems, and insufficient attention has been paid to how services can flow to and from agricultural production systems to surrounding ecosystems. This review also details the trade-offs and synergies between ecosystem services, highlights current knowledge gaps, and proposes areas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Rehman
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, 63100, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Farooq
- Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Al-Khoud 123, Muscat, Oman.
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6001, Australia.
| | - Dong-Jin Lee
- Department of Crop Sciences and Biotechnology, Dankook University, Cheonan-si, 31116, South Korea
| | - Kadambot H M Siddique
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6001, Australia
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Sandner TM, Gemeinholzer B, Lemmer J, Matthies D, Ensslin A. Continuous inbreeding affects genetic variation, phenology, and reproductive strategy in ex situ cultivated Digitalis lutea. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2022; 109:1545-1559. [PMID: 36164840 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.16075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Ex situ cultivation is important for plant conservation, but cultivation in small populations may result in genetic changes by drift, inbreeding, or unconscious selection. Repeated inbreeding potentially influences not only plant fitness, but also floral traits and interactions with pollinators, which has not yet been studied in an ex situ context. METHODS We studied the molecular genetic variation of Digitalis lutea from a botanic garden population cultivated for 30 years, a frozen seed bank conserving the original genetic structure, and two current wild populations including the source population. In a common garden, we studied the effects of experimental inbreeding and between-population crosses on performance, reproductive traits, and flower visitation of plants from the garden and a wild population. RESULTS Significant genetic differentiation was found between the garden population and the wild population from which the seeds had originally been gathered. After experimental selfing, inbreeding depression was only found for germination and leaf size of plants from the wild population, indicating a history of inbreeding in the smaller garden population. Moreover, garden plants flowered earlier and had floral traits related to selfing, whereas wild plants had traits related to attracting pollinators. Bumblebees visited more flowers of outbred than inbred plants and of wild than garden plants. CONCLUSIONS Our case study suggests that high levels of inbreeding during ex situ cultivation can influence reproductive traits and thus interactions with pollinators. Together with the effects of genetic erosion and unconscious selection, these changes may affect the success of reintroductions into natural habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias M Sandner
- Plant Ecology, Department of Biology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Diethart Matthies
- Plant Ecology, Department of Biology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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25
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Tsuchimatsu T, Fujii S. The selfing syndrome and beyond: diverse evolutionary consequences of mating system transitions in plants. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2022; 377:20200510. [PMID: 35634918 PMCID: PMC9149797 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2020.0510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The shift from outcrossing to self-fertilization (selfing) is considered one of the most prevalent evolutionary transitions in flowering plants. Selfing species tend to share similar reproductive traits in morphology and function, and such a set of traits is called the 'selfing syndrome'. Although the genetic basis of the selfing syndrome has been of great interest to evolutionary biologists, knowledge of the causative genes or mutations was limited until recently. Thanks to advances in population genomic methodologies combined with high-throughput sequencing technologies, several studies have successfully unravelled the molecular and genetic basis for evolution of the selfing syndrome in Capsella, Arabidopsis, Solanum and other genera. Here we first introduce recent research examples that have explored the loci, genes and mutations responsible for the selfing syndrome traits, such as reductions in petal size or in pollen production, that are mainly relevant to pre-pollination processes. Second, we review the relationship between the evolution of selfing and interspecific pollen transfer, highlighting the findings of post-pollination reproductive barriers at the molecular level. We then discuss the emerging view of patterns in evolution of the selfing syndrome, such as the pervasive involvement of loss-of-function mutations and the relative importance of selection versus neutral degradation. This article is part of the theme issue 'Genetic basis of adaptation and speciation: from loci to causative mutations'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Tsuchimatsu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku 113-0033, Japan
| | - Sota Fujii
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku 113-8657, Japan
- Suntory Rising Stars Encouragement Program in Life Sciences (SunRiSE) Fellow, Bunkyo, Japan
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26
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Villamil N, Boege K, Stone GN. Defensive mutualists affect outcross pollen transfer and male fitness in their host plant. OIKOS 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.08788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nora Villamil
- Inst. of Evolutionary Biology, Univ. of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories, The King's Buildings Edinburgh UK
- Dept of Ecology and Evolution, Univ. de Lausanne Biophore Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Karina Boege
- Inst. de Ecología, Univ. Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria Ciudad De México México
| | - Graham N. Stone
- Inst. of Evolutionary Biology, Univ. of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories, The King's Buildings Edinburgh UK
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27
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Ter Steeg EMS, Struik PC, Visser RGF, Lindhout P. Crucial factors for the feasibility of commercial hybrid breeding in food crops. NATURE PLANTS 2022; 8:463-473. [PMID: 35513713 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-022-01142-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
There is an ongoing societal debate about plant breeding systems and their impact on stakeholders in food systems. Hybrid breeding and hybrid seed have become controversial topics as they are believed to mostly serve high-tech agricultural systems. This article focuses on the perspective of commercial plant breeders when developing new cultivars of food crops. Arguably, hybrid breeding is the most effective breeding system for genetic improvement of crops, enhancing yields, improving product quality and increasing resistance against (a)biotic stresses. Nonetheless, hybrid breeding is not commercially applied in all crops. We analyse how biological and economic factors determine whether a commercial plant breeder opts for the hybrid system or not. We show that the commercial feasibility of hybrid breeding depends on the crop and business case. In conclusion, the commercial application of hybrid breeding in crops seems to be hampered mostly by high costs of seed production. Case studies regarding the hybrid transitions in maize, wheat and potato are included to illustrate these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily M S Ter Steeg
- Development Economics, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Paul C Struik
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Richard G F Visser
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
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28
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Kudo G. Outcrossing syndrome in alpine plants: Implications for flowering phenology and pollination success. Ecol Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/1440-1703.12314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gaku Kudo
- Faculty of Environmental Earth Science Hokkaido University Sapporo Japan
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29
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Wu YM, Shen XL, Tong L, Lei FW, Xia XF, Mu XY, Zhang ZX. Reproductive biology of an endangered lithophytic shrub and implications for its conservation. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:80. [PMID: 35193519 PMCID: PMC8862588 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03466-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plants in cliff habitats may evolve specific reproductive strategies to cope with harsh environments, and unraveling these reproductive characteristics can improve our understanding of survival strategies and lithophyte evolution. This understanding is especially important for efforts to protect rare and endemic plants. Here, we investigated the reproductive biology of Lonicera oblata, an endangered lithophytic shrub that is scattered in highly fragmented and isolated cliff habitats of the Taihang and Yan mountains in North China. RESULTS Flowers of L. oblata are herkogamous and protandrous, characteristics that can prevent autogamy at the single-flower level, and insects are necessary for pollination. The outcrossing index, pollen/ovule ratio, and the results of hand pollination were measured and all revealed a mixed mating system for L. oblata, that combines cross-fertilization and partial self-fertilization. The floral traits of L. oblata of zygomorphic and brightly yellowish corolla, heavy fragrance, and rich nectar, suggest an entomophilous pollination system. Sweat bees were observed as the most effective pollinators but their visiting frequencies were not high. Pollen limitation may limit the reproductive success of L. oblata. CONCLUSIONS We determined the reproductive characteristics of L. oblata, a critically endangered species endemic to cliffs in North China, providing insight into its endangerment and suggesting conservation strategies. L. oblata has highly pollinator-dependent self-fertilization as part of a mixed mating system. Floral features such as low-flowering synchrony, asynchronous anthers dehiscence, and high duration of stigma receptivity, improve pollination efficiency in the case of low pollinator service. Our work provides reference information to understand the survival strategies and conservation of L. oblata and other lithophytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Mi Wu
- Laboratory of Systematic Evolution and Biogeography of Woody Plants, School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083 China
| | - Xue-Li Shen
- Laboratory of Systematic Evolution and Biogeography of Woody Plants, School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083 China
| | - Ling Tong
- Laboratory of Systematic Evolution and Biogeography of Woody Plants, School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083 China
| | - Feng-Wei Lei
- Laboratory of Systematic Evolution and Biogeography of Woody Plants, School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083 China
| | - Xiao-Fei Xia
- Beijing Museum of Natural History, Beijing, 100050 China
| | - Xian-Yun Mu
- Laboratory of Systematic Evolution and Biogeography of Woody Plants, School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083 China
| | - Zhi-Xiang Zhang
- Laboratory of Systematic Evolution and Biogeography of Woody Plants, School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083 China
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Stritt C, Gimmi EL, Wyler M, Bakali AH, Skalska A, Hasterok R, Mur LAJ, Pecchioni N, Roulin AC. Migration without interbreeding: Evolutionary history of a highly selfing Mediterranean grass inferred from whole genomes. Mol Ecol 2022; 31:70-85. [PMID: 34601787 PMCID: PMC9298040 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Wild plant populations show extensive genetic subdivision and are far from the ideal of panmixia which permeates population genetic theory. Understanding the spatial and temporal scale of population structure is therefore fundamental for empirical population genetics - and of interest in itself, as it yields insights into the history and biology of a species. In this study we extend the genomic resources for the wild Mediterranean grass Brachypodium distachyon to investigate the scale of population structure and its underlying history at whole-genome resolution. A total of 86 accessions were sampled at local and regional scales in Italy and France, which closes a conspicuous gap in the collection for this model organism. The analysis of 196 accessions, spanning the Mediterranean from Spain to Iraq, suggests that the interplay of high selfing and seed dispersal rates has shaped genetic structure in B. distachyon. At the continental scale, the evolution in B. distachyon is characterized by the independent expansion of three lineages during the Upper Pleistocene. Today, these lineages may occur on the same meadow yet do not interbreed. At the regional scale, dispersal and selfing interact and maintain high genotypic diversity, thus challenging the textbook notion that selfing in finite populations implies reduced diversity. Our study extends the population genomic resources for B. distachyon and suggests that an important use of this wild plant model is to investigate how selfing and dispersal, two processes typically studied separately, interact in colonizing plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Stritt
- Institute for Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Elena L Gimmi
- Institute for Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michele Wyler
- Institute for Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Abdelmonaim H Bakali
- National Institute of Agronomy, Regional Center of Errachidia, Errachidia, Morocco
| | - Aleksandra Skalska
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Robert Hasterok
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Luis A J Mur
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Wales, UK
| | - Nicola Pecchioni
- Research Centre for Cereal and Industrial Crops, CREA - Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Foggia, Italy
| | - Anne C Roulin
- Institute for Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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OUP accepted manuscript. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blac031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Aonuma W, Kawamoto H, Kazama Y, Ishii K, Abe T, Kawano S. Male/Female Trade-Off in Hermaphroditic Y-Chromosome Deletion Mutants of the Dioecious Plant Silene latifolia. CYTOLOGIA 2021. [DOI: 10.1508/cytologia.86.329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Aonuma
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Hiroki Kawamoto
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo
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33
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Atasagun B, Aksoy A, Güllü IB, Albayrak S. Reproductive Biology of Astragalus argaeus (Fabaceae), a critically endangered endemic species. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2021; 93:e20201613. [PMID: 34550201 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202120201613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Astragalus argaeus is an endemic plant species that is under critical risk of extinction. Here we investigated its population census, breeding system and reproductive success to determine the main factors affecting restricted distribution of this species. According to the results from pollination experiments, A. argaeus was autogamous but benefit from the cross pollination (xenogamous) and the presence of pollinators increases fruit set. The pollen/ovule ratio of A. argaeus was calculated as 3119,which correspond to facultative xenogamy. Reproduction biology data obtained by both methods are quite compatible with each other. Pollen viability and stigma receptivity data showed that both stigma receptivity and pollen viability were high and was no temporal isolation throughout the anthesis. Seed viability of A. argaues was determined as 52%. The low reproductive success of the species could be attributed to low seed viability and germination rates, small population size and variations in season and climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bayram Atasagun
- Selçuk University, Vocational School of Health Services, Akademi District, Yeni İstanbul Street, 42130, Konya, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Aksoy
- Akdeniz University, Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Dumlupınar Boulevard Campus, 07058, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Ismail Bayram Güllü
- Erciyes University, Graduate School of Natural Applied Sciences, Yenidoğan District, Turhan Baytop Street, 38030, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Sevil Albayrak
- Erciyes University, Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Yenidoğan District, Turhan Baytop Street, 38039, Kayseri, Turkey
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Ramanauskas K, Igić B. RNase-based self-incompatibility in cacti. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 231:2039-2049. [PMID: 34101188 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Approximately one-half of all flowering plants express genetically based physiological mechanisms that prevent self-fertilisation. One such mechanism, termed RNase-based self-incompatibility, employs ribonucleases as the pistil component. Although it is widespread, it has only been characterised in a handful of distantly related families, partly due to the difficulties presented by life history traits of many plants, which complicate genetic research. Many species in the cactus family are known to express self-incompatibility but the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. We demonstrate the utility of a candidate-based RNA-seq approach, combined with some unusual features of self-incompatibility-causing genes, which we use to uncover the genetic basis of the underlying mechanisms. Specifically, we assembled transcriptomes from Schlumbergera truncata (crab cactus or false Christmas cactus), and interrogated them for tissue-specific expression of candidate genes, structural characteristics, correlation with expressed phenotype(s), and phylogenetic placement. The results were consistent with operation of the RNase-based self-incompatibility mechanism in Cactaceae. The finding yields additional evidence that the ancestor of nearly all eudicots possessed RNase-based self-incompatibility, as well as a clear path to better conservation practices for one of the most charismatic plant families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolis Ramanauskas
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Il, 60607, USA
| | - Boris Igić
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Il, 60607, USA
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Brünjes L, Link W. Paternal outcrossing success differs among faba bean genotypes and impacts breeding of synthetic cultivars. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2021; 134:2411-2427. [PMID: 33961063 PMCID: PMC8277637 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-021-03832-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Faba bean genotypes showed significant and marked genetic differences in their success as pollen donors to cross-fertilized seeds. The findings may improve exploitation of heterosis in synthetic cultivars. In partially allogamous crops such as faba bean (Vicia faba L.), increasing the share of heterosis in a synthetic cultivar can improve yield and yield stability. The share of heterosis in such synthetic cultivars is increased by higher degrees of cross-fertilization. This trait is defined as percentage of cross-fertilized seeds among all seeds and is a crucial parameter in breeders' yield predictions. Current approaches use degree of cross-fertilization to predict inbreeding and share of heterosis, they even consider genotype-specific degrees; yet, all genotypes are assumed to contribute equally to the cross-fertilized seeds. Here, we expect faba bean genotypes to differ in their success rates as pollen donors, i.e. in paternal outcrossing success. To quantify the variation of both, the degree of cross-fertilization and the paternal outcrossing success, we assessed these parameters in inbred lines and F1 hybrids, grown in four polycrosses composed of eight genotypes each. We identified the paternal genotype of 500 to 800 seeds per genotype and polycross using SNP markers. In both traits, we found marked and significant variation among inbred lines and among F1 hybrids, as well as between inbred lines and F1. Based on our findings, we discuss how differential paternal outcrossing success influences the amount of inbreeding in synthetic cultivars. Our findings offer the potential for a better management and exploitation of heterotic yield increase in faba bean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Brünjes
- Plant Breeding Methodology, Department of Crop Sciences, Georg-August Universität Göttingen, Carl-Sprengel-Weg 1, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Link
- Plant Breeding Methodology, Department of Crop Sciences, Georg-August Universität Göttingen, Carl-Sprengel-Weg 1, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
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36
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Clo J, Opedal ØH. Genetics of quantitative traits with dominance under stabilizing and directional selection in partially selfing species. Evolution 2021; 75:1920-1935. [PMID: 34219233 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Recurrent self-fertilization is thought to lead to reduced adaptive potential by decreasing the genetic diversity of populations, thus leading selfing lineages down an evolutionary "blind alley." Although well supported theoretically, empirical support for reduced adaptability in selfing species is limited. One limitation of classical theoretical models is that they assume pure additivity of the fitness-related traits that are under stabilizing selection, despite ample evidence that quantitative traits are subject to dominance. Here, we relax this assumption and explore the effect of dominance on a fitness-related trait under stabilizing selection for populations that differ in selfing rates. By decomposing the genetic variance into additional components specific to inbred populations, we show that dominance components can explain a substantial part of the genetic variance of inbred populations. We also show that ignoring these components leads to an upward bias in the predicted response to selection. Finally, we show that when considering the effect of dominance, the short-term evolutionary potential of populations remains comparable across the entire gradient in outcrossing rates, and genetic associations can even make selfing populations more evolvable on the longer term, reconciling theoretical, and empirical results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josselin Clo
- AGAP, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, 34000, France.,Department of Botany, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
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37
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Van Rossum F, Raspé O, Vandelook F. Evidence of spontaneous selfing and disomic inheritance in Geranium robertianum. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:8640-8653. [PMID: 34257920 PMCID: PMC8258199 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowing species' breeding system and mating processes occurring in populations is important not only for understanding population dynamics, gene flow processes, and species' response to climate change, but also for designing control plans of invasive species. Geranium robertianum, a widespread biennial herbaceous species showing high morphological variation and wide ecological amplitude, can become invasive outside its distribution range. A mixed-mating system may be expected given the species' floral traits. However, autonomous selfing is considered as a common feature. Genetic variation and structure, and so population mating processes, have not been investigated in wild populations. We developed 15 polymorphic microsatellite markers to quantify genetic variation and structure in G. robertianum. To investigate whether selfing might be the main mating process in natural conditions, we sampled three generations of plants (adult, F1, and F2) for populations from the UK, Spain, Belgium, Germany, and Sweden, and compared open-pollinated with outcrossed hand-pollinated F2 progeny. The highly positive Wright's inbreeding coefficient (F IS) values in adults, F1, and open-pollinated F2 progeny and the low F IS values in outcross F2 progeny supported autonomous selfing as the main mating process for G. robertianum in wild conditions, despite the presence of attractive signals for insect pollination. Genetic differentiation among samples was found, showing some western-eastern longitudinal trend. Long-distance seed dispersal might have contributed to the low geographic structure. Local genetic differentiation may have resulted not only from genetic drift effects favored by spontaneous selfing, but also from ecological adaptation. The presence of duplicate loci with disomic inheritance is consistent with the hypothesis of allotetraploid origin of G. robertianum. The fact that most microsatellite markers behave as diploid loci with no evidence of duplication supports the hypothesis of ancient polyploidization. The differences in locus duplication and the relatively high genetic diversity across G. robertianum range despite spontaneous autonomous selfing suggest multiple events of polyploidization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabienne Van Rossum
- Meise Botanic GardenMeiseBelgium
- Service général de l'Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche scientifiqueFédération Wallonie‐BruxellesBrusselsBelgium
| | - Olivier Raspé
- Meise Botanic GardenMeiseBelgium
- Service général de l'Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche scientifiqueFédération Wallonie‐BruxellesBrusselsBelgium
- Present address:
School of ScienceMae Fah Luang UniversityChiang RaiThailand
| | - Filip Vandelook
- Meise Botanic GardenMeiseBelgium
- Biology DepartmentPhilipps Universität MarburgMarburgGermany
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Takou M, Hämälä T, Koch EM, Steige KA, Dittberner H, Yant L, Genete M, Sunyaev S, Castric V, Vekemans X, Savolainen O, de Meaux J. Maintenance of Adaptive Dynamics and No Detectable Load in a Range-Edge Outcrossing Plant Population. Mol Biol Evol 2021; 38:1820-1836. [PMID: 33480994 PMCID: PMC8097302 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msaa322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
During range expansion, edge populations are expected to face increased genetic drift, which in turn can alter and potentially compromise adaptive dynamics, preventing the removal of deleterious mutations and slowing down adaptation. Here, we contrast populations of the European subspecies Arabidopsis lyrata ssp. petraea, which expanded its Northern range after the last glaciation. We document a sharp decline in effective population size in the range-edge population and observe that nonsynonymous variants segregate at higher frequencies. We detect a 4.9% excess of derived nonsynonymous variants per individual in the range-edge population, suggesting an increase of the genomic burden of deleterious mutations. Inference of the fitness effects of mutations and modeling of allele frequencies under the explicit demographic history of each population predicts a depletion of rare deleterious variants in the range-edge population, but an enrichment for fixed ones, consistent with the bottleneck effect. However, the demographic history of the range-edge population predicts a small net decrease in per-individual fitness. Consistent with this prediction, the range-edge population is not impaired in its growth and survival measured in a common garden experiment. We further observe that the allelic diversity at the self-incompatibility locus, which ensures strict outcrossing and evolves under negative frequency-dependent selection, has remained unchanged. Genomic footprints indicative of selective sweeps are broader in the Northern population but not less frequent. We conclude that the outcrossing species A. lyrata ssp. petraea shows a strong resilience to the effect of range expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Takou
- Institute of Botany, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Tuomas Hämälä
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Evan M Koch
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kim A Steige
- Institute of Botany, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Levi Yant
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Mathieu Genete
- CNRS, UMR 8198 – Evo-Eco-Paleo, University of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Shamil Sunyaev
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Vincent Castric
- CNRS, UMR 8198 – Evo-Eco-Paleo, University of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Xavier Vekemans
- CNRS, UMR 8198 – Evo-Eco-Paleo, University of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Outi Savolainen
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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Wu C, Paciorek M, Liu K, LeClere S, Perez‐Jones A, Westra P, Sammons RD. Investigating the presence of compensatory evolution in dicamba resistant IAA16 mutated kochia (Bassia scoparia) †. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2021; 77:1775-1785. [PMID: 33236492 PMCID: PMC7986355 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lack of fitness costs has been reported for multiple herbicide resistance traits, but the underlying evolutionary mechanisms are not well understood. Compensatory evolution that ameliorates resistance costs, has been documented in bacteria and insects but rarely studied in weeds. Dicamba resistant IAA16 (G73N) mutated kochia was previously found to have high fecundity in the absence of competition, regardless of significant vegetative growth defects. To understand if costs of dicamba resistance can be compensated through traits promoting reproductive success in kochia, we thoroughly characterized the reproductive growth and development of different G73N kochia biotypes. Flowering phenology, seed production and reproductive allocation were quantified through greenhouse studies, floral (stigma-anthers distance) and seed morphology, as well as resulting mating and seed dispersal systems were studied through time-course microcopy images. RESULTS G73N covaried with multiple phenological, morphological and ecological traits that improve reproductive fitness: (i) 16-60% higher reproductive allocation; (ii) longer reproduction phase through early flowering (2-7 days); (iii) smaller stigma-anthers separation (up to 60% reduction of herkogamy and dichogamy) that can potentially promote selfing and reproductive assurance; (iv) 'winged' seeds with 30-70% longer sepals that facilitate long-distance seed dispersal. CONCLUSION The current study demonstrates that costs of herbicide resistance can be ameliorated through coevolution of other fitness penalty alleviating traits. As illustrated in a hypothetical model, the evolution of herbicide resistance is an ongoing fitness maximization process, which poses challenges to contain the spread of resistance. © 2020 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxi Wu
- Department of Plant BiotechnologyBayer CropScienceChesterfieldMOUSA
| | - Marta Paciorek
- Department of Plant BiotechnologyBayer CropScienceChesterfieldMOUSA
| | - Kang Liu
- Department of Plant BiotechnologyBayer CropScienceChesterfieldMOUSA
| | - Sherry LeClere
- Department of Plant BiotechnologyBayer CropScienceChesterfieldMOUSA
| | | | - Phil Westra
- Department of Agricultural BiologyColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCOUSA
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Hamann E, Denney D, Day S, Lombardi E, Jameel MI, MacTavish R, Anderson JT. Review: Plant eco-evolutionary responses to climate change: Emerging directions. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 304:110737. [PMID: 33568289 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Contemporary climate change is exposing plant populations to novel combinations of temperatures, drought stress, [CO2] and other abiotic and biotic conditions. These changes are rapidly disrupting the evolutionary dynamics of plants. Despite the multifactorial nature of climate change, most studies typically manipulate only one climatic factor. In this opinion piece, we explore how climate change factors interact with each other and with biotic pressures to alter evolutionary processes. We evaluate the ramifications of climate change across life history stages,and examine how mating system variation influences population persistence under rapid environmental change. Furthermore, we discuss how spatial and temporal mismatches between plants and their mutualists and antagonists could affect adaptive responses to climate change. For example, plant-virus interactions vary from highly pathogenic to mildly facilitative, and are partly mediated by temperature, moisture availability and [CO2]. Will host plants exposed to novel, stressful abiotic conditions be more susceptible to viral pathogens? Finally, we propose novel experimental approaches that could illuminate how plants will cope with unprecedented global change, such as resurrection studies combined with experimental evolution, genomics or epigenetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Hamann
- Department of Genetics and Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Derek Denney
- Department of Genetics and Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Samantha Day
- Department of Genetics and Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Elizabeth Lombardi
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - M Inam Jameel
- Department of Genetics and Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Rachel MacTavish
- Department of Genetics and Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Jill T Anderson
- Department of Genetics and Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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Gorman CE, Bond L, van Kleunen M, Dorken ME, Stift M. Limited phenological and pollinator-mediated isolation among selfing and outcrossing Arabidopsis lyrata populations. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20202323. [PMID: 33234079 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.2323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Transitions from outcrossing to selfing have been a frequent evolutionary shift in plants and clearly play a role in species divergence. However, many questions remain about the initial mechanistic basis of reproductive isolation during the evolution of selfing. For instance, how important are pre-zygotic pre-pollination mechanisms (e.g. changes in phenology and pollinator visitation) in maintaining reproductive isolation between newly arisen selfing populations and their outcrossing ancestors? To test whether changes in phenology and pollinator visitation isolate selfing populations of Arabidopsis lyrata from outcrossing populations, we conducted a common garden experiment with plants from selfing and outcrossing populations as well as their between-population hybrids. Specifically, we asked whether there was isolation between outcrossing and selfing plants and their between-population hybrids through differences in (1) the timing or intensity of flowering; and/or (2) pollinator visitation. We found that phenology largely overlapped between plants from outcrossing and selfing populations. There were also no differences in pollinator preference related to mating system. Additionally, pollinators preferred to visit flowers on the same plant rather than exploring nearby plants, creating a large opportunity for self-fertilization. Overall, this suggests that pre-zygotic pre-pollination mechanisms do not strongly reproductively isolate plants from selfing and outcrossing populations of Arabidopsis lyrata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney E Gorman
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Lindsay Bond
- Department of Biology, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Drive, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada K9J 0G2
| | - Mark van Kleunen
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, 78457 Konstanz, Germany.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, People's Republic of China
| | - Marcel E Dorken
- Department of Biology, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Drive, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada K9J 0G2
| | - Marc Stift
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
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Lin Y, Laosatit K, Chen J, Yuan X, Wu R, Amkul K, Chen X, Somta P. Mapping and Functional Characterization of Stigma Exposed 1, a DUF1005 Gene Controlling Petal and Stigma Cells in Mungbean ( Vigna radiata). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:575922. [PMID: 33329637 PMCID: PMC7710877 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.575922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Flowers with exposed stigma increase the outcrossing rate and are useful in developing improved hybrid crop cultivars. This exposure results mainly from the cellular morphology of the petal and pistil, but what affects the formation of the petal and pistil in the late developmental stages is less understood. Here, we characterized a novel floral mutant in mungbean (Vigna radiata), stigma exposed 1 (se1), which displays irregular petals and pistils. Floral organ initiation in the se1 mutant was normal, but petal and pistil growth malfunctioned during late development. A histological analysis revealed that the se1 mutant had wrinkled petals with knotted structures and elongated styles. The cellular morphology of the epidermal layers of the se1 petals was deformed, while the cell lengths in the styles increased. A genetic analysis indicated that the se1 phenotype is controlled by a single recessive gene, and it was mapped to chromosome 11. A sequence analysis suggested that a DUF1005-encoding gene, LOC106777793, is the gene controlling the se1 phenotype. The se1 mutant possessed a single-nucleotide polymorphism that resulted in an amino acid change in VrDUF1005. Overexpression of VrDUF1005 in Arabidopsis resulted in rolling leaves and reduced floral size. Consequently, we proposed that VrSE1 functions to modulate cell division in petals and cell expansion in styles during the late developmental stages in mungbean. The se1 mutant is a new genetic resource for mung bean hybrid breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Lin
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Kularb Laosatit
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture at Kamphaeng Saen, Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Jingbin Chen
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Xingxing Yuan
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Ranran Wu
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Kitiya Amkul
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture at Kamphaeng Saen, Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Xin Chen
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Prakit Somta
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture at Kamphaeng Saen, Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
- Center of Excellence on Agricultural Biotechnology: (AG-BIO/PERDO-CHE), Bangkok, Thailand
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von Witt CG, Anderson B, Durbach IN, Johnson SD. Breeding systems of floral colour forms in the Drosera cistiflora species complex. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2020; 22:992-1001. [PMID: 33448582 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Variation in plant breeding systems has implications for pollinator-mediated selection on floral traits and the ecology of populations. Here we evaluate pollinator contribution to seed production, self-compatibility and pollen limitation in different floral colour forms of Drosera cistiflora sensu lato (Droseraceae). These insectivorous perennial plants are endemic to fynbos and renosterveld vegetation in the Cape Floristic Region of South Africa, and the species complex includes five floral colour forms (pink, purple, red, white and yellow), some of which are known to be pollinated by beetles. Controlled hand-pollination experiments were conducted in 15 populations of D. cistiflora s.l. (two to four populations per floral colour form) to test whether the colour forms vary in their degree of self-compatibility and their ability to produce seeds through autonomous self-fertilization. Yellow-flowered forms were highly self-incompatible, while other floral colour forms exhibited partial self-compatibility. Seed set resulting from autonomous selfing was very low, and pollinator dependence indices were high in all populations. Since hand cross-pollination resulted in greater seed set than open pollination in 13 of the 15 populations, we inferred that seed production is generally pollen-limited. Drosera cistiflora s.l. typically exhibits high levels of pollinator dependence and pollen limitation. This is unusual among Drosera species worldwide and suggests that pollinators are likely to mediate strong selection on attractive traits such as floral colour and size in D. cistiflora s.l. These results also suggest that the floral colour forms of D. cistiflora s.l. which are rare and threatened are likely to be vulnerable to local extinction if mutualisms were to collapse indefinitely.
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Affiliation(s)
- C G von Witt
- Centre for Functional Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | - B Anderson
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South Africa
| | - I N Durbach
- Centre for Research into Ecological and Environmental Modelling, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Scotland
- Centre for Statistics in Ecology, the Environment, and Conservation, Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
| | - S D Johnson
- Centre for Functional Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
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Liu CC, Gui MY, Sun YC, Wang XF, He H, Wang TX, Li JY. Doubly guaranteed mechanism for pollination and fertilization in Ipomoea purpurea. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2020; 22:910-916. [PMID: 32270571 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Flowers, the reproductive organs of angiosperms, show a high degree of diversity in morphological structure and flowering habit to ensure pollination and fertilization of the plants. Effect of flower movement on pollination and fertilization was investigated in Ipomoea purpurea (Convolvulaceae) in this study. Fluorescence microscopy was used to observe the germination of pollen grains at different temperatures. From 04:00 to 06:00 h, the stigma was taller than the filaments, so that self-pollination could not occur, and cross-pollination was carried out by insects. Pollen grains germinated rapidly after falling on the stigma; the pollen tube reached the ovule to complete fertilization after 2-3 h. From 07:00 to 09:00 h, filaments of two stamens grew rapidly and reached the same height as the stigma, thus allowing self-crossing. But at this time, the ambient temperature was already high and was not conducive to the germination of pollen grains. The corolla closed, forming an inverted bell shape, where the inner microenvironment ensured completion of pollen germination and fertilization. Preferential cross-pollination and delayed self-crossing of I. purpurea provided a doubly guaranteed mechanism for pollination and fertilization, facilitating its adaptation to a high temperature climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- C-C Liu
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
- Engineering Technology Research Center of Nursing and Utilization of Genuine Chinese Crude Drugs in Henan Province, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - M-Y Gui
- China State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Cell Differentiation Regulation, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Y-C Sun
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
- Engineering Technology Research Center of Nursing and Utilization of Genuine Chinese Crude Drugs in Henan Province, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - X-F Wang
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
- Engineering Technology Research Center of Nursing and Utilization of Genuine Chinese Crude Drugs in Henan Province, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - H He
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
- Engineering Technology Research Center of Nursing and Utilization of Genuine Chinese Crude Drugs in Henan Province, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - T-X Wang
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
- Engineering Technology Research Center of Nursing and Utilization of Genuine Chinese Crude Drugs in Henan Province, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - J-Y Li
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
- Engineering Technology Research Center of Nursing and Utilization of Genuine Chinese Crude Drugs in Henan Province, Xinxiang, Henan, China
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Zhu B, Li H, Xia X, Meng Y, Wang N, Li L, Shi J, Pei Y, Lin M, Niu L, Lin H. ATP-Binding Cassette G Transporters SGE1 and MtABCG13 Control Stigma Exsertion. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 184:223-235. [PMID: 32690757 PMCID: PMC7479885 DOI: 10.1104/pp.20.00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Stigma exsertion is an important agricultural trait that facilitates the application of heterosis in crop breeding. Although several quantitative trait loci associated with stigma exsertion have been fine-mapped or cloned, the underlying genetic basis, particularly in legumes, remains unclear. In this study, we identified and characterized the exserted stigma mutant stigma exsertion1 (sge1) in the model legume Medicago truncatula The exserted stigma phenotype of sge1 is mainly caused by physical interaction between floral organs, in which normal petal and stamen elongation are inhibited due to flower cuticle defects. SGE1 encodes an ATP-binding cassette G (ABCG) transporter that plays a critical role in regulating floral cutin and wax secretion in M. truncatula SGE1 physically interacts with another half-size transporter, MtABCG13, to form a functional heterodimer. Mutation of MtABCG13 results in flower cuticle defects similar to those in sge1 as well as stigma exsertion, indicating that SGE1 and MtABCG13 are indispensable for flower cuticle secretion and collaboratively control stigma exsertion in M. truncatula Our findings reveal novel functions for ABCG transporters in determining stigma exsertion by affecting the physical interactions of floral organs, providing insight into the molecular mechanism underlying stigma exsertion in leguminous plants with complex zygomorphic flowers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Butuo Zhu
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Hui Li
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
- College of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
| | - Xiuzhi Xia
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yingying Meng
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Na Wang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - LuLu Li
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jianxin Shi
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yanxi Pei
- College of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
| | - Min Lin
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Lifang Niu
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Hao Lin
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
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Gibson MJS, Crawford DJ, Holder MT, Mort ME, Kerbs B, de Sequeira MM, Kelly JK. Genome-wide genotyping estimates mating system parameters and paternity in the island species Tolpis succulenta. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2020; 107:1189-1197. [PMID: 32864742 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE The mating system has profound consequences, not only for ecology and evolution, but also for the conservation of threatened or endangered species. Unfortunately, small populations are difficult to study owing to limits on sample size and genetic marker diversity. Here, we estimated mating system parameters in three small populations of an island plant using genomic genotyping. Although self-incompatible (SI) species are known to often set some self-seed, little is known about how "leaky SI" affects selfing rates in nature or the role that multiple paternity plays in small populations. METHODS We generalized the BORICE mating system program to determine the siring pattern within maternal families. We applied this algorithm to maternal families from three populations of Tolpis succulenta from Madeira Island and genotyped the progeny using RADseq. We applied BORICE to estimate each individual offspring as outcrossed or selfed, the paternity of each outcrossed offspring, and the level of inbreeding of each maternal plant. RESULTS Despite a functional self-incompatibility system, these data establish T. succulenta as a pseudo-self-compatible (PSC) species. Two of 75 offspring were strongly indicated as products of self-fertilization. Despite selfing, all adult maternal plants were fully outbred. There was high differentiation among and low variation within populations, consistent with a history of genetic isolation of these small populations. There were generally multiple sires per maternal family. Twenty-two percent of sib contrasts (between outcrossed offspring within maternal families) shared the same sire. CONCLUSIONS Genome-wide genotyping, combined with appropriate analytical methods, enables estimation of mating system and multiple paternity in small populations. These data address questions about the evolution of reproductive traits and the conservation of threatened populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J S Gibson
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66045-7534, USA
| | - Daniel J Crawford
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66045-7534, USA
- Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66045-7534, USA
| | - Mark T Holder
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66045-7534, USA
- Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66045-7534, USA
| | - Mark E Mort
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66045-7534, USA
| | - Benjamin Kerbs
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66045-7534, USA
| | - Miguel Menezes de Sequeira
- Madeira Botanical Group, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Madeira, Campus Universitário da Penteada, 9020-105, Funchal, Portugal
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Pólo dos Açores, 9501-81, Ponta Delgada, Portugal
| | - John K Kelly
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66045-7534, USA
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Jiménez-López FJ, Ortiz PL, Talavera M, Pannell JR, Arista M. The role of lateral and vertical herkogamy in the divergence of the blue- and red-flowered lineages of Lysimachia arvensis. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2020; 125:1127-1135. [PMID: 32185392 PMCID: PMC7262470 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcaa047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Herkogamy, or anther-stigma separation, is known to reduce self-pollen deposition, but little is known about the relative efficacy of different modes or conformations of herkogamy. We assessed the effectiveness of vertical versus lateral herkogamy in preventing or promoting self-pollen deposition in the annual herb Lysimachia arvensis, a plant with lineages that differ in flower colour, and in which flowers first display lateral and then vertical herkogamy. Because mating between the two lineages compromises fitness through the production of low-quality hybrid offspring, we tested the prediction that individuals sampled from sites occupied by both lineages should have flowers that promote autonomous self-pollen deposition and self-fertilization as a result of selection to reduce deleterious reproductive interference. METHODS We characterized variation in herkogamy within and among 25 pure and mixed populations of L. arvensis in its European range and assessed the effectiveness of lateral versus vertical herkogamy in avoiding self-pollen deposition. RESULTS Lateral herkogamy was more effective than vertical herkogamy in limiting self-pollen deposition. In the case of vertical herkogamy, only approach herkogamy was effective. Lineages showed consistent differences in herkogamy traits. In general, angles were smaller for blue than red flowers in most populations, and blue flowers showed approach herkogamy, while red flowers showed predominantly reverse herkogamy. In sympatry, the red lineage showed a reduction of both herkogamy traits while for the blue lineage only lateral herkogamy was reduced. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that pollen deposition is affected not only by the degree but also the spatial conformation of herkogamy. They also highlight reduced herkogamy as a potential mechanism for promoting reproductive assurance under pollen limitation, as well as for avoiding reproductive interference between genetically divergent lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- F J Jiménez-López
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - P L Ortiz
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - M Talavera
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - J R Pannell
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - M Arista
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
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Daniels RJ, Johnson SD, Peter CI. Flower orientation in Gloriosa superba (Colchicaceae) promotes cross-pollination via butterfly wings. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2020; 125:1137-1149. [PMID: 32188969 PMCID: PMC7262471 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcaa048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Complex modifications of angiosperm flowers often function for precise pollen placement on pollinators and to promote cross-pollination. We explore the functional significance of the unusually elaborate morphology of Gloriosa superba flowers, which are divided into one hermaphrodite meranthium and five male meranthia (functional pollination units of a single flower). METHODS We used controlled pollination experiments, floral measurements, pollen load analyses and visitor observations in four populations of G. superba in South Africa to determine the breeding system, mechanism of pollination and role of flower in the promotion of cross-pollination. KEY RESULTS We established that G. superba is self-compatible, but reliant on pollinators for seed production. Butterflies, in particular the pierid Eronia cleodora, were the primary pollinators (>90 % of visitors). Butterflies brush against the anthers and stigma during nectar feeding and pollen is carried on their ventral wing surfaces. Butterfly scales were positively correlated with the number of pollen grains on stigmas. We demonstrate that the styles were orientated towards clearings in the vegetation and we confirm that the highest proportion of initial visits was to hermaphrodite meranthia pointing towards clearings. CONCLUSIONS The flower morphology of G. superba results in effective pollen transfer on the wings of butterfly visitors. The style-bearing hermaphrodite meranthium of the flowers orientates towards open spaces in the vegetation, thus increasing the probability that butterflies land first on the hermaphrodite meranthium. This novel aspect of flower orientation is interpreted as a mechanism that promotes cross-pollination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Daniels
- Department of Botany, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa
| | - Steven D Johnson
- Centre for Functional Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, South Africa
| | - Craig I Peter
- Department of Botany, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa
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Exposito-Alonso M, Drost HG, Burbano HA, Weigel D. The Earth BioGenome project: opportunities and challenges for plant genomics and conservation. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 102:222-229. [PMID: 31788877 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Sequencing them all. That is the ambitious goal of the recently launched Earth BioGenome project (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 115, 4325-4333), which aims to produce reference genomes for all eukaryotic species within the next decade. In this perspective, we discuss the opportunities of this project with a plant focus, but highlight also potential limitations. This includes the question of how to best capture all plant diversity, as the green taxon is one of the most complex clades in the tree of life, with over 300 000 species. For this, we highlight four key points: (i) the unique biological insights that could be gained from studying plants, (ii) their apparent underrepresentation in sequencing efforts given the number of threatened species, (iii) the necessity of phylogenomic methods that are aware of differences in genome complexity and quality, and (iv) the accounting for within-species genetic diversity and the historical aspect of conservation genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hajk-Georg Drost
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, 47 Bateman Street, CB2 1LR, Cambridge, UK
| | - Hernán A Burbano
- Centre for Life's Origins and Evolution, Department of Genetics Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, WC1H 0AG, UK
| | - Detlef Weigel
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
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Huang Q, Wang W, Barrett SCH, Ren M. Plasticity in selective embryo abortion may limit the mating costs of geitonogamy in self-compatible plants: a hypothesis. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2020; 107:390-393. [PMID: 32157677 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoqiao Huang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China
| | - Weiqian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China
- Center for Terrestrial Biodiversity of the South China Sea, College of Ecology and Environment, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Spencer C H Barrett
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Mingxun Ren
- Center for Terrestrial Biodiversity of the South China Sea, College of Ecology and Environment, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
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