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Shah PT, Bahoussi AN, Yang C, Yao G, Dong L, Wu C, Xing L. Genetic Characteristics and Phylogeographic Dynamics of Lagoviruses, 1988-2021. Viruses 2023; 15:v15040815. [PMID: 37112796 PMCID: PMC10143477 DOI: 10.3390/v15040815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV), European brown hare syndrome virus (EBHSV), rabbit calicivirus (RCV), and hare calicivirus (HaCV) belong to the genus Lagovirus of the Caliciviridae family that causes severe diseases in rabbits and several hare (Lepus) species. Previously, Lagoviruses were classified into two genogroups, e.g., GI (RHDVs and RCVs) and GII (EBHSV and HaCV) based on partial genomes, e.g., VP60 coding sequences. Herein, we provide a robust phylogenetic classification of all the Lagovirus strains based on full-length genomes, grouping all the available 240 strains identified between 1988 and 2021 into four distinct clades, e.g., GI.1 (classical RHDV), GI.2 (RHDV2), HaCV/EBHSV, and RCV, where the GI.1 clade is further classified into four (GI.1a-d) and GI.2 into six sub-clades (GI.2a-f). Moreover, the phylogeographic analysis revealed that the EBHSV and HaCV strains share their ancestor with the GI.1, while the RCV shares with the GI.2. In addition, all 2020-2021 RHDV2 outbreak strains in the USA are connected to the strains from Canada and Germany, while RHDV strains isolated in Australia are connected with the USA-Germany haplotype RHDV strain. Furthermore, we identified six recombination events in the VP60, VP10, and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) coding regions using the full-length genomes. The amino acid variability analysis showed that the variability index exceeded the threshold of 1.00 in the ORF1-encoded polyprotein and ORF2-encoded VP10 protein, respectively, indicating significant amino acid drift with the emergence of new strains. The current study is an update of the phylogenetic and phylogeographic information of Lagoviruses that may be used to map the evolutionary history and provide hints for the genetic basis of their emergence and re-emergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pir Tariq Shah
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Amina Nawal Bahoussi
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Caiting Yang
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Guanhan Yao
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Development, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Li Dong
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Cell Biology, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Major Infectious Diseases, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan 030006, China
- The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Changxin Wu
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Cell Biology, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Major Infectious Diseases, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan 030006, China
- The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Li Xing
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Cell Biology, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Major Infectious Diseases, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan 030006, China
- The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
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2
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Structural Basis for Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease Virus Antibody Specificity. J Virol 2022; 96:e0121722. [PMID: 36326275 PMCID: PMC9682983 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01217-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Isolated RHDV antibodies have been used for decades to distinguish between antigenic variants, monitor temporal capsid evolution, and examine neutralizing capacities. In this study, we provided the structural basis for an RHDV GI.2 specific diagnostic antibody (2D9) binding and reveal that a small number of amino acid substitutions at the binding site could differentiate between RHDV GI.2 and GI.1b.
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Abrantes J, Lopes AM. A Review on the Methods Used for the Detection and Diagnosis of Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease Virus (RHDV). Microorganisms 2021; 9:972. [PMID: 33946292 PMCID: PMC8146303 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9050972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the early 1980s, the European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) has been threatened by the rabbit hemorrhagic disease (RHD). The disease is caused by a lagovirus of the family Caliciviridae, the rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV). The need for detection, identification and further characterization of RHDV led to the development of several diagnostic tests. Owing to the lack of an appropriate cell culture system for in vitro propagation of the virus, much of the methods involved in these tests contributed to our current knowledge on RHD and RHDV and to the development of vaccines to contain the disease. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of the RHDV diagnostic tests used since the first RHD outbreak and that include molecular, histological and serological techniques, ranging from simpler tests initially used, such as the hemagglutination test, to the more recent and sophisticated high-throughput sequencing, along with an overview of their potential and their limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Abrantes
- CIBIO/InBio-UP, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal;
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana M. Lopes
- CIBIO/InBio-UP, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal;
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS)/Unidade Multidisciplinar de Investigação Biomédica (UMIB), Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
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4
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Katayama A, Miyazaki A, Okazaki N, Nakayama T, Mikami O. An outbreak of rabbit hemorrhagic disease (RHD) caused by Lagovirus europaeus GI.2/rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus 2 (RHDV2) in Ehime, Japan. J Vet Med Sci 2021; 83:931-934. [PMID: 33840722 PMCID: PMC8267198 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.21-0128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A total of ten 1–2-year-old rabbits died within 2 weeks at a facility in Ehime prefecture
in May 2019. Necropsy revealed liver discoloration and fragility, hemorrhage of some
organs and blood coagulation failure. On histopathologic examination, necrotizing
hepatitis was a common finding, together with fibrin thrombi in the small vessels and
hemorrhage in some organs. Rabbit hemorrhagic disease (RHD) virus gene was detected in
liver samples, and viral particles of approximately 32 nm in diameter were found in the
cytoplasm of degenerated hepatocytes by electron microscopy. Phylogenetic analysis based
on the partial VP60 gene sequence classified it as Lagovirus europaeus
GI.2/RHDV2. This is the first confirmed outbreak of RHD caused by globally emerging
GI.2/RHDV2 in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiho Katayama
- Ehime Prefectural Livestock Disease Diagnostic Center, 743-1 Tanokubo, Touon, Ehime 791-0212, Japan
| | - Ayako Miyazaki
- National Institute of Animal Health, NARO, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
| | - Naohito Okazaki
- Ehime Prefectural Livestock Disease Diagnostic Center, 743-1 Tanokubo, Touon, Ehime 791-0212, Japan
| | - Teruko Nakayama
- Tobe Zoological Park of Ehime Prefecture, 240 Kamiharamachi, Tobe, Ehime 791-2191, Japan
| | - Osamu Mikami
- Hokkaido Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, NARO, 4 Hitsujigaoka, Toyohira, Sapporo, Hokkaido 062-0045, Japan
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5
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Müller C, Hrynkiewicz R, Bębnowska D, Maldonado J, Baratelli M, Köllner B, Niedźwiedzka-Rystwej P. Immunity against Lagovirus europaeus and the Impact of the Immunological Studies on Vaccination. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9030255. [PMID: 33805607 PMCID: PMC8002203 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9030255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In the early 1980s, a highly contagious viral hemorrhagic fever in rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) emerged, causing a very high rate of mortality in these animals. Since the initial occurrence of the rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV), several hundred million rabbits have died after infection. The emergence of genetically-different virus variants (RHDV GI.1 and GI.2) indicated the very high variability of RHDV. Moreover, with these variants, the host range broadened to hare species (Lepus). The circulation of RHDV genotypes displays different virulences and a limited induction of cross-protective immunity. Interestingly, juvenile rabbits (<9 weeks of age) with an immature immune system display a general resistance to RHDV GI.1, and a limited resistance to RHDV GI.2 strains, whereas less than 3% of adult rabbits survive an infection by either RHDV GI.1. or GI.2. Several not-yet fully understood phenomena characterize the RHD. A very low infection dose followed by an extremely rapid viral replication could be simplified to the induction of a disseminated intravascular coagulopathy (DIC), a severe loss of lymphocytes—especially T-cells—and death within 36 to 72 h post infection. On the other hand, in animals surviving the infection or after vaccination, very high titers of RHDV-neutralizing antibodies were induced. Several studies have been conducted in order to deepen the knowledge about the virus’ genetics, epidemiology, RHDV-induced pathology, and the anti-RHDV immune responses of rabbits in order to understand the phenomenon of the juvenile resistance to this virus. Moreover, several approaches have been used to produce efficient vaccines in order to prevent an infection with RHDV. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge about anti-RHDV resistance and immunity, RHDV vaccination, and the further need to establish rationally-based RHDV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Müller
- Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany;
| | - Rafał Hrynkiewicz
- Institute of Biology, University of Szczecin, Felczaka 3c, 71-412 Szczecin, Poland; (R.H.); (D.B.)
| | - Dominika Bębnowska
- Institute of Biology, University of Szczecin, Felczaka 3c, 71-412 Szczecin, Poland; (R.H.); (D.B.)
| | | | | | - Bernd Köllner
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
- Correspondence: (B.K.); (P.N.-R.)
| | - Paulina Niedźwiedzka-Rystwej
- Institute of Biology, University of Szczecin, Felczaka 3c, 71-412 Szczecin, Poland; (R.H.); (D.B.)
- Correspondence: (B.K.); (P.N.-R.)
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Abrantes J, Lopes AM, Lemaitre E, Ahola H, Banihashem F, Droillard C, Marchandeau S, Esteves PJ, Neimanis A, Le Gall-Reculé G. Retrospective Analysis Shows That Most RHDV GI.1 Strains Circulating Since the Late 1990s in France and Sweden Were Recombinant GI.3P-GI.1d Strains. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:E910. [PMID: 32784857 PMCID: PMC7464634 DOI: 10.3390/genes11080910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombination is one of the major sources of genetic variation in viruses. RNA viruses, such as rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV), are among the viruses with the highest recombination rates. Several recombination events have been described for RHDV, mostly as a consequence of their genomic architecture. Here, we undertook phylogenetic and recombination analyses of French and Swedish RHDV strains from 1994 to 2016 and uncovered a new intergenotypic recombination event. This event occurred in the late 1990s/early 2000s and involved nonpathogenic GI.3 strains as donors for the nonstructural part of the genome of these recombinants, while pathogenic GI.1d strains contributed to the structural part. These GI.3P-GI.1d recombinant strains did not entirely replace GI.1d (nonrecombinant) strains, but became the dominant strains in France and Sweden, likely due to a fitness advantage associated with this genomic architecture. GI.3P-GI.1d (P stands for polymerase) strains persisted until 2013 and 2016 in Sweden and France, respectively, and cocirculated with the new genotype GI.2 in France. Since strains from the first GI.2 outbreaks were GI.3P-GI.2, we hypothesize that GI.3P-GI.1d could be the parental strain. Our results confirm the outstanding recombination ability of RHDV and its importance in the evolution of lagoviruses, which was only revealed by studying complete genomic sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Abrantes
- CIBIO/InBio-UP, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal; (J.A.); (A.M.L.); (P.J.E.)
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana M. Lopes
- CIBIO/InBio-UP, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal; (J.A.); (A.M.L.); (P.J.E.)
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar/Unidade Multidisciplinar de Investigação Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Evelyne Lemaitre
- Unité de Virologie, Immunologie, Parasitologie, Aviaires et Cunicoles, Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort, Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire, de l’alimentation, de l’environnement et du travail (Anses), 22440 Ploufragan, France; (E.L.); (C.D.)
| | - Harri Ahola
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Ulls väg 2B, SE75189 Uppsala, Sweden; (H.A.); (F.B.)
| | - Fereshteh Banihashem
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Ulls väg 2B, SE75189 Uppsala, Sweden; (H.A.); (F.B.)
| | - Clément Droillard
- Unité de Virologie, Immunologie, Parasitologie, Aviaires et Cunicoles, Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort, Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire, de l’alimentation, de l’environnement et du travail (Anses), 22440 Ploufragan, France; (E.L.); (C.D.)
| | - Stéphane Marchandeau
- Unité Petite Faune Sédentaire et Espèces Outre-Mer, Direction de la Recherche et de l’Appui Scientifique, Office Français de la Biodiversité (OFB), 44300 Nantes, France;
| | - Pedro J. Esteves
- CIBIO/InBio-UP, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal; (J.A.); (A.M.L.); (P.J.E.)
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Aleksija Neimanis
- Department of Pathology and Wildlife Diseases, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Ulls väg 2B, SE75189 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ghislaine Le Gall-Reculé
- Unité de Virologie, Immunologie, Parasitologie, Aviaires et Cunicoles, Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort, Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire, de l’alimentation, de l’environnement et du travail (Anses), 22440 Ploufragan, France; (E.L.); (C.D.)
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7
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Carvalho CL, Abade dos Santos FA, Fagulha T, Carvalho P, Mendonça P, Monteiro M, Dias Duarte M. Myxoma virus and rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus 2 coinfection in a European wild rabbit (
Oryctolagus cuniculus algirus
), Portugal. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1136/vetreccr-2019-001002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carina Luisa Carvalho
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e veterinária (INIAV)Av. da República, Quinta do Marquês (edíficio sede)OeirasPortugal
| | - Fábio Alexandre Abade dos Santos
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e veterinária (INIAV)Av. da República, Quinta do Marquês (edíficio sede)OeirasPortugal
- CIISAFaculdade de Medicina VeterináriaUniversidade de LisboaAvenida da Universidade TécnicaLisboaPortugal
| | - Teresa Fagulha
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e veterinária (INIAV)Av. da República, Quinta do Marquês (edíficio sede)OeirasPortugal
| | - Paulo Carvalho
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e veterinária (INIAV)Av. da República, Quinta do Marquês (edíficio sede)OeirasPortugal
| | - Paula Mendonça
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e veterinária (INIAV)Av. da República, Quinta do Marquês (edíficio sede)OeirasPortugal
| | - Madalena Monteiro
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e veterinária (INIAV)Av. da República, Quinta do Marquês (edíficio sede)OeirasPortugal
| | - Margarida Dias Duarte
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e veterinária (INIAV)Av. da República, Quinta do Marquês (edíficio sede)OeirasPortugal
- CIISAFaculdade de Medicina VeterináriaUniversidade de LisboaAvenida da Universidade TécnicaLisboaPortugal
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8
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Abade Dos Santos FA, Carvalho C, Nuno O, Correia JJ, Henriques M, Peleteiro MC, Fevereiro M, Duarte MD. Detection of rabbit Haemorrhagic disease virus 2 during the wild rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) eradication from the Berlengas archipelago, Portugal. BMC Vet Res 2017; 13:336. [PMID: 29141631 PMCID: PMC5688637 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-017-1257-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the regular wildlife monitoring action carried out in the summer of the past few years at the Berlenga Island, wild rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) have been repeatedly found dead. However, the origin of those deaths was never investigated. Our aim was to investigate the cause of death of 11 rabbits collected between April and May 2016. RESULTS While screening samples from rabbit carcasses for the major viral rabbit pathogens, five tested positive to RHDV2 but all were negative for RHDV and myxoma virus (MYXV). For six RHDV2-negative specimens, emaciation and parasitism were considered the most probable cause of death. Lesions identified in the RHDV2-positive rabbits included non-suppurative diffuse hepatic necrosis and pulmonary lesions varying from congestion and oedema of the lungs to interstitial pneumonia. Sequencing analysis of the vp60 gene obtained from two specimens showed identical vp60 sequences. Comparison with other known RHDV2 strains from public databases through BLAST analysis revealed a closer similarity with strains from Alentejo collected during 2013. Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian phylogenetic analysis showed that the 2016 strains from the archipelago have a higher resemblance with a group of strains mostly collected in the South of Portugal between 2013 and 2014. CONCLUSION The results suggest that RHDV2 may have been introduced on the Berlenga Island a few years ago, having evolved separately from mainland strains due to insularity.
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Affiliation(s)
- F A Abade Dos Santos
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal (CIISA), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa. Av. da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477, Lisbon, Portugal. .,Rua Quinta do Pinto N°5 3°D, 2660-067, Loures, Frielas, Portugal.
| | - C Carvalho
- Instituto de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais Mediterrânicas (ICAAM); Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada (IIFA), Universidade de Évora. Núcleo da Mitra, 7000, Évora, Portugal
| | - Oliveira Nuno
- Sociedade Portuguesa para o Estudo das Aves (SPEA), Av. Columbano Bordalo Pinheiro, 87, 3º Andar, 1070-062, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - J J Correia
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal (CIISA), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa. Av. da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - M Henriques
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária (INIAV), Laboratório de Virologia. Av. da República, Quinta do Marquês, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - M C Peleteiro
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal (CIISA), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa. Av. da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - M Fevereiro
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária (INIAV), Laboratório de Virologia. Av. da República, Quinta do Marquês, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - M D Duarte
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária (INIAV), Laboratório de Virologia. Av. da República, Quinta do Marquês, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal
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9
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Adaptive diversification between the classic rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) and the RHDVa isolates: A genome-wide perspective. Microb Pathog 2017; 110:527-532. [PMID: 28743597 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) is a highly infectious pathogen that causes high mortality in wild and domestic rabbits. RHDV could be divided into two subtypes, classic RHDV and RHDVa, which present clear genetic, antigenic, and epidemiological differences. To further understand the nature of the diversity, we performed a genome-wide evolutionary study on the classic RHDV and RHDVa isolates. The results show that RHDV had experienced adaptive diversification with the dividing process of these subtypes. Furthermore, amino acid changes relevant to the adaptive diversification mainly cluster in viral capsid protein VP60. These results might be beneficial for a further understanding the function of VP60 and provide helpful hints for the genetic basis of RHDV emergence and re-emergence.
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10
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Carvalho CL, Silva S, Gouveia P, Costa M, Duarte EL, Henriques AM, Barros SS, Luís T, Ramos F, Fagulha T, Fevereiro M, Duarte MD. Emergence of rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus 2 in the archipelago of Madeira, Portugal (2016-2017). Virus Genes 2017. [PMID: 28639220 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-017-1483-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We report the detection of rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus 2 (RHDV2) in the Madeira archipelago, Portugal. Viral circulation was confirmed by RT-qPCR and vp60 sequencing. Epidemiological data revealed the outbreak initiated in October 2016 in Porto Santo affecting wild and domestic rabbits. It was then detected three months later on the island of Madeira. Five haplotypes were identified and a genetic overall similarity of 99.54 to 99.89% was observed between the two viral populations. Unique single nucleotide polymorphisms were recognised in the Madeira archipelago strains, two of which resulting in amino acid substitutions at positions 480 and 570 in the VP60 protein. Phylogenetic investigation by Maximum Likelihood showed all the vp60 sequences from the Madeira archipelago group together with high bootstraps. The analysis also showed that the Madeira archipelago strains are closely related to the strains detected in the south of mainland Portugal in 2016, suggesting a possible introduction from the mainland. The epidemiological data and high genetic similarity indicate a common source for the Porto Santo and Madeira RHDV2 outbreaks. Human activity related to hunting was most probably at the origin of the Madeira outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Luísa Carvalho
- Instituto de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais Mediterrânicas (ICAAM), Universidade de Évora, Núcleo da Mitra, 7000, Évora, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada (IIFA), Universidade de Évora, Núcleo da Mitra, 7000, Évora, Portugal
| | - Sara Silva
- Direção Regional para a Administração Pública do Porto Santo (DRAPS), Avenida Vieira de Castro, nº1, 9400-179, Porto Santo, Portugal
| | - Paz Gouveia
- Laboratório Regional de Veterinária e Segurança Alimentar, Direção Regional de Agricultura (DRA) da Região Autónoma da Madeira, Caminho das Quebradas de Baixo, nº 79, S. Martinho, 9000-233, Funchal, Madeira, Portugal
| | - Margarida Costa
- Laboratório Regional de Veterinária e Segurança Alimentar, Direção Regional de Agricultura (DRA) da Região Autónoma da Madeira, Caminho das Quebradas de Baixo, nº 79, S. Martinho, 9000-233, Funchal, Madeira, Portugal
| | - Elsa Leclerc Duarte
- Instituto de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais Mediterrânicas (ICAAM), Universidade de Évora, Núcleo da Mitra, 7000, Évora, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada (IIFA), Universidade de Évora, Núcleo da Mitra, 7000, Évora, Portugal
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Évora, Núcleo da Mitra, 7000, Évora, Portugal
| | - Ana Margarida Henriques
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária (INIAV), Av. da República, Quinta do Marquês, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Sílvia Santos Barros
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária (INIAV), Av. da República, Quinta do Marquês, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Tiago Luís
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária (INIAV), Av. da República, Quinta do Marquês, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Fernanda Ramos
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária (INIAV), Av. da República, Quinta do Marquês, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Teresa Fagulha
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária (INIAV), Av. da República, Quinta do Marquês, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Miguel Fevereiro
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária (INIAV), Av. da República, Quinta do Marquês, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Margarida Dias Duarte
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária (INIAV), Av. da República, Quinta do Marquês, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal.
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Carvalho C, Duarte E, Monteiro J, Afonso C, Pacheco J, Carvalho P, Mendonça P, Botelho A, Albuquerque T, Themudo P, Fevereiro M, Henriques A, Santos Barros S, Dias Duarte M. Progression of rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus 2 upon vaccination in an industrial rabbitry: a laboratorial approach. WORLD RABBIT SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.4995/wrs.2017.5708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
<p>Rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus 2 (RHDV2) emerged recently in several European countries, leading to extensive economic losses in the industry. In response to this new infection, specific inactivated vaccines were developed in Europe and full and rapid setup of protective immunity induced by vaccination was reported. However, data on the efficacy of these vaccines in an ongoing-infection scenario is unavailable. In this study we investigated an infected RHDV2 indoor industrial meat rabbitry, where fatalities continued to occur after the implementation of the RHDV2 vaccination, introduced to control the disease. The aim of this study was to understand if these mortalities were RHDV2-related, to discover if the dead animals showed any common features such as age or time distance from vaccination, and to identify the source of the outbreak. Anatomo-pathological analysis of vaccinated animals with the virus showed lesions compatible with systemic haemorrhagic disease and RHDV2-RNA was detected in 85.7% of the animals tested. Sequencing of the <em>vp60</em> gene amplified from liver samples led to the recognition of RHDV2 field strains demonstrating that after the implementation of vaccination, RHDV2 continued to circulate in the premises and to cause sporadic deaths. A nearby, semi-intensive, RHDV2 infected farm belonging to the same owner was identified as the most probable source of the virus. The main risk factors for virus introduction in these two industries were identified. Despite the virus being able to infect a few of the vaccinated rabbits, the significant decrease in mortality rate observed in vaccinated adult rabbits clearly reflects the efficacy of the vaccination. Nonetheless, the time taken to control the infection also highlights the importance of RHDV2 vaccination prior to the first contact with the virus, highly recommendable in endemic areas, to mitigate the infection’s impact on the industry.</p>
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12
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Emergence of new virulent rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus strains in Saudi Arabia. Trop Anim Health Prod 2016; 49:295-301. [PMID: 27913973 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-016-1192-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Rabbit hemorrhagic disease is an acute fatal highly contagious viral infectious disease that causes high losses among rabbitries. The disease was first reported in China in 1984 and later on in Saudi Arabia in 1996. The aim of this study was to investigate the emergence and pathogenicity of new rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) strains in Saudi Arabia. The pathogenicity was confirmed by inoculation in susceptible rabbits. Three RHDV strains were detected by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using primers targeting VP60 capsid protein gene in infected rabbitries during 2012 and 2013. These strains clustered into two genetically distinct genogroups related to year of isolation (G2 and G3). All new Saudi Arabia viruses clustered with the European strains, while the old strains clustered with strains from China and America. Based on amino acids and nucleotide sequences, the Saudi Arabia strains (RHD/1/SA/2012, RHD/2/SA/2012, and RHD/3/SA /2013) had high identity with Mexico89, Ca11-ITA, and 00-13,FRA virus; on the other hand, there was a relatively high identity with Bahrain strain. The evolutionary relationship of Saudi RHDVs strains revealed significant nucleotides and amino acid substitutions in hypervariable region E, suggesting the emergence of new RHDVs circulating in Saudi Arabia rabbitries. These antigenic changes represented by the antigenic index might be a potential cause of vaccination failure and raises the need to review the vaccination strategies against RHD.
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13
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Song Y, Wang F, Fan Z, Hu B, Liu X, Wei H, Xue J, Xu W, Qiu R. Identification of novel rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus B-cell epitopes and their interaction with host histo-blood group antigens. J Gen Virol 2015; 97:356-365. [PMID: 26612210 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Rabbit haemorrhagic disease, caused by rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV), results in the death of millions of adult rabbits worldwide, with a mortality rate that exceeds 90%. The sole capsid protein, VP60, is divided into shell (S) and protruding (P) domains, and the more exposed P domain likely contains determinants for cell attachment and antigenic diversity. Nine mAbs against VP60 were screened and identified. To map antigenic epitopes, a set of partially overlapping and consecutive truncated proteins spanning VP60 were expressed. The minimal determinants of the linear B-cell epitopes of VP60 in the P domain, N(326)PISQV(331), D(338)MSFV(342) and K(562)STLVFNL(569), were recognized by one (5H3), four (1B8, 3D11, 4C2 and 4G2) and four mAbs (1D4, 3F7, 5G2 and 6B2), respectively. Sequence alignment showed epitope D(338)MSFV(342) was conserved among all RHDV isolates. Epitopes N(326)PISQV(331) and K(562)STLVFNL(569) were highly conserved among RHDV G1-G6 and variable in RHDV2 strains. Previous studies demonstrated that native viral particles and virus-like particles (VLPs) of RHDV specifically bound to synthetic blood group H type 2 oligosaccharides. We established an oligosaccharide-based assay to analyse the binding of VP60 and epitopes to histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs). Results showed VP60 and its epitopes (aa 326-331 and 338-342) in the P2 subdomain could significantly bind to blood group H type 2. Furthermore, mAbs 1B8 and 5H3 could block RHDV VLP binding to synthetic H type 2. Collectively, these two epitopes might play a key role in the antigenic structure of VP60 and interaction of RHDV and HBGA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhua Song
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Zhiyu Fan
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Bo Hu
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Xing Liu
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Houjun Wei
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Jiabin Xue
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Weizhong Xu
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Rulong Qiu
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Nanjing 210014, China
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14
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Esteves PJ, Abrantes J, Bertagnoli S, Cavadini P, Gavier-Widén D, Guitton JS, Lavazza A, Lemaitre E, Letty J, Lopes AM, Neimanis AS, Ruvoën-Clouet N, Le Pendu J, Marchandeau S, Le Gall-Reculé G. Emergence of Pathogenicity in Lagoviruses: Evolution from Pre-existing Nonpathogenic Strains or through a Species Jump? PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1005087. [PMID: 26540662 PMCID: PMC4634945 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro José Esteves
- InBIO—Research Network in Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, CIBIO, Campus de Vairão, Universidade do Porto, Vairão, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- CESPU, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde, Gandra, Portugal
- * E-mail:
| | - Joana Abrantes
- InBIO—Research Network in Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, CIBIO, Campus de Vairão, Universidade do Porto, Vairão, Portugal
| | - Stéphane Bertagnoli
- UMR 1225, INRA, Toulouse, France
- INP-ENVT, University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Patrizia Cavadini
- Proteomic Unit, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini”, Brescia, Italy
| | - Dolores Gavier-Widén
- Department of Pathology and Wildlife Diseases, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jean-Sébastien Guitton
- Department of Studies and Research, National Hunting and Wildlife Agency (ONCFS), Nantes, France
| | - Antonio Lavazza
- Virology Unit, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini”, Brescia, Italy
| | - Evelyne Lemaitre
- Avian and Rabbit Virology Immunology Parasitology Unit, Ploufragan-Plouzané Laboratory, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (Anses), Ploufragan, France
- European University of Brittany, Rennes, France
| | - Jérôme Letty
- Department of Studies and Research, National Hunting and Wildlife Agency (ONCFS), Nantes, France
| | - Ana Margarida Lopes
- InBIO—Research Network in Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, CIBIO, Campus de Vairão, Universidade do Porto, Vairão, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Aleksija S. Neimanis
- Department of Pathology and Wildlife Diseases, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | | | - Stéphane Marchandeau
- Department of Studies and Research, National Hunting and Wildlife Agency (ONCFS), Nantes, France
| | - Ghislaine Le Gall-Reculé
- Avian and Rabbit Virology Immunology Parasitology Unit, Ploufragan-Plouzané Laboratory, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (Anses), Ploufragan, France
- European University of Brittany, Rennes, France
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15
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Is the new variant RHDV replacing genogroup 1 in Portuguese wild rabbit populations? Viruses 2014; 7:27-36. [PMID: 25559218 PMCID: PMC4306826 DOI: 10.3390/v7010027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The Lagovirus rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV), a member of the family Caliciviridae, severely affects European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) populations by causing rabbit hemorrhagic disease (RHD). RHDV is subdivided in six genogroups but, more recently, a new RHDV variant with a unique genetic and antigenic profile emerged. We performed a study in rabbits found dead in the field during 2013 and 2014 in Portugal to determine the prevalence of this new variant versus the classical RHDV. Fifty-seven liver samples were screened for the presence of RHDV and positive samples were genotyped. All cases of RHDV infection were caused by the new variant. The only former genogroup circulating in Portugal, G1, was not detected. We hence conclude that the new RHDV variant is replacing G1 in Portugal, probably due to a selective advantage. This sudden and rapid replacement emphasizes the necessity of continued monitoring of wild rabbit populations.
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16
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Structural analysis of a rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus binding to histo-blood group antigens. J Virol 2014; 89:2378-87. [PMID: 25505081 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02832-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) is a member of the Caliciviridae family (Lagovirus genus). RHDV is highly contagious and attaches to epithelial cells in the digestive or respiratory tract, leading to massive lesions with high mortality rates. A new variant of RHDV (termed RHDVb) recently has emerged, and previously vaccinated rabbits appear to have little protection against this new strain. Similar to human norovirus (Caliciviridae, Norovirus genus), RHDV binds histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs), and this is thought to be important for infection. Here, we report the HBGA binding site on the RHDVb capsid-protruding domain (P domain) using X-ray crystallography. The HBGA binding pocket was located in a negatively charged patch on the side of the P domain and at a dimeric interface. Residues from both monomers contributed to the HBGA binding and involved a network of direct hydrogen bonds and water-mediated interactions. An amino acid sequence alignment of different RHDV strains indicated that the residues directly interacting with the ABH-fucose of the HBGAs (Asp472, Asn474, and Ser479) were highly conserved. This result suggested that different RHDV strains also could bind HBGAs at the equivalent pocket. Moreover, several HBGA binding characteristics between RHDVb and human genogroup II norovirus were similar, which indicated a possible convergent evolution of HBGA binding interactions. Further structural studies with other RHDV strains are needed in order to better understand the HBGA binding mechanisms among the diverse RHDV strains. IMPORTANCE We identified, for the first time, the HBGA binding site on an RHDVb P domain using X-ray crystallography. Our results showed that RHDVb and human genogroup II noroviruses had similar HBGA binding interactions. Recently, it was discovered that synthetic HBGAs or HBGA-expressing enteric bacteria could enhance human genogroup II norovirus infection in B cells. Considering that RHDVb and genogroup II norovirus similarly interacted with HBGAs, it may be possible that a comparable cell culture system also could work with RHDVb. Taken together, these new findings will extend our understanding of calicivirus HBGA interactions and may help to elucidate the specific roles of HBGAs in calicivirus infections.
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17
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Duarte MD, Henriques AM, Barros S, Luís T, Fagulha T, Ramos F, Fevereiro M. New insight into the epidemiology of rabbit hemorrhagic disease viruses in Portugal: Retrospective study reveals the circulation of genogroup 5 (G5) in Azores and discloses the circulation of G1 and G6 strains in mainland until 2008. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2014; 27:149-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2014.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Revised: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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18
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Molecular evolution and antigenic variation of European brown hare syndrome virus (EBHSV). Virology 2014; 468-470:104-112. [PMID: 25155199 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
European brown hare syndrome virus (EBHSV) is the aetiological agent of European brown hare syndrome (EBHS), a disease affecting Lepus europaeus and Lepus timidus first diagnosed in Sweden in 1980. To characterize EBHSV evolution we studied hare samples collected in Sweden between 1982 and 2008. Our molecular clock dating is compatible with EBHSV emergence in the 1970s. Phylogenetic analysis revealed two lineages: Group A persisted until 1989 when it apparently suffered extinction; Group B emerged in the mid-1980s and contains the most recent strains. Antigenic differences exist between groups, with loss of reactivity of some MAbs over time, which are associated with amino acid substitutions in recognized epitopes. A role for immune selection is also supported by the presence of positively selected codons in exposed regions of the capsid. Hence, EBHSV evolution is characterized by replacement of Group A by Group B viruses, suggesting that the latter possess a selective advantage.
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19
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Kovaliski J, Sinclair R, Mutze G, Peacock D, Strive T, Abrantes J, Esteves PJ, Holmes EC. Molecular epidemiology of Rabbit Haemorrhagic Disease Virus in Australia: when one became many. Mol Ecol 2013; 23:408-20. [PMID: 24251353 DOI: 10.1111/mec.12596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Revised: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Rabbit Haemorrhagic Disease Virus (RHDV) was introduced into Australia in 1995 as a biological control agent against the wild European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus). We evaluated its evolution over a 16-year period (1995-2011) by examining 50 isolates collected throughout Australia, as well as the original inoculum strains. Phylogenetic analysis of capsid protein VP60 sequences of the Australian isolates, compared with those sampled globally, revealed that they form a monophyletic group with the inoculum strains (CAPM V-351 and RHDV351INOC). Strikingly, despite more than 3000 rereleases of RHDV351INOC since 1995, only a single viral lineage has sustained its transmission in the long-term, indicative of a major competitive advantage. In addition, we find evidence for widespread viral gene flow, in which multiple lineages entered individual geographic locations, resulting in a marked turnover of viral lineages with time, as well as a continual increase in viral genetic diversity. The rate of RHDV evolution recorded in Australia -4.0 (3.3-4.7) × 10(-3) nucleotide substitutions per site per year - was higher than previously observed in RHDV, and evidence for adaptive evolution was obtained at two VP60 residues. Finally, more intensive study of a single rabbit population (Turretfield) in South Australia provided no evidence for viral persistence between outbreaks, with genetic diversity instead generated by continual strain importation.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Kovaliski
- NRM Biosecurity, Biosecurity South Australia, PO Box 1671, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia.,Invasive Animals Cooperative Research Centre, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Ron Sinclair
- NRM Biosecurity, Biosecurity South Australia, PO Box 1671, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia.,Invasive Animals Cooperative Research Centre, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Greg Mutze
- NRM Biosecurity, Biosecurity South Australia, PO Box 1671, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia.,Invasive Animals Cooperative Research Centre, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - David Peacock
- NRM Biosecurity, Biosecurity South Australia, PO Box 1671, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia.,Invasive Animals Cooperative Research Centre, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Tanja Strive
- Invasive Animals Cooperative Research Centre, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia.,CSIRO Ecosystem Sciences, Black Mountain Laboratories, Clunies Ross Street, Black Mountain, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Joana Abrantes
- CIBIO/UP Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos/Universidade do Porto, InBio, Laboratório Associado, Campus Agrário de Vairão, R. Padre Armando Quintas, 4485-661, Vairão, Portugal.,INSERM, U892, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Pedro J Esteves
- INSERM, U892, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,CITS, Centro de Investigação em Tecnologias da Saúde, IPSN, CESPU, Gandra, Portugal
| | - Edward C Holmes
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, School of Biological Sciences and Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
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20
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Le Gall-Reculé G, Lavazza A, Marchandeau S, Bertagnoli S, Zwingelstein F, Cavadini P, Martinelli N, Lombardi G, Guérin JL, Lemaitre E, Decors A, Boucher S, Le Normand B, Capucci L. Emergence of a new lagovirus related to Rabbit Haemorrhagic Disease Virus. Vet Res 2013; 44:81. [PMID: 24011218 PMCID: PMC3848706 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-44-81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Since summer 2010, numerous cases of Rabbit Haemorrhagic Disease (RHD) have been reported in north-western France both in rabbitries, affecting RHD-vaccinated rabbits, and in wild populations. We demonstrate that the aetiological agent was a lagovirus phylogenetically distinct from other lagoviruses and which presents a unique antigenic profile. Experimental results show that the disease differs from RHD in terms of disease duration, mortality rates, higher occurrence of subacute/chronic forms and that partial cross-protection occurs between RHDV and the new RHDV variant, designated RHDV2. These data support the hypothesis that RHDV2 is a new member of the Lagovirus genus. A molecular epidemiology study detected RHDV2 in France a few months before the first recorded cases and revealed that one year after its discovery it had spread throughout the country and had almost replaced RHDV strains. RHDV2 was detected in continental Italy in June 2011, then four months later in Sardinia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghislaine Le Gall-Reculé
- Anses, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, Ploufragan-Plouzané Laboratory, Avian and Rabbit Virology, Immunology and Parasitology Unit, BP 53, 22440 Ploufragan, France.
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21
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Abrantes J, Lopes AM, Dalton KP, Parra F, Esteves PJ. Detection of RHDVa on the Iberian Peninsula: isolation of an RHDVa strain from a Spanish rabbitry. Arch Virol 2013; 159:321-6. [PMID: 23942953 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-013-1808-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV), genus Lagovirus, family Caliciviridae, causes a large number of deaths in wild and domestic adult European rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). The first documented outbreak dates from 1984 in China, but the virus rapidly dispersed worldwide. In 1997, an antigenic variant was detected in Italy and designated RHDVa. Despite causing symptoms similar to those caused by classic RHDV strains, marked antigenic and genetic differences exist. In some parts of Europe, RHDVa is replacing classic strains. Here, we report the presence of RHDVa on the Iberian Peninsula, where this variant was thought not to contribute to viral diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Abrantes
- CIBIO/UP, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos/Universidade do Porto, InBio, Laboratório Associado, Campus Agrário de Vairão, Rua Padre Armando Quintas, nr. 7, 4485-661, Vairão, Portugal,
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22
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Hukowska-Szematowicz B, Tokarz-Deptuła B, Deptuła W. Analysis of genetic variability and phylogenetic analysis of selected Czech and French strains of rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV). J Appl Genet 2013; 54:235-48. [PMID: 23436187 PMCID: PMC3620445 DOI: 10.1007/s13353-013-0140-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2012] [Revised: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to analyse the genetic variability and phylogenetic analysis of six strains of rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV), including four Czech strains (CAMPV-351, CAMPV-561, CAMPV-562, CAMPV-558) and two French strains (Fr-1, Fr-2), on the basis of a fragment of the VP60 capsid structural protein-coding gene N-terminal region. The results of our own studies were compared to 26 RHDV strains obtained from GenBank. The analysis of the genetic variability of six RHDV strains indicated that the CAMPV-561 strain is the most genetically variable. Less variable were the Fr-1 and Fr-2 strains, while the least variable was CAMPV-351. In turn, the genetic distance among the six analysed strains and 26 strains obtained from GenBank was the greatest for CAMPV-351 and Whn/China [11.3 % according to the observed divergence (OD) method and 12.2 % according to the maximum likelihood (ML) method], while it was the lowest for CAMPV-351 and FRG (0.8 % in both the OD and ML methods). In turn, the scale of the genetic distances among the six analysed strains and five RHDVa strains (99-05, NY-01, Whn/China, Triptis, Iowa2000) ranged from 9.3–10.3 % in the OD method to 10.3–13.7 % in the ML method. The image of phylogenetic dependencies generated for the strains analysed and those obtained from GenBank revealed their distribution to be in five genetic groups (G1–G5), whereas the analysed strains were included in genetic groups 2 and 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Hukowska-Szematowicz
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Szczecin, Felczaka 3c, 71-412, Szczecin, Poland.
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23
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Wang X, Hao H, Qiu L, Dang R, Du E, Zhang S, Yang Z. Phylogenetic analysis of rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus in China and the antigenic variation of new strains. Arch Virol 2012; 157:1523-30. [PMID: 22585046 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-012-1340-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Accepted: 04/14/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) in China. VP60 sequences of five RHDVs collected by our team, as well as those of 16 other published Chinese RHDV strains, were analyzed. Polygenic analysis using MEGA 4 software showed that 20 of the 21 Chinese strains could be clustered in the RHDVa subgroup, and WX/China/1984 was different from them. The Chinese RHDV strains were further classified into four subgroups, CH1 to CH4. Subgroup CH1, represented by the WX/China/1984 strain, was not prevalent in China after the first RHDV epidemic strain was reported. The CH2, CH3, and CH4 subgroups were far different from the CH1 subgroup, formed three separate clusters, and were distributed according to the time the strains were collected. Recently collected strains formed a new subgroup (CH4), represented by new RHDV varieties identified by challenging immunized rabbits and by comparison of genomic sequences. The present work is the first comprehensive analysis of Chinese RHDV and reveals a new RHDV variation that should be carefully monitored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinglong Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, People's Republic of China
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Abrantes J, van der Loo W, Le Pendu J, Esteves PJ. Rabbit haemorrhagic disease (RHD) and rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV): a review. Vet Res 2012; 43:12. [PMID: 22325049 PMCID: PMC3331820 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-43-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2011] [Accepted: 02/10/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) is a calicivirus of the genus Lagovirus that causes rabbit haemorrhagic disease (RHD) in adult European rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). First described in China in 1984, the virus rapidly spread worldwide and is nowadays considered as endemic in several countries. In Australia and New Zealand where rabbits are pests, RHDV was purposely introduced for rabbit biocontrol. Factors that may have precipitated RHD emergence remain unclear, but non-pathogenic strains seem to pre-date the appearance of the pathogenic strains suggesting a key role for the comprehension of the virus origins. All pathogenic strains are classified within one single serotype, but two subtypes are recognised, RHDV and RHDVa. RHD causes high mortality in both domestic and wild adult animals, with individuals succumbing between 48-72 h post-infection. No other species has been reported to be fatally susceptible to RHD. The disease is characterised by acute necrotising hepatitis, but haemorrhages may also be found in other organs, in particular the lungs, heart, and kidneys due to disseminated intravascular coagulation. Resistance to the disease might be explained in part by genetically determined absence or weak expression of attachment factors, but humoral immunity is also important. Disease control in rabbitries relies mainly on vaccination and biosecurity measures. Such measures are difficult to be implemented in wild populations. More recent research has indicated that RHDV might be used as a molecular tool for therapeutic applications. Although the study of RHDV and RHD has been hampered by the lack of an appropriate cell culture system for the virus, several aspects of the replication, epizootology, epidemiology and evolution have been disclosed. This review provides a broad coverage and description of the current knowledge on the disease and the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Abrantes
- CIBIO/UP, Centro de Investigacao em Biodiversidade e Recursos Geneticos/Universidade do Porto, Campus Agrario de Vairao, 4485-661 Vairao, Portugal
- INSERM, U892, Université de Nantes, 44007 Nantes, France
| | - Wessel van der Loo
- CIBIO/UP, Centro de Investigacao em Biodiversidade e Recursos Geneticos/Universidade do Porto, Campus Agrario de Vairao, 4485-661 Vairao, Portugal
| | | | - Pedro J Esteves
- CIBIO/UP, Centro de Investigacao em Biodiversidade e Recursos Geneticos/Universidade do Porto, Campus Agrario de Vairao, 4485-661 Vairao, Portugal
- CITS, Centro de Investigacao em Tecnologias de Saude, CESPU, Gandra, Portugal
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Shakal M, D.E.-D.G K, O.G.A. S, A.A. Y, E.-A.A S. Use of VP60 RT-PCR to overcome the limitation of haemagglutination inhibition diagnosis of rabbit viral haemorrhagic disease. WORLD RABBIT SCIENCE 2011. [DOI: 10.4995/wrs.2011.813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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Alda F, Gaitero T, Suárez M, Merchán T, Rocha G, Doadrio I. Evolutionary history and molecular epidemiology of rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus in the Iberian Peninsula and Western Europe. BMC Evol Biol 2010; 10:347. [PMID: 21067589 PMCID: PMC2992527 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-10-347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2010] [Accepted: 11/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) is a highly virulent calicivirus, first described in domestic rabbits in China in 1984. RHDV appears to be a mutant form of a benign virus that existed in Europe long before the first outbreak. In the Iberian Peninsula, the first epidemic in 1988 severely reduced the populations of autochthonous European wild rabbit. To examine the evolutionary history of RHDV in the Iberian Peninsula, we collected virus samples from wild rabbits and sequenced a fragment of the capsid protein gene VP60. These data together with available sequences from other Western European countries, were analyzed following Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo methods to infer their phylogenetic relationships, evolutionary rates and demographic history. RESULTS Evolutionary relationships of RHDV revealed three main lineages with significant phylogeographic structure. All lineages seem to have emerged at a common period of time, between ~1875 and ~1976. The Iberian Peninsula showed evidences of genetic isolation, probably due to geographic barriers to gene flow, and was also the region with the youngest MRCA.Overall, demographic analyses showed an initial increase and stabilization of the relative genetic diversity of RHDV, and a subsequent reduction in genetic diversity after the first epidemic breakout in 1984, which is compatible with a decline in effective population size. CONCLUSIONS Results were consistent with the hypothesis that the current Iberian RHDV arose from a single infection between 1869 and 1955 (95% HPD), and rendered a temporal pattern of appearance and extinction of lineages. We propose that the rising positive selection pressure observed throughout the history of RHDV is likely mediated by the host immune system as a consequence of the genetic changes that rendered the virus virulent. Consequently, this relationship is suggested to condition RHDV demographic history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Alda
- Dpto. Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC). José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM). Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Tania Gaitero
- Dpto. Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid. Avda. Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mónica Suárez
- Dpto. Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid. Avda. Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Tomás Merchán
- Dpto. Ingeniería del Medio Agronómico y Forestal, Universidad de Extremadura. Av. Virgen del Puerto 2, 10600 Plasencia, Spain
| | - Gregorio Rocha
- Dpto. Ingeniería del Medio Agronómico y Forestal, Universidad de Extremadura. Av. Virgen del Puerto 2, 10600 Plasencia, Spain
| | - Ignacio Doadrio
- Dpto. Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC). José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain
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Muller A, Freitas J, Silva E, Le Gall-Reculé G, Zwingelstein F, Abrantes J, Esteves P, Alves P, van der Loo W, Kolodziejek J, Nowotny N, Thompson G. Evolution of rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) in the European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) from the Iberian Peninsula. Vet Microbiol 2009; 135:368-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2008.09.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2008] [Revised: 08/20/2008] [Accepted: 09/15/2008] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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28
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OEM JK, LEE KN, ROH IS, LEE KK, KIM SH, KIM HR, PARK CK, JOO YS. Identification and Characterization of Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease Virus Genetic Variants Isolated in Korea. J Vet Med Sci 2009; 71:1519-23. [DOI: 10.1292/jvms.001519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Ku OEM
- National Veterinary Research and Quarantine Service, Ministry of Agriculture
| | - Kwang-Nyeong LEE
- National Veterinary Research and Quarantine Service, Ministry of Agriculture
| | - In Soon ROH
- National Veterinary Research and Quarantine Service, Ministry of Agriculture
| | - Kyoung-Ki LEE
- National Veterinary Research and Quarantine Service, Ministry of Agriculture
| | - Seong-Hee KIM
- National Veterinary Research and Quarantine Service, Ministry of Agriculture
| | - Hye-Ryoung KIM
- National Veterinary Research and Quarantine Service, Ministry of Agriculture
| | - Choi-Kyu PARK
- National Veterinary Research and Quarantine Service, Ministry of Agriculture
| | - Yi-Seok JOO
- National Veterinary Research and Quarantine Service, Ministry of Agriculture
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29
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Strive T, Wright JD, Robinson AJ. Identification and partial characterisation of a new Lagovirus in Australian wild rabbits. Virology 2008; 384:97-105. [PMID: 19049842 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2008.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2008] [Revised: 09/01/2008] [Accepted: 11/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Rabbit Haemorrhagic Disease Virus (RHDV) is widely used in Australia to control feral rabbit populations. Before RHDV was released on the Australian continent in 1996, antibodies cross-reacting in RHDV specific ELISAs were found in Australian wild rabbits, leading to the hypothesis that a non-pathogenic calicivirus had been circulating in rabbit populations in Australia, potentially providing some level of cross-immunoprotection to RHDV infection. For the detection of this putative virus, a universal lagovirus PCR test was developed to screen a variety of different tissues of wild caught rabbits. We identified a new lagovirus in the intestinal tissues of three apparently healthy young wild rabbits. Quantitative Real Time PCR analysis revealed high concentrations of viral RNA in intestinal tissues and suggests a faecal-oral mode of transmission. Genome organisation and phylogenetic analysis following the sequencing of the entire viral genome revealed a new member of the genus Lagovirus within the family Caliciviridae.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Strive
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.
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30
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Review of companion animal viral diseases and immunoprophylaxis. Vaccine 2008; 27:491-504. [PMID: 19041354 PMCID: PMC7130499 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2008] [Accepted: 11/05/2008] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
In this article we review important established, newly emergent and potential viral diseases of cats, dogs and rabbits. Topics covered include virus epidemiology, disease pathogenesis, existing and prospective immunoprophylaxis against the viruses. For some feline viruses, notably the immunodeficiency virus, leukaemia virus and peritonitis virus, available vaccines are poorly efficacious but there are good prospects for this. A further challenge for the industry is likely to be due to viruses jumping species and the emergence of more virulent variants of established viruses resulting from mutations as has been the case for the canine parvovirus, coronaviruses and feline calicivirus.
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31
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Esteves PJ, Abrantes J, Carneiro M, Müller A, Thompson G, van der Loo W. Detection of positive selection in the major capsid protein VP60 of the rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV). Virus Res 2008; 137:253-6. [PMID: 18761043 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2008.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2008] [Revised: 07/23/2008] [Accepted: 07/31/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Mutations were analysed in the major capsid protein VP60 of the rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV), a calicivirus responsible for high mortality rates in both wild and domestic European rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). Likelihood of positive selection was estimated using the PAML software applied to 43 non-identical complete sequences of the major capsid protein. Three codons showed signs of positive selection (with posterior probabilities over 95%), one of them is located in the region containing the major antigenic determinants (region E). The presence of positively selected codons (PSCs) in other regions may suggest the existence of other antigenic regions on the major capsid protein that stimulate protective immune responses. At all the 3 PSCs, variation contributes to putative N-glycosylation sites of the protein. An N-glycosylation site is deleted in the non-pathogenic strain RCV. Some of the substitutions at PSCs may alter the polarity and the charge of the protein with possible implications in the protein structure and host interaction. The detection of PSCs should allow a better understanding of the interaction between RHDV and the rabbit immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Esteves
- CIBIO-UP, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto, Campus Agrário de Vairão, Vairão, Portugal.
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32
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Evidence for recombination in the major capsid gene VP60 of the rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV). Arch Virol 2008; 153:329-35. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-007-1084-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2007] [Accepted: 09/18/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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33
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Farnós O, Rodríguez D, Valdés O, Chiong M, Parra F, Toledo JR, Fernández E, Lleonart R, Suárez M. Molecular and antigenic characterization of rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus isolated in Cuba indicates a distinct antigenic subtype. Arch Virol 2007; 152:1215-21. [PMID: 17334949 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-006-0926-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2006] [Accepted: 12/13/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Phylogenetic analyses conducted on isolates of rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) from throughout the world have shown well-defined genogroups comprising representative strains of the virus and antigenic variants. In this work, we have isolated and characterized RHDV from the major epizootic that occurred in Cuba in 2004-2005. Sequence analysis of the capsid protein gene and antigenic characterization of this strain has allowed its inclusion as a member of the distinct RHDVa subtype. We also found that specific antibodies directed against RHDV reference strains bound to the Cuban isolate in a competition ELISA and inhibited virus hemagglutination in vitro. This is the second report on the molecular characterization of RHDVa circulating in the American region.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Farnós
- Animal Biotechnology Division, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, Cuba.
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34
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Angulo E, Bárcena J. Towards a unique and transmissible vaccine against myxomatosis and rabbit haemorrhagic disease for rabbit populations. WILDLIFE RESEARCH 2007. [DOI: 10.1071/wr06160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Currently available vaccines against myxomatosis and rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) are not suited to immunise wild rabbit populations, as vaccines need to be delivered individually by conventional veterinary practices. As an alternative approach, research in Spain has focused on the development of a transmissible vaccine. A recombinant virus has been constructed based on a naturally attenuated myxoma virus (MV) field strain, expressing the RHDV capsid protein (VP60). Following inoculation of rabbits, the recombinant virus (MV-VP60) induced specific antibody responses against MV and RHDV, conferring protection against lethal challenges with both viruses. Furthermore, the recombinant MV-VP60 virus showed a limited horizontal transmission capacity, either by direct contact or in a flea-mediated process, promoting immunisation of contact uninoculated animals. Efficacy and safety of the vaccine have been extensively evaluated under laboratory conditions and in a limited field trial. The development of the transmissible vaccine strategy and the steps being taken to obtain the marketing authorisation for the vaccine in the European Union are presented in this review.
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35
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Le Gall-Reculé G, Zwingelstein F, Laurent S, Portejoie Y, Rasschaert D. Molecular epidemiology of European brown hare syndrome virus in France between 1989 and 2003. Arch Virol 2006; 151:1713-21. [PMID: 16596329 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-006-0754-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2005] [Accepted: 02/28/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Genetic diversity between French European brown hare syndrome (EBHS) viruses since the disease appeared has been evaluated. Nucleotide sequencing of the partial capsid protein genes of 169 EBHS viruses collected from various parts of France between 1989 and 2003, three reference strains, and a Greek EBHSV collected in 2002 revealed a maximum nucleotide divergence of 11.7%, indicating a high level of conservation between viruses. Two major groups were identified. The first group contained EBHS viruses collected since 1989 from different parts of France, the reference strains, and all of the viruses located in the far north of France. In this group, three genogroups were clearly identified as mainly related to their geographic origin. The distribution of the viruses suggests that the early viruses have not disappeared and have slowly evolved in their area of origin. The second group, supported by a significant bootstrap value, contained the Greek EBHSV with the French EBHS viruses collected between 1999 and 2003 from regions of southern France. It constitutes a newly identified genogroup. Our results demonstrate strong differences in genetic evolution between EBHSV and rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus, with persistence of the earlier EBHS viruses and interaction between the geographical and temporal distributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Le Gall-Reculé
- Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Aliments (AFSSA), Laboratoire d'Etudes et de Recherches Avicoles et Porcines, Unité de Virologie, Immunologie, Parasitologie, Aviaires et Cunicoles, Ploufragan, France
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36
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Matiz K, Ursu K, Kecskeméti S, Bajmócy E, Kiss I. Phylogenetic analysis of rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) strains isolated between 1988 and 2003 in eastern Hungary. Arch Virol 2006; 151:1659-66. [PMID: 16521047 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-006-0730-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2005] [Accepted: 01/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
To define the genetic variability of RHDV strains collected in eastern Hungary, liver samples from rabbits that had died of RHD were collected between 1988 and 2003. The phylogenetic analysis of a 528-nucleotide-long portion of the gene encoding the VP60 capsid protein assigned the strains into three genogroups. The first group contained viruses from 1988-1993, and a second group comprised isolates from 1994-2002. A third group comprised all of the tested representatives of the RHDVa subtype and a Hungarian isolate from 2003. These findings were supported by the alignments of the deduced amino acid sequences of the VP60 gene and strongly suggest the presence of the RHDVa subtype in Hungary.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Matiz
- Central Veterinary Institute, Institute of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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37
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Forrester NL, Abubakr MI, Abu Elzein EME, Al-Afaleq AI, Housawi FMT, Moss SR, Turner SL, Gould EA. Phylogenetic analysis of rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus strains from the Arabian Peninsula: did RHDV emerge simultaneously in Europe and Asia? Virology 2005; 344:277-82. [PMID: 16289185 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2005.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2005] [Revised: 09/29/2005] [Accepted: 10/07/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) emerged in 1984 in China and subsequently a single strain apparently dispersed worldwide killing millions of rabbits. Two isolates that caused outbreaks in Saudi Arabia and Bahrain have been sequenced and analysed phylogenetically. The Saudi Arabian lineage is directly descended from the Chinese strain, but the Bahrain isolate occupies a distinct and more divergent lineage than the Chinese virus implying that epidemic RHDV strains have emerged at least twice during the past 20 years and are co-circulating in both domestic and wild rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- N L Forrester
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (formerly Institute of Virology), Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3SR, UK.
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38
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Rice CC, Kruger JM, Venta PJ, Vilnis A, Maas KA, Dulin JA, Maes RK. Genetic Characterization of 2 Novel Feline Caliciviruses Isolated from Cats with Idiopathic Lower Urinary Tract Disease. J Vet Intern Med 2002. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2002.tb02372.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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39
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Le Gall-Reculé G, Zwingelstein F, Portejoie Y, Le Gall G. Immunocapture-RT-PCR assay for detection and molecular epidemiology studies of Rabbit Haemorrhagic Disease and European Brown Hare Syndrome viruses. J Virol Methods 2001; 97:49-57. [PMID: 11483216 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-0934(01)00336-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Rabbit Haemorrhagic Disease Virus and European Brown Hare Syndrome Virus are two members of the genus Lagovirus in the family Caliciviridae. They are the causative agents of highly contagious and fatal diseases of rabbits and hares respectively. We adjusted one assay for the detection and the genomic characterisation of each virus, based on viral purification by immunocapture and genomic amplification by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (IC-RT-PCR). It is carried out directly with the liver exudate obtained after thawing and suppresses the viral nucleic acid preparation step. This assay combines the advantages of an ELISA test (rapidity) because immunocapture and the RT reaction were carried out in the same microtitre plate, and the advantages of PCR (sensitivity). The procedure described allows the processing of large numbers of samples and is suitable for phylogenetic studies of lagomorphs caliciviruses. In addition, it was compared with sandwich-ELISA used for Rabbit Haemorrhagic Disease or European Brown Hare Syndrome diagnosis. A good correlation was found between ELISA and IC-RT-PCR results for Rabbit Haemorrhagic Disease diagnosis, whereas for European Brown Hare Syndrome diagnosis, the results confirmed the higher sensitivity of the molecular method.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Le Gall-Reculé
- Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Aliments, Laboratoire d'études et de recherches avicoles et porcines, B.P. 53, 22440, Ploufragan, France.
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40
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White PJ, Norman RA, Trout RC, Gould EA, Hudson PJ. The emergence of rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus: will a non-pathogenic strain protect the UK? Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2001; 356:1087-95. [PMID: 11516386 PMCID: PMC1088503 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2001.0897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus emerged in China in 1984, and has killed hundreds of millions of wild rabbits in Australia and Europe. In the UK there appears to be an endemic non-pathogenic strain, with high levels of seroprevalence being recorded, in the absence of associated mortality. Using a seasonal, age-structured model we examine the hypothesis that differences in rabbit population demography differentially affect the basic reproductive rates (R(0)) of the pathogenic and non-pathogenic strains, leading to each dominating in some populations and not others. The strain with the higher R(0) excluded the other, with the dynamics depending upon the ratio of the two R(0) values. When the non-pathogenic strain dominated, the pathogenic strain caused only transient mortality, although this could be significant when the two R(0) values were similar. When the pathogenic strain dominated, repeated epidemics led to host eradication. Seroprevalence data suggest that the non-pathogenic strain may be protecting some, but not all UK populations, with half being 'at risk' from invasion by the pathogenic strain and a fifth prone to significant transient mortality. We identify key questions for empirical research to test this prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J White
- Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK.
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41
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Bárcena J, Morales M, Vázquez B, Boga JA, Parra F, Lucientes J, Pagès-Manté A, Sánchez-Vizcaíno JM, Blasco R, Torres JM. Horizontal transmissible protection against myxomatosis and rabbit hemorrhagic disease by using a recombinant myxoma virus. J Virol 2000; 74:1114-23. [PMID: 10627521 PMCID: PMC111445 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.74.3.1114-1123.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/1999] [Accepted: 11/01/1999] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We have developed a new strategy for immunization of wild rabbit populations against myxomatosis and rabbit hemorrhagic disease (RHD) that uses recombinant viruses based on a naturally attenuated field strain of myxoma virus (MV). The recombinant viruses expressed the RHDV major capsid protein (VP60) including a linear epitope tag from the transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) nucleoprotein. Following inoculation, the recombinant viruses induced specific antibody responses against MV, RHDV, and the TGEV tag. Immunization of wild rabbits by the subcutaneous and oral routes conferred protection against virulent RHDV and MV challenges. The recombinant viruses showed a limited horizontal transmission capacity, either by direct contact or in a flea-mediated process, promoting immunization of contact uninoculated animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bárcena
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, Valdeolmos, 28130 Madrid, Spain
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Glenn M, Radford AD, Turner PC, Carter M, Lowery D, DeSilver DA, Meanger J, Baulch-Brown C, Bennett M, Gaskell RM. Nucleotide sequence of UK and Australian isolates of feline calicivirus (FCV) and phylogenetic analysis of FCVs. Vet Microbiol 1999; 67:175-93. [PMID: 10418872 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1135(99)00043-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
We have determined the first complete genome sequence and capsid gene sequences of feline calicivirus (FCV) isolates from the UK and Australia. These were compared with other previously published sequences. The viruses used in the comparisons were isolated between 1957 and 1995 from various geographical locations and obtained from cats showing a range of clinical signs. Despite these diverse origins, comparisons between all strains showed a similar degree of sequence variation within both ORF1 (non-structural polyprotein) and ORF2 (major capsid protein) (amino acid distances of 7.7-13.0% and 8.8-18.6%, respectively). In contrast, ORF3 (putative minor structural protein) sequences indicated a more heterogenous distribution of FCV relatedness (amino acid distances of 1.9-17.9%). Phylogenetic analysis suggested that, unlike some other caliciviruses, FCV isolates within the current data set fall into one diverse genogroup. Within this group, there was an overall lack of geographic or temporal clustering which may be related to the epidemiology of FCV infection in cats. Analysis of regions of variability in the genome has shown that, as well as the previously identified variable regions in ORF2, similar domains exist within ORFs 1 and 3 also, although to a lesser extent. In ORF1, these variable domains largely fall between the putative non-structural protein functional domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Glenn
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool, UK
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Capucci L, Fallacara F, Grazioli S, Lavazza A, Pacciarini ML, Brocchi E. A further step in the evolution of rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus: the appearance of the first consistent antigenic variant. Virus Res 1998; 58:115-26. [PMID: 9879768 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1702(98)00106-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) is a noncultivable calicivirus that infects rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) and causes epidemics of an acute fatal hepatitis. In 1997 we identified two RHDV isolates from geographically distant Italian regions, which differed antigenically from the reference strain RHDV.Bs89. In fact, they were not reactive with mAb 1H8, that is able to protect rabbits from RHD and showed a low reactivity with the rabbit convalescent serum raised against RHDV.Bs89. Experimental infection of rabbits with either RHDV isolates confirmed their high pathogenicity and their peculiar antigenic profile; nevertheless, rabbits vaccinated with the current vaccine were protected against challenge infection with these isolates. Sequence comparison definitely demonstrated that the two isolates originated from the same RHDV variant and that the similarity of their structural protein (VP60) sequences with the RHDV.Bs89 is equal to 93%. This variant was named RHDVa since shows consistent genetic and antigenic differences from the wild-type RHDV. In particular, 44% of amino acid substitutions in RHDVa VP60 were located between amino acids 344 and 370, where the similarity with RHDV.Bs89 drops to 70%, suggesting that this region probably contains the epitope recognized by mAb 1H8. In addition, this paper presents preliminary data concerning the amino acids of VP60 involved in the hemagglutination site of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Capucci
- Department of Biotechnology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia, Brescia, Italy.
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