Streptimonospora salina gen. nov., sp. nov., a new member of the family Nocardiopsaceae

Deinococcus arenicola sp. nov., a novel radiation-resistant bacterium isolated from sandy soil in Antarctica

A Gram-stain-positive, aerobic, non-mobile and spherical strain, designated ZS9-10T, belonging to the genus Deinococcus was isolated from soil sampled at the Chinese Zhong Shan Station, Antarctica. Growth was observed in the presence of 0-4 % (w/v) NaCl, at pH 7.0-8.0 and at 4-25 °C. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain ZS9-10T formed a lineage in the genus Deinococcus. It exhibited highest sequence similarity (97.4 %) to Deinococcus marmoris DSM 12784T. The major phospholipids of ZS9-10T were unidentified phosphoglycolipid, unidentified glycolipids and unidentified lipids. The major fatty acids were summed feature 3 (C16 : 1  ω7c and/or C16 : 1  ω6c), C16 : 0 and C16 : 1  ω7c. MK-8 was the predominant respiratory quinone. The digital DNA-DNA hybridization and average nucleotide identity values between strain ZS9-10T and its close relative D. marmoris DSM 12784T were 27.4 and 83.9 %, respectively. Based on phenotypic, phylogenetic and genotypic data, a novel species, named Deinococcus arenicola sp. nov., is proposed. The type strain iis ZS9-10T (=CCTCC AB 2019392T=KCTC43192T).

High-level production of poly-γ-glutamic acid by a newly isolated Bacillus sp. YJY-8 and potential use in increasing the production of tomato

Strain YJY-8, a new γ-polyglutamic acid producer, was separated from fermented soybean paste samples. The strain was identified as a genus of Bacillus by morphological and 16S rDNA sequence analysis and was named Bacillus sp. YJY-8. The optimal medium composition and cultural conditions were studied using a single-factor experiment and a response surface experiment. The optimized medium consisted of monosodium glutamate 70 g/L, glucose 54.3 g/L, glycerol 31.8 g/L, ammonium sulfate 11.1 g/L, yeast extract 3.2 g/L, tryptone 1.5 g/L, L-glutamic acid 6.8 g/L, MgSO4 7H2O 0.5 g/L, FeCl3 6H2O 0.02 g/L, KH2PO4 0.9 g/L, CaCl2 0.03 g/L, MnSO4 H2O 0.3 g/L, ammonium molybdate 0.02 g/L, pH 7.0. The optimal cultivation conditions were 35 °C and pH 7.0. Under the optimized conditions, after 48 hr of cultivation, the highest shaking flask fermentation level of γ-PGA reached 65.2 ± 0.36 g/L. In addition, through fed-batch fermentation in 30 L fermenters, the fermentation level of γ-PGA reached its highest level at 88.42 g/L and productivity was 1.23 g/(L hr) after 72 hr. Then, the effect of γ-PGA on tomato yield was investigated. At the seedling stage, the plant height and stem diameter of γ-PGA treated plants increased by 5.69 and 15.735% after spraying γ-PGA for 19 days. During the flowering and fruiting period, the stem diameter of the γ-PGA treatment group increased by 6.74%, with a maximum increase of 11.65%. The number of fruit branches increased by 0.56-16.29% and the number of fruit sets increased by 1.01-28.47%. At the fruit maturation stage, the yield of tomatoes increased by 10.51, 14.27, and 5.83%.

Devosia lacusdianchii sp. nov., an attached bacterium inhibited by metabolites from its symbiotic Microcystis

A novel alphaproteobacterial strain JXJ CY 41T was isolated from a culture mass of Microcystis, collected from Lake Dianchi, south-west, China. Strain JXJ CY 41T was gram-strain-negative, aerobic, motile, with rod-shaped cells (0.4-1.0 × 1.7-3.5 μm). It was positive for catalase and starch hydrolysis, negative for oxidase and hydrolysis of Tweens (20, 40, and 80). Growth occurred at 10-44 °C, pH 5.0-10.0, and 0-5.0% (w/v) NaCl. Major fatty acids included C16:0 (28.1%), 11-methyl C18:1 ω7c (36.7%) and C18:1 ω7c (20.8%). Q10 was the sole ubiquinone. The polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, glycolipid, and an unidentified lipid. The DNA G + C content was 63.1%. Its 16S rRNA gene sequence showed high similarities with Devosia oryziradicis G19T (99.5%; not validly published), D. yakushimensis Yak96BT (98.3%) and D. ginsengisoli Gsoil 520T (98.1%), and less than 98.1% similarities with other members of the genus Devosia. The digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) and average nucleotide identity (ANI) values between strain JXJ CY 41T and its 5 closest similar strains were 19.9-24.1% and 75.7-80.5%, respectively. Based on the data above, strain JXJ CY 41T was identified as a novel species of the genus Devosia, for which the epithet Devosia lacusdianchii sp. nov. was proposed. The type strain is JXJ CY 41T (= KCTC 72812T = CGMCC 1.17502T). Strain JXJ CY 41T exhibited different interactions with Microcystis aeruginosa FACHB-905 (Maf) under different conditions, and Maf could control the bacterial cellular density by secreting unknown specific chemical compounds according to its nutritional requirements.

Mycolicibacterium arseniciresistens sp. nov., isolated from lead-zinc mine tailing, and reclassification of two Mycobacterium species as Mycolicibacterium palauense comb. nov. and Mycolicibacterium grossiae comb. nov

A Gram-positive, acid-fast, aerobic, rapidly growing and non-motile strain was isolated from lead-zinc mine tailing sampled in Lanping, Yunnan province, Southwest China. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that the most closely related species of strain KC 300T was Mycolicibacterium litorale CGMCC 4.5724T (98.47 %). Additionally, phylogenomic and specific conserved signature indel analysis revealed that strain KC 300T should be a member of genus Mycolicibacterium, and Mycobacterium palauense CECT 8779T and Mycobacterium grossiae DSM 104744T should also members of genus Mycolicibacterium. The genome size of strain KC 300T was 6.2 Mb with an in silico DNA G+C content of 69.2 mol%. Chemotaxonomic characteristics of strain KC 300T were also consistent with the genus Mycolicibacterium. The average nucleotide identity, digital DNA-DNA hybridization and average amino acid identity values, as well as phenotypic, physiological and biochemical characteristics, support that strain KC 300T represents a new species within the genus Mycolicibacterium, for which the name Mycolicibacterium arseniciresistens sp. nov. is proposed, with the type strain KC 300T (=CGMCC 1.19494T=JCM 35915T). In addition, we reclassified Mycobacterium palauense and Mycobacterium grossiae as Mycolicibacterium palauense comb. nov. and Mycolicibacterium grossiae comb. nov., respectively.

Marinimicrococcus flavescens gen. nov., sp. nov., a new member of the family Geminicoccaceae, isolated from a marine sediment of the South China Sea

A Gram-stain-negative, catalase-positive and oxidase-positive, nonmotile, aerobic, light yellow, spherical-shaped bacterial strain with no flagella, designated strain YIM 152171T, was isolated from sediment of the South China Sea. Colonies were smooth and convex, light yellow and circular, and 1.0-1.5×1.0-1.5 µm in cell diameter after 7 days of incubation at 28°C on YIM38 media supplemented with sea salt. Colonies could grow at 20-45°C (optimum 28-35°C) and pH 6.0-11.0 (optimum, pH 7.0-9.0), and they could proliferate in the salinity range of 0-6.0 % (w/v) NaCl. The major cellular fatty acids were summed feature 8 (C18 : 1  ω7c/C18 : 1 ω6c), C18 : 1 ω7c 11-methyl, C16 : 0, C16 : 1 ω11c, C16 : 1 ω5c, C17 : 1 ω6c and C18 : 1 ω5c. The respiratory quinone was ubiquinone 10, and the polar lipid profile included diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylinositol mannoside, one unidentified phospholipid and one unidentified aminolipid. Phylogenetic analyses based on the 16S rRNA gene sequences placed strain YIM 152171T within the order Rhodospirillales in a distinct lineage that also included the genus Geminicoccus. The 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities of YIM 152171T to those of Arboricoccus pini, Geminicoccus roseus and Constrictibacter antarcticus were 92.17, 89.25 and 88.91 %, respectively. The assembled draft genome of strain YIM 152171T had 136 contigs with an N50 value of 134704 nt, a total length of 3 001 346 bp and a G+C content of 70.27 mol%. The phylogenetic, phenotypic and chemotaxonomic data showed that strain YIM 152171T (=MCCC 1K08488T=KCTC 92884T) represents a type of novel species and genus for which we propose the name Marinimicrococcus gen. nov., sp. nov.

Lipingzhangella rawalii sp. nov., a novel halophile isolated from Sambhar Salt Lake, Rajasthan, India

A haloalkaliphilic actinobacterial strain LS1_29T, isolated from an inland hypersaline Sambhar Salt Lake, situated in Rajasthan, India, was subjected to taxonomic characterisation using the polyphasic approach. Cells of the strain were Gram stain positive and aerobic, having reticulate and aerial hyphae. The major fatty acids detected were iso C16:0 (38.23%), anteiso C17:0 (20.52%), iso C18:0 10 methyl (8.09%), iso C18:0 (7.74%) and iso C17:0 (7.48%). The major polar lipids identified were diphosphatidyl glycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine and phospholipids. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence indicated that the strain belonged to the genus Lipingzhangella with the highest similarity of 94.09% to Lipingzhangella halophila EGI 80537 T and formed a separate clade within the genus Lipingzhangella. The DNA G + C content of genomic DNA of strain LS1_29T was 67.99 mol%. The strain showed the highest orthologous average nucleotide identity (OrthoANI) value of 72.80% and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) value of 20.3% with Lipingzhangella halophila EGI 80537 T. Based on the phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic characteristics, strain LS1_29T represents a novel species within the genus Lipingzhangella, for which the name Lipingzhangella rawalii sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of the type species is LS1_29T (= KCTC 49199 T = JCM 32979 T = MCC 3420 T).

Complete Genome Sequence of Streptomyces sp. HP-A2021, a Promising Bacterium for Natural Product Discovery

Streptomyces are one of the most prolific sources of bioactive and structurally diverse secondary metabolites for natural product drug discovery. Genome sequencing and bioinformatics analysis revealed that the genomes of Streptomyces harbor a wealth of cryptic secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene clusters that could encode novel compounds. In this work, a genome mining approach was employed to investigate the biosynthetic potential of Streptomyces sp. HP-A2021, isolated from rhizosphere soil of Ginkgo biloba L. The complete genome of HP-A2021 was sequenced and contained the 9,607,552 base pair linear chromosome with a GC content of 71.07%. The annotation results revealed the presence of 8534 CDSs, 76 tRNA genes, and 18 rRNA genes in HP-A2021. The highest dDDH and ANI values based on genome sequences between HP-A2021 and the most closely related type strain, Streptomyces coeruleorubidus JCM 4359, were 64.2% and 92.41%, respectively. In total, 33 secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene clusters with an average length of 105,594 bp were identified, including the putative thiotetroamide, alkylresorcinol, coelichelin, and geosmin. The antibacterial activity assay confirmed that the crude extracts of HP-A2021 showed potent antimicrobial activity against human pathogenic bacteria. Our study demonstrated that Streptomyces sp. HP-A2021 will propose a potential use in biotechnological and novel bioactive secondary metabolite biosynthetic applications.

Chryseobacterium luquanense sp. nov., a casein-hydrolysing bacterium from the Jiaozi Mountain in Yunnan, PR China

Strain KC 927T was isolated during an investigation of the soil bacteria diversity on Jiaozi Mountain, central Yunnan, Southwest China. The strain was Gram-stain-negative, rod-shaped, non-motile, oxidase-negative, catalase-positive and aerobic. Results of 16S rRNA gene alignment and phylogenetic analysis indicated that strain KC 927T was a member of the genus Chryseobacterium and closely related to Chryseobacterium caseinilyticum GCR10T (98.4%), Chryseobacterium piscicola DSM 21068T (98.3 %) and 'Chryseobacterium formosus' CCTCC AB 2015118T (97.9 %). With a genome size of 4 348 708 bp, strain KC 927T had 33.5 mol% DNA G+C content and contained 4012 protein-coding genes and 77 RNA genes. The average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization values between strain KC 927T and C. caseinilyticum GCR10T, C. piscicola DSM 21068T and 'C. formosus' CCTCC AB 2015118T were 80.1, 79.6 and 90.7 %, and 25.5, 23.6 and 42.0 %, respectively. The main polar lipid of strain KC 927T was phosphatidylethanolamine and the respiratory quinone was MK-6. The major fatty acids (≥10 %) were iso-C15 : 0, iso-C17 : 1  ω9c and iso-C17 : 0 3-OH. Evidence from phenotypic, phylogenetic and chemotaxonomic analyses support that strain KC 927T represents a new species of the genus Chryseobacterium, for which the name Chryseobacterium luquanense sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is KC 927T (=CGMCC 1.18760T=JCM 35707T).

Streptomonospora mangrovi sp. nov., isolated from mangrove soil showing similar metabolic capabilities, but distinct secondary metabolites profiles

A novel actinomycete, designated strain S1-112 ^T, was isolated from a mangrove soil sample from Hainan, China, and characterized using a polyphasic approach. Strain S1-112 ^T showed the highest similarity of the 16S rRNA gene to Streptomonospora nanhaiensis 12A09^T (99.24%). Their close relationship was further supported by phylogenetic analyses, which placed these two strains within a stable clade. The highest values of digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH, 41.4%) and average nucleotide identity (ANI, 90.55%) were detected between strain S1-112 ^T and Streptomonospora halotolerans NEAU-Jh2-17 ^T. Genotypic and phenotypic characteristics demonstrated that strain S1-112 ^T could be distinguished from its closely related relatives. We also profiled the pan-genome and metabolic features of genomic assemblies of strains belonging to the genus Streptomonospora, indicating similar functional capacities and metabolic activities. However, all of these strains showed promising potential for producing diverse types of secondary metabolites. In conclusion, strain S1-112 ^T represents a novel species of the genus Streptomonospora, for which the name Streptomonospora mangrovi sp. nov. was proposed. The type strain is S1-112 ^T (= JCM 34292 ^T).

Azospirillum Aestuarii sp. nov., a Novel Nitrogen-Fixting and Aerobic Denitrifying Bacteria Isolated from an Estuary of a Freshwater River

A novel Gram-staining negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacterium, designated strain YIM DDC1^T, was isolated from an estuary sediment sample of Dongda River flowing into Dianchi lake in Yunnan, southwest China. The strain displayed growth at 10-40 °C (optimum of 28 °C), pH 5.0-9.0 (optimum of 7.0-8.0) and in presence of 0-3% (w/v) NaCl (optimum of 0-1%). Strain YIM DDC1^T comprised diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine and two unidentified aminolipids as the predominant polar lipids; the ubiquinone 10 as the major respiratory quinone; and summed feature 8 (C_18:1ω6c and/or C_18:1ω7c), summed feature 3 (C_16:1ω7c and/or C_16:1ω6c) and C_18:1 2-OH as the major cellular fatty acids. Analysis of 16S rRNA showed that YIM DDC1^T represents a member of the genus Azospirillum, and was closely related to A. brasilense ATCC 29145 ^T (98.9%), A. baldaniorum Sp245^T (98.2%), A. argentinense Az39^T (98.2%) and A. formosense CC-Nfb-7 ^T (98.2%). The draft genome size was 7.15 Mbp with a 68.4% G + C content. The average nucleotide identity (ANI) and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) values between strain YIM DDC1^T and the aforementioned closely related strains exhibited similarity in the range of 93.8-93.5% and 53.7-52.7%, respectively. nif gene cluster (nifHDK) and denitrification genes ((napA, nirS, nirK, norBC and nosZ) detected in the genome indicated its potential nitrogen fixation and full-fledged denitrifying function. Based on combined genotypic and phenotypic data, strain YIM DDC1^T represents a novel species of the genus Azospirillum, for which the name Azospirillum aestuarii sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is YIM DDC1^T (= KCTC 42887 ^T = CGMCC 1.17325 ^T).

Description of a new strain of Streptomonospora nanhaiensis and reclassification of Streptomonospora halotolerans as a later heterotypic synonym of Streptomonospora nanhaiensis

A novel actinomycete, designated strain NEAU-YY374, was isolated from root of wheat and a polyphasic taxonomic study was carried out. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis indicated that strain NEAU-YY374 was closely related to Streptomonospora halotolerans NEAU-Jh2-17^T (99.3 %) and Streptomonospora nanhaiensis 12A09^T (98.6%). Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences demonstrated that strain NEAU-YY374 formed a stable clade with S. halotolerans NEAU-Jh2-17^T and S. nanhaiensis 12A09^T in trees generated with two algorithms. Key morphological and chemotaxonomic properties also confirmed the affiliation of strain NEAU-YY374 to the genus Streptomonospora. The differences of DNA G+C contents among these three strains were all less than 1 %, and the digital DNA-DNA hybridization and the average nucleotide identity values were higher than the circumscription thresholds of species and subspecies, clearly indicating that the three strains should belong to the same species. Therefore, we concluded that strain NEAU-YY374 is a new strain of S. nanhaiensis. Meanwhile, S. halotolerans should be reclassified as a later heterotypic synonym of S. nanhaiensis according to the priority of publication and validation of the name.

Draft Genomes Sequences of 11 Geodermatophilaceae Strains Isolated from Building Stones from New England and Indian Stone Ruins found at historic sites in Tamil Nadu, India

Metagenomic analysis of stone microbiome from samples collected in New England, USA and Tamil Nadu, India identified numerous Actinobacteria including Geodermatphilaceae. A culture-dependent approach was performed as a companion study with this culture-independent metagenomic analysis of these stone samples and resulted in the isolation of eleven Geodermatphilaceae strains (2 Geodermatophilus and 9 Blastococcus strains). The genomes of the 11 Geodermatphilaceae strains were sequenced and analyzed. The genomes for the two Geodermatophilus isolates, DF1-2 and TF2-6, were 4.45 and 4.75 Mb, respectively, while the Blastococcus genomes ranged in size from 3.98 to 5.48 Mb. Phylogenetic analysis, digital DNA:DNA hybridization (dDDH), and comparisons of the average nucleotide identities (ANI) suggest the isolates represent novel Geodermatophilus and Blastococcus species. Functional analysis of the Geodermatphilaceae genomes provides insight on the stone microbiome niche.

Comparative and functional analyses of fecal microbiome in Asian elephants

Asian elephant is large herbivorous animal with elongated hindgut. To explore fecal microbial community composition with various ages, sex and diets, and their role in plant biomass degrading and nutrition conversation. We generated 119 Gb by metagenome sequencing from 10 different individual feces and identified 5.3 million non-redundant genes. The comprehensive analysis established that the Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes and Proteobacteria constituted the most dominant phyla in overall fecal samples. In different individuals, the alpha diversity of the fecal microbiota in female was lower than male, and the alpha diversity of the fecal microbiota in older was higher than younger, and the fecal microbial diversity was the most complex in wild elephant. But the predominant population compositions were similar to each other. Moreover, the newborn infant elephant feces assembled and maintained a diverse but host-specific fecal microbial population. The discovery speculated that Asian elephant maybe have start to building microbial populations before birth. Meanwhile, these results illustrated that host phylogeny, diets, ages and sex are significant factors for fecal microbial community composition. Therefore, we put forward the process of Asian elephant fecal microbial community composition that the dominant populations were built first under the guidance of phylogeny, and then shaped gradually a unique and flexible gut microbial community structure under the influences of diet, age and sex. This study found also that the Bacteroidetes were presumably the main drivers of plant fiber-degradation. A large of secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene clusters, and genes related to enediyne biosynthesis were found and showed that the Asian elephant fecal microbiome harbored a diverse and abundant genetic resource. A picture of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) reservoirs of fecal microbiota in Asian elephants was provided. Surprisingly, there was such wide range of ARGs in newborn infant elephant. Further strengthening our speculation that the fetus of Asian elephant has colonized prototypical fecal microbiota before birth. However, it is necessary to point out that the data give a first inside into the gut microbiota of Asian elephants but too few individuals were studied to draw general conclusions for differences among wild and captured elephants, female and male or different ages. Further studies are required. Additionally, the cultured actinomycetes from Asian elephant feces also were investigated, which the feces of Asian elephants could be an important source of actinomycetes.

Halomonas salinarum sp. nov., a moderately halophilic bacterium isolated from saline soil in Yingkou, China

Strain G5-11^T, a Gram-negative, moderately halotolerant, facultatively aerobic, motile bacterium was isolated from saline soil collected from Yingkou, Liaoning, China. The cells of strain G5-11^T grew in the presence of 3–15% (w/v) NaCl (optimum 5%), at between 4 and 35 °C (optimum 30 °C), and at a pH of 6.0–9.0 (optimum 8.0). The major respiratory quinone was Q-9 and the dominant cellular fatty acids were summed feature 8 (C_18:1ω7c/C_18:1ω6c), C_16:0, and summed feature 3 (C_16:1ω7c/C_16:1ω6c). The major components of the polar lipid profile were phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, diphosphatidylglycerol and unidentified aminolipid. The G + C content of the strain G5-11^T genome was 61.0 mol%. The isolated strain G5-11^T showed the highest 16S rRNA gene similarity to Halomonas niordiana LMG 31227^T and Halomonas taeanensis DSM 16463^T, both reaching 98.3%, followed by Halomonas pacifica NBRC 102220^T. The results from phenotypic, chemotaxonomic, and phylogenetic analyses showed that strain G5-11^T represented a novel species of the genus Halomonas, for which the name Halomonas salinarum sp. nov. was proposed. The type strain of Halomonas salinarum is G5-11^T (= CGMCC 1.12051^T = LMG 31677^T).

Halomonas faecis sp. nov., a halophilic bacterium isolated from human faeces

A novel moderately halophilic, Gram-stain-negative, catalase- and oxidase-positive, strictly aerobic, non-sporulating, non-motile rod, designated strain JSM 104105 ^T, was isolated from human faeces. Strain JSM 104105 ^T was able to grow with 0.5-18% (w/v) NaCl (optimum 4-9%), at pH 6-10.5 (optimum pH 7-8) and at 10-40 °C (optimum 30 °C) in complex media. The major cellular fatty acids were C_18:1ω7c, C_16:0, C_16:1ω7c and/or C_16:1ω6c, C_19:0 cyclo ω8c and C_12:0 3-OH. The polar lipids consisted of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, an unidentified aminophospholipid, an unidentified glycolipid and three unidentified phospholipids. The predominant respiratory quinone was Q-9 and the genomic DNA G + C content was 64.5 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain JSM 104105 ^T should be assigned to the genus Halomonas, and was most closely related to Halomonas gudaonensis SL014B-69 ^T (99.0% sequence similarity), followed by Halomonas azerbaijanica TBZ202^T (98.6%) and Halomonas lysinitropha 3(2)^T (97.3%). The whole genomic analysis showed that strain JSM 104105 ^T constituted a different taxon separated from the recognized Halomonas species. Combined data from phenotypic and genotypic studies demonstrated that strain JSM 104105 ^T represents a new species of the genus Halomonas, for which the name Halomonas faecis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is JSM 104105 ^T (= CCTCC AB 2014160 ^T = CGMCC 1.12945 ^T = KCTC 42146 ^T).

Noviherbaspirillum aridicola sp. nov., isolated from an arid soil in Pakistan

Strain NCCP-691T was isolated from a soil sample collected from an arid soil in Karak, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Phenotypically, the cells were Gram-stain-negative, aerobic and motile rods. The organism was able to grow between 20-40 °C (optimum at 30-37 °C), at pH 5.5-8.0 (optimum at pH 7.0-7.2) and tolerated 0-1.5% NaCl (w/v) (optimum at 0-0.5). Based on 16S rRNA gene sequences, strain NCCP-691T formed a distinct phylogenetic clade with Noviherbaspirillum arenae, N. agri, N. denitrificans and N. autotrophicum (having sequence similarities of 99.0; 98.1; 98.0 and 97.7% respectively). Phylogenetic analyses based on the whole genome sequences confirmed that strain NCCP-691T should be affiliated to the genus Noviherbaspirillum. The average nucleotide identity values compared to other species of Noviherbaspirillum were below 95-96 % and digital DNA-DNA hybridization values were less than 70 %. Chemotaxonomic analyses showed that the strain had ubiquinone-8, as the only respiratory quinine. The major cellular fatty acids were summed feature 3 (C16 : 1 ω 7 c/C16 : 1 ω 6 c, 35.9 %), summed feature 8 (C18 : 1 ω 7 c/C18 : 1 ω 6 c, 26.9 %) and C16 : 0 (22.9 %) and the polar lipid profile was composed of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine. The genomic DNA G+C content was 65.5 mol% (from draft genome). Genome analyses showed that strain NCCP-691T had terpene and arylpolyene biosynthetic genes clusters and genes related to resistance against heavy metals. Based on phylogenetic analyses, phenotypic features and genomic comparison, it is proposed that strain NCCP-691T is a novel species of the genus Noviherbaspirillum and the name Noviherbaspirillum aridicola sp. nov. is proposed. Type strain is NCCP-691T (=KCTC 52721T=CGMCC 1.13600T).

Spiractinospora alimapuensis gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from marine sediment of Valparaíso Bay (Chile) and proposal for reclassification of two species of the genus Nocardiopsis

An alkaliphilic actinobacterium, designated VN6-2T, was isolated from marine sediment collected from Valparaíso Bay, Chile. Strain VN6-2T formed yellowish-white branched substrate mycelium without fragmentation. Aerial mycelium was well developed, forming wavy or spiral spore chains. Strain VN6-2T exhibited a 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity of 93.9 % to Salinactinospora qingdaonensis CXB832T, 93.7 % to Murinocardiopsis flavida 14-Be-013T, and 93.7 % to Lipingzhangella halophila 14-Be-013T. Genome sequencing revealed a genome size of 5.9 Mb and an in silico G+C content of 69.3 mol%. Both of the phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences and the up-to-date bacterial core gene sequences revealed that strain VN6-2T formed a distinct monophyletic clade within the family Nocardiopsaceae . Chemotaxonomic assessment of strain VN6-2T showed that the major fatty acids were iso-C16 : 0, anteiso-C17 : 0 and 10-methyl-C18 : 0, and the predominant respiratory quinones were MK-9, MK-9(H2) and MK-9(H4). Whole-cell hydrolysates contained meso-diaminopimelic acid as the cell-wall diamino acid, and ribose and xylose as the diagnostic sugars. The polar lipid profile consisted of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, aminophospholipids, glycolipid and phospholipid. Based on the results of this polyphasic study, a novel genus, Spiractinospora gen. nov., is proposed within the family Nocardiopsaceae and the type species Spiractinospora alimapuensis gen. nov., sp. nov. The type strain is VN6-2T (CECT 30026T, CCUG 66258T). On the basis of the phylogenetic results herein, we also propose that Nocardiopsis arvandica and Nocardiopsis litoralis are later heterotypic synonyms of Nocardiopsis sinuspersici and Nocardiopsis kunsanensis , respectively, for which emended descriptions are given.

Pseudaminobacter soli sp. nov., Isolated from Paddy Soil Contaminated with Heavy Metals

A Gram stain-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped strain, designated HC19^T, was isolated from heavy metals contaminated paddy soil. The 16S rRNA gene-based phylogenetic analysis indicated that strain HC19^T belonged to the genus Pseudaminobacter, and shared 97.0% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity with P. manganicus JH-7^T, and less than 97% similarities with other type strains belonging to the genus. The major cellular fatty acids were C_19:0 cyclo ω8c (55.0%) and C_{18: 1}ω7c (18.7%). The major quinone was ubiquinone Q-10. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylmonomethylethanolamine, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine. The average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization values between the genomes of HC19^T and P. manganicus JH-7^T were 68.0% and 22%, respectively. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 63.3 mol%. On the basis of phenotypic, chemotaxonomic, and genotypic data, strain HC19^T is considered as a novel species in the genus Pseudaminobacter, for which the name Pseudaminobacter. soli sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is HC19^T (= KCTC 82870^T = CCTCC AB 2021107^T).

Streptomonospora litoralis sp. nov., a halophilic thiopeptides producer isolated from sand collected at Cuxhaven beach

Strain M2^T was isolated from the beach of Cuxhaven, Wadden Sea, Germany, in course of a program to attain new producers of bioactive natural products. Strain M2^T produces litoralimycin and sulfomycin-type thiopeptides. Bioinformatic analysis revealed a potential biosynthetic gene cluster encoding for the M2^T thiopeptides. The strain is Gram-stain-positive, rod shaped, non-motile, spore forming, showing a yellow colony color and forms extensively branched substrate mycelium and aerial hyphae. Inferred from the 16S rRNA gene phylogeny strain M2^T affiliates with the genus Streptomonospora. It shows 96.6% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to the type species Streptomonospora salina DSM 44593 ^T and forms a distinct branch with Streptomonospora sediminis DSM 45723 ^T with 97.0% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity. Genome-based phylogenetic analysis revealed that M2^T is closely related to Streptomonospora alba YIM 90003 ^T with a digital DNA-DNA hybridisation (dDDH) value of 26.6%. The predominant menaquinones of M2^T are MK-10(H₆), MK-10(H₈), and MK-11(H₆) (> 10%). Major cellular fatty acids are iso-C_16:0, anteiso C_17:0 and C_18:0 10-methyl. The polar lipid profile consisted of diphosphatidylglycerol phosphatidyl glycerol, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, three glycolipids, two unknown phospholipids, and two unknown lipids. The genome size of type strain M2^T is 5,878,427 bp with 72.1 mol % G + C content. Based on the results obtained from phylogenetic and chemotaxonomic studies, strain M2^T (= DSM 106425 ^T = NCCB 100650 ^T) is considered to represent a novel species within the genus Streptomonospora for which the name Streptomonospora litoralis sp. nov. is proposed.

Paraliobacillus salinarum sp. nov., isolated from saline soil in Yingkou, China

A novel Gram-stain-positive, facultatively aerobic, slightly halophilic, endospore-forming bacterium, designated G6-18^T, was isolated from saline soil collected in Yingkou, Liaoning, PR China. Cells of strain G6-18^T grew at 10-37 °C (optimum, 30 °C), at pH 6.0-9.0 (optimum, pH 8.0) and in the presence of 2-15 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 5 %). The strain could be clearly distinguished from the related species of the genus Paraliobacillus by its phylogenetic position and biochemical characteristics. It presented MK-7 as the major quinone and the dominant cellular fatty acids were iso-C_16 : 0, anteiso-C_15 : 0, C_16 : 0 and iso-C_14 : 0. The polar lipids consisted of diphosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylglycerol as the major components. The G+C content of strain G6-18^T genome was 35.3 mol%. 16S rRNA analysis showed that strain G6-18^T had the highest similarity to Paraliobacillus ryukyuensis DSM 15140^T, reaching 97.0 %, followed by Paraliobacillus quinghaiensis CGMCC 1.6333^T with a value of 96.3 %. The average nucleotide identity values between strain G6-18^T and Paraliobacillus ryukyuensis DSM 15140^T, Paraliobacillus sedimins KCTC 33762^T, Paraliobacillus quinghaiensis CGMCC 1.6333^T and Paraliobacillus zengyii DSM 107811^T were 74.3, 72.0, 73.2 and 72.8 %, respectively, and the digital DNA-DNA hybridization values between strain G6-18^T and the neighbouring strains were 15.6, 13.8, 14.2 and 14.2 %, respectively. Based on phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic inferences, strain G6-18^T represents a novel species of the genus Paraliobacillus, for which the name Paraliobacillus salinarum sp. nov. (=CGMCC 1.12058^T=DSM 25428^T) is proposed.

From ecophysiology to cultivation methodology: filling the knowledge gap between uncultured and cultured microbes

Earth is dominated by a myriad of microbial communities, but the majority fails to grow under in situ laboratory conditions. The basic cause of unculturability is that bacteria dominantly occur as biofilms in natural environments. Earlier improvements in the culture techniques are mostly done by optimizing media components. However, with technological advancement particularly in the field of genome sequencing and cell imagining techniques, new tools have become available to understand the ecophysiology of microbial communities. Hence, it becomes easier to mimic environmental conditions in the culture plate. Other methods include co-culturing, emendation of growth factors, and cultivation after physical cell sorting. Most recently, techniques have been proposed for bacterial cultivation by employing genomic data to understand either microbial interactions (network-directed targeted bacterial isolation) or ecosystem engineering (reverse genomics). Hopefully, these techniques may be applied to almost all environmental samples, and help fill the gaps between the cultured and uncultured microbial communities.

Paracoccus binzhouensis sp. nov., isolated from activated sludge

A gram-stain-negative, non-motile and rod-shaped strain, designated wg1^T, was isolated from activated sludge obtained from wastewater treatment plant in Binzhou (Shandong province, PR China). Growth of strain wg1^T occurred at 25-45 °C (optimum, 37 °C), at pH 7.0-9.0 (optimum growth at pH 8.0) and at a salinity range of 0-4% (optimum, 1%). The chemotaxonomic, phenotypic and genomic traits were investigated. The 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that strain wg1^T belonged to the genus Paracoccus. The species with highest similarity to strain wg1^T was Paracoccus communis VKM B-2787^T (98.27%), followed by Paracoccus kondratievae VKM B-2222^T (98.25%). The isoprenoid quinone was Q-10. Major cellular fatty acids were summed feature 8, C_16:0 and C_18:0. The major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol (DPG), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), aminoglycolipid (AGL), phosphatidylglycerol (PG), phosphatidylcholine (PC), aminolipid (AL), one unidentified lipid (L) and one unidentified phospholipid (PL). The genome size was 4,834,448 bp with a G+C content of 67.67 mol%. The prediction result of secondary metabolites based on genome has shown that the strain wg1^T contained 12 clusters, and the gene involved in primary metabolism showed differences in the comparison between wg1^T and reference strains. The dDDH values of strain wg1^T with P. communis VKM B-2787^T, P. kondratievae VKM B-2222^T and P. denitrificans DSM 413^T were 45.30, 30.60 and 39.50%, respectively. Based on its physiological properties, chemotaxonomic characteristics and low ANI and dDDH results, strain wg1^T is considered to represent a novel species for which the name Paracoccus binzhouensis sp. nov., is proposed. The type strain is wg1^T (= KCTC 72861^T = CCTCC AB 2019400^T).

Kaistella gelatinilytica sp. nov., a flavobacterium isolated from Antarctic soil

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped, non-motile, yellow-pigmented bacteria, designated strain G5-32^T, belonging to the genus Kaistella was isolated from soil collected in the Antarctic. The strain was identified using a polyphasic taxonomic approach. The strain grew in the presence of 0-5% (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 1%), at pH 6.0-9.0 (optimum, pH 8.0) and at 4-28 °C (optimum, 20 °C). The predominant menaquinone was MK-6 (99.4%). The major fatty acids were anteiso-C_15:0 (28.2%), iso-C_15:0 (16.4%), summed feature 9 (comprising iso-C_17:1 ω9c and/or 10-methyl C_16:0; 10.6%) and iso-C_16:0 (5.9%). A phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain G5-32^T formed a lineage within the genus Kaistella with the closest phylogenetic neighbours Kaistella yonginensis HMD1043^T, Kaistella chaponensis DSM 23145^T, Kaistella jeonii DSM 17048^T and Kaistella carnis NCTC 13525^T (97.9, 97.8, 97.8 and 98.0 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, respectively). The ANI values between strain G5-32^T and K. jeonii DSM 17048^T, K. chaponensis DSM 23145^T, K. carnis NCTC 13525^T and K. yonginensis HMD1043^T were 90.9, 82.6, 77.1 and 76.3%. Concurrently, digital DNA-DNA hybridization values of strain G5-32^T assessed against K. jeonii DSM 17048^T, K. chaponensis DSM 23145^T, K. carnis NCTC 13525^T and K. yonginensis HMD1043^T were 42.3, 25.9, 21.7 and 21.3%, respectively. Based on phenotypic, phylogenetic and genotypic data, a novel species, Kaistella gelatinilytica sp. nov., is proposed. The type strain is G5-32^T (=CCTCC AA 2019083^T=KCTC 72766^T).

Vallicoccus soli gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel actinobacterium isolated from soil, and description of Vallicoccaceae fam. nov., Motilibacterales ord. nov

A novel Gram-stain-positive, aerobic, cocci-shaped actinobacterium, designated YIM 75000^T, was isolated from a soil sample collected from a dry-hot river valley in Yunnan Province, P.R. China. Growth was observed at 10-45 °C (optimal 37 °C), 0-8% (w/v) NaCl (optimal at 0-3% NaCl) and pH 6.0-8.0 (optimal at pH 7.3). The peptidoglycan contained LL-diaminopimelic acid, glycine, glutamic acid as well as alanine and its type was A3γ with an LL-Dpm-Gly interpeptide bridge. The major cellular fatty acids (> 10%) were C_16:0, Summed In Feature 3 (C_16:1 ω6c/C_16:1 ω7c) and C_17:1 ω8c. The predominant menaquinone was MK-9(H₄). The major whole-cell sugars contained rhamnose, ribose, arabinose and mannose. The DNA G+C content was 77.0 mol%. The 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities of strain YIM 75000^T with other species were less than 94%. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences and genome data, revealed that strain YIM 75000^T together with the genus Motilibacter formed a distinct phylogenetic lineage within the phylum Actinobacteria, separating them from members of all orders. Strain YIM 75000^T showed 73.4-73.7% average nucleotide identity and 19.5-19.7% digital DNA-DNA hybridization identity with the closely related genus Motilibacter. Based on the phenotypic, phylogenetic and chemotaxonomic data, it is proposed that the new isolate represents the nomenclature type of the novel species Vallicoccus soli gen. nov., sp. nov. (YIM 75000^T = DSM 45377^T = KCTC 49228^T = CGMCC 1.13844^T) which is the nomenclature type of the novel genus Vallicoccus gen. nov. within Vallicoccaceae fam. nov and Motilibacterales ord. nov in the phylum Actinobacteria. The family Vallicoccaceae fam. nov. and the order Motilibacterales (contains Vallicoccaceae fam. nov. and Motilibacteraceae Lee 2013) ord. nov. are formally proposed.

Paucihalobacter ruber gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from a haloalkaline lake sediment sample

A Gram-stain-negative, strictly aerobic, non-motile, rod-shaped bacterium, designated CWB-1^T, was isolated from a haloalkaline lake sediment sample collected from the bottom of Chaiwopu Lake, Urumchi, Xinjiang Province, PR China. Strain CWB-1^T grew at 4-40 °C (optimum, 30-35 °C), pH 6.5-9.0 (optimum, pH 6.5-7.0) and with 0.5-5.5 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 2.5-3.0 %). Phylogenetic analyses based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence and the whole genome sequence both revealed that strain CWB-1^T belonged to the family Flavobacteriaceae. The strain had the highest similarity of the 16S rRNA gene sequence to Psychroserpens jangbogonensis PAMC 27130^T (92.8 %). The genome of strain CWB-1^T was 3 548 011 bp long with 36.3 % DNA G+C content. The predominant fatty acids (>10 %) in the CWB-1^T cells were iso-C_15 : 0, iso-C_17 : 0 3-OH and summed feature 1 (iso-C_15 : 1 H/C_13 : 0 3-OH). The major respiratory quinone was menaquinone-6 and the major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, an unidentified aminolipid and two unidentified lipids. Based on the phylogenetic analyses, as well as the phenotypic characteristics, a novel genus and species of the family Flavobacteriaceae, Paucihalobacter ruber gen. nov., sp. nov., is proposed. The type strain is CWB-1^T (=KCTC 72450^T=CGMCC 1.17149^T).

Falsigemmobacter faecalis gen. nov. sp. nov., isolated from faeces of Rhinopithecus roxellanae, and reclassification of Gemmobacter intermedius as Falsigemmobacter intermedius comb. nov

Strain YIM 102744-1^T was isolated from Rhinopithecus roxellanae fecal sample collected at Yunnan Wild Animal Park, Yunnan province, PR China. Cells were Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, non-motile and irregular rods. Optimal growth occurred in the presence of 0-1.0% (w/v) NaCl, at pH 7.0-8.0, and at 30 °C. The predominant ubiquinone was Q-10. The major cellular fatty acids (> 10.0%) were C_18:1ω7c and C_16:1ω7c/C_16:1ω6c. The dominant polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine. The DNA G + C content was 62.4 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that YIM 102744-1^T belonged to the family Rhodobacteraceae and shared the highest similarity with the type strain Gemmobacter intermedius 119/4^T (96.6%). In addition, phylogenetic trees indicated that strain YIM 102744-1^T formed a distinct clade together with the closest relative G. intermedius 119/4^T. Based on the results of polyphasic taxonomic analysis, strain YIM 102744-1^T is considered to represent a novel species within a new genus Falsigemmobacter, for which the name Falsigemmobacter faecalis gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of Falsigemmobacter faecalis is YIM 102744-1^T(= KCTC 52106^T = CCTCC AB 2016031^T). Because Gemmobacter intermedius 119/4^T formed a branch with YIM 102744-1 in the phylogenetic trees and was clearly separated from the other members within the genus Gemmobacter, it is also proposed to transfer into the genus Falsigemmobacter as Falsigemmobacter intermedius comb. nov. (type strain 119/4^T = CIP 110795^T = LMG 28215^T = CCM 8510^T). The type species of the genus Falsigemmobacter is Falsigemmobacter intermedius gen. nov., comb. nov.

Frigidibacter oleivorans sp. nov., isolated from a deep well with oil reservoir water

A Gram-stain-negative, rod-shaped bacterium, designated XJ4^T, was isolated from oil-contaminated water, collected from Xinjiang Province, north-west PR China (45° 1' 27″ N, 85° 6' 14″ E). Growth occurred at 20-45 °C (optimum, 30 °C) and pH 6.0-10.0 (optimum, pH 6.0-7.0). Strain XJ4^T could tolerate up to 7 % (w/v) NaCl and grow optimally in the absence of NaCl. Phylogenetic analysis based on comparative sequence analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain XJ4^T belonged to the genus Frigidibacter, and that was closely related to Frigidibacter mobilis cai42^T (97.2 %), Frigidibacter albus SP32^T (97.0 %) and Rhodobacter aestuarii JA296^T (97.0 %). The average nucleotide identity values between XJ4^T and three type strains were 77.9, 77.6 and 71.9 %, respectively. The DNA G+C content of strain XJ4^T was 69.5 mol%. The sole respiratory quinone was Q-10. The major cellular fatty acid was summed feature 8 (C_18 : 1  ω7c and/or C_18 : 1  ω6c), C_18 : 0 and 11-methyl C_18 : 1  ω7c. The polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, unidentified phospholipids, an unidentified aminolipid and unidentified lipids. On the basis of phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic analyses, strain XJ4^T represents a novel species of the genus Frigidibacter, for which the name Frigidibacter oleivorans sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is XJ4^T (=CGMCC 1.13778^T=LMG 30952^T).

Paracoccus alkanivorans sp. nov., isolated from a deep well with oil reservoir water

A Gram-stain-negative, non-motile and ovoid bacterial strain, designated 4-2T, was isolated from oil-contaminated water which was collected from Xinjiang Province, north-west PR China. The 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that strain 4-2T belonged to the genus Paracoccus . The species with highest similarity to strain 4-2T was Paracoccus saliphilus YIM 90738T (97.83 %), followed by ‘ Paracoccus siganidrum ’ M26 (97.83 %) and Paracoccus endophyticus SYSUP0003T (97.25 %). The average nucleotide identity values between 4-2T and three type strains were 84.69, 77.88 and 74.07 %, respectively. The genomic DNA G+C content of strain 4-2T was 61.4 mol%. Chemotaxonomical characteristic results showed that the respiratory quinone was ubiquinone Q-10 and the major fatty acids were summed feature 8 (C18 : 1 ω7c or C18 : 1 ω6c) and C19 : 0 cyclo ω8c. The polar lipid profile consisted of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, unidentified phospholipids, an unidentified aminolipid and an unidentified polar lipid. The predominant polyamines were putrescine, cadaverine and spermidine. On the basis of phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic inferences, strain 4-2T represents a novel species of the genus Paracoccus , for which the name Paracoccus alkanivorans sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 4-2T (=CGMCC 1.13669T=LMG 30882T).

Elioraea thermophila sp. nov., a thermophilic bacterium from hot spring of the class Alphaproteobacteria, emended description of the genus Elioraea and proposal of Elioraeaceae fam. nov

A Gram-staining-negative, aerobic, curved rod-shaped and thermophilic bacterial strain, designated YIM 72297^T, was isolated from a sediment sample collected from a hot spring in Tengchong county, Yunnan province, south-west China. Growth was observed at pH 5.0-9.0 with an optimum of pH 7.0-7.5, and at 45-60 °C with an optimum of 55 °C. Positive for catalase and oxidase. The 16S rRNA gene sequence comparison indicated that strain YIM 72297^T was most closely related to Elioraea tepidiphila DSM 17972^T (96.9 %) and showed <91 % sequence similarities to members of the order Rhodospirillales. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain YIM 72297^T formed a distinct lineage within the genus Elioraea, and revealed that the genus Elioraea formed a novel family-level clade in the order Rhodospirillales. The ANI and the dDNA-DNA hybridization estimate values between strains YIM 72297^T and Elioraea tepidiphila DSM 17972^T were 70.8 and 20.1 %, respectively. Strain YIM 72297^T contained Q-10 as the predominant ubiquinone. The major fatty acids (>5 %) were summed C_18 : 0 (35.8 %), summed feature 8 (30.1 %), C_16 : 0 (12.6 %), C_18 : 1 2OH (5.6 %) and C_16 : 0 2OH (5.4 %). The polar lipids consisted of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, diphosphosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylglycerol in addition to two unidentified aminolipids. The DNA G+C content of YIM 72297^T was 70.8 mol% (draft genome). On the basis of the polyphasic taxonomic evidence presented in this study, strain YIM 72297^T should be classified as representing a novel species of the genus Elioraea, for which the name Elioraea thermophila sp. nov. is proposed, with the type strain YIM 72297^T (=CCTCC AB 2017169^T=KCTC 62323^T). In addition, a novel family, Elioraeaceae fam. nov., is proposed to accommodate the genus Elioraea.

Elioraea rosea sp. nov., a plant promoting bacterium isolated from floodwater of a paddy field

A Gram-stain-negative bacterium, designated strain PF-30T, was isolated from floodwater of a paddy field in South Korea. Strain PF-30T was found to be a strictly aerobic, motile and pink-pigmented rods which can grow at 25–40 °C (optimum, 28 °C), at pH 5.0–9.0 (optimum pH 7.0) and at salinities of 0.5–3.0 % NaCl (optimum 0.5 % NaCl). Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain PF-30T belongs to the genus Elioraea , showing highest sequence similarity to Elioraea tepidiphila TU-7T (97.1%) and less than 91.3 % similarity with other members of the family Acetobacteraceae . The average nucleotide identity (ANI) and DNA–DNA relatedness between the strain PF-30T and E. tepidiphila TU-7T yielded an ANI value of 75.1 % and DNA–DNA relatedness of 11.7±0.7 %, respectively. The major fatty acids were identified as C18 : 0 and C18 : 1 ω7c. The predominant respiratory quinone was identified as Q-10. The DNA G+C content was determined to be 69.9 mol%. The strain PF-30T was observed to produce plant-growth-promoting materials such as indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), siderophore and phytase. On the basis of the results from phylogenetic, chemotaxonomic and phenotypic data, we concluded that strain PF-30T represents a novel species of the genus Elioraea , for which the name Elioraea rosea sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is PF-30T (=KACC 19985T=NBRC 113984T).

Silicon-Solubilizing Media and Its Implication for Characterization of Bacteria to Mitigate Biotic Stress

Silicon (Si), the second most abundant element on earth, remains unavailable for plants' uptake due to its poor solubility. Microbial interventions to convert it in soluble forms are well documented. However, studies on discrimination of Si and P solubilizing microbes due to common estimation method and sharing of solubilization mechanism are still obscure. A defined differential media, i.e. silicon-solubilizing media (NBRISSM) is developed to screen Si solubilizers. NBRISN13 (Bacillus amyloliquefaciens), a Si solubilizer, exhibiting antagonistic property against Rhizoctonia solani, was further validated for disease resistance. The key finding of the work is that NBRISSM is a novel differential media for screening Si solubilizers, distinct from P solubilizers. Dominance of Pseudomonas and Bacillus spp. for the function of Si solubilization was observed during diversity analysis of Si solubilizers isolated from different rhizospheres. Sphingobacterium sp., a different strain has been identified for silicon solubilization other than Pseudomonas and Bacillus sp. Role of acidic phosphatase during Si solubilization has been firstly reported in our study in addition to other pH dependent phenomenon. Study also showed the combinatorial effect of feldspar and NBRISN13 on elicited immune response through (i) increased Si uptake, (ii) reduced disease severity, (iii) modulation of cell wall degrading and antioxidative enzyme activities, and (iv) induced defense responsive gene expression.

Sediminibacillus terrae sp. nov., a moderate halophile isolated from non-saline farm soil

A Gram-stain-positive, moderately halophilic, strictly aerobic, endospore-forming, rod-shaped bacterium, strain JSM 102062^T, was isolated from a non-saline farm soil sample collected from Dehang Canyon in Hunan, PR China. Growth occurred with 0.5-20 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum 4-7 %) at pH 5.5-11.0 (optimum pH 8.0) and at 20-50 °C (optimum 30-35 °C). Contained cell-wall peptidoglycan based on meso-diaminopimelic acid and possessed menaquinone-7 (MK-7) as the major respiratory isoprenoid quinone. The major cellular fatty acids were anteiso-C_15 : 0, anteiso-C_17 : 0 and iso-C_16 : 0. The polar lipid pattern consisted of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, five unidentified phospholipids and an unidentified glycolipid. The DNA G+C content was 44.1 mol%. Phylogeny based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain JSM 102062^T belonged to the genus Sediminibacillus, sharing high 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities to Sediminibacillus halophilus EN8d^T (99.4 %) and Sediminibacillus albus NHBX5^T (98.3 %). The whole genomic analysis showed that strain JSM 102062^T constituted a different taxon separated from the recognized Sediminibacillus species. Combined data from phenotypic and genotypic studies demonstrated that strain JSM 102062^T represents a noval species of the genus Sediminibacillus, for which the name Sediminibacillus terrae sp. nov. is proposed; the type strain is JSM 102062^T (=CCTCC AB 2014166^T = CGMCC 1.12957^T=DSM 28949^T=KCTC 33541^T).

Flavobacterium macacae sp. nov., isolated from Macaca mulatta faeces

A yellow, Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, non-gliding, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped strain, designated YIM 102600^T, was isolated from the faeces of Macaca mulatta dwelling in the Yunnan Wild Animal Park, Yunnan Province, South-West PR China. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain YIM 102600^T was a member of the genus Flavobacterium, and closely related to Flavobacterium qiangtangense F3^T (96.9 % similarity) and Flavobacterium noncentrifugens R-HLS-17^T (96.0 % similarity). Phylogenetic trees showed that strain YIM 102600^T formed a clade with F. qiangtangense F3^T and F. noncentrifugens R-HLS-17^T. Growth occurred at 4-30 °C (optimum, 28 °C), pH 7.0-8.0 (pH 7.5) and NaCl concentration 0-2 % (w/v; 0-1 %, w/v). The major fatty acids were iso-C_15:0 and summed feature 3 (comprising C_16:1 ω7c and/or C_16:1 ω6c). The predominant polar lipid was phosphatidylethanolamine and the sole respiratory quinone was menaquinone-6. The DNA G+C content was 36.4 mol%. The calculated digital DNA-DNA hybridization values between strain YIM 102600^T and other species of Flavobacterium ranged from 70.0 to 75.0 % and average nucleotide identity values were in a range between 13.7 to 23.5 %. Based above the consensus of phenotypic and phylogenetic analyses as well as whole genome comparisons, strain YIM 102600^T (=KCTC 52099^T=CCTCC AB 201632^T) is proposed to represent type strain of a novel species, Flavobacterium macacae sp. nov.

Nocardia panacis sp. nov., a novel actinomycete with antiphytopathogen activity isolated from the rhizosphere of Panax notoginseng

Strain YIM PH21724^T was isolated from the rhizosphere of Panax notoginseng. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that the strain exhibits close phylogenetic relatedness to Nocardia kroppenstedtii N1286^T (97.70%), Nocardia farcinica NCTC 11134^T (97.67%) and Nocardia puris DSM 44599^T (97.40%). The menaquinones were identified as MK-9 (H₄), MK-8 (H₄, ω-cyclo) and MK-8 (H₄), and the major fatty acids (> 10%) were identified as C_16:0, C_18:1 ω9c and C_18:0 10-methyl. The polar lipids were found to be composed of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylinositol mannosides and an unidentified lipid. The G + C content of the genomic DNA was determined to be 67.01 mol%. The phenotypic, chemotaxonomic, phylogenetic and genomic results clearly show strain YIM PH21724^T should be classified in the genus Nocardia and represents a novel species, for which the name Nocardia panacis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is YIM PH21724^T (= DSM 105904^T = KCTC 49030^T = CCTCC AA 2017043^T).

Lampropedia aestuarii sp. nov., isolated from the estuary of a freshwater river

A Gram-stain-negative, strictly aerobic, catalase-positive and oxidase-positive bacterium, designated strain YIM MLB12^T, was isolated from estuary sediment sampled at Maliao River where it flows into a plateau lake (Dianchi) in Yunnan, south-west PR China. Cells were non-motile and rod-shaped. Growth was observed at 15-35 °C (optimum, 25-30 °C), pH 6.0-10.0 (optimum, pH 7.0-8.0) and in the presence of 0-7 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 0.5-2 %). Results of phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain YIM MLB12^T formed a tight phylogenic lineage with members of the genus Lampropedia and was closely related to 'Lampropedia puyangensis' 2-bin with 98.3 % sequence similarity and had low similarities to the type strains of Lampropediahyalina ATCC 11041^T (96 %) and Lampropedia cohaerens CT6^T (95.5 %). Average nucleotide identity and in silico DNA-DNA hybridization values between strain YIM MLB12^T and 'L. puyangensis' KCTC 32235 were 76.5 and 22.6 %, respectively. Strain YIM MLB12^T contained ubiquinone-8 as the major quinone. The predominant cellular fatty acids were summed feature 3 (C_16 : 1 ω7c and/or C_16 : 1 ω6c), C_16 : 0, C_10 : 0 3-OH, summed feature 8 (C_18 : 1 ω6c and/or C_18 : 1 ω7c), C_12 : 0 3-OH and C_14 : 0. The polar lipid profile of strain YIM MLB12^T was composed predominantly of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylmonomethylethanolamine, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol. The major polyamine was spermidine. The genomic DNA G+C content of strain YIM MLB12^T was 56.8 mol%. Based on its genotypic and chemotaxonomic features and results of phenotypic analyses, strain YIM MLB12^T represents a novel species of the genus Lampropedia, for which the name Lampropediaaestuarii sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is YIM MLB12^T (=KCTC 42886^T=CGMCC 1.17071^T).

Plant-Growth Promotion and Biocontrol Properties of Three Streptomyces spp. Isolates to Control Bacterial Rice Pathogens

Bacterial Panicle Blight caused by Burkholderia glumae is a major disease of rice, which has dramatically affected rice production around the world in the last years. In this study we describe the assessment of three Streptomyces isolates as biocontrol agents for B. glumae. Additionally, the presence of other plant-growth promoting abilities and their possible beneficial effects upon their inoculation on rice plants was evaluated as an ecological analysis for their future inoculation in rice crops. Two isolates (A20 and 5.1) inhibited growth of virulent B. glumae strains, as well as a wide range of bacterial and fungal species, while a third strain (7.1) showed only antifungal activity. In vitro tests demonstrated the ability of these strains to produce siderophores, Indoleacetic acid (IAA), extracellular enzymes and solubilizing phosphate. Greenhouse experiments with two rice cultivars indicated that Streptomyces A20 is able to colonize rice plants and promote plant growth in both cultivars. Furthermore, an egfp tagged mutant was generated and colonization experiments were performed, indicating that Streptomyces A20 –GFP was strongly associated with root hairs, which may be related to the plant growth promotion observed in the gnotobiotic experiments. In order to characterize the antimicrobial compounds produced by strain A20 bacteria, mass spectrometry analyses were performed. This technique indicated that A20 produced several antimicrobial compounds with sizes below 3 kDa and three of these molecules were identified as Streptotricins D, E and F. These findings indicate the potential of Streptomyces A20 as a biocontrol inoculant to protect rice plants against bacterial diseases.

Phylogenetic affiliation and determination of bioactive compounds of bacterial population associated with organs of mud crab, Scylla olivacea

Mud crab belongs to the genus Scylla is an economically valuable and preferred species for costal aquaculture in Asian countries, including India. In recent years, there has been a tremendous expansion of Scylla farming, which has led to increasing research on its habit and habitats. However, there has been no study undertaken to understand the role of the bacterial population associated with the different organs of the mud crab, Scylla olivacea. In total, 43 isolates were recovered from four selected parts of the crab (carapace, n = 18; abdomen n = 11; leg, n = 8; and hand, n = 6), and the 16S rRNA gene was used to identify the bacterial isolates. The antimicrobial potential along with the detection of modular polyketide synthase (PKSI), cytochrome P450 hydroxylase (CYP) and non-ribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) gene clusters were investigated to show a relationship among the biosynthetic genes with their useful aspects. Additionally, the potential three strains (BPS_CRB12, BPS_CRB14 and BPS_CRB41), which showed significant antimicrobial activities, also showed the presence of twenty volatile compounds (VOCs) using GC-MS analysis. We conclude that the strain Aneurinibacillus aneurinilyticus BPS_CRB41 could be source for the production of bioactive compounds.

Aquabacterium tepidiphilum sp. nov., a moderately thermophilic bacterium isolated from a hot spring

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, non-spore-forming and rod-shaped bacterium, designated YIM 730274^T, was isolated from a sediment sample collected from a hot spring located in Tibet, PR China, and was characterized by using a polyphasic taxonomy approach. Cells were motile by means of a polar flagellum. The strain was oxidase- and catalase-positive, and contained polyalkanoates and polyphosphate as storage polymers. Growth occurred at 25-50 °C, at pH 6.0-8.5 and with 0.5-1.0 % NaCl. The major fatty acids (>10 %) were summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω6c and/or C16 : 1ω7c), summed feature 8 (C18 : 1ω7c and/or C18 : 1ω6c) and C16 : 0. The known polar lipids comprised of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylserine. The isoprenoid quinone was Q-8. The G+C content of genomic DNA was 70.7 mol%. The results of phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that the strain forms a monophyletic branch at the periphery of the evolutionary radiation occupied by the genus Aquabacterium in the class Betaproteobacteria. The most closely related phylogenetic neighbours were Aquabacterium limnoticumABP-4^T (97.8 % 16S rRNA gene sequence identity) and Aquabacterium communeB8^T (97.2 % 16SrRNA gene sequence identity). DNA-DNA relatedness values between YIM 730274^T and A. limnoticum KCTC 23306^T (46.4±0.4 %) and A. commune DSM 11901^T (42.2±1.2 %) were well below the 70 % limit for species identification. YIM 730274^T was distinguishable from other members of the genus Aquabacterium by the differences in phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and genotypic characteristics. YIM 730274^T merits recognition as a representative of a novel species of the genus Aquabacterium. It is proposed that the isolate should be classified in the genus Aquabacterium as representing a novel species, Aquabacteriumtepidiphilum sp. nov. The type strain is YIM 730274^T (=KCTC 52716^T=CCTCC AB 2016295^T).

Marinactinospora rubrisoli sp. nov., isolated from red soil

A novel Marinactinospora strain JX35-4^T was isolated from red soil which was collected from Wushan, northern Jiangxi Province, China. Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain JX35-4^T belongs to the genus Marinactinospora and formed a distinct phylogenetic clade with Marinactinospora thermotolerans SCSIO 00652^T and Marinactinospora endophytica YIM 690053^T with sequence similarity of 96.97% and 96.42%, respectively. The strain was Gram-positive and formed branched substrate hyphae with no fragmentation, and abundant aerial hyphae that differentiated into long spore chains, and short rod-shaped spores. Growth occurred at 20-45 °C, pH 7.0-12.0 and in the presence of 0-7.5% (w/v) NaCl. The genomic DNA G + C content was determined to be 68.3 mol%. The cell wall of strain JX35-4^T contained meso-diaminopimelic acid and xylose. Polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylinositol mannosides and one unidentified phospholipid. The major fatty acids of strain JX35-4^T consisted of anteiso-C_17:0 and iso-C_16:0. Major menaquinones were MK-9(H₁₀), MK-12 and MK-10(H₂). Based on the polyphasic data, strain JX35-4^T (= CGMCC 4.7382^T = DSM 104977^T) is concluded to represent a novel species of the genus Marinactinospora, for which the name Marinactinospora rubrisoli sp. nov. is proposed.

Actinobacteria associated with Glycyrrhiza inflata Bat. are diverse and have plant growth promoting and antimicrobial activity

Many of the plant associated microbes may directly and indirectly contribute to plant growth and stress resistance. Our aim was to assess the plant growth-promoting and antimicrobial activities of actinobacteria isolated from Glycyrrhiza inflata Bat. plants to find strains that could be applied in agricultural industry, for example in reclaiming saline soils. We isolated 36 and 52 strains that showed morphological characteristics of actinobacteria from one year old and three year old G. inflata plants, respectively. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, the strains represented ten actinobacterial genera. Most of the strains had plant growth promoting characteristics in vitro, tolerated 200 mM NaCl and inhibited the growth of at least one indicator organism. The eight selected Streptomyces strains increased the germination rate of G. inflata seeds under salt stress. In addition, the four best seed germination promoters promoted the growth of G. inflata in vivo. The best promoters of G. inflata growth, strains SCAU5283 and SCAU5215, inhibited a wide range of indicator organisms, and may thus be considered as promising candidates to be applied in inoculating G. inflata.

Genome-Based Taxonomic Classification of the Phylum Actinobacteria

The application of phylogenetic taxonomic procedures led to improvements in the classification of bacteria assigned to the phylum Actinobacteria but even so there remains a need to further clarify relationships within a taxon that encompasses organisms of agricultural, biotechnological, clinical, and ecological importance. Classification of the morphologically diverse bacteria belonging to this large phylum based on a limited number of features has proved to be difficult, not least when taxonomic decisions rested heavily on interpretation of poorly resolved 16S rRNA gene trees. Here, draft genome sequences of a large collection of actinobacterial type strains were used to infer phylogenetic trees from genome-scale data using principles drawn from phylogenetic systematics. The majority of taxa were found to be monophyletic but several orders, families, and genera, as well as many species and a few subspecies were shown to be in need of revision leading to proposals for the recognition of 2 orders, 10 families, and 17 genera, as well as the transfer of over 100 species to other genera. In addition, emended descriptions are given for many species mainly involving the addition of data on genome size and DNA G+C content, the former can be considered to be a valuable taxonomic marker in actinobacterial systematics. Many of the incongruities detected when the results of the present study were compared with existing classifications had been recognized from 16S rRNA gene trees though whole-genome phylogenies proved to be much better resolved. The few significant incongruities found between 16S/23S rRNA and whole genome trees underline the pitfalls inherent in phylogenies based upon single gene sequences. Similarly good congruence was found between the discontinuous distribution of phenotypic properties and taxa delineated in the phylogenetic trees though diverse non-monophyletic taxa appeared to be based on the use of plesiomorphic character states as diagnostic features.

Leifsonia flava sp. nov., a novel actinobacterium isolated from the rhizosphere of Aquilegia viridiflora

SYP-B2174^T is a yellow-pigmented, Gram-positive, non-motile, and rod-shaped actinobacterium isolated from the rhizospheric soil of Aquilegia viridiflora Pall. collected from the Xinjiang uygur autonomous region of China. The strain's growth temperature ranges from 1 to 35°C, with an optimal growth being observed at 28°C. Growth occurs from 0 to 5% NaCl and at pH 6-8, with optimal growth being observed in 1% NaCl at pH 7. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence-based phylogenetic analysis placed the strain in a clade with the species Leifsonia kafniensis JCM 17021^T and Leifsonia psychrotolerans DSM 22824^T with similarities of 97.8 and 97.6%, respectively. The DNA-DNA hybridization values of the strain SYP-B2174^T to its closest phylogenetic neighbors were significantly lower than 35.7%. The strain was identified as a novel species of the genus Leifsonia judging by the coryneform morphology, peptidoglycans based upon 2,4-diaminobutyric acid, principal phospholipids phosphatidylglycerol and diphosphatidylglycerol, major menaquinone MK-11, predominant fatty acids of anteiso-C_15:0, anteiso-C_17:0, and iso-C_16:0, and a DNA G + C base composition of 68.7 mol%, for which the name Leifsonia flava sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is SYP-B2174^T (= CGMCC 1.15856^T = DSM 105144^T = KCTC 39963T).

Actinoplanes deserti sp. nov., isolated from a desert soil sample

A novel actinomycete, designated strain YIM CF22^T, was isolated from a desert soil sample collected from Turpan in Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, north-western China. The taxonomic position of the strain YIM CF22^T is described based on a polyphasic approach. Strain YIM CF22^T was found to form irregular sporangia on agar media. It contains meso-diaminopimelic acid in the cell wall peptidoglycan. The major menaquinone was identified as MK-9(H₄); the polar lipids were identified as diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol, two unidentified phospholipids and two unidentified glycolipids. The whole cell sugars were found to be ribose, mannose, galactose, glucose and xylose. The major cellular fatty acids were found to be (> 5%) iso-C_16:0 (43.5%), anteiso-C_17:0 (10.2%), iso-C_15:0 (7.1%), C_17:1 ω8c (6.3%) and iso H-C_16:1 (5.9%). The G+C content was determined to be 70.8%. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis of strain YIM CF22^T showed high similarity (97.0%) to Actinoplanes rishiriensis NBRC 108556^T. The strain also showed high 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities to Verrucosispora sediminis CGMCC 4.3550^T (96.9%) and Micromonospora tulbaghiae DSM 45142^T (96.8%). Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence indicated that strain YIM CF22^T clusters with A. rishiriensis NBRC 108556^T, Actinoplanes globisporus JCM 3186^T and Actinoplanes rhizophilus NEAU-A-2^T. Based on the differential phenotypic characteristics and the results of DNA-DNA relatedness and phylogenetic analysis, it is proposed that strain YIM CF22^T represents a novel species of the genus Actinoplanes, for which the name Actinoplanes deserti sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is YIM CF22^T (= KCTC 39543^T = CCTCC AB2018113^T).

Anoxybacillus sediminis sp. nov., a novel moderately thermophilic bacterium isolated from a hot spring

A Gram-stain positive, moderately thermophilic, aerobic, spore-forming and rod-shaped bacterium, designated YIM 73012^T, was isolated from a sediment sample collected from a hot spring located in Tibet, China, and was characterized by using a polyphasic taxonomy approach. The strain is oxidase positive and catalase negative. Growth occurred at 37-65 °C (optimum, 45-50 °C), at pH 6.0-8.5 (optimum, pH 7.0-7.5) and with 0.5-3.5% NaCl (optimum, 0.5-1.0%, w/v). The major fatty acids were iso-C_15:0, iso-C_16:0 and C_16:0. The major polar lipids comprised of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylmethylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol. The cell wall peptidoglycan contained meso-diaminopimelic acid. The respiratory quinone was MK-7. The G+C content of genomic DNA was 43.6 mol%. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that the strain YIM 73012^T forms a distinct lineage with respect to the genus Anoxybacillus in the family Bacillaceae. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence identities the closely related phylogenetic neighbours are Anoxybacillus caldiproteolyticus DSM 15730^T (96.7%) and Saccharococcus thermophilus DSM 4749^T (96.6%). Strain YIM 73012^T was distinguishable from the closely related reference strains by the differences in phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and genotypic characteristics, and represents a novel species of the genus Anoxybacillus, for which the name Anoxybacillus sp. nov. is proposed. The type species is Anoxybacillus sediminis sp. nov., with the type strain YIM 73012^T (= KCTC 33884^T = DSM 103835^T).

Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic Properties of Bioactive Metabolites Produced by Streptomyces cavourensis YBQ59 Isolated from Cinnamomum cassia Prels in Yen Bai Province of Vietnam

The endophytic actinomycete strain YBQ59 was isolated from Cinnamomum cassia Prels in Yen Bai province (21°53'14″N; 104°35'9″E) of northern Vietnam. Based on analysis of morphological, physiological characteristics and 16S rRNA gene sequence (GenBank Acc. No. MF950891), the strain YBQ59 possessed high similarity to Streptomyces cavourensis subsp. cavourensis strain NRRL 2740, therefore assigned as S. cavourensis YBQ59. The ethyl acetate extract of the YBQ59 culture broth isolated eight pure secondary metabolites, identified as 1-monolinolein (1), bafilomycin D (2), nonactic acid (3), daidzein (4), 3'-hydroxydaidzein (5), 5,11-epoxy-10-cadinanol (6), prelactone B (7), and daucosterol (8). Compounds 1, 3-8 were reported for the first time from S. cavourensis. Compounds 1-5 exhibited antimicrobial activities against both methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 33591 (MRSA) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 35984 (MRSE) among which the compound 1 revealed the strongest effects with minimum inhibitory concentrations of 8.5 and 14.6 µg/mL, respectively. The compound 2 showed high potential effect against MRSA (MIC of 11.1 µg/mL) but less effect against MRSE (MIC of 30.3 µg/mL). The cytotoxicity of the compounds 1-7 was investigated against human lung adenocarcinoma EGFR-TKI-resistant cells, among which compounds 1, 2, and 5 exhibited the strong effect against A549 cells with IC₅₀ values of 3.6, 6.7, and 7.8 µM, respectively. Taken together, the experimental findings in this study suggested that the compounds 1 and 2 could be reproducible metabolites applicable for inhibition of both drug-resistant bacteria and cancer cell lines.