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Jiao S, Zhang J, Wang J, Ma X, Li G, Li J, Cui Z, Li D, Li P, Zeng Q, Liu Z, Lu Z, Sun P. Whole-genome analysis of the recombination and evolution of newly identified NADC30-like porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus strains circulated in Gansu province of China in 2023. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1372032. [PMID: 38681852 PMCID: PMC11047440 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1372032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) remains one of the major threats to swine industry, resulting in huge economic losses worldwide. Currently, PRRSV has diversified into multiple lineages with characteristics of extensive recombination in China. In this research, three virus strains were isolated and four virus whole genome sequences were generated and analyzed from clinical samples collected in Gansu province of China in 2023. The four virus strains were designated GSTS4-2023, GSLX2-2023, GSFEI2-2023 and GSBY4-2023. Phylogenetic analysis based on ORF5 sequences showed that GSTS4-2023, GSLX2-2023, GSFEI2-2023 and GSBY4-2023 shared 91.7, 91.2, 93.2 and 92.9% homology with NADC30 strain respectively, and belonged to lineage 1 of PRRSV-2. In addition, one amino acid deletion was observed at position 33 in ORF5 of GSTS4-2023, GSLX2-2023 and GSFEI2-2023. Moreover, amino acid alignment of the four strains showed a typical discontinuous 131-amino acid (aa) deletion in NSP2 for NADC30-like virus strains. Recombination analysis revealed that all four strains originated from NADC30 (lineage 1), with their minor parents coming from JXA1-like strains (lineage 8), VR-2332-like strains (lineage5) and QYYZ-like strains (lineage3). Finally, the three isolated virus strains, GSTS4-2023, GSLX2-2023 and GSFEI2-2023 showed relatively low levels of replication in cell culture. Our findings provide important implications for the field epidemiology of PRRSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoude Jiao
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jian Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xueqing Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou, China
| | - Guoxiu Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jiaoyang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhanding Cui
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou, China
| | - Dong Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou, China
| | - Pinghua Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou, China
| | - Qiaoying Zeng
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zaixin Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zengjun Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou, China
| | - Pu Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou, China
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
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Wang J, Yan J, Wang S, Chen R, Xing Y, Liu Q, Gao S, Zhu Y, Li J, Zhou Y, Shan T, Tong W, Zheng H, Kong N, Jiang Y, Liu C, Tong G, Yu H. An Expeditious Neutralization Assay for Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Based on a Recombinant Virus Expressing Green Fluorescent Protein. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:1047-1063. [PMID: 38392184 PMCID: PMC10887926 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46020066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Due to the extensive genetic and antigenic variation in Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV), as well as its rapid mutability and evolution, PRRS prevention and control can be challenging. An expeditious and sensitive neutralization assay for PRRSV is presented to monitor neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) in serum during vaccine research. Here, a PRRSV expressing eGFP was successfully rescued with reverse genetics based on the infectious clone HuN4-F112-eGFP which we constructed. The fluorescent protein expressions of the reporter viruses remained stable for at least five passages. Based on this reporter virus, the neutralization assay can be easily used to evaluate the level of NAbs by counting cells with green fluorescence. Compared with the classical CPE assay, the newly developed assay increases sensitivity by one- to four-fold at the early antibody response stage, thus saving 2 days of assay waiting time. By using this assay to unveil the dynamics of neutralizing antibodies against PRRSV, priming immunity through either a single virulent challenge or only vaccination could produce limited NAbs, but re-infection with PRRSV would induce a faster and stronger NAb response. Overall, the novel HuN4-F112-eGFP-based neutralization assay holds the potential to provide a highly efficient platform for evaluating the next generation of PRRS vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Wang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Jiecong Yan
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Shuaiyong Wang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Ronglin Chen
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yanru Xing
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Qingyan Liu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Shuolei Gao
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yuxiang Zhu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Jiannan Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yanjun Zhou
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Tongling Shan
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Wu Tong
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Hao Zheng
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Ning Kong
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yifeng Jiang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Changlong Liu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Guangzhi Tong
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Hai Yu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
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Salgado B, Rivas RB, Pinto D, Sonstegard TS, Carlson DF, Martins K, Bostrom JR, Sinebo Y, Rowland RRR, Brandariz-Nuñez A. Genetically modified pigs lacking CD163 PSTII-domain-coding exon 13 are completely resistant to PRRSV infection. Antiviral Res 2024; 221:105793. [PMID: 38184111 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2024.105793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
CD163 expressed on cell surface of porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs) serves as a cellular entry receptor for porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). The extracellular portion of CD163 contains nine scavenger receptor cysteine-rich (SRCR) and two proline-serine-threonine (PST) domains. Genomic editing of pigs to remove the entire CD163 or just the SRCR5 domain confers resistance to infection with both PRRSV-1 and PRRSV-2 viruses. By performing a mutational analysis of CD163, previous in vitro infection experiments showed resistance to PRRSV infection following deletion of exon 13 which encodes the first 12 amino acids of the 16 amino acid PSTII domain. These findings predicted that removal of exon 13 can be used as a strategy to produce gene-edited pigs fully resistant to PRRSV infection. In this study, to determine whether the deletion of exon 13 is sufficient to confer resistance of pigs to PRRSV infection, we produced pigs possessing a defined CD163 exon 13 deletion (ΔExon13 pigs) and evaluated their susceptibility to viral infection. Wild type (WT) and CD163 modified pigs, placed in the same room, were infected with PRRSV-2. The modified pigs remained PCR and serologically negative for PRRSV throughout the study; whereas the WT pigs supported PRRSV infection and showed PRRSV related pathology. Importantly, our data also suggested that removal of exon 13 did not affect the main physiological function associated with CD163 in vivo. These results demonstrate that a modification of CD163 through a precise deletion of exon 13 provides a strategy for protection against PRRSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianna Salgado
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Rafael Bautista Rivas
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Derek Pinto
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Raymond R R Rowland
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Alberto Brandariz-Nuñez
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA.
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Rawal G, Almeida MN, Gauger PC, Zimmerman JJ, Ye F, Rademacher CJ, Armenta Leyva B, Munguia-Ramirez B, Tarasiuk G, Schumacher LL, Aljets EK, Thomas JT, Zhu JH, Trexel JB, Zhang J. In Vivo and In Vitro Characterization of the Recently Emergent PRRSV 1-4-4 L1C Variant (L1C.5) in Comparison with Other PRRSV-2 Lineage 1 Isolates. Viruses 2023; 15:2233. [PMID: 38005910 PMCID: PMC10674456 DOI: 10.3390/v15112233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The recently emerged PRRSV 1-4-4 L1C variant (L1C.5) was in vivo and in vitro characterized in this study in comparison with three other contemporary 1-4-4 isolates (L1C.1, L1A, and L1H) and one 1-7-4 L1A isolate. Seventy-two 3-week-old PRRSV-naive pigs were divided into six groups with twelve pigs/group. Forty-eight pigs (eight/group) were for inoculation, and 24 pigs (four/group) served as contact pigs. Pigs in pen A of each room were inoculated with the corresponding virus or negative media. At two days post inoculation (DPI), contact pigs were added to pen B adjacent to pen A in each room. Pigs were necropsied at 10 and 28 DPI. Compared to other virus-inoculated groups, the L1C.5-inoculated pigs exhibited more severe anorexia and lethargy, higher mortality, a higher fraction of pigs with fever (>40 °C), higher average temperature at several DPIs, and higher viremia levels at 2 DPI. A higher percentage of the contact pigs in the L1C.5 group became viremic at two days post contact, implying the higher transmissibility of this virus strain. It was also found that some PRRSV isolates caused brain infection in inoculation pigs and/or contact pigs. The complete genome sequences and growth characteristics in ZMAC cells of five PRRSV-2 isolates were further compared. Collectively, this study confirms that the PRRSV 1-4-4 L1C variant (L1C.5) is highly virulent with potential higher transmissibility, but the genetic determinants of virulence remain to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Rawal
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (G.R.); (M.N.A.); (P.C.G.); (J.J.Z.); (C.J.R.); (B.A.L.); (B.M.-R.); (G.T.); (L.L.S.); (E.K.A.); (J.T.T.); (J.-H.Z.); (J.B.T.)
| | - Marcelo N. Almeida
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (G.R.); (M.N.A.); (P.C.G.); (J.J.Z.); (C.J.R.); (B.A.L.); (B.M.-R.); (G.T.); (L.L.S.); (E.K.A.); (J.T.T.); (J.-H.Z.); (J.B.T.)
| | - Phillip C. Gauger
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (G.R.); (M.N.A.); (P.C.G.); (J.J.Z.); (C.J.R.); (B.A.L.); (B.M.-R.); (G.T.); (L.L.S.); (E.K.A.); (J.T.T.); (J.-H.Z.); (J.B.T.)
| | - Jeffrey J. Zimmerman
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (G.R.); (M.N.A.); (P.C.G.); (J.J.Z.); (C.J.R.); (B.A.L.); (B.M.-R.); (G.T.); (L.L.S.); (E.K.A.); (J.T.T.); (J.-H.Z.); (J.B.T.)
| | - Fangshu Ye
- Department of Statistics, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA;
| | - Christopher J. Rademacher
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (G.R.); (M.N.A.); (P.C.G.); (J.J.Z.); (C.J.R.); (B.A.L.); (B.M.-R.); (G.T.); (L.L.S.); (E.K.A.); (J.T.T.); (J.-H.Z.); (J.B.T.)
| | - Betsy Armenta Leyva
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (G.R.); (M.N.A.); (P.C.G.); (J.J.Z.); (C.J.R.); (B.A.L.); (B.M.-R.); (G.T.); (L.L.S.); (E.K.A.); (J.T.T.); (J.-H.Z.); (J.B.T.)
| | - Berenice Munguia-Ramirez
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (G.R.); (M.N.A.); (P.C.G.); (J.J.Z.); (C.J.R.); (B.A.L.); (B.M.-R.); (G.T.); (L.L.S.); (E.K.A.); (J.T.T.); (J.-H.Z.); (J.B.T.)
| | - Grzegorz Tarasiuk
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (G.R.); (M.N.A.); (P.C.G.); (J.J.Z.); (C.J.R.); (B.A.L.); (B.M.-R.); (G.T.); (L.L.S.); (E.K.A.); (J.T.T.); (J.-H.Z.); (J.B.T.)
| | - Loni L. Schumacher
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (G.R.); (M.N.A.); (P.C.G.); (J.J.Z.); (C.J.R.); (B.A.L.); (B.M.-R.); (G.T.); (L.L.S.); (E.K.A.); (J.T.T.); (J.-H.Z.); (J.B.T.)
| | - Ethan K. Aljets
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (G.R.); (M.N.A.); (P.C.G.); (J.J.Z.); (C.J.R.); (B.A.L.); (B.M.-R.); (G.T.); (L.L.S.); (E.K.A.); (J.T.T.); (J.-H.Z.); (J.B.T.)
| | - Joseph T. Thomas
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (G.R.); (M.N.A.); (P.C.G.); (J.J.Z.); (C.J.R.); (B.A.L.); (B.M.-R.); (G.T.); (L.L.S.); (E.K.A.); (J.T.T.); (J.-H.Z.); (J.B.T.)
| | - Jin-Hui Zhu
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (G.R.); (M.N.A.); (P.C.G.); (J.J.Z.); (C.J.R.); (B.A.L.); (B.M.-R.); (G.T.); (L.L.S.); (E.K.A.); (J.T.T.); (J.-H.Z.); (J.B.T.)
| | - Jolie B. Trexel
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (G.R.); (M.N.A.); (P.C.G.); (J.J.Z.); (C.J.R.); (B.A.L.); (B.M.-R.); (G.T.); (L.L.S.); (E.K.A.); (J.T.T.); (J.-H.Z.); (J.B.T.)
| | - Jianqiang Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (G.R.); (M.N.A.); (P.C.G.); (J.J.Z.); (C.J.R.); (B.A.L.); (B.M.-R.); (G.T.); (L.L.S.); (E.K.A.); (J.T.T.); (J.-H.Z.); (J.B.T.)
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5
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Pei Y, Lin C, Li H, Feng Z. Genetic background influences pig responses to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1289570. [PMID: 37929286 PMCID: PMC10623566 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1289570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a highly infectious and economically significant virus that causes respiratory and reproductive diseases in pigs. It results in reduced productivity and increased mortality in pigs, causing substantial economic losses in the industry. Understanding the factors affecting pig responses to PRRSV is crucial to develop effective control strategies. Genetic background has emerged as a significant determinant of susceptibility and resistance to PRRSV in pigs. This review provides an overview of the basic infection process of PRRSV in pigs, associated symptoms, underlying immune mechanisms, and roles of noncoding RNA and alternative splicing in PRRSV infection. Moreover, it emphasized breed-specific variations in these aspects that may have implications for individual treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangli Pei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Chenghong Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Hua Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Zheng Feng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
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Jakab S, Bali K, Freytag C, Pataki A, Fehér E, Halas M, Jerzsele Á, Szabó I, Szarka K, Bálint Á, Bányai K. Deep Sequencing of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus ORF7: A Promising Tool for Diagnostics and Epidemiologic Surveillance. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3223. [PMID: 37893946 PMCID: PMC10603690 DOI: 10.3390/ani13203223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a major concern worldwide. Control of PRRSV is a challenging task due to various factors, including the viral diversity and variability. In this study, we evaluated an amplicon library preparation protocol targeting the ORF7 region of both PRRSV species, Betaarterivirus suid 1 and Betaarterivirus suid 2. We designed tailed primers for a two-step PCR procedure that generates ORF7-specific amplicon libraries suitable for use on Illumina sequencers. We tested the method with serum samples containing common laboratory strains and with pooled serum samples (n = 15) collected from different pig farms during 2019-2021 in Hungary. Testing spiked serum samples showed that the newly designed method is highly sensitive and detects the viral RNA even at low copy numbers (corresponding to approx. Ct 35). The ORF7 sequences were easily assembled even from clinical samples. Two different sequence variants were identified in five samples, and the Porcilis MLV vaccine strain was identified as the minor variant in four samples. An in-depth analysis of the deep sequencing results revealed numerous polymorphic sites along the ORF7 gene in a total of eight samples, and some sites (positions 12, 165, 219, 225, 315, 345, and 351) were found to be common in several clinical specimens. We conclude that amplicon deep sequencing of a highly conserved region of the PRRSV genome could support both laboratory diagnosis and epidemiologic surveillance of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szilvia Jakab
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Hungária krt. 21., H-1143 Budapest, Hungary; (S.J.); (K.B.); (A.P.); (E.F.)
- National Laboratory for Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, Hungária krt. 21., H-1143 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Krisztina Bali
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Hungária krt. 21., H-1143 Budapest, Hungary; (S.J.); (K.B.); (A.P.); (E.F.)
- National Laboratory for Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, Hungária krt. 21., H-1143 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Csongor Freytag
- Department of Metagenomics, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (C.F.); (K.S.)
| | - Anna Pataki
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Hungária krt. 21., H-1143 Budapest, Hungary; (S.J.); (K.B.); (A.P.); (E.F.)
| | - Enikő Fehér
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Hungária krt. 21., H-1143 Budapest, Hungary; (S.J.); (K.B.); (A.P.); (E.F.)
- National Laboratory for Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, Hungária krt. 21., H-1143 Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Ákos Jerzsele
- National Laboratory for Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, Hungária krt. 21., H-1143 Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, István u 2, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - István Szabó
- National PRRS Eradication Committee, Keleti Károly u. 24., H-1024 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Krisztina Szarka
- Department of Metagenomics, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (C.F.); (K.S.)
| | - Ádám Bálint
- Veterinary Diagnostic Directorate, National Food Chain Safety Office, H-1143 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Krisztián Bányai
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Hungária krt. 21., H-1143 Budapest, Hungary; (S.J.); (K.B.); (A.P.); (E.F.)
- National Laboratory for Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, Hungária krt. 21., H-1143 Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, István u 2, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary;
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Zhang H, Ren J, Li J, Zhai C, Mao F, Yang S, Zhang Q, Liu Z, Fu X. Comparison of heterologous prime-boost immunization strategies with DNA and recombinant vaccinia virus co-expressing GP3 and GP5 of European type porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in pigs. Microb Pathog 2023; 183:106328. [PMID: 37661073 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Vaccination is principally used to control and treat porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection. This study investigated immunogenicity and protective efficacy of heterologous prime-boost regimens in pigs, including recombinant DNA and vaccinia virus vectors coexpressing PRRSV European genotype (EU) isolate GP3 and GP5: group A, pVAX1-EU-GP3-GP5 prime and rddVTT-EU-GP3-GP5 boost; group B, rddVTT-EU-GP3-GP5 prime and pVAX1-EU-GP3-GP5 boost; group C, empty vector pVAX1; group D, E3L gene-deleted vaccinia virus E3L- VTT. Vaccine efficacy was tested in an EU-type PRRSV (Lelystad virus strain) challenge pig model based on evaluating PRRSV-specific antibody responses, neutralizing antibodies, cytokines, T lymphocyte proliferation, CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes, clinical symptoms, viremia and tissue virus loads. Plasmid DNA was delivered as chitosan-DNA nanoparticles, and Quil A (Quillaja) was used to increase vaccine efficiency. All piglets were boosted 21 days post the initial inoculation (dpi) and then challenged 14 days later. At 14, 21, 28 and 35 dpi, groups A and B developed significantly higher PRRSV-specific antibody responses compared with control groups C and D. Two weeks after the boost, significant differences in neutralizing antibody and IFN-γ levels were observed between groups A, C, D and B. At 49 dpi, groups A and B had markedly increased peripheral blood CD3+CD4+ T cell levels. Following virus challenge, group A showed viremia, but organ virus loads were lower than those in other groups. Thus, a heterologous prime-boost vaccine regimen (rddVTT-EU-GP3-GP5 prime, pVAX1-EU-GP3-GP5 boost) can improve humoral- and cell-mediated immune responses to provide resistance to EU-type PRRSV infection in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hewei Zhang
- The 989th Hospital of the Joint Logistics Support Force of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Luoyang, 471031, China; College of Food and Drugs, Luoyang Polytechnic, Luo Yang, 471000, China; Animal Diseases and Public Health Engineering Research Center of Henan Province, Luoyang, 471000, China
| | - Jingqiang Ren
- Institute of Virology, Wenzhou University, Chashan University Town, Wenzhou, 325035, China; Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130122, China; Animal Diseases and Public Health Engineering Research Center of Henan Province, Luoyang, 471000, China; Key Laboratory of Special Animal Epidemic Disease, Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130112, China.
| | - Jiachen Li
- College of Food and Drugs, Luoyang Polytechnic, Luo Yang, 471000, China; Animal Diseases and Public Health Engineering Research Center of Henan Province, Luoyang, 471000, China
| | - Chongkai Zhai
- College of Food and Drugs, Luoyang Polytechnic, Luo Yang, 471000, China; Animal Diseases and Public Health Engineering Research Center of Henan Province, Luoyang, 471000, China
| | - Fuchao Mao
- College of Food and Drugs, Luoyang Polytechnic, Luo Yang, 471000, China; Animal Diseases and Public Health Engineering Research Center of Henan Province, Luoyang, 471000, China
| | - Shaozhe Yang
- Animal Diseases and Public Health Engineering Research Center of Henan Province, Luoyang, 471000, China
| | - Qingwei Zhang
- Animal Diseases and Public Health Engineering Research Center of Henan Province, Luoyang, 471000, China
| | - Zhongyu Liu
- The 989th Hospital of the Joint Logistics Support Force of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Luoyang, 471031, China; College of Food and Drugs, Luoyang Polytechnic, Luo Yang, 471000, China; Animal Diseases and Public Health Engineering Research Center of Henan Province, Luoyang, 471000, China.
| | - Xiuhong Fu
- Animal Diseases and Public Health Engineering Research Center of Henan Province, Luoyang, 471000, China.
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Cha SH, Hyun BH, Lee HS, Kang SJ, You SH, Jeong J, Park CJ, Lee MS, Park C. A novel chimeric vaccine candidate for porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) I and II elicits neutralizing antibodies against both types. J Gen Virol 2023; 104. [PMID: 37650730 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is an economically important virus within the swine industry. The virus causes respiratory disease and reproductive failure. Two species of PRRSV-I and II are co-dominant, yet no effective vaccination strategy has been developed to protect against these two types. With an aim to develop a chimeric vaccine strain to protect against both types, in this study, a chimeric porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) type I and II was rescued using reverse genetics for the first time. Four chimeric infectious clones were designed based on the genomic arrangement of the structural proteins. However, only the clone carrying the transcriptional regulatory sequence (TRS) and ORF6 of a PRRSV-I and ORF6 of a PRRSV-II generated a viable recombinant virus, suggesting that concurrent expression of ORF6 from both parental viruses is essential for the recovery of type I and II chimeric PRRSV. The chimeric virus showed significantly lower replication ability than its parental strains in vitro, which was improved by serial passaging. In vivo, groups of pigs were inoculated with either the chimeric virus, one of the parental strains, or PBS. The chimeric virus replicated in pig tissue and was detected in serum 7 days post-inoculation. Serum neutralization tests indicated that pigs inoculated with the chimeric virus elicited neutralizing antibodies that inhibited infection with strains of both species and with greater coverage than the parental viruses. In conclusion, the application of this technique to construct a chimeric PRRSV holds promise for the development of a highly effective modified live vaccine candidate. This is particularly significant since there are currently no approved commercial divalent vaccines available to combat PRRSV-I and II co-infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Ho Cha
- PRRS Research Laboratory, Viral Diseases Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Bang-Hun Hyun
- PRRS Research Laboratory, Viral Diseases Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyang-Sim Lee
- PRRS Research Laboratory, Viral Diseases Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok-Jin Kang
- PRRS Research Laboratory, Viral Diseases Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Hwa You
- PRRS Research Laboratory, Viral Diseases Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwoon Jeong
- Division of Animal Care, Yonam College, 313, Yeonam-ro, Seonghwan-eup, Seobuk-gu, Cheonan-si, Chungcheongnam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Joo Park
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Eulji University School of Medicine, Yongdu-dong, Jung-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Shin Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Eulji University School of Medicine, Yongdu-dong, Jung-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Changhoon Park
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Eulji University School of Medicine, Yongdu-dong, Jung-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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9
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Zhang H, Luo Q, Zheng Y, Sha H, Li G, Kong W, Huang L, Zhao M. Genetic Variability and Recombination of the NSP2 Gene of PRRSV-2 Strains in China from 1996 to 2021. Vet Sci 2023; 10:vetsci10050325. [PMID: 37235408 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10050325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is one of the most serious infectious diseases that detrimentally affects the pig industry worldwide. The disease, which is typically difficult to control, is an immunosuppressive disease caused by the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), the genome of which (notably the NSP2 gene) undergoes rapid mutation. In this study, we sought to determine the genetic variation in the PRRSV-2 NSP2 gene in China from 1996 to 2021. Strain information was obtained from the GenBank database and analyzed from a molecular epidemiological perspective. We compared the nucleotide and amino acid homologies of the NSP2 sequences of different PRRSV-2 lineages, and examined phylogenetic relationships based on an analysis of the NSP2 sequences of 122 strains. The results revealed that NADC-30-like strains, which are represented by lineage 1, and HP-PRRSV strains, which are represented by lineage 8, were the most prevalent in China from 1996 to 2021. Close similarities were detected in the genetic evolution of lineages 3, 5, and 8. For nucleotide and amino acid sequence comparisons, we selected representative strains from each lineage, and for the NSP2 among different PRRSV-2 strains, we accordingly detected homologies of 72.5-99.8% and 63.9-99.4% at the nucleotide and amino acid levels, respectively, thereby indicating certain differences in the degrees of NSP2 amino acid and nucleotide variation. Based on amino acid sequence comparisons, we identified deletions, insertions, and substitutions at multiple sites among the NSP2 sequences of PRRSV-2 strains. Recombination analysis revealed the occurrence of five recombinant events among the 135 selected PRRSV-2 strains, and that there is a high probability of recombination of lineage 1 strains. The findings of this study enabled us to gain an in-depth understanding of the prevalence of PRRSV in China over the past 25 years and will contribute to providing a theoretical basis for evolution and epidemiology of the spread of PRRSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Zhang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China
| | - Qin Luo
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China
| | - Yajie Zheng
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China
| | - Huiyang Sha
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China
| | - Gan Li
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China
| | - Weili Kong
- Gladstone Institutes of Virology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Liangzong Huang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China
| | - Mengmeng Zhao
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China
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10
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Trevisan G, Magstadt D, Woods A, Sparks J, Zeller M, Li G, Krueger KM, Saxena A, Zhang J, Gauger PC. A recombinant porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus type 2 field strain derived from two PRRSV-2-modified live virus vaccines. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1149293. [PMID: 37056231 PMCID: PMC10086154 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1149293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
A porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) type 2 (PRRSV-2) isolate was obtained from lung samples collected from a 4.5-month-old pig at a wean-to-finish site in Indiana, USA, although no gross or microscopic lesions suggestive of PRRSV infection were observed in the lung tissue. Phylogenetic and molecular evolutionary analyses based on the obtained virus sequences indicated that PRRSV USA/IN105404/2021 was a natural recombinant isolate from Ingelvac PRRS® MLV and Prevacent® PRRS, which are PRRSV-2-modified live virus vaccines commercially available in the United States. This study is the first to report the detection of a PRRSV-2 recombinant strain consisting entirely of two modified live virus vaccine strains under field conditions. Based on clinical data and the absence of lung lesions, this PRRSV-2 recombinant strain was not virulent in swine, although its pathogenicity needs to be confirmed by clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovani Trevisan
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
- *Correspondence: Giovani Trevisan
| | - Drew Magstadt
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | | | | | - Michael Zeller
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ganwu Li
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Karen M. Krueger
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Anugrah Saxena
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Jianqiang Zhang
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Phillip C. Gauger
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
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11
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Cha SH, You SH, Lee MA, Baek JH, Cho SH, Jeong J, Park CJ, Lee MS, Park C. Application of codon pair deoptimization for ORF7-induced attenuation of type I porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus without reduced immune responses. Virology 2023; 579:119-127. [PMID: 36669328 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Codon pair deoptimization (CPD) attenuated type I porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). Infectious clones covering the full genome of a Korean type I PRRSV (E38) were synthesized, and CPD induced nine synonymous mutants of NSP1 (n = 1) and ORF7 (n = 8). In a trial to rescue live viruses from infectious clones, only four clones with mutations at nt 177 downstream of ORF7 were rescued, which showed a substantial decrease in cellular replication ability. The rescue-failed clones had two common mutation sites with a high minimum free energy and significantly modified RNA secondary structure relative to the original virus. In infected pigs, CPD viruses demonstrated significantly lower replication ability and pathogenicity than the original virus. However, immune response level induced by the attenuated viruses and the original virus was similar. This is the first study to demonstrate that type I PRRSV virulence can be attenuated through CPD application to ORF7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Ho Cha
- PRRS Research Laboratory, Viral Diseases Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Hwa You
- PRRS Research Laboratory, Viral Diseases Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-A Lee
- PRRS Research Laboratory, Viral Diseases Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hyuk Baek
- Department of Animal Vaccine Development, BioPOA, 593-26 Dongtangiheung-ro, Hwaseong-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Hee Cho
- Department of Animal Vaccine Development, BioPOA, 593-26 Dongtangiheung-ro, Hwaseong-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwoon Jeong
- Division of Animal Care, Yonam College, 313, Yeonam-ro, Seonghwan-eup, Seobuk-gu, Cheonan-si, Chungcheongnam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Joo Park
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Eulji University School of Medicine, Yongdu-dong, Jung-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Shin Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Eulji University School of Medicine, Yongdu-dong, Jung-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Changhoon Park
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Eulji University School of Medicine, Yongdu-dong, Jung-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
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12
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Variations in the NSP4 gene of the type 2 porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus isolated in China from 1996 to 2021. Virus Genes 2023; 59:109-120. [PMID: 36383275 PMCID: PMC9667009 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-022-01957-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) has continuously mutated since its first isolation in China in 1996, leading to difficulties in infection prevention and control. Infections caused by PRRSV-2 strains are the main epidemic strains in China, as determined by phylogenetic analysis. In this study, we focused on the prevalence and genetic variations of the non-structural protein 4 (NSP4) from PRRSV-2 over the past 20 years in China. The fundamental biological properties of the NSP4 were predicted, and an analysis and comparison of NSP4 homology at the nucleotide and amino acid levels was conducted using 123 PRRSV-2 strains. The predicted molecular weight of the NSP4 protein was determined to be 21.1 kDa, and it was predicted to be a stable hydrophobic protein that lacks a signal peptide. NSP4 from different strains exhibited a high degree of amino acid (85.8-100%) and nucleotide sequence homology (81.0-100%). Multiple amino acid substitutions were identified in NSP4 among 15 representative PRRSV-2 strains. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the lineage 8 and 1 strains, the most prevalent strains in China, were indifferent clades with a long genetic distance. This analysis will help fully elucidate the parameters of the PRRSV NSP4 epidemic in China to lay a foundation for adequate understanding of the function of NSP4. Genetic information results from the accumulation of conserved and non-conserved sequences. The high conservation of the NSP4 gene determines the most basic life traits and functions of PRRSV. Analyzing the spatial structure of NSP4 protein and studying the genetic evolution of NSP4 not only provide the theoretical basis for how NSP4 participates in the regulation of the innate response of the host but also provide a target for genetic manipulation and a reasonable target molecule and structure for new drug molecules.
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13
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Li C, Xu H, Zhao J, Gong B, Sun Q, Xiang L, Li W, Guo Z, Li J, Tang YD, Leng C, Peng J, Wang Q, An T, Cai X, Tian ZJ, Zhou G, Zhang H. Epidemiological investigation and genetic evolutionary analysis of PRRSV-1 on a pig farm in China. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1067173. [PMID: 36532471 PMCID: PMC9751794 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1067173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) has brought serious economic losses to pig industry. PRRSV-1 have existed in China for more than 25 years. The prevalence and features of PRRSV-1 on Chinese farms are unclear. We continuously monitored PRRSV in a pig farm with strict biosafety measures in Henan Province, China, in 2020. The results showed that multiple types of PRRSV coexisted on this single pig farm. PRRSV-1 was one of the main circulating strains on the farm and was responsible for infections throughout nearly the entire epidemic cycle. Phylogenetic analysis showed that PRRSV-1 isolates from this pig farm formed an independent branch, with all isolates belonging to BJEU06-1-like PRRSV. The analysis of selection pressure on ORF5 on this branch identified 5 amino acids as positive selection sites, indicating that PRRSV-1 had undergone adaptive evolution on this farm. According to the analysis of ORF5 of PRRSV-1 on this farm, the evolutionary rate of the BJEU06-1-like branch was estimated to be 1.01 × 10-2 substitutions/site/year. To further understand the genome-wide characteristics of PRRSV-1 on this pig farm, two full-length PRRSV-1 genomes representative of pig farms were obtained. The results of amino acid alignment revealed that although one NSP2 deletion was consistent with BJEU06-1, different new features were found in ORF3 and ORF4. According to the above results, PRRSV-1 has undergone considerable evolution in China. This study is the first to report the prevalence and characteristics of PRRSV-1 on a large farm in mainland China, which will provide a reference for the identification and further prevention and control of PRRSV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Hu Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Bangjun Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Qi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Lirun Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Wansheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Zhenyang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Jinhao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yan-dong Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Chaoliang Leng
- Henan Key Laboratory of Insect Biology in Funiu Mountain, Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Insects Bio-Reactor, China-UK-NYNU-RRes Joint Laboratory of Insect Biology, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, China
| | - Jinmei Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Qian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Tongqing An
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Xuehui Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Zhi-Jun Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Guohui Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Hongliang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
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14
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Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSv): A Cross-Sectional Study on ELISA Seronegative, Multivaccinated Sows. Viruses 2022; 14:v14091944. [PMID: 36146751 PMCID: PMC9501492 DOI: 10.3390/v14091944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination against Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome virus (PRRSv) is widely used to control clinical disease, but the effectiveness appears in some cases to be suboptimal. Field reports have stated the presence of routinely PRRSv-vaccinated but ELISA seronegative sows: the ELISA non-responders. The real extent of this phenomenon (prevalence–origin–consequences) was not yet investigated. In this study, the prevalence of ELISA non-responders was assessed by measuring PRRSv-specific antibodies in 1400 sows, originating from 70 PRRSv-vaccinating sow herds, using IDEXX ELISA (ELISA 1) and CIVTEST E/S ELISA (ELISA 2). Neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) were quantified in a virus neutralization assay. Univariable logistic regression was used to identify herd risk factors for the presence of ELISA non-responders. The global prevalence of non-responders varied from 3.5% (ELISA 1) to 4.1% (ELISA 2), the herd-level prevalence was 40% and the within-herd prevalence ranged from 5% to 20% (ELISA 1) and from 5% to 30% (ELISA 2). The ELISA non-responders had significantly lower NAbs than the ELISA responders. Herds using the combination of one modified live vaccine and one killed vaccine had a significantly reduced risk of having ELISA non-responders. A first assessment of the prevalence and possible consequences of ELISA non-responders has been provided by this study. The clinical importance, origin and underlying immunological mechanisms warrant further research.
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Genomic Analysis of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus 1 Revealed Extensive Recombination and Potential Introduction Events in China. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9090450. [PMID: 36136666 PMCID: PMC9505194 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9090450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome, caused by the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, is considered one of the most devastating swine diseases worldwide. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus 1 was first isolated in China in 2006, and there have been few reports concerning its genetic characteristics in China. We hope to find out the regularity of genetic diversity, recombination, and evolution of the virus by analyzing all available genomic sequences during 1991–2018. We found that high-frequency recombination regions were concentrated in non-structural protein 2 and structural proteins 2 to 4 and extensive deletions in non-structural protein 2; phylogenetic analysis revealed four independent introductions in China. Our results suggest that attention should be paid to the prevention and control of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus 1 and the rational use of vaccine strains. These results will help us to understand the recombination of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus and strengthen viral inspection before mixing herds of swine to reduce the probability of novel recombinant variants. Moreover, our study might form the basis of monitoring and control measures to prevent the spread of this economically important virus. Abstract Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS), caused by the PRRS virus (PRRSV), is considered one of the most devastating swine diseases worldwide. PRRSV-1 was first isolated in China in 2006. However, there were few reports concerning the genetic characteristics of PRRSV-1 in China. In this study, three PRRSV-1 strains (HL85, HeB3, and HeB47) were detected by a general RT-qPCR method from clinical samples in 2018. HeB47 was identified as a recombinant between the BJEU06-1 and CReSA228-like strains. To further analyze the recombination and deletion features of PRRSV-1, all the available 88 complete genome sequences (isolated in 19 countries) from 1991 to 2018 in GenBank were analyzed. The high-frequency recombination regions were concentrated in NSP2 and GP2 to GP4. More importantly, phylogenetic analysis of PRRSV-1 revealed four independent introductions in China. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen the important monitoring of breeding pigs and pork products and epidemiological surveys on pig farms to prevent the further spread of PRRSV-1.
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Xie CZ, Tao YM, Ha Z, Zhang P, Zhang Y, Zhang H, Jin NY, Lu HJ. Characterization of a new NSP2-deletion NADC34-Like Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus in China. Res Vet Sci 2022; 152:212-218. [PMID: 35998397 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2022.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV) is the causative agent of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS), which has caused huge economic losses to the pig industry worldwide. PRRSV NADC34-Like PRRSV 2020-Acheng-1 strain, which caused high morbidity and high mortality were isolated from dead piglets (high-throughput sequencing to show that only PRRSV and TGEV) on a farm in northeastern China. The full-length genome sequence of 2020-Acheng-1 shares 95.6% nucleotide homology with NADC34 PRRSV without any gene insertion, but has a unique 17 amino acid (469aa to 486aa) deletion in Nsp2 compared with all NADC34-Like strains in NCBI and there are unique 100 amino acid deletions. In addition, difference degree of changes in signal peptide, trans-membrane region (TM), main neutralizing epitope (PNE), non-neutralizing epitope and N-glycosylation site were observed in GP5 of 2020-Acheng-1 and other PRRSV-2 strains, we only found a change in the fifteenth amino acid of signal peptide of in GP5 of 2020-Acheng-1 with NADC34 strains. Recombination analysis showed that 2020-Acheng-1 strain did not have any recombination events with representative PRRSV-2 strains in China. This study provided valuable evidence for understanding the role of NADC34-Like strain that impact on pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Zhan Xie
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Changchun, China
| | - Yi-Mo Tao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Zhuo Ha
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Changchun, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Institute of specialty, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - He Zhang
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Changchun, China
| | - Ning-Yi Jin
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Changchun, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.
| | - Hui-Jun Lu
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Changchun, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.
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17
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Cheng TY, Campler MR, Schroeder DC, Yang M, Mor SK, Ferreira JB, Arruda AG. Detection of Multiple Lineages of PRRSV in Breeding and Growing Swine Farms. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:884733. [PMID: 35774978 PMCID: PMC9237545 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.884733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The detection and co-circulation of multiple variants of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) have been observed and reported in swine. However, the potential long-term impact of multiple prevailing PRRSV variants on pig-performance is not yet fully understood. The primary objective of this study was to describe the genetic variation of PRRSV in processing fluid (PF), oral fluid (OF), and tonsil scraping (TS) specimens from five swine farms with different production types and PRRS status over a period of time (~1 year). Furthermore, the association between PRRSV prevalence and production parameters was investigated. Results showed that PRRSV was detected by RT-qPCR in 21–25% of all types of specimens. In breeding farms, PRRSV detection in PF and/or TS samples was correlated with stillborn and mummified fetuses, and pre-weaning mortality throughout the study period. Although ORF5 sequences were obtained in <16% of all sample types, simultaneous detection of PRRSV variants including field and vaccine strains within a single sampling event was identified in both breeding and growing pig farms. Phylogenetic analyses based on the ORF5 sequence classified the detected field PRRSV into L1A and L1H, two sub-lineages of lineage 1 (L1). Our study demonstrated the presence of multiple PRRSV lineages, sub-lineages, and variants in swine herds and its potential association with swine reproductive performance under field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Yu Cheng
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Magnus R. Campler
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Declan C. Schroeder
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, United States
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - My Yang
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, United States
| | - Sunil K. Mor
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, United States
| | - Juliana B. Ferreira
- Department of Population Health & Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Andréia G. Arruda
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- *Correspondence: Andréia G. Arruda
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18
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Fang K, Liu S, Li X, Chen H, Qian P. Epidemiological and Genetic Characteristics of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus in South China Between 2017 and 2021. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:853044. [PMID: 35464348 PMCID: PMC9024240 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.853044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) remains a major threat to the swine industry in China and has caused enormous losses every year. To monitor the epidemiological and genetic characteristics of PRRSV in South China, 6,795 clinical samples from diseased pigs were collected between 2017 and 2021, and 1,279 (18.82%) of them were positive for PRRSV by RT-PCR detecting the ORF5 gene. Phylogenetic analysis based on 479 ORF5 sequences revealed that a large proportion of them were highly-pathogenic PRRSVs (409, 85.39%) and PRRSV NADC30-like strains (66, 13.78%). Furthermore, 93.15% of these highly-pathogenic strains were found to be MLV-derived. We next recovered 11 PRRSV isolates from the positive samples and generated the whole genome sequences of them. Bioinformatic analysis showed that seven isolates were MLV-derived. Besides, six isolates were found to be recombinant strains. These eleven isolates contained different types of amino acid mutations in their GP5 and Nsp2 proteins compared to those of the PRRSVs with genome sequences publicly available in GenBank. Taken together, our findings contribute to understanding the prevalent status of PRRSV in South China and provide useful information for PRRS control especially the use of PRRSV MLV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kui Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shudan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiangmin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China
| | - Ping Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Ping Qian
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19
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Li Y, Jiao D, Jing Y, He Y, Han W, Li Z, Ma Z, Feng Y, Xiao S. Genetic characterization and pathogenicity of a novel recombinant PRRSV from lineage 1, 8 and 3 in China failed to infect MARC-145 cells. Microb Pathog 2022; 165:105469. [PMID: 35271985 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The diversity of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) in China is increasing rapidly along with mutation and recombination. Recombination could occur between inter- and intra-lineage of PRRSV, which accelerated the complexity of pathogenicity and cell tropism of the recombinant strain. In the present study, a novel PRRSV strain named HN-YL1711 was isolated from a pig farm suffering from severe respiratory difficulty in Henan province, China. The whole genomic sequence analysis indicated that the genome of HN-YL1711 was 15018 nt. It shared 86%, 87.3%, 88.1%, 91.1%, 84.2%, and 84.1% nucleotide similarities with PRRSVs VR2332, CH1a, JXA1, NADC30, QYYZ, and GM2, respectively. Based on phylogenetic analysis of Nsp2, ORF5 and complete genomes, HN-YL1711 was classified into lineage 1 of PRRSV. However, seven genomic break points were detected in recombination analysis, which indicated that the HN-YL1711 originated from multiple recombination among NADC30-like (major parent, lineage 1), JXA1-like (minor parent, lineage 8), and QYYZ-like (minor parent, lineage 3) PRRSV. Porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs), 3D4/21-CD163 and MARC-145 cells were used to explore the viral adaptation of HN-YL1711. The results indicated that it could infect the PAMs but failed to infect MARC-145 cells. Challenge experiments showed that HN-YL1711 exhibits intermediate virulence in pigs, compared with HP-PRRSV JXA1 and LP-PRRSV CH1a. Taken together, our findings suggest that recombination remains an important factor in PRRSV evolution and that recombination further complicates the cell tropism and pathogenicity of PRRSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Dian Jiao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yang Jing
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuan He
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Weiguo Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhiwei Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhiqian Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Yingtong Feng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shuqi Xiao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.
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20
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Terada T, Morozumi T, Wada E, Sukegawa S. Two immune-based methods using immortalized porcine kidney macrophages for quantifying neutralizing activity against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus-2. J Virol Methods 2022; 303:114494. [PMID: 35181347 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2022.114494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) causes a serious infectious disease in pigs in farms worldwide. Neutralizing antibody titer is an effective index for evaluating immunity to PRRSV; however, PRRSV has different neutralizing cross-reactivity between strains. Therefore, quantitative measurement of neutralizing antibody titers against field PRRSV strains would be required to evaluate whether neutralizing antibodies in pigs could possess neutralizing activity against individual or multiple strains. Immune-based methods, such as image cytometry (ICM) and cell-based enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay (ELISA), are quantitative and can be used to evaluate many samples. Using immortalized porcine kidney macrophages (IPKMs), which are highly susceptible to infection from field PRRSV-2 strains compared with other cell lines, immune-based methods could enable the evaluation of the neutralizing activity of porcine serum against field strains of PRRSV-2 that are difficult to isolate in conventional cells. In summary, we adapted two methods, namely ICM and cell-based ELISA, to IPKMs for quantitative neutralizing antibody titer measurements. Two immune-based methods using IPKMs are adequate for quantifying neutralizing activity of porcine serum against PRRSV-2, including field strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Terada
- Research & Development Center, NH Foods Ltd., 3-3 Midorigahara, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 300-2646, Japan
| | - Takeya Morozumi
- Research & Development Center, NH Foods Ltd., 3-3 Midorigahara, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 300-2646, Japan.
| | - Emi Wada
- Research & Development Center, NH Foods Ltd., 3-3 Midorigahara, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 300-2646, Japan
| | - Shin Sukegawa
- Research & Development Center, NH Foods Ltd., 3-3 Midorigahara, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 300-2646, Japan
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21
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Campler MR, Cheng TY, Schroeder DC, Yang M, Mor SK, Ferreira JB, Arruda AG. A longitudinal study on PRRSV detection in swine herds with different demographics and PRRSV management strategies. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:e1005-e1014. [PMID: 34747126 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) has been one of the major health-related concerns in the swine production industry. Through its rapid transmission and mutation, the simultaneous circulation of multiple PRRSV strains can be a challenge in PRRSV diagnostic, control and surveillance. The objective of this longitudinal study was to describe the temporal detection of PRRSV in swine farms with different production types and PRRS management strategies. Tonsil scraping (n = 344) samples were collected from three breeding and two growing herds for approximately one year. In addition, processing fluids (n = 216) were obtained from piglet processing batches within the three breeding farms while pen-based oral fluids (n = 125) were collected in the two growing pig farms. Viral RNA extraction and reverse-transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) were conducted for all samples. The sample positivity threshold was set at quantification cycle (Cq) of ≤ 37. Statistical analyses were performed using generalized linear modelling and post hoc pairwise comparisons with Bonferroni adjustments using R statistical software. The results suggested a higher probability of detection in processing fluids compared to tonsil scraping specimens [odds ratio (OR) = 3.86; p = .096] in breeding farms whereas oral fluids were outperformed by tonsil scrapings (OR = 0.26; p < .01) in growing pig farms. The results described herein may lead to an improvement in PRRSV diagnostic and surveillance by selecting proper specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus R Campler
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, the Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Ting-Yu Cheng
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, the Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Declan C Schroeder
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota
| | - M Yang
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota
| | - Sunil K Mor
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota
| | - Juliana B Ferreira
- Department of Population Health & Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Andréia G Arruda
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, the Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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22
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Iseki H, Kawashima K, Shibahara T, Mase M. Immunity against a Japanese local strain of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus decreases viremia and symptoms of a highly pathogenic strain. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:156. [PMID: 33849520 PMCID: PMC8042467 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-02863-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The type 2 highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (HP-PRRSV) has spread throughout countries of southeast Asia, where it has caused severe economic losses. Even countries presently free of PRRSV are at high risk for infection and spread of this virus. Some of these countries, including Japan, have broad epidemics of the local type 2 PRRSV, creating chronic pathogenicity in the domestic pig population. The present study aimed to evaluate the protective efficacy of immunity by infection with a Japanese field isolate, EDRD1, against heterologous challenge with a Vietnamese HP-PRRSV field strain. To this end, four groups of PRRSV-negative crossbreed piglets were used for a challenge study. Groups 1 and 2 were inoculated with EDRD1 via the intranasal route. After 26 days, Groups 2 and 3 were inoculated with HP-PRRSV via the same route. Group 4 served as an uninfected control. Blood and oral fluid samples were taken every 3–4 days after HP-PRRSV challenge; on day 16 post-challenge, all pigs were euthanized, and examined pathologically. Results The nucleotide sequence analysis of nonstructural protein 2 gene of EDRD1 and comparison with Vietnamese HP-PRRSV showed that the 39 amino acid deletion sites of EDRD1 was nearly in the same region as the 29 amino acid deletion sites of HP-PRRSV. Immunity conferred by inoculation with EDRD1 dramatically reduced viral load in the sera and tissues besides viral shedding (Group 2) compared with those in pigs infected only with HP-PRRSV (Group 3). The clinical signs and rectal temperature were significantly reduced, and the average daily weight gain was significantly improved in the EDRD1-inoculated pigs (Group 2) compared with the Group 3 pigs. Notably, no viral RNA was detected in various organs of the Group 2 pigs 16 days post-infection with HP-PRRSV, except in one pig. Therefore, the immunity induced by EDRD1 and its genetically close field isolates may play a role in reducing viremia caused by HP-PRRSV. Conclusions The results of the present study demonstrate that pigs are highly protected against heterologous Vietnamese HP-PRRSV challenge by immunity against a Japanese local strain, EDRD1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Iseki
- Division of Viral Disease and Epidemiology, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0856, Japan.
| | - Kenji Kawashima
- Division of Viral Disease and Epidemiology, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0856, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Shibahara
- Division of Pathology and Pathophysiology, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0856, Japan.,Department of Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58 Rinku-oraikita, Izumisano, Osaka, 598-8531, Japan
| | - Masaji Mase
- Division of Viral Disease and Epidemiology, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0856, Japan.,United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
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23
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Wang X, Dong W, Zhang X, Zhu Z, Chen Y, Liu X, Guo C. Antiviral Mechanism of Tea Polyphenols against Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10020202. [PMID: 33668502 PMCID: PMC7917843 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10020202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neither inactivated nor attenuated vaccines can effectively prevent and control the infection and spread of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). Therefore, it is necessary to broaden new horizons and to conceive effective preventive strategies. The main components of Tea polyphenol (TPP) are catechins and their derivatives. TPP has many physiological activities and has certain antiviral and antifungal effects. However, whether TPP shows anti-PRRSV activity remains unclear. We found that TPP effectively inhibited PRRSV infection in Marc-145 cells by suppressing the stages of viral attachment, internalization, replication, and release. TPP exhibited a potent anti-PRRSV effect regardless of pre-treatment or post-treatment. In addition, we demonstrated that TPP restrained PRRSV-induced p65 entry into the nucleus to suppress the activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway, which ultimately leads to the inhibition of the expression of inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, TPP limited the synthesis of viral non-structural protein 2 (nsp2), the core component of viral replication transcription complexes, which may contribute to the inhibition of viral RNA replication. TPP has the potential to develop into an effective antiviral agent for PRRSV prevention and control in the future.
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24
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Genomic characteristics and pathogenicity of a new recombinant strain of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. Arch Virol 2021; 166:389-402. [PMID: 33385245 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-020-04917-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Recombination is an important phenomenon that accelerates evolution and enriches the genetic diversity of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). Recombinant PRRSV isolates sometimes have different genetic backgrounds. In this study, we report a recombinant PRRSV (SD-YL1712) isolated from a pig farm. The genome of SD-YL1712 is 15,014 nucleotides in length, and its nucleotide and amino acid sequence conservation is higher than that of PRRSV strain JXA1 except within the NSP2 region. The NSP2 region of SDYL1712 shares the highest nucleotide (85.9%) and amino acid (84.1%) sequence identity with PRRSV strain NADC30. SD-YL1712 was found to contain a characteristic 131-amino-acid deletion in the NSP2 region. Two recombination breakpoints were detected at nt 2134 and nt 3958 within the NSP2 region, which revealed that SD-YL1712 originated from a recombination event between NADC30-like and HP-PRRSV-derived MLV-like strains. Interestingly, SD-YL1712 had an additional deletion at position 586, similar to that found in strain TJnh1501. Moreover, the pathogenicity of strain SD-YL1712 was found to be similar to that of HP-PRRSV JXA1, which was higher than that of the CH1a strain. Further analysis indicated that SD-YL1712 might be a transitional intermediate in the evolution of TJbd1401 to TJnh1501.
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25
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Whole-Genome Sequencing of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus from Field Clinical Samples Improves the Genomic Surveillance of the Virus. J Clin Microbiol 2020; 58:JCM.00097-20. [PMID: 32817228 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00097-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a major economic concern worldwide. There are currently large data sets available about the ORF5 gene of the virus, with thousands of sequences available, but little data are currently available on the full-length genome of PRRSV. We hypothesized that whole-genome sequencing (WGS) of the PRRSV genome would allow better epidemiological monitoring than ORF5 gene sequencing. PRRSV PCR-positive serum, oral fluid, and tissue clinical samples submitted to the diagnostic laboratory for routine surveillance or diagnosis of PRRSV infection in Québec, Canada, swine herds were used. The PRRSV reverse transcription-quantitative PCR Cq values of the processed samples varied between 11.5 and 34.34. PRRSV strain genomes were isolated using a poly (A)-tail method and were sequenced with a MiSeq Illumina sequencer. Ninety-two full-length PRRSV genomes were obtained from 88 clinical samples out of 132 tested samples, resulting in a PRRSV WGS success rate of 66.67%. Three important deletions in ORF1a were found in most wild-type (i.e., not vaccine-like) strains. The importance of these deletions remains undetermined. Two different full-length PRRSV genomes were found in four different samples (three serum samples and one pool of tissues), suggesting a 4.55% PRRSV strain coinfection prevalence in swine. Moreover, six PRRSV whole genomes (6.52% of PRRSV strains) were found to cluster differently than they did under the ORF5 classification method. Overall, WGS of PRRSV enables better strain classification and/or interpretation of results in 9.10% of clinical samples than ORF5 sequencing, as well as allowing interesting research avenues.
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Zhang Q, Song Z, Yu Y, Huang J, Jiang P, Shan H. Genetic analysis of a porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus 1 strain in China with new patterns of amino acid deletions in nsp2, GP3 and GP4. Microb Pathog 2020; 149:104531. [PMID: 32980471 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) 1 and PRRSV 2 have coexisted in China for a very long time. In this study, the complete genomic characterization of a PRRSV 1 strain named KZ2018 was conducted. The results showed that it shared 88.6% identity with Lelystad virus and 81.9-90.8% identities with other Chinese PRRSV 1 strains. Further study showed that its nsp2 protein had a unique discontinuous 6-amino acid (aa) deletion (aa357-360+aa411+aa449). Additionally, its GP3 and GP4 contained a long continuous 18-aa deletion in their overlapped region, which has never been described in other Chinese PRRSV 1 isolates. Amino acid analysis of cell epitopes revealed that GP3245-256 and GP457-68 were the most variable epitopes among different Chinese PRRSV 1 isolates. The results might enrich our knowledge of PRRSV 1 strains in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoya Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, Shandong, China; Shandong Province New Veterinary Drug Creation Collaborative Innovation Center, Qingdao 266109, Shandong, China; Qingdao Veterinary Biotechnology Engineering Research Center, Qingdao 266109, Shandong, China.
| | - Zhongbao Song
- Key Laboratory of Fujian-Taiwan Animal Pathogen Biology, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Ying Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, Shandong, China; Shandong Province New Veterinary Drug Creation Collaborative Innovation Center, Qingdao 266109, Shandong, China; Qingdao Veterinary Biotechnology Engineering Research Center, Qingdao 266109, Shandong, China
| | - Juan Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, Shandong, China; Shandong Province New Veterinary Drug Creation Collaborative Innovation Center, Qingdao 266109, Shandong, China; Qingdao Veterinary Biotechnology Engineering Research Center, Qingdao 266109, Shandong, China
| | - Ping Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Hu Shan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, Shandong, China; Shandong Province New Veterinary Drug Creation Collaborative Innovation Center, Qingdao 266109, Shandong, China; Qingdao Veterinary Biotechnology Engineering Research Center, Qingdao 266109, Shandong, China.
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Evaluation of immune efficacy of recombinant PRRSV vectored vaccine rPRRSV-E2 in piglets with maternal derived antibodies. Vet Microbiol 2020; 248:108833. [PMID: 32891948 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Currently live attenuated porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) and classical swine fever (CSF) vaccines are widely used in Chinese swine herds. However, the mutual effects of vaccination procedures and severe stress caused by successive vaccinations harm piglets and make it difficult to stimulate robust and effective immune responses. In our previous study, a recombinant PRRS virus (PRRSV) vectored vaccine candidate rPRRSV-E2, which expresses CSF virus (CSFV) E2 protein, has been demonstrated being able to protect piglets against lethal challenge of highly-pathogenic (HP)-PRRSV and CSFV. In this study, we determine whether preexisting maternally derived antibodies (MDA) interfere with the immune efficacy of rPRRSV-E2. 8 experimental groups of piglets, with or without PRRSV MDAs or CSFV MDAs were immunized with a single dose of 105 TCID50 rPRRSV-E2 or DMEM and challenged with HP-PRRSV or CSFV. Clinical characteristics, PRRSV- or CSFV-specific antibodies, viremia and pathological changes were monitored, examined and analyzed. The results showed that rPRRSV-E2-vaccinated piglets, either with or without MDAs directed against PRRSV or CSFV were completely protected from the lethal challenge of HP-PRRSV or CSFV. These results demonstrate that the MDAs do not interfere with the immune efficacy of rPRRSV-E2, which indicates that rPRRSV-E2 could have great significance in the effective prevention and control of HP-PRRSV and CSFV.
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Cao S, Liu J, Ding G, Shao Q, Wang B, Li Y, Feng J, Zhao Y, Liu S, Xiao Y. The tail domain of PRRSV NSP2 plays a key role in aggrephagy by interacting with 14-3-3ε. Vet Res 2020; 51:104. [PMID: 32811532 PMCID: PMC7433210 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-020-00816-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) caused by PRRS virus (PRRSV) is one of the most severe swine diseases that affects almost all swine-breeding countries. Nonstructural protein 2 (NSP2) is one of the most important viral proteins in the PRRSV life cycle. Our previous study showed that PRRSV NSP2 could induce the formation of aggresomes. In this study we explored the effects of aggresome formation on cells and found that NSP2 could induce autophagy, which depended on aggresome formation to activate aggrephagy. The transmembrane and tail domains of NSP2 contributed to aggrephagy and the cellular protein 14-3-3ε played an important role in NSP2-induced autophagy by binding the tail domain of NSP2. These findings provide information on the function of the C-terminal domain of NSP2, which will help uncover the function of NSP2 during PRRSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengliang Cao
- Department of Fundamental Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Jiaqi Liu
- Department of Fundamental Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Guofei Ding
- Department of Fundamental Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Qingyuan Shao
- Department of Fundamental Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Fundamental Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Yingchao Li
- Department of Fundamental Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Jian Feng
- Department of Fundamental Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Yuzhong Zhao
- Department of Fundamental Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Sidang Liu
- Department of Fundamental Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China. .,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China. .,Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China.
| | - Yihong Xiao
- Department of Fundamental Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China. .,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China. .,Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China.
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29
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Lu Y, Zhang Y, Xiang X, Sharma M, Liu K, Wei J, Shao D, Li B, Tong G, Olszewski MA, Ma Z, Qiu Y. Notch signaling contributes to the expression of inflammatory cytokines induced by highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (HP-PRRSV) infection in porcine alveolar macrophages. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 108:103690. [PMID: 32222356 PMCID: PMC7765342 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Notch signaling, an evolutionarily conserved signal pathway has emerged as a key signal pathway to regulate host immune response but the contribution of Notch signaling to immune response in pigs remains unknown. Infection of porcine alveolar macrophages (PAM) with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) triggers expression of Jagged1 mRNA, suggesting that Notch signaling might play a role in the immune response to PRRSV infection. To further explore it, we examined the expression profile of Notch molecules in PAM following a highly pathogenic PRRSV (HP-PRRSV) strain infection. We demonstrated that HP-PRRSV infection resulted in the induction of Notch ligands (Jagged1, Dll3, Dll4), the transcription factor RBP-J, and the target gene Hes1, consistent with activation of Notch signaling. Next, using DAPT treatment and the knockdown of RBP-J illustrated that inhibition of activation of Notch signaling attenuated induction of the inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-1β) instead of viral replication in PAM during HP-PRRSV infection. Furthermore, the knockdown of Jagged1, the most induced ligand not only inhibited activation of Notch signaling, but also reduced the expression of inflammatory cytokines without any influence in viral replication. Moreover, our data revealed that several signaling including NF-κB, MAPK and Notch signaling contributed to the induction of Jagged1 in PAM during HP-PRRSV infection. In summary, these findings reveal that Notch as an important signaling pathway could contribute to the regulation of inflammatory response induced by HP-PRRSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Lu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China
| | - Yanbing Zhang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China
| | - Xiao Xiang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China
| | - Mona Sharma
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China
| | - Ke Liu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China
| | - Jianchao Wei
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China
| | - Donghua Shao
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China
| | - Beibei Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China
| | - Guangzhi Tong
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China
| | - Michal A Olszewski
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Zhiyong Ma
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China.
| | - Yafeng Qiu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China.
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Zhang Y, Gao F, Li L, Zhao K, Jiang S, Jiang Y, Yu L, Zhou Y, Liu C, Tong G. Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Antagonizes PCSK9's Antiviral Effect via Nsp11 Endoribonuclease Activity. Viruses 2020; 12:v12060655. [PMID: 32560445 PMCID: PMC7354446 DOI: 10.3390/v12060655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is one of the most important pathogens in the swine industry worldwide. Our previous study had indicated that proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) was a responsive gene in porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs) upon PRRSV infection. However, whether PCSK9 impacts the PRRSV replication and how the PRRSV modulates host PCSK9 remains elusive. Here, we demonstrated that PCSK9 protein suppressed the replication of both type-1 and type-2 PRRSV species. More specifically, the C-terminal domain of PCSK9 was responsible for the antiviral activity. Besides, we showed that PCSK9 inhibited PRRSV replication by targeting the virus receptor CD163 for degradation through the lysosome. In turn, PRRSV could down-regulate the expression of PCSK9 in both PAMs and MARC-145 cells. By screening the nonstructural proteins (nsps) of PRRSV, we showed that nsp11 could antagonize PCSK9’s antiviral activity. Furthermore, mutagenic analyses of PRRSV nsp11 revealed that the endoribonuclease activity of nsp11 was critical for antagonizing the antiviral effect of PCSK9. Collectively, our data provide further insights into the interaction between PRRSV and the cell host and offer a new potential target for the antiviral therapy of PRRSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujiao Zhang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (Y.Z.); (F.G.); (L.L.); (K.Z.); (S.J.); (Y.J.); (L.Y.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Fei Gao
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (Y.Z.); (F.G.); (L.L.); (K.Z.); (S.J.); (Y.J.); (L.Y.); (Y.Z.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Liwei Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (Y.Z.); (F.G.); (L.L.); (K.Z.); (S.J.); (Y.J.); (L.Y.); (Y.Z.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Kuan Zhao
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (Y.Z.); (F.G.); (L.L.); (K.Z.); (S.J.); (Y.J.); (L.Y.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Shan Jiang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (Y.Z.); (F.G.); (L.L.); (K.Z.); (S.J.); (Y.J.); (L.Y.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yifeng Jiang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (Y.Z.); (F.G.); (L.L.); (K.Z.); (S.J.); (Y.J.); (L.Y.); (Y.Z.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Lingxue Yu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (Y.Z.); (F.G.); (L.L.); (K.Z.); (S.J.); (Y.J.); (L.Y.); (Y.Z.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yanjun Zhou
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (Y.Z.); (F.G.); (L.L.); (K.Z.); (S.J.); (Y.J.); (L.Y.); (Y.Z.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Changlong Liu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (Y.Z.); (F.G.); (L.L.); (K.Z.); (S.J.); (Y.J.); (L.Y.); (Y.Z.)
- Correspondence: (C.L.); (G.T.)
| | - Guangzhi Tong
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (Y.Z.); (F.G.); (L.L.); (K.Z.); (S.J.); (Y.J.); (L.Y.); (Y.Z.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Correspondence: (C.L.); (G.T.)
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Saenglub W, Jantafong T, Mungkundar C, Romlamduan N, Pinitkiatisakul S, Lekcharoensuk P. Genetic signatures of the immune-escaping type 2 porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in farms with a robust vaccination program. Microb Pathog 2020; 144:104166. [PMID: 32205207 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is one of the most important porcine viruses worldwide. Recently, severe PRRS outbreaks had occurred in two farms located in eastern and southern Thailand where stringent vaccination had been routinely practiced. Genetic analysis of GP5 identified two highly virulent PRRSVs designated as NA/TH/S001/2015 and NA/TH/E001/2016 from the southern and eastern farms, respectively. Both incidences were the first outbreaks of severe PRRSV since the implementation of the modified live virus (MLV) vaccine, indicating the concurrent emergence of immune-escape viruses. The genetics of the two PRRSV variants, the previous studied sequences from Thailand, and the reference strains were characterized with a focus on the GP5 and NSP2 genes. The results indicated that NA/TH/S001/2015 and NA/TH/E001/2016 shared less than 87% nucleotide similarity to the MLV and PRRSV type 2, lineages 1 and 8.7 (NA), respectively. A comparative analysis of the retrospective GP5 sequences categorized the PRRSVs into five groups based on the clinical outcomes, and both of the novel PRRSV strains were in the same group. Epitope A, T cell epitope, and N-linked glycosylation patterns within GP5 of both PRRSV variants were highly variable and significantly differed from those of MLV. As observed in highly virulent type 2 strains, NA/TH/S001/2015 contained a single amino acid deletion at position 33 in the hypervariable region 1 (HV-1) of GP5. Amino acid analysis of the hypervariable region of NSP2 revealed that NA/TH/E001/2016 had a unique deletion pattern that included two discontinuous deletions: a 127-amino acid deletion from residues 301 to 427 and a single amino acid deletion at position 470. These results indicate the emergence of two novel PRRSV strains and highlight the common genetic characteristics of the immune-escaping PRRSV variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wimontiane Saenglub
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, 50(th) Ngamwongwan Rd., Chatuchak, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand; Animal Health and Technical Service Office, 29/2 Zone 9, Suwindhawong, Nongchok, Bangkok, 10530, Thailand
| | - Tippawan Jantafong
- Department of Pre-clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mahanakorn University of Technology, 140 Cheum-samphan Road, Nongchok, Bangkok, 10530, Thailand
| | - Chatthapon Mungkundar
- Animal Health and Technical Service Office, 29/2 Zone 9, Suwindhawong, Nongchok, Bangkok, 10530, Thailand
| | - Narin Romlamduan
- Animal Health and Technical Service Office, 29/2 Zone 9, Suwindhawong, Nongchok, Bangkok, 10530, Thailand
| | - Sunan Pinitkiatisakul
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, 50(th) Ngamwongwan Rd., Chatuchak, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Porntippa Lekcharoensuk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, 50(th) Ngamwongwan Rd., Chatuchak, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand; Center for Advanced Studies in Agriculture and Food (CASAF), KU Institute of Advances Studies, Kasetsart University, 10900, Thailand.
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Ding Y, Li G, Cheng F, Dai J, Hu Y, Zhang J. Yansuanmalingua inhibits replication of type 2 porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus via activating the caspase-8 apoptosis pathway. J Basic Microbiol 2020; 60:400-406. [PMID: 32115741 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201900485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) causes significant economic losses to the pork industry. The present study showed that Yansuanmalingua (YASML) can inhibit type 2 PRRSV replication using plaque assay, quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, and immunofluorescence assay. Furthermore, inhibition of PRRSV replication was shown to be related to Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3)-dependent apoptosis-induction by YASML in the PRRSV-infected MARC-145, and TLR3-dependent apoptosis-induction by YASML was found to suppress PRRSV replication via the activation of caspase-8 and caspase-3 pathways, respectively. Meanwhile, activation of the caspase-3 pathway seemed to be related to the downregulation of myeloid cell leukemia 1 (Mcl-1) expression. Our results showed that YASML-induced TLR3-dependent apoptosis could be blocked by a pan-caspase inhibitor and small interfering RNA against TLR3. In conclusion, the present study demonstrates that YASML exerts its anti-PRRSV effect by activating the caspase-8/caspase-3 signaling pathway and by negatively regulating Mcl-1 expression. These findings not only provide new insights into the molecular mechanism of YASML inhibition of PRRSV replication via the TLR3-dependent apoptosis pathway but also suggest potential, new antiviral drugs by expressing caspase-3 or down expressing Mcl-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaozhong Ding
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Guoxiu Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Fangzhen Cheng
- China Agricultural Veterinarian Biology Science and Technology Co. Ltd., Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Junfei Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Yonghao Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
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Yang S, Oh T, Cho H, Chae C. A comparison of commercial modified-live PRRSV-1 and PRRSV-2 vaccines against a dual heterologous PRRSV-1 and PRRSV-2 challenge in late term pregnancy gilts. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2020; 69:101423. [PMID: 31972500 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2020.101423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study compared the efficacy, in terms of reproductive performance, of a porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV)-1 or PRRSV-2 modified-live virus (MLV) vaccine against a dual heterologous PRRSV-1 and PRRSV-2 challenge. Gilts were administered either the PRRSV-1 or PRRSV-2 MLV vaccine at 21 days prior to breeding and were challenged intranasally with both PRRSV species at day 93 of gestation. Vaccination of gilts with PRRSV-2 MLV vaccine resulted in improved reproductive performance in sows (e.g. duration of pregnancy) and piglet health and overall viability (e.g. increase of the number of live-born and weaned pigs, and decrease of stillborn). Vaccination of gilts with PRRSV-1 MLV vaccine was able to reduce only PRRSV-1 viremia in contrast, PRRSV-2 MLV vaccine was able to reduce both PRRSV-1 and PRRSV-2 viremia. Vaccination of gilts with PRRSV-2 MLV induced higher numbers of PRRSV-2 specific interferon-γ secreting cells (IFN-γ-SC) compared to the PRRSV-1 MLV while there was no difference in the number of PRRSV-1 specific IFN-γ-SC between the two vaccines. Taken together, the results presented here suggest that vaccination of gilts with the PRRSV-2 MLV vaccine is more efficacious against dual heterologous PRRSV-1 and PRRSV-2 challenge compared to the PRRSV-1 MLV vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyeon Yang
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Taehwan Oh
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyejean Cho
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Chanhee Chae
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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Chang X, Shi X, Zhang X, Wang L, Li X, Wang A, Deng R, Zhou E, Zhang G. IFI16 Inhibits Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus 2 Replication in a MAVS-Dependent Manner in MARC-145 Cells. Viruses 2019; 11:v11121160. [PMID: 31888156 PMCID: PMC6950192 DOI: 10.3390/v11121160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a single-stranded positive-sense RNA virus, and the current strategies for controlling PRRSV are limited. Interferon gamma-inducible protein 16 (IFI16) has been reported to have a broader role in the regulation of the type I interferons (IFNs) response to RNA and DNA viruses. However, the function of IFI16 in PRRSV infection is unclear. Here, we revealed that IFI16 acts as a novel antiviral protein against PRRSV-2. IFI16 could be induced by interferon-beta (IFN-β). Overexpression of IFI16 could significantly suppress PRRSV-2 replication, and silencing the expression of endogenous IFI16 by small interfering RNAs led to the promotion of PRRSV-2 replication in MARC-145 cells. Additionally, IFI16 could promote mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS)-mediated production of type I interferon and interact with MAVS. More importantly, IFI16 exerted anti-PRRSV effects in a MAVS-dependent manner. In conclusion, our data demonstrated that IFI16 has an inhibitory effect on PRRSV-2, and these findings contribute to understanding the role of cellular proteins in regulating PRRSV replication and may have implications for the future antiviral strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Chang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Xibao Shi
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Xiaozhuan Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Li Wang
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Xuewu Li
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Aiping Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Ruiguang Deng
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Enmin Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Gaiping Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-371-6355-0369
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The nsp2 Hypervariable Region of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Strain JXwn06 Is Associated with Viral Cellular Tropism to Primary Porcine Alveolar Macrophages. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.01436-19. [PMID: 31554681 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01436-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) poses a major threat to global pork production and has been notorious for its rapid genetic evolution in the field. The nonstructural protein 2 (nsp2) replicase protein represents the fastest evolving region of PRRSV, but the underlying biological significance has remained poorly understood. By deletion mutagenesis, we discovered that the nsp2 hypervariable region plays an important role in controlling the balance of genomic mRNA and a subset of subgenomic mRNAs. More significantly, we revealed an unexpected link of the nsp2 hypervariable region to viral tropism. Specifically, a mutant of the Chinese highly pathogenic PRRSV strain JXwn06 carrying a deletion spanning nsp2 amino acids 323 to 521 (nsp2Δ323-521) in its hypervariable region was found to lose infectivity in primary porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs), although it could replicate relatively efficiently in the supporting cell line MARC-145. Consequently, this mutant failed to establish an infection in piglets. Further dissection of the viral life cycle revealed that the mutant had a defect (or defects) lying in the steps between virus penetration and negative-stranded RNA synthesis. Taken together, our results reveal novel functions of nsp2 in the PRRSV life cycle and provide important insights into the mechanisms of PRRSV RNA synthesis and cellular tropism.IMPORTANCE The PRRSV nsp2 replicase protein undergoes rapid and broad genetic variations in its middle region in the field, but the underlying significance has remained enigmatic. Here, we demonstrate that the nsp2 hypervariable region not only plays an important regulatory role in maintaining the balance of different viral mRNA species but also regulates PRRSV tropism to primary PAMs. Our results reveal novel functions for PRRSV nsp2 and have important implications for understanding the mechanisms of PRRSV RNA synthesis and cellular tropism.
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Xie C, Ha Z, Sun W, Nan F, Zhang P, Han J, Zhao G, Zhang H, Zhuang X, Lu H, Jin N. Construction and immunological evaluation of recombinant adenovirus vaccines co-expressing GP3 and GP5 of EU-type porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in pigs. J Vet Med Sci 2019; 81:1879-1886. [PMID: 31694992 PMCID: PMC6943305 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.19-0283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) keeps causing economic
damages in the swine sector across the globe. There has been emergence of the European
(EU) genotype of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (Genotype-I PRRSV) in
China in recent years. The presently available vaccines cannot unable to provide safeguard
against PRRSV infection completely. This study was aimed to construct recombinant
adenovirus expressing the ORF3 and ORF5 genes of the EU-type PRRSV strain. Then, the
recombinant adenovirus vaccines for EU-type PRRSV (rAd-E3518, rAd-E35, rAd-E3 and rAd-E5)
which we constructed and evaluated were constructed and identified by western blot and
PCR. All recombinant adenovirus vaccines were evaluated for humoral and cellular responses
and EU-type PRRSV challenge in pigs. The results showed that the group of rAd-E3518+Quil A
developed higher GP3 and GP5 specific antibody responses compared to the group of
rAd-E3518. The majority of the neutralizing antibody titers were higher than 1:16
(P<0.05), the fusion of IL-18 has increased significantly
PRRSV-stimulated secretion of IFN-γ and IL-4 in porcine serum, the group of rAd-E3518+Quil
A produced highest T-lymphocytes (CD3+CD4+ and
CD3+CD8+ T cells) proliferative in peripheral blood of pigs. The
animals were challenged with the EU-type PRRSV strain and the viral load was detected in
the several tissues, the viral load of rAd-E3518 and rAd-E3518+Quil A were lower than the
wild-type adenovirus group. Our findings provide evidence to confirm that the recombinant
adenovirus vaccine can protect pigs from EU-PRRSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changzhan Xie
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Zhuo Ha
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
| | - Wenchao Sun
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
| | - Fulong Nan
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Institute of specialty, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, China
| | - Jicheng Han
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
| | - Guanyu Zhao
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
| | - He Zhang
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
| | - Xinyu Zhuang
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
| | - Huijun Lu
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun 130122, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Ningyi Jin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China.,Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun 130122, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
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Efficacy of concurrent vaccination with modified-live PRRSV-1 and PRRSV-2 vaccines against heterologous dual PRRSV-1 and PRRSV-2 challenge in late term pregnancy gilts. Vet Microbiol 2019; 239:108497. [PMID: 31767085 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.108497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of concurrent vaccination with a porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV)-1 modified-live virus (MLV) vaccine and a PRRSV-2 MLV vaccine against a dual heterologous PRRSV-1 and PRRSV-2 challenge in late term pregnancy gilts. Gilts were concurrently administered PRRSV-1 and PRRSV-2 MLV vaccines at 21 days prior to breeding at separate anatomical sites and were inoculated intranasally with both PRRSV types at 93 days of gestation. Vaccinated gilts had a higher number of live-born and weaned pigs, and a decrease in stillbirths compared to the unvaccinated control group following a dual challenge. Concurrent vaccination resulted also in the reduction of both PRRSV-1 and PRRSV-2 viremia which correlated with an increase in the number of PRRSV-1 and PRRSV-2 specific interferon-γ secreting cells (IFN-γ-SC). We believe the T cell responses contributed to the reduction of both PRRSV-1 and PRRSV-2 viremia. The results presented here demonstrate that concurrent vaccination with PRRSV-1 and PRRSV-2 MLV vaccines improves reproductive performance, reduces viremia of PRRSV-1 and PRRSV-2, and induces protective T cell reactions against dual PRRSV-1 and PRRSV-2 challenge in late term pregnancy gilts without local and systemic adverse reactions related to concurrent vaccination.
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CHANDRANAIK BM, SHETTY VASANTHKUMAR, GIRIDHAR P, REDDY POORVI, MEGHANA P, VENKATESHA MD, BYREGOWDA SM. Molecular epidemiology of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus causing outbreaks in Karnataka. THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.56093/ijans.v89i10.94998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We describe the molecular epidemiology of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV) involved in outbreaks and massive spread of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS) in Karnataka state of India during the year 2017. The study involved investigation of outbreaks in three districts.viz, Udupi, Dakshina kannada and Bengaluru in Karnataka. The disease was characterised by large scale piglet mortality with severe respiratory distress and abortions in pregnant sows. The study recorded death of 394 piglets, 131 adults and abortions in 82 pregnant sows. The organ samples collected from dead pigs were found negative for Classical swine fever virus by 5’UTR gene based Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). RT-PCR targeting full length ORF5 gene of PRRSV on spleen and lung samples of dead pigs yielded specific amplicon of 803 bp indicating the presence of PRRSV. The phylogenetic analysis of the nucleotide sequences derived from ORF5 gene of PRRSV involved in the current outbreaks revealed 99.99% sequence homology with the highly pathogenic PRRSV of genotype 2 (North American type) from China and India (Mizoram state). Since pig husbandry plays a significant role in socio-economic upliftment of the poor and marginalised farmers in the country, it’s time to put in place effective prevention and control measures for PRRS, before it cripples pig industry in India and its surrounding world. Present study is the first epidemiological report of PRRS outbreaks in South India.
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TRIM59 inhibits porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV)-2 replication in vitro. Res Vet Sci 2019; 127:105-112. [PMID: 31683196 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2019.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) caused by PRRS virus (PRRSV), has ranked among the major economically significant pathogen in the global swine industry. The PRRSV nonstructural protein (nsp)11 possesses nidovirus endoribonuclease (NendoU) activity, which is important for virus replication and suppression of the host innate immunity system. Recent proteomic study found that TRIM59 (tripartite motif-containing 59) interacted with the nsp11, albeit the exact role it plays in PRRSV infection remains enigmatic. Herein, we first confirmed the interaction between nsp11 and TRIM59 in co-transfected HEK293T cells and PRRSV-infected pulmonary alveolar macrophages (PAMs). The interacting domains between TRIM59 and nsp11 were further determined to be the N-terminal RING domain in TRIM59 and the C-terminal NendoU domain in nsp11, respectively. Moreover, we reported that overexpression of TRIM59 inhibited PRRSV infection in Marc-145 cells. Conversely, small interfering RNA (siRNA) depletion of TRIM59 resulted in enhanced production of PRRSV in PAMs. Together, these data add TRIM59 as a crucial antiviral component against PRRSV and provide new insights for development of new compounds to reduce PRRSV infection.
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40
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Zhang WL, Zhang HL, Xu H, Tang YD, Leng CL, Peng JM, Wang Q, An TQ, Cai XH, Fan JH, Tian ZJ. Two novel recombinant porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome viruses belong to sublineage 3.5 originating from sublineage 3.2. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 66:2592-2600. [PMID: 31379138 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is an agent of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS), which causes substantial economic losses to the swine industry. PRRSV displays rapid variation, and five lineages coexist in mainland China. Lineage 3 PRRSVs emerged in mainland China in 2005 and prevailed in southern China after 2010. In the present study, two lineage 3 PRRSV strains, which are named SD110-1608 and SDWH27-1710, were isolated from northern China in 2017. To explore the characteristics and origins of the two strains, we divided lineage 3 into five sublineages (3.1-3.5) based on 146 open reading frame (ORF) 5 sequences. Both strains and the strains isolated from mainland China were classified into sublineage 3.5. Lineage 3 PRRSVs isolated from Taiwan and Hong Kong were classified into sublineages 3.1-3.3 and sublineage 3.4, respectively. Recombination analysis revealed that SD110-1608 and SDWH27-1710 were derived from recombination of QYYZ (major parent strain) and JXA1 (minor parent strain). Sequence alignment showed that SD110-1608 and SDWH27-1710 shared a 36-aa insertion in Nsp2 with QYYZ isolated from Guangdong Province in 2010. Based on the evolutionary relationship among GP2a, GP3, GP4, GP5 and N proteins between sublineages 3.2 (FJ-1) and 3.5 (FJFS), we speculated that sublineage 3.5 (mainland China) originated from sublineage 3.2 (Taiwan, China). This study provides important information regarding the classification and transmission of lineage 3 PRRSVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Li Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Hong-Liang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Hu Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yan-Dong Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Chao-Liang Leng
- Henan Key Laboratory of Insect Biology in Funiu Mountain, Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Insects Bio-reactor, China-UK-NYNU-RRes Joint Laboratory of Insect Biology, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, China
| | - Jin-Mei Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Qian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Tong-Qing An
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Xue-Hui Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Jing-Hui Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, China
| | - Zhi-Jun Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
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41
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Aerosol Detection and Transmission of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV): What Is the Evidence, and What Are the Knowledge Gaps? Viruses 2019; 11:v11080712. [PMID: 31382628 PMCID: PMC6723176 DOI: 10.3390/v11080712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In human and veterinary medicine, there have been multiple reports of pathogens being airborne under experimental and field conditions, highlighting the importance of this transmission route. These studies shed light on different aspects related to airborne transmission such as the capability of pathogens becoming airborne, the ability of pathogens to remain infectious while airborne, the role played by environmental conditions in pathogen dissemination, and pathogen strain as an interfering factor in airborne transmission. Data showing that airborne pathogens originating from an infectious individual or population can infect susceptible hosts are scarce, especially under field conditions. Furthermore, even though disease outbreak investigations have generated important information identifying potential ports of entry of pathogens into populations, these investigations do not necessarily yield clear answers on mechanisms by which pathogens have been introduced into populations. In swine, the aerosol transmission route gained popularity during the late 1990’s as suspicions of airborne transmission of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) were growing. Several studies were conducted within the last 15 years contributing to the understanding of this transmission route; however, questions still remain. This paper reviews the current knowledge and identifies knowledge gaps related to PRRSV airborne transmission.
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42
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Dortmans JCFM, Buter GJ, Dijkman R, Houben M, Duinhof TF. Molecular characterization of type 1 porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome viruses (PRRSV) isolated in the Netherlands from 2014 to 2016. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0218481. [PMID: 31246977 PMCID: PMC6597066 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is the causative agent of a devastating pig disease present all over the world. The remarkable genetic variation of PRRSV, makes epidemiological and molecular analysis of circulating viruses highly important to review current diagnostic tools and vaccine efficacy. Monitoring PRRS viruses supports modern herd management by explaining the source of found viruses, either internally or externally from the herd. No epidemiological or molecular study has been published on circulating PRRS-viruses in the Netherlands, since the early nineties. Therefore, the objective of this study is to investigate circulating PRRS-viruses in the Netherlands in 2014, 2015 and 2016 on a molecular level by sequencing ORF2, ORF3, ORF4, ORF5, ORF6 and ORF7. The results demonstrate that the 74 PRRSV strains belong to PRRSV-1, but the diversity among strains is high, based on nucleotide identity, individual ORF length and phylogenetic trees of individual ORFs. Furthermore, the data presented here show that the phylogenetic topology of some viruses is ORF dependent and suggests recombination. The identity of the strain of interest might be misinterpreted and wrong conclusions may be drawn in a diagnostic and epidemiological perspective, when only ORF5 is analyzed, as performed in many routine sequencing procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - R. Dijkman
- GD Animal Health, Deventer, The Netherlands
| | - M. Houben
- GD Animal Health, Deventer, The Netherlands
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Identification of the B-cell epitopes on N protein of type 2 porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, using monoclonal antibodies. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 130:300-306. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.02.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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A Field Recombinant Strain Derived from Two Type 1 Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV-1) Modified Live Vaccines Shows Increased Viremia and Transmission in SPF Pigs. Viruses 2019; 11:v11030296. [PMID: 30909591 PMCID: PMC6466261 DOI: 10.3390/v11030296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In Europe, modified live vaccines (MLV) are commonly used to control porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection. However, they have been associated with safety issues such as reversion to virulence induced by mutation and/or recombination. On a French pig farm, we identified a field recombinant strain derived from two PRRSV-1 MLV (MLV1). As a result, we aimed to evaluate its clinical, virological, and transmission parameters in comparison with both parental strains. Three groups with six pigs in each were inoculated with either one of the two MLV1s or with the recombinant strain; six contact pigs were then added into each inoculated group. The animals were monitored daily for 35 days post-inoculation (dpi) for clinical symptoms; blood samples and nasal swabs were collected twice a week. PRRS viral load in inoculated pigs of recombinant group was higher in serum, nasal swabs, and tonsils in comparison with both vaccine groups. The first viremic contact pig was detected as soon as 2 dpi in the recombinant group compared to 10 and 17 dpi for vaccine groups. Estimation of transmission parameters revealed fastest transmission and longest duration of infectiousness for recombinant group. Our in vivo study showed that the field recombinant strain derived from two MLV1s demonstrated high viremia, shedding and transmission capacities.
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Dhorne-Pollet S, Crisci E, Mach N, Renson P, Jaffrézic F, Marot G, Maroilley T, Moroldo M, Lecardonnel J, Blanc F, Bertho N, Bourry O, Giuffra E. The miRNA-targeted transcriptome of porcine alveolar macrophages upon infection with Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3160. [PMID: 30816147 PMCID: PMC6395673 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39220-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Host miRNAs are known to modulate the cell response to virus infections. We characterized the miRNA-targeted transcriptome of porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs) at early times after infection with a subtype 1.1 strain of PRRSV (Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus). We performed the immunoprecipitation of RISC (RNA-induced Silencing Complex) followed by microarray analysis of the RISC-bound miRNA targets (RIP-Chip) to evaluate the relative enrichment or depletion of expressed genes in RISC. The miRNA-mediated regulation occurred early after PRRSV infection and decreased fast (1,241 and 141 RISC-bound genes at 7 h and 10 h post-infection, respectively); it affected several cell functions with evidence of miRNA buffering of upregulated interferon-related genes. Eight miRNAs were highly enriched in RISC of both control and infected cells with no evidence of differential expression. Although miR-335-5p was the miRNA with most predicted targets among enriched RISC-bound genes, no effects on surface markers, cytokine expression and PRRSV replication were detected upon miR-335-5p mimics of primary PAMs. Our results do not point to specific miRNA-driven mechanisms regulating the early response to infection with this PRRSV 1.1 strain and indicate that the miRNome expressed by steady-state PAMs reacts promptly to counterbalance PRRSV infection by a pervasive modulation of host functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Dhorne-Pollet
- GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, 78350, France
| | - Elisa Crisci
- GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, 78350, France.,Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Nuria Mach
- GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, 78350, France
| | - Patricia Renson
- ANSES, Unité Virologie Immunologie Porcines, Ploufragan, 22440, France
| | - Florence Jaffrézic
- GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, 78350, France
| | - Guillemette Marot
- EA 2694 Biostatistiques, Université de Lille, Inria Lille Nord Europe, MODAL, Villeneuve d'Ascq, 59650, France
| | - Tatiana Maroilley
- GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, 78350, France.,Departments of Medical Genetics and Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute (ACHRI), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Marco Moroldo
- GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, 78350, France
| | - Jérôme Lecardonnel
- GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, 78350, France
| | - Fany Blanc
- GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, 78350, France
| | - Nicolas Bertho
- Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaire, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France.,PIPAE, BIOEPAR, INRA, ONIRIS, Nantes Atlantic National College of Veterinary Medicine, Nantes, 44307, France
| | - Olivier Bourry
- ANSES, Unité Virologie Immunologie Porcines, Ploufragan, 22440, France
| | - Elisabetta Giuffra
- GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, 78350, France.
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Oh T, Kim H, Park KH, Jeong J, Yang S, Kang I, Chae C. Comparison of four commercial PRRSV MLV vaccines in herds with co-circulation of PRRSV-1 and PRRSV-2. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2019; 63:66-73. [PMID: 30961820 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2018.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 11/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The efficacy of four commercial porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) modified-live virus (MLV) vaccines against respiratory disease was evaluated and compared in pig farms suffering from co-infection with PRRSV-1 and PRRSV-2. All vaccinated groups on average exhibited improved growth rate compared to the unvaccinated pigs. Interestingly, the two groups vaccinated with either of the PRRSV-2 MLV vaccines had a better overall growth rate compared to the pigs vaccinated with either of the PRRSV-1 MLV vaccines. Vaccination of pigs with either of the PRRSV-1 MLV vaccines did not result in reduction of PRRSV-1 or PRRSV-2 viremia whereas vaccination of pigs with either of the PRRSV-2 MLV vaccines resulted in the reduction of PRRSV-2 viremia only. Taken together, the results of this field study demonstrate that a PRRSV-2 MLV vaccine can be efficacious against respiratory disease caused by co-infection with PRRSV-1 and PRRSV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taehwan Oh
- Seoul National University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Pathology, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hanjin Kim
- Seoul National University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Pathology, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kee Hwan Park
- Seoul National University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Pathology, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwoon Jeong
- Seoul National University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Pathology, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Siyeon Yang
- Seoul National University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Pathology, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ikjae Kang
- Seoul National University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Pathology, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Chanhee Chae
- Seoul National University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Pathology, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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47
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Charerntantanakul W, Pongjaroenkit S. Co-administration of saponin quil A and PRRSV-1 modified-live virus vaccine up-regulates gene expression of type I interferon-regulated gene, type I and II interferon, and inflammatory cytokines and reduces viremia in response to PRRSV-2 challenge. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2018; 205:24-34. [PMID: 30458999 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2018.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a devastating virus which suppresses the expression of type I and II interferons (IFNs) as well as several pro-inflammatory cytokines. Our previous study reported that saponin quil A had a potential to up-regulate the expression of type I IFN-regulated genes and type I and II IFNs in porcine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) inoculated with PRRSV. The present study evaluated the immunostimulatory effect of quil A on potentiating cross protective immunity of PRRSV-1 modified-live virus (MLV) vaccine against PRRSV-2 challenge. Twenty-four 4-week-old PRRSV-seronegative pigs were divided into four groups of six pigs. Group 1 and group 2 pigs were vaccinated with PRRSV-1 MLV vaccine at 0 dpv (day post vaccination), and additionally group 2 pigs were injected intramuscularly with quil A at -1, 0, 1 dpv. Group 3 pigs were injected with PRRSV-1 MLV vaccine solvent at 0 dpv and served as challenge control, while group 4 pigs served as strict control. Group 1-3 pigs were challenged intranasally with PRRSV-2 at 28 dpv and immune and clinical parameters were observed from 0 until 49 dpv. Group 1 pigs showed significantly reduced PRRSV viremia, number of viremic pigs, and clinical scores, and significantly improved average daily weight gain (ADWG), compared to group 3 pigs. Group 2 pigs showed significantly increased mRNA expressions of interferon regulatory factor 3, 2'-5'-oligoadenylatesynthetase 1, osteopontin, IFNα, IFNβ, IFNγ, interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-13 and tumor necrosis factor alpha, compared to group 1 pigs. The animals demonstrated significantly reduced PRRSV viremia and number of viremic pigs, but did not demonstrate any further improved PRRSV-specific antibody levels, neutralizing antibody titers, rectal temperature, clinical scores, and ADWG as compared to group 1 pigs. Our findings suggest that quil A up-regulates type I IFN-regulated gene, type I and II IFNs, and inflammatory cytokine expressions which may contribute to further reducing PRRSV viremia and number of viremic pigs which were conferred by PRRSV-1 MLV vaccine. Our findings also suggest that quil A may serve as an effective immunostimulator for potentiating cell-mediated immune defense to PRRSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wasin Charerntantanakul
- Program of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Maejo University, Chiang Mai, 50290, Thailand.
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Bester SM, Daczkowski CM, Faaberg KS, Pegan SD. Insights into the Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Viral Ovarian Tumor Domain Protease Specificity for Ubiquitin and Interferon Stimulated Gene Product 15. ACS Infect Dis 2018; 4:1316-1326. [PMID: 29856201 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.8b00068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is a widespread economically devastating disease caused by PRRS virus (PRRSV). First recognized in the late 1980s, PRRSV is known to undergo somatic mutations and high frequency viral recombination, which leads to many diverse viral strains. This includes differences within viral virulence factors, such as the viral ovarian tumor domain (vOTU) protease, also referred to as the papain-like protease 2. These proteases down-regulate innate immunity by deubiquitinating proteins targeted by the cell for further processing and potentially also acting against interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). Recently, vOTUs from vaccine derivative Ingelvac PRRS modified live virus (MLV) and the highly pathogenic PRRSV strain JXwn06 were biochemically characterized, revealing a marked difference in activity toward K63 linked polyubiquitin chains and a limited preference for interferon-stimulated gene product 15 (ISG15) substrates. To extend our research, the vOTUs from NADC31 (low virulence) and SDSU73 (moderately virulent) were biochemically characterized using a myriad of ubiquitin and ISG15 related assays. The K63 polyubiquitin cleavage activity profiles of these vOTUs were found to track with the established pathogenesis of MLV, NADC31, SDSU73, and JXwn06 strains. Fascinatingly, NADC31 demonstrated significantly enhanced activity toward ISG15 substrates compared to its counterparts. Utilizing this information and strain-strain differences within the vOTU encoding region, sites were identified that can modulate K63 polyubiquitin and ISG15 cleavage activities. This information represents the basis for new tools to probe the role of vOTUs in the context of PRRSV pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M. Bester
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Courtney M. Daczkowski
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Kay S. Faaberg
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, USDA-ARS-National Animal Disease Center, Ames, Iowa 50010, United States
| | - Scott D. Pegan
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
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Tandem 3' UTR Patterns and Gene Expression Profiles of Marc-145 Cells During PRRSV Infection. Virol Sin 2018; 33:335-344. [PMID: 30069823 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-018-0045-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) causes substantial economic losses to the global pig industry. Alternative polyadenylation (APA) is a mechanism that diversifies gene expression, which is important for tumorigenesis, development, and cell differentiation. However, it is unclear whether APA plays a role in the course of PRRSV infection. To address this issue, in this study we carried out a whole-genome transcriptome analysis of PRRSV-infected Marc-145 African green monkey kidney cells and identified 185 APA switching genes and 393 differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Most of these genes were involved in cellular process, metabolism, and biological regulation, and there was some overlap between the two gene sets. DEGs were found to be more directly involved in the antiviral response than APA genes. These findings provide insight into the dynamics of host gene regulation during PRRSV infection and a basis for elucidating the pathogenesis of PRRSV.
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Shi P, Zhang L, Wang J, Lu D, Li Y, Ren J, Shen M, Zhang L, Huang J. Porcine FcεRI Mediates Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Multiplication and Regulates the Inflammatory Reaction. Virol Sin 2018; 33:249-260. [PMID: 29761267 PMCID: PMC6178556 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-018-0032-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) shows characteristic antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) of infection and causes porcine systemic inflammation, which is similar to a type I allergic reaction; however, the role of porcine FcεRI in ADE is still unclear. In this study, the expression of different Fc receptors (FcRs) on macrophages was investigated in a PRRSV 3D4/21 cell infection model in the presence or absence of PRRSV antibody. The transcription level of FcγII and FcεRI was significantly up-regulated under PRRSV-antibody complex infection. Internalization and proliferation of PRRSV were promoted by the ADE mechanism when FcεRI was expressed in permissive 3D4/21 cells and the non-permissive cell line HEK 293T. Transcriptome sequencing data showed that the expression levels of AKT, ERK and other signal molecules in the anti-inflammatory pathway were significantly increased, especially in the cells infected with the PRRSV-antibody immune complex. Inflammatory regulatory molecules such as PLA2G6, LOX, TRPM8 and TRPM4 were significantly up-regulated following PRRSV infection but significantly down-regulated in the cells infected with the PRRSV-antibody immune complex. Our results demonstrated that FcεRI could be involved in PRRSV ADE, the antigen presenting process and regulation of the inflammatory response during PRRSV infection, which provides new insights into PRRSV infection mediated by FcεRI and the PRRSV-antibody immune complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peidian Shi
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, 300072, Tianjin, China
| | - Lilin Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, 300072, Tianjin, China
| | - Jiashun Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, 300072, Tianjin, China
| | - Dong Lu
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, 300072, Tianjin, China
| | - Yi Li
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, 300072, Tianjin, China
| | - Jie Ren
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, 300072, Tianjin, China
| | - Menglu Shen
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, 300072, Tianjin, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, 300072, Tianjin, China.
| | - Jinhai Huang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, 300072, Tianjin, China.
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