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Schulte M, Hensel M, Miskiewicz K. Exposure to stressors and antimicrobials induces cell-autonomous ultrastructural heterogeneity of an intracellular bacterial pathogen. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:963354. [DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.963354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite their clonality, intracellular bacterial pathogens commonly show remarkable physiological heterogeneity during infection of host cells. Physiological heterogeneity results in distinct ultrastructural morphotypes, but the correlation between bacterial physiological state and ultrastructural appearance remains to be established. In this study, we showed that individual cells of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium are heterogeneous in their ultrastructure. Two morphotypes based on the criterion of cytoplasmic density were discriminated after growth under standard culture conditions, as well as during intracellular lifestyle in mammalian host cells. We identified environmental conditions which affect cytoplasmic densities. Using compounds generating oxygen radicals and defined mutant strains, we were able to link the occurrence of an electron-dense ultrastructural morphotype to exposure to oxidative stress and other stressors. Furthermore, by combining ultrastructural analyses of Salmonella during infection and fluorescence reporter analyses for cell viability, we provided evidence that two characterized ultrastructural morphotypes with electron-lucent or electron-dense cytoplasm represent viable cells. Moreover, the presence of electron-dense types is stress related and can be experimentally induced only when amino acids are available in the medium. Our study proposes ultrastructural morphotypes as marker for physiological states of individual intracellular pathogens providing a new marker for single cell analyses.
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Free-Living Amoebas in Extreme Environments: The True Survival in our Planet. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:2359883. [PMID: 36303587 PMCID: PMC9596261 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2359883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Free-living amoebas (FLAs) are microorganisms, unicellular protozoa widely distributed in nature and present in different environments, such as water or soil; they are maintained in ecosystems and play a fundamental role in the biological control of bacteria, other protozoa, and mushrooms. In particular circumstances, some can reach humans or animals, promoting several health complications. Notably, FLAs are characterized by a robust capacity to survive in extreme environments. However, currently, there is no updated information on the existence and distribution of this protozoan in inhospitable places. Undoubtedly, the cellular physiology of these protozoan microorganisms is very particular. They can resist and live in extreme environments due to their encysting capacity and tolerance to different osmolarities, temperatures, and other environmental factors, which give them excellent adaptative resistance. In this review, we summarized the most relevant evidence related to FLAs and the possible mechanism, which could explain their adaptative capacity to several extreme environments.
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NOMURA HARUE, SUDA NOBUMASA, KAWANO YASUYO, ISSHIKI YASUNORI, SAKUDA KEISUKE, SAKUMA KATSUYA, KONDO SEIICHI. Effects of Oakmoss Components on Extra- and Intracellular<i> Legionella pneumophila</i> and Its Host <i>Acanthamoeba castellanii</i>. Biocontrol Sci 2022; 27:21-29. [DOI: 10.4265/bio.27.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- HARUE NOMURA
- Department of Microbiology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University
| | - NOBUMASA SUDA
- Department of Microbiology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University
| | - YASUYO KAWANO
- Department of Microbiology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University
| | - YASUNORI ISSHIKI
- Department of Microbiology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University
| | | | | | - SEIICHI KONDO
- Department of Microbiology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University
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The impact of vinegar on pathogenic Acanthamoeba astronyxis isolate. J Parasit Dis 2019; 43:351-359. [PMID: 31406399 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-019-01098-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Acanthamoeba keratitis (AK) is a severe corneal disease that was reported by WHO as the second most common infectious cause of blindness after trachoma; contact lens wear is considered one of the main risk factors in its transmission. Thus, the treatment of AK is crucial but, the inability of medical agents to completely eradicate the resistant cyst, together with their toxic effects, suggest that new agents are needed. Vinegar has been known long ago as a simple and available disinfectant with antimicrobial effects, so the present study aimed to test the effect of different concentrations of vinegar solution on Acanthamoeba astronyxis isolate, along the period of 1 h in comparison to parasite and chlorhexidine controls. Post hoc test analysis revealed a highly significant difference between the vinegar-treated parasites and both controls, as regards the viable and non-viable mean cysts count. Vinegar concentration of 5% exhibited the highest mean of non-viable cysts along the time intervals, while the lowest was shown with 0.04% where also, no viable cysts were detected at 60 min. All tested concentrations behaved in a time-dependent manner. There was a positive correlation with a significant outcome between the different concentrations and the mean of the non-viable parasites along time. Transmission electron microscopy of treated cysts revealed corrugated altered cell wall with loss of ridges and detachment and shrinkage of content. Treated trophozoites showed flattening of the acanthopodia with thinned out plasma membrane and degenerated cytoplasmic content. The study highlighted the potential use of vinegar as an adjuvant in the prevention and treatment of AK.
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Yamanouchi K, Arima H, Sakamoto Y, Kanto K, Kasai K, Ito K, Inaba T. First report of the isolation of Balamuthia mandrillaris in the northern region of Japan. Parasitol Res 2018; 117:2895-2900. [PMID: 29961176 PMCID: PMC6105249 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-018-5980-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Balamuthia mandrillaris is a free-living amoeba that lives in soil and water near human settlements. B. mandrillaris was first isolated from a mandrill baboon that died at the San Diego Zoo Wildlife Park in California in 1986, and the first human infection was reported in 1990. Although reported B. mandrillaris infections are often not properly characterized, it appears that B. mandrillaris invades the living body from the soil and water, either via a wound or the nasal cavity. Most confirmed infections have originated in South and North America. B. mandrillaris inhabits warm climates and is recognized as a pathogen in warm areas such as desert climates and tropical climates. B. mandrillaris has been isolated from environmental samples since 2000, most of which originated from warm areas such as step climates, tropical climates, and desert climates. However, B. mandrillaris may survive in diverse environments, although fewer granulomatous amebic encephalitis patients have been reported in colder Japanese and Northern European regions. In the present study, we conducted a survey of 13 soil samples in Aomori Prefecture located at the northernmost tip of Japan Honshu and successfully isolated one strain of B. mandrillaris from soil for the first time in Japan. In addition, B. mandrillaris gene was detected from several soils. This confirms that B. mandrillaris is capable of spreading to a wider climatic region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanako Yamanouchi
- Department of Bioscience and Laboratory Medicine, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 66-1 Hon-cho, Hirosaki, 036-8564, Japan.
| | - Hiroaki Arima
- Department of Bioscience and Laboratory Medicine, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 66-1 Hon-cho, Hirosaki, 036-8564, Japan
| | - Yamato Sakamoto
- Department of Medical Technology, Hirosaki University School of Health Sciences, 66-1 Hon-cho, Hirosaki, 036-8564, Japan
| | - Kazuki Kanto
- Department of Medical Technology, Hirosaki University School of Health Sciences, 66-1 Hon-cho, Hirosaki, 036-8564, Japan
| | - Kosuke Kasai
- Department of Bioscience and Laboratory Medicine, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 66-1 Hon-cho, Hirosaki, 036-8564, Japan
| | - Koichi Ito
- Department of Bioscience and Laboratory Medicine, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 66-1 Hon-cho, Hirosaki, 036-8564, Japan
| | - Takashi Inaba
- Department of Bioscience and Laboratory Medicine, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 66-1 Hon-cho, Hirosaki, 036-8564, Japan
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Dendana F, Trabelsi H, Neiji S, Sellami H, Kammoun S, Makni F, Feki J, Cheikhrouhou F, Ayadi A. Isolation and molecular identification of Acanthamoeba spp from oasis water in Tunisia. Exp Parasitol 2018; 187:37-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2018.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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González-Robles A, Omaña-Molina M, Salazar-Villatoro L, Flores-Maldonado C, Lorenzo-Morales J, Reyes-Batlle M, Arnalich-Montiel F, Martínez-Palomo A. Acanthamoeba culbertsoni isolated from a clinical case with intraocular dissemination: Structure and in vitro analysis of the interaction with hamster cornea and MDCK epithelial cell monolayers. Exp Parasitol 2017; 183:245-253. [PMID: 28974450 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2017.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Acanthamoeba culbertsoni trophozoites, previously isolated from a human keratitis case with severe intraocular damage, were maintained in axenic culture. Co-incubation of amoebae with MDCK cell monolayers demonstrated an apparent preference of the amoebae to introduce themselves between the cells. The trophozoites appeared to cross the cell monolayer through the tight junctions, which resulted in decreased trans-epithelial resistance (TER) measurements. Unexpectedly, after co-incubation of amoebae with hamster corneas, we observed that the trophozoites were able to cross the different cell layers and reach the corneal stroma after only 12 h of interaction, in contrast to other Acanthamoeba species. These observations suggest that this A. culbertsoni isolate is particularly pathogenic. Further research with diverse methodologies needs to be performed to explain the unique behavior of this Acanthamoeba strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo González-Robles
- Department of Infectomics and Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Research and Advanced Studies, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Maritza Omaña-Molina
- Faculty of Superior Studies, UNAM, Iztacala, Tlalnepantla, State of Mexico, Mexico
| | - Lizbeth Salazar-Villatoro
- Department of Infectomics and Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Research and Advanced Studies, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Catalina Flores-Maldonado
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neurosciences, Center for Research and Advanced Studies, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jacob Lorenzo-Morales
- Institute of Tropical Diseases and Public Health of the Canary Islands, University of La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - María Reyes-Batlle
- Institute of Tropical Diseases and Public Health of the Canary Islands, University of La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
| | | | - Adolfo Martínez-Palomo
- Department of Infectomics and Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Research and Advanced Studies, Mexico City, Mexico
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Wu D, Qiao K, Feng M, Fu Y, Cai J, Deng Y, Tachibana H, Cheng X. Apoptosis of Acanthamoeba castellanii Trophozoites Induced by Oleic Acid. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2017; 65:191-199. [PMID: 28787535 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Acanthamoeba spp. can be parasitic in certain situations and are responsible for serious human infections, including Acanthamoeba keratitis, granulomatous amoebic encephalitis, and cutaneous acanthamoebiasis. We analyzed the fatty acid composition of Acanthamoeba castellanii trophozoites and tested the inhibitory activity of the main fatty acids, oleic acid and arachidonic acid, in vitro. Oleic acid markedly inhibited the growth of A. castellanii, with trophozoite viability of 57.4% at a concentration of 200 μM. Caspase-3 staining and annexin V assays showed that apoptotic death occurred in A. castellanii trophozoites. Quantitative PCR and dot blot analysis showed increased levels of metacaspase and interleukin-1β converting enzyme, which is also an indication of apoptosis. In contrast, arachidonic acid showed negligible inhibition of growth of A. castellanii trophozoites. Stimulated expression of Atg3, Atg8 and LC3A/B genes and monodansylcadaverine labeling suggested that oleic acid induces apoptosis by triggering autophagy of trophozoites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duo Wu
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Fudan University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Ke Qiao
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Fudan University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Meng Feng
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Fudan University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yongfeng Fu
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Fudan University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Junlong Cai
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Fudan University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yihong Deng
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Fudan University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Hiroshi Tachibana
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259-1193, Japan
| | - Xunjia Cheng
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Fudan University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China
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Stowe RC, Pehlivan D, Friederich KE, Lopez MA, DiCarlo SM, Boerwinkle VL. Primary Amebic Meningoencephalitis in Children: A Report of Two Fatal Cases and Review of the Literature. Pediatr Neurol 2017; 70:75-79. [PMID: 28389055 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary amebic meningoencephalitis is a rare, almost uniformly fatal disease of cerebral invasion by Naegleria fowleri, occurring most commonly after swimming in warm fresh water in summer months. Treatment using the experimental medication miltefosine demonstrated improved survival and favorable neurocognitive outcome in a 2013 North American patient. There is little information about the electroencephalographic findings of such patients, and our understanding of factors predicting survival is limited. METHODS AND RESULTS We describe two children, aged four and 14 years, who both presented with seizures and altered mental status after recent fresh water swimming exposures. With evidence of pyogenic meningitis and examination of cerebrospinal fluid demonstrating motile trophozoites on wet mount, N. fowleri meningoencephalitis was diagnosed. Amebicidal antibiotic regimens with miltefosine were administered. Continuous electroencephalography monitoring demonstrated evolution from diffuse slowing to seizures, status epilepticus, and eventually global attenuation and absence of activity. Both patients ultimately died after complications of progressive increasing intracranial pressure and hemodynamic compromise. CONCLUSIONS Primary amebic meningoencephalitis is a serious, sporadic infection. We describe two fatal pediatric patients, the evolution of their electroencephalography findings, and compare their findings with the 13 reported pediatric survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Stowe
- Department of Pediatric Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.
| | - Davut Pehlivan
- Department of Pediatric Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Katie E Friederich
- Department of Pediatric Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Michael A Lopez
- Department of Pediatric Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Shannon M DiCarlo
- Department of Pediatric Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Varina L Boerwinkle
- Department of Pediatric Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
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Abdul Majid MA, Mahboob T, Mong BGJ, Jaturas N, Richard RL, Tian-Chye T, Phimphila A, Mahaphonh P, Aye KN, Aung WL, Chuah J, Ziegler AD, Yasiri A, Sawangjaroen N, Lim YAL, Nissapatorn V. Pathogenic waterborne free-living amoebae: An update from selected Southeast Asian countries. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169448. [PMID: 28212409 PMCID: PMC5315373 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Data on the distribution of free-living amoebae is still lacking especially in Southeast Asian region. The aquatic environment revealed a high occurrence of free-living amoebae (FLA) due to its suitable condition and availability of food source, which subsequently causes infection to humans. A total of 94 water samples consisted of both treated and untreated from Laos (31), Myanmar (42), and Singapore (21) were investigated for the presence of pathogenic FLA. Each water sample was filtered and cultured onto non-nutrient agar seeded with live suspension of Escherichia coli and incubated at room temperature. Morphological identification was conducted for both trophozoites and cysts via microscopic stains (Giemsa and immunofluorescence). The presence of Naegleria-like structures was the most frequently encountered in both treated and untreated water samples, followed by Acanthamoeba-like and Vermamoeba-like features. To identify the pathogenic isolates, species-specific primer sets were applied for molecular identification of Acanthamoeba, Naegleria, and Vermamoeba. The pathogenic species of Acanthamoeba lenticulata and A. triangularis were detected from untreated water samples, while Vermamoeba vermiformis was found in both treated and untreated water samples. Our results suggested that poor water quality as well as inadequate maintenance and treatment might be the cause of this alarming problem since chlorine disinfection is ineffective in eradicating these amoebas in treated water samples. Regular monitoring and examination of water qualities are necessary in order to control the growth, hence, further preventing the widespread of FLA infections among the public.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Azlan Abdul Majid
- Department of Parasitology (Southeast Asia Water Team), Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Tooba Mahboob
- Department of Parasitology (Southeast Asia Water Team), Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Brandon G. J. Mong
- Department of Parasitology (Southeast Asia Water Team), Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Narong Jaturas
- Department of Parasitology (Southeast Asia Water Team), Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Reena Leeba Richard
- Department of Parasitology (Southeast Asia Water Team), Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Tan Tian-Chye
- Department of Parasitology (Southeast Asia Water Team), Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Anusorn Phimphila
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Faculty of Medical Technology, University of Health Sciences, Vientiane, Laos PDR
| | - Panomphanh Mahaphonh
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Faculty of Medical Technology, University of Health Sciences, Vientiane, Laos PDR
| | - Kyaw Nyein Aye
- Ecological Laboratory, Advancing Life and Regenerating Motherland (ALARM), Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Wai Lynn Aung
- Ecological Laboratory, Advancing Life and Regenerating Motherland (ALARM), Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Joon Chuah
- Institute of Water Policy, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Alan D. Ziegler
- Department of Geography, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Atipat Yasiri
- Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Nongyao Sawangjaroen
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkhla University, Hat-Yai, Thailand
| | - Yvonne A. L. Lim
- Department of Parasitology (Southeast Asia Water Team), Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Veeranoot Nissapatorn
- Department of Parasitology (Southeast Asia Water Team), Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- * E-mail: ,
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Daft BM, Visvesvara GS, Read DH, Kinde H, Uzal FA, Manzer MD. Seasonal Meningoencephalitis in Holstein Cattle Caused by Naegleria Fowleri. J Vet Diagn Invest 2016; 17:605-9. [PMID: 16475525 DOI: 10.1177/104063870501700617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis is a fulminant infection of the human central nervous system caused by Naegleria fowleri, a free-living amoeba that thrives in artificially or naturally heated water. The infection usually is acquired while bathing or swimming in such waters. The portal of entry is the olfactory neuroepithelium. This report describes fatal meningoencephalitis caused by N. fowleri in Holstein cattle that consumed untreated surface water in an area of California where summer temperatures at times exceed 42°C. In the summers of 1998 and 1999, severe multifocal necrosuppurative hemorrhagic meningoencephalitis was observed in brain samples from nine 10-20-month-old heifers with clinical histories of acute central nervous system disease. Olfactory lobes and cerebella were most severely affected. Lesions were also evident in periventricular and submeningeal neuropil as well as olfactory nerves. Naegleria fowleri was demonstrated by immunohistochemistry in brain and olfactory nerve lesions and was isolated from one brain. Even though cultures of drinking water did not yield N. fowleri, drinking water was the likely source of the amoeba. The disease in cattle closely resembles primary amoebic meningoencephalitis in humans. Naegleria meningoencephalitis should be included among differential diagnoses of central nervous system disease in cattle during the summer season in areas with high ambient temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara M Daft
- University of California, Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, San Bernardino Branch, CA 92408, USA
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Zahid MF, Saad Shaukat MH, Ahmed B, Beg MA, Kadir MM, Mahmood SF. Comparison of the clinical presentations of Naegleria fowleri primary amoebic meningoencephalitis with pneumococcal meningitis: a case-control study. Infection 2016; 44:505-11. [PMID: 26922583 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-016-0878-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) is a rare but fatal infection caused by Naegleria fowleri. The infection is acquired by deep nasal irrigation with infected water. Patients present with signs and symptoms similar to pneumococcal meningitis, leading to delayed diagnosis and treatment and hence high mortality. METHODS We conducted a case-control study comparing culture proven cases of PAM with pneumococcal meningitis presenting to our center between April 2008 and September 2014. Only patients with blood and/or cerebrospinal fluid cultures positive for Streptococcus pneumoniae during the same time period were included for comparison. RESULTS There were 19 cases of PAM and pneumococcal meningitis, each. When comparing PAM with pneumococcal meningitis, patients with PAM were more likely to be male (89.5 vs. 36.8 %), younger (mean age: 30 vs. 59 years), present with seizures (42.1 vs. 5.3 %). Both groups of patients presented with similar vital signs and there were no remarkable differences on physical examinations, Glasgow Coma Scale scores, laboratory and radiological investigations and cerebrospinal fluid parameters. PAM was also more likely to present if the city's average maximum temperature was higher in the previous week (mean: 34.6 vs. 30 °C). There was history of fresh water contact in only one patient. On multivariate analysis, PAM was more likely if patients presented when the city's average maximum temperature was high, being young males. CONCLUSION PAM and pneumococcal meningitis remain virtually indistinguishable; however, these predictive features should be validated in a prospective study and may lead to a viable algorithm for early management of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bilal Ahmed
- Department of Medicine, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Mohammad Asim Beg
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | | | - Syed Faisal Mahmood
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan.
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13
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Derda M, Hadaś E, Cholewiński M, Skrzypczak Ł, Grzondziel A, Wojtkowiak-Giera A. Artemisia annua L. as a plant with potential use in the treatment of acanthamoebiasis. Parasitol Res 2016; 115:1635-9. [PMID: 26782959 PMCID: PMC4799240 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-016-4902-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The treatment of acanthamoebiasis is a great problem. Most cerebral invasions end with death, and the treatment of ocular invasions is usually long-lasting and not very effective. Numerous plant extracts and substances isolated from plants, which are effective against trophozoites or cysts, have been studied in the treatment of acanthamoebiasis. However, no agents that are simultaneously effective against both developing forms of amoebae have been discovered yet. It seems that such a plant which fulfils both tasks is Artemisia annua L. Our studies showed that water, alcohol and chloroform extracts from the herb A. annua L. can be applied in general and local treatment or in combined therapy with antibiotics in the treatment of acanthamoebiasis. Extracts from this plant show not only in vitro but also in vivo effects. Studies carried out on experimental animals infected with amoebae show that the application of these extracts significantly prolongs the survival of the animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Derda
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 10 Fredry Street, 61-701, Poznan, Poland.
| | - Edward Hadaś
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 10 Fredry Street, 61-701, Poznan, Poland
| | - Marcin Cholewiński
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 10 Fredry Street, 61-701, Poznan, Poland
| | - Łukasz Skrzypczak
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 10 Fredry Street, 61-701, Poznan, Poland
| | - Anna Grzondziel
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 10 Fredry Street, 61-701, Poznan, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Wojtkowiak-Giera
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 10 Fredry Street, 61-701, Poznan, Poland
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Nomura H, Isshiki Y, Sakuda K, Sakuma K, Kondo S. Effects of oakmoss and its components on Acanthamoeba castellanii ATCC 30234 and the uptake of Legionella pneumophila JCM 7571 (ATCC 33152) into A. castellanii. Biocontrol Sci 2015; 20:59-65. [PMID: 25817814 DOI: 10.4265/bio.20.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Acanthamoeba castellanii, a ubiquitous organism in water environments, is pathogenic toward humans and also is a host for bacteria of the genus Legionella, a causative agent of legionellosis. Oakmoss, a natural fragrance ingredient, and its components are antibacterial agents specifically against the genus Legionella. In the present study, oakmoss and its components were investigated for their amoebicidal activity against A. castellanii ATCC 30234 and the inhibitory effect on the uptake of L. pneumophila JCM 7571 (ATCC 33152) into A. castellanii. The oakmoss and its components 3-hydroxy-5-methylphenyl 2,4-dihydroxy-6-methylbenzoate(5), and 6,8-dihydroxy-3-pentyl-1H-isochromen-1-one (12) exhibited high amoebicidal activity (IC50 values; 10.5 ± 2.3, 16.3 ± 4.0 and 17.5 ± 2.8 μg/mL, respectively) after 48 h of treatment, which were equivalent to that of the reference compound, chlorhexidine gluconate. Pretreatment of L. pneumophila with sub-minimal inhibitory concentration of oakmoss, compound 5, 3-hydroxy-5-methylphenyl 2-hydroxy-4-methoxy-6-methylbenzoate (10) and 8-(2,4-dihydroxy-6-pentylphenoxy)-6-hydroxy-3-pentyl-1H-isochromen-1-one (14) obviously reduced the uptake of L. pneumophila into A.castellanii (p < 0.05).The inhibitory effect of compound 5 on the uptake of L. pneumophila was almost equivalent to that of ampicillin used as a reference. Thus, the oakmoss and its components were considered to be good candidates for disinfectants against not only genus Legionella but also A. castellanii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harue Nomura
- Department of Microbiology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University
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Retana-Moreira L, Abrahams-Sandí E, Castro-Artavia E, Fernández-Sánchez A, Castro-Castillo A, Reyes-Batlle M, Lorenzo-Morales J. Isolation and Molecular Characterization of Acanthamoeba
Strains from Dental Units in Costa Rica. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2015; 62:733-6. [DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lissette Retana-Moreira
- Department of Parasitology; Faculty of Microbiology; University of Costa Rica; San Pedro San José Costa Rica
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales; University of Costa Rica; San Pedro San José Costa Rica
| | - Elizabeth Abrahams-Sandí
- Department of Parasitology; Faculty of Microbiology; University of Costa Rica; San Pedro San José Costa Rica
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales; University of Costa Rica; San Pedro San José Costa Rica
| | - Esteban Castro-Artavia
- Department of Parasitology; Faculty of Microbiology; University of Costa Rica; San Pedro San José Costa Rica
| | - Ana Fernández-Sánchez
- Department of Parasitology; Faculty of Microbiology; University of Costa Rica; San Pedro San José Costa Rica
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales; University of Costa Rica; San Pedro San José Costa Rica
| | - Alfredo Castro-Castillo
- Department of Parasitology; Faculty of Microbiology; University of Costa Rica; San Pedro San José Costa Rica
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales; University of Costa Rica; San Pedro San José Costa Rica
| | - María Reyes-Batlle
- Institute of Tropical Diseases and Public Health of the Canary Islands; University of La Laguna; Tenerife Spain
| | - Jacob Lorenzo-Morales
- Institute of Tropical Diseases and Public Health of the Canary Islands; University of La Laguna; Tenerife Spain
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Parija SC, Dinoop K, Venugopal H. Management of granulomatous amebic encephalitis: Laboratory diagnosis and treatment. Trop Parasitol 2015; 5:23-8. [PMID: 25709949 PMCID: PMC4326989 DOI: 10.4103/2229-5070.149889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Granulomatous amebic encephalitis is a life-threatening central nervous system (CNS) infection caused by the free-living amoebae Acanthamoeba spp., Balamuthia mandrillaris and Sappinia pedata. The disease has a subacute to chronic onset affecting commonly the immunocompromised population with high mortality rate. The diagnosis of this disease entity requires high suspicion with appropriate sample collection and testing by the laboratory experts. Radiological investigations are nonspecific and commonly confused with CNS tuberculosis, neurocysticercosis, disseminated encephalomyelitis, viral encephalitis etc., delaying the accurate diagnosis of these cases. Early diagnosis plays a crucial role in the survival of these cases since appropriate management can be initiated. No single drug is effective; hence multiple antibiotics targeting various proteins or receptors are required for successful treatment. A combination of surgical and medical interventions involving multiple specialty experts is required to prevent death and morbidity in survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhash Chandra Parija
- Department of Microbiology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India
| | - Kp Dinoop
- Department of Microbiology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India
| | - Hrudya Venugopal
- Department of General Medicine, Coimbatore Medical College Hospital, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
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Morphological Features and In Vitro Cytopathic Effect of Acanthamoeba griffini Trophozoites Isolated from a Clinical Case. J Parasitol Res 2014; 2014:256310. [PMID: 25313337 PMCID: PMC4173000 DOI: 10.1155/2014/256310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Revised: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Light and transmission electron microscopy observations are reported on the structure and in vitro cytopathic effect of Acanthamoeba griffini trophozoites isolated from a clinical case. Live trophozoites were moderately active with a remarkable pleomorphism which changed from ovoid to quite elongated shapes. When moving, amoebae formed cytoplasmic projections such as wide lamellae and acanthopodia of diverse size and thickness which contain a significant amount of actin. Ultrastructurally, the cytoplasm showed the main organelles found in other free-living amoebae. Coincubation of trophozoites with MDCK cell monolayers resulted in a local damage to target cells after 24 h of interaction, suggesting that the cytopathic effect is contact-dependent. By transmission electron microscopy, amoebae appeared to engulf small portions of the MDCK cells; however, the cells that were not in contact with trophozoites had an unaltered morphology. When epithelial monolayers were incubated with conditioned medium for 24 h, small areas of cell injury were also observed. The phylogenetical analysis as well as the sequencing of the acquired amplified product for the DF3 region of the amoebae isolate confirmed that it belongs to genotype T3, which includes other pathogenic amoebae; besides the activity of two drugs currently used against Acanthamoeba was tested on A. griffini.
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Kiss C, Barna Z, Vargha M, Török JK. Incidence and molecular diversity of Acanthamoeba species isolated from public baths in Hungary. Parasitol Res 2014; 113:2551-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-014-3905-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Cytotoxic effect of organic solvents and surfactant agents on Acanthamoeba castellanii cysts. Parasitol Res 2014; 113:1949-53. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-014-3845-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Acanthamoeba keratitis: a 12-year experience covering a wide spectrum of presentations, diagnoses, and outcomes. J Ophthalmol 2013; 2013:670242. [PMID: 23840938 PMCID: PMC3694549 DOI: 10.1155/2013/670242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose. To review characteristics of confocal microscopy, clinical presentation, and clinical outcome in 372 cases of Acanthamoeba keratitis (AK) from 1999 to 2011. Methods. A retrospective case review was performed on 372 cases of AK diagnosed by confocal microscopy (CFM) at a single institution in Portland, Oregon, from 1999 to 2011. A numbered grading system was devised for describing the relative microscopic severity of the AK infections detected. Results. “grade 1,” 94 as “grade 2,” 40 as “grade 3,” and 62 as “grade 4.” Peak incidences occurred during 2000–2002 and 2005–2007. Seasonal variation was noted, with a peak during summer months. For the 231 cases with complete records, 64% indicated a history of soft contact lens use. Nine progressed to multiple failed penetrating keratoplasties (PKPs) or enucleation. Conclusion. We report an average of 31 new cases of AK per year from 1999 to 2011. This figure equates to 10.3 new cases/1,000,000/year for the Portland metropolitan area. Patients diagnosed with AK exhibited a wide spectrum of clinical and microscopic characteristics. Soft contact lens use remained the single largest risk factor.
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González-Robles A, Salazar-Villatoro L, Omaña-Molina M, Lorenzo-Morales J, Martínez-Palomo A. Acanthamoeba royreba: Morphological features and in vitro cytopathic effect. Exp Parasitol 2013; 133:369-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2013.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2012] [Revised: 12/28/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Omaña-Molina M, González-Robles A, Iliana Salazar-Villatoro L, Lorenzo-Morales J, Cristóbal-Ramos AR, Hernández-Ramírez VI, Talamás-Rohana P, Méndez Cruz AR, Martínez-Palomo A. Reevaluating the role of Acanthamoeba proteases in tissue invasion: observation of cytopathogenic mechanisms on MDCK cell monolayers and hamster corneal cells. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:461329. [PMID: 23484119 PMCID: PMC3581277 DOI: 10.1155/2013/461329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Revised: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The morphological analysis of the cytopathic effect on MDCK cell monolayers and hamster cornea and qualitative and quantitative analyses of conditioned medium and proteases were evaluated and compared between two strains of Acanthamoeba genotype T4. Further than highlighting the biological differences found between both strains, the most important observation in this study was the fact that proteases both in total extracts and in conditioned medium are apparently not determinant in tissue destruction. An interestingly finding was that no lysis of corneal tissue was observed as it was previously suggested. These results, together with previous studies, allow us to conclude that the invasion and disruption of corneal tissue is performed by the penetration of the amoebae through cell junctions, either by the action of proteases promoting cellular separation but not by their destruction and/or a mechanical effect exerted by amoebae. Therefore, contact-dependent mechanisms in Acanthamoeba pathogenesis are more relevant than it has been previously considered. This is supported because the phagocytosis of recently detached cells as well as those attached to the corneal epithelium leads to the modification of the cellular architecture facilitating the migration and destruction of deeper layers of the corneal epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maritza Omaña-Molina
- UIICSE Faculty of Superior Studies Iztacala, Medicine, UNAM, Los Reyes Iztacala, 54090 Tlalnepantla, MEX, Mexico.
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Trabelsi H, Dendana F, Sellami A, Sellami H, Cheikhrouhou F, Neji S, Makni F, Ayadi A. Pathogenic free-living amoebae: Epidemiology and clinical review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 60:399-405. [DOI: 10.1016/j.patbio.2012.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2011] [Accepted: 03/02/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Degerli S, Tepe B, Celiksoz A, Berk S, Malatyali E. In vitro amoebicidal activity of Origanum syriacum and Origanum laevigatum on Acanthamoeba castellanii cysts and trophozoites. Exp Parasitol 2012; 131:20-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2012.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2011] [Revised: 02/18/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Le Calvez T, Trouilhé MC, Humeau P, Moletta-Denat M, Frère J, Héchard Y. Detection of free-living amoebae by using multiplex quantitative PCR. Mol Cell Probes 2012; 26:116-20. [PMID: 22449586 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2012.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2011] [Revised: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Free-living amoebae (FLA) are protozoa found worldwide in soil and aquatic environments, which are able to colonize man-made water networks. Some FLA have the potential to be pathogenic and others might harbour pathogenic bacteria. Indeed, FLA feed on bacteria, but some bacteria could resist phagocytosis and either survive in FLA or even multiply within FLA. These bacteria are collectively named amoeba resistant bacteria (ARB). The best characterized example is Legionella pneumophila, for which FLA is the main reservoir in the environment. Not only could FLA be a reservoir that protects ARB, some bacteria might become more resistant to treatment and be more virulent. Thus, it is of medical significance to quantify FLA populations in soil, water or the environment. The main limitation for the quantification of FLA is that classical culture is not efficient and reliable for many genera and 'strains'. Thus, several PCR-based quantification methods have been published for various FLA. However, thus far, no method has been published to simultaneously quantify the main FLA genera in the same PCR reaction. In this study, we developed a multiplex qPCR method to detect both Amoebozoan (i.e. Acanthamoeba, Hartmannella and Echinamoeba) and Vahlkampfiidae (i.e. Vahlkampfia and Naegleria) using 18S ribosomal RNA as the target gene. This method was shown to be specific, reliable and sensitive, could be used for the quantification of FLA and is likely to be useful to anticipate risks due to FLA or pathogenic bacteria, such as L. pneumophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Le Calvez
- Equipe de Microbiologie, Laboratoire de Chimie de l'Eau et de l'Environnement, UMR CNRS 6008, Université de Poitiers, 40 avenue du recteur Pineau, 86022 Poitiers, France.
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Anti-amoebic properties of a Malaysian marine sponge Aaptos sp. on Acanthamoeba castellanii. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 28:1237-44. [PMID: 22805843 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-011-0927-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2010] [Accepted: 09/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Crude methanol extracts of a marine sponge, Aaptos aaptos, collected from three different localities namely Kapas, Perhentian and Redang Islands, Terengganu, Malaysia, were tested in vitro on a pathogenic Acanthamoeba castellanii (IMR isolate) to examine their anti-amoebic potential. The examination of anti-Acanthamoebic activity of the extracts was conducted in 24 well plates for 72 h at 30 °C. All extracts possessed anti-amoebic activity with their IC(50) values ranging from 0.615 to 0.876 mg/mL. The effect of the methanol extracts on the surface morphology of A. castellanii was analysed under scanning electron microscopy. The ability of the extracts to disrupt the amoeba cell membrane was indicated by extensive cell's blebbing, changes in the surface morphology, reduced in cell size and with cystic appearance of extract-treated Acanthamoeba. Number of acanthapodia and food cup was also reduced in this Acanthamoeba. Morphological criteria of apoptosis in Acanthamoeba following treatment with the sponge's extracts was determined by acridine orange-propidium iodide staining and observed by fluorescence microscopy. By this technique, apoptotic and necrotic cells can be visualized and quantified. The genotoxic potential of the methanol extracts was performed by the alkaline comet assay. All methanol extracts used were significantly induced DNA damage compared to untreated Acanthamoeba by having high percentage of scores 1, 2, and 3 of the DNA damage. Results from cytotoxicity and genotoxicity studies carried out in the present study suggest that all methanol extracts of A. aaptos have anti-amoebic properties against A. castellanii.
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de Dios Rosado J, Rodriguez-Sosa M. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF): a key player in protozoan infections. Int J Biol Sci 2011; 7:1239-56. [PMID: 22110378 PMCID: PMC3221362 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.7.1239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2011] [Accepted: 10/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a pleiotropic cytokine produced by the pituitary gland and multiple cell types, including macrophages (Mø), dendritic cells (DC) and T-cells. Upon releases MIF modulates the expression of several inflammatory molecules, such as TNF-α, nitric oxide and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2). These important MIF characteristics have prompted investigators to study its role in parasite infections. Several reports have demonstrated that MIF plays either a protective or deleterious role in the immune response to different pathogens. Here, we review the role of MIF in the host defense response to some important protozoan infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Miriam Rodriguez-Sosa
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), 54090 Tlalnepantla, Estado de México, México
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FITTIPALDI MARIANA, PINO RODRIGUEZ NANCYJ, ADRADOS BÁRBARA, AGUSTÍ GEMMA, PEÑUELA GUSTAVO, MORATÓ JORDI, CODONY FRANCESC. Discrimination of Viable Acanthamoeba castellani Trophozoites and Cysts by Propidium Monoazide Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2011; 58:359-64. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2011.00557.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Malatyali E, Tepe B, Degerli S, Berk S, Akpulat HA. In vitro amoebicidal activity of four Peucedanum species on Acanthamoeba castellanii cysts and trophozoites. Parasitol Res 2011; 110:167-74. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-011-2466-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2011] [Accepted: 05/13/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Acanthamoeba castellanii: cellular changes induced by chlorination. Exp Parasitol 2009; 126:97-102. [PMID: 20034490 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2009.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2009] [Revised: 12/10/2009] [Accepted: 12/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Chlorination is a well-known disinfection method, used in water treatment to inactivate various microorganisms, it induces numerous cellular changes. Even though Acanthamoebae are frequently found in water, the cellular changes induced in Acanthamoebae have not been described in the literature. Acanthamoebae are pathogenic amoebae and may provide a reservoir for pathogenic bacteria such as Legionellapneumophila; it is consequently important to understand the response of this amoeba to chlorination, and our study was indeed aimed at examining cellular changes in Acanthamoebae following chlorination. Acanthamoeba trophozoites were treated at various chlorine concentrations (1-5mg/L). A 3-log reduction in Acanthamoebae population was achieved with 5mg/L of free chlorine. Confocal microscopy and flow cytometry experiments indicated that chlorination induced cell permeabilization, size reduction and likely intracellular thiol concentration. Our data show that among the non-cultivable cells some remained impermeabilized (negative staining with propidium iodide), thereby suggesting that these cells might remained viable. A similar state is described in other microorganisms as a VBNC (viable but not cultivable) state. Electron microscopy observations illustrate drastic morphological changes: the pseudopods disappeared and subcellular components, such as mitochondrion, were pronouncedly affected. In conclusion, depending on the concentration used, chlorination leads to many cellular effects on Acanthamoeba that could well arise in cell inactivation.
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Plant extracts as natural amoebicidal agents. Parasitol Res 2008; 104:705-8. [PMID: 19050923 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-008-1277-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2008] [Accepted: 11/07/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Strains of Acanthamoeba sp. constitute a factor contributing to the occurrence of chronic granulomatous amoebic encephalitis, keratitis, pneumonia, as well as inflammations of other organs. Treatment of these diseases is very difficult and not always effective. A majority of these infections have been fatal. The aim of our study was to examine the amoebicidal or amoebistatic activity of plant extracts from Rubus chamaemorus, Pueraria lobata, Solidago virgaurea and Solidago graminifolia. For the purpose of isolation of pharmacologically active substances, we used the aboveground parts of plants, together with flowers, roots and leaves. It was established that extracts from S. virgauera, P. lobata and R. chamaemorus displayed chemotherapeutic properties in vitro in concentrations of approximately 0.01-0.05 mg extract/mL, i.e., in concentrations of 0.350 microg/mL expressed in ellagic acid for R. chamaemorus and 0.053 microg/mL expressed in puerarin for P. lobata. Therapeutic index values is 3.5-20. As a result of in vivo experiments, it was found out that, following therapy using the extracts, animals infected with Acanthamoeba sp. survived for an extended period (2.5-3 times longer). It was determined that plant extracts may be used both externally and internally in the case of a combined therapy for acanthamoebiasis. The tested extracts are not toxic for animals.
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Lorenzo-Morales J, López-Darias M, Martínez-Carretero E, Valladares B. Isolation of potentially pathogenic strains of Acanthamoeba in wild squirrels from the Canary Islands and Morocco. Exp Parasitol 2007; 117:74-9. [PMID: 17459380 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2007.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2007] [Revised: 03/16/2007] [Accepted: 03/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a survey was conducted in order to determine the presence and pathogenic potential of free-living amoebae of Acanthamoeba genus in a population of Barbary Ground squirrels in Fuerteventura Island (Canary Islands, Spain) and Morocco. Identification of Acanthamoeba was based on the morphology of cyst and trophozoite forms and PCR amplification with a genus specific primer pair. The pathogenic potential of Acanthamoeba isolates was characterized using PCRs with two primer pairs related to Acanthamoeba pathogenesis and cytotoxicity assays using human corneal cells. Isolates genotypes were also determined after ribosomal DNA sequencing. These data revealed that the potentially pathogenic isolates belonged to T3 and T4. To our knowledge, this is the first report presenting the isolation of potentially pathogenic Acanthamoeba strains in wild squirrels, and it is also the first description of the pathogenic T3 and T4 Acanthamoeba genotypes in Fuerteventura and Morocco.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Lorenzo-Morales
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, University of La Laguna, Av. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez s/n, 38203 La Laguna, Canary Islands, Spain
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Kuiper MW, Valster RM, Wullings BA, Boonstra H, Smidt H, van der Kooij D. Quantitative detection of the free-living amoeba Hartmannella vermiformis in surface water by using real-time PCR. Appl Environ Microbiol 2006; 72:5750-6. [PMID: 16957190 PMCID: PMC1563667 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00085-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A real-time PCR-based method targeting the 18S rRNA gene was developed for the quantitative detection of Hartmannella vermiformis, a free-living amoeba which is a potential host for Legionella pneumophila in warm water systems and cooling towers. The detection specificity was validated using genomic DNA of the closely related amoeba Hartmannella abertawensis as a negative control and sequence analysis of amplified products from environmental samples. Real-time PCR detection of serially diluted DNA extracted from H. vermiformis was linear for microscopic cell counts between 1.14 x 10(-1) and 1.14 x 10(4) cells per PCR. The genome of H. vermiformis harbors multiple copies of the 18S rRNA gene, and an average number (with standard error) of 1,330 +/- 127 copies per cell was derived from real-time PCR calibration curves for cell suspensions and plasmid DNA. No significant differences were observed between the 18S rRNA gene copy numbers for trophozoites and cysts of strain ATCC 50237 or between the copy numbers for this strain and strain KWR-1. The developed method was applied to water samples (200 ml) collected from a variety of lakes and rivers serving as sources for drinking water production in The Netherlands. Detectable populations were found in 21 of the 28 samples, with concentrations ranging from 5 to 75 cells/liter. A high degree of similarity (> or =98%) was observed between sequences of clones originating from the different surface waters and between these clones and the reference strains. Hence, H. vermiformis, which is highly similar to strains serving as hosts for L. pneumophila, is a common component of the microbial community in fresh surface water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie W Kuiper
- Kiwa N.V. Water Research, Groningenhaven 7, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
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Lorenzo-Morales J, Ortega-Rivas A, Martínez E, Khoubbane M, Artigas P, Periago MV, Foronda P, Abreu-Acosta N, Valladares B, Mas-Coma S. Acanthamoeba isolates belonging to T1, T2, T3, T4 and T7 genotypes from environmental freshwater samples in the Nile Delta region, Egypt. Acta Trop 2006; 100:63-9. [PMID: 17078918 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2006.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2006] [Revised: 09/14/2006] [Accepted: 09/22/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The free-living amoebae of the genus Acanthamoeba include non-pathogenic and pathogenic species and has been recently classified into 15 different genotypes, T1-T15. In this study, a survey was conducted in order to determine the presence and pathogenic potential of free-living amoebae of Acanthamoeba genus in freshwater sources associated with human activities in the Nile Delta region, Egypt. Identification of Acanthamoeba was based on the morphology of cyst and trophozoite forms and PCR amplification with a genus specific primer pair. The pathogenic potential of Acanthamoeba isolates was characterized using temperature and osmotolerance assays and PCR reactions with two primer pairs specific to Acanthamoeba pathogenesis. Isolates genotypes were also determined after ribosomal DNA sequencing. These data revealed that isolates belong to T1, T2, T3, T4 and T7 genotypes. As expected, T4 isolates exhibited the most pathogenic traits and were osmotolerant, temperature tolerant and expressed extracellular serine proteases. This is the first report presenting environmental distribution of Acanthamoeba genotypes in Egypt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Lorenzo-Morales
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, University of La Laguna, Av Astrofísico Fco Sánchez s/n, 38203 La Laguna, Canary Islands, Spain
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González-Robles A, Castañón G, Cristóbal-Ramos AR, Lázaro-Haller A, Omaña-Molina M, Bonilla P, Martínez-Palomo A. Acanthamoeba castellanii: Structural basis of the cytopathic mechanisms. Exp Parasitol 2006; 114:133-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2006.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2005] [Revised: 02/24/2006] [Accepted: 02/26/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Berger P, Papazian L, Drancourt M, La Scola B, Auffray JP, Raoult D. Ameba-associated microorganisms and diagnosis of nosocomial pneumonia. Emerg Infect Dis 2006; 12:248-55. [PMID: 16494750 PMCID: PMC3373093 DOI: 10.3201/eid1202.050434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Ameba-associated microorganisms should be suspected when conventional microbiologic test results are negative. To elucidate the role of ameba-associated microorganisms (AAMs) as etiologic agents of pneumonia, we screened for Legionella spp., Parachlamydia acanthamoeba, Afipia sp., Bosea spp., Bradyrhizobium spp., Mesorhizobium amorphae, Rasbo bacterium, Azorhizobium caulinodans, Acanthamoeba polyphaga mimivirus, and conventional microorganisms in 210 pneumonia patients in intensive-care units by using culture, polymerase chain reaction, and serologic testing. These resulted in 59 diagnoses in 40 patients. AAMs and non-AAMs were implicated in 10.5% of the patients. The infectious agents were identified in 15 patients: Acanthamoeba polyphaga mimivirus, 8; Legionella pneumophila, 3; L. anisa, 1; Parachlamydia sp., 1; Bosea massiliensis, L. worsleiensis, L. quinlivanii, and L. rubrilucens, 1; and M. amorphae and R. bacterium, 1. A. polyphaga mimivirus was the fourth most common etiologic agent, with a higher seroprevalence than noted in healthy controls. This finding suggested its clinical relevance. Therefore, AAM might cause nosocomial pneumonia and should be suspected when conventional microbiologic results are negative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Berger
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire La Timone, Marseille, France
- Université de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France
| | | | - Michel Drancourt
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire La Timone, Marseille, France
- Université de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France
| | - Bernard La Scola
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire La Timone, Marseille, France
- Université de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France
| | | | - Didier Raoult
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire La Timone, Marseille, France
- Université de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France
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Ortega-Rivas A, Lorenzo-Morales J, Martínez E, Villa M, Clavel A, Valladares B, del Castillo A. A specific primer pair for the diagnosis and identification of Acanthamoeba astronyxis by random amplified polymorphic DNA-polymerase chain reaction. J Parasitol 2005; 91:122-6. [PMID: 15856884 DOI: 10.1645/ge-3301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) is a useful tool for species identification. The obtained band patterns can be used for specific primer pair design that is useful for species identification. In this study, a distinctive 485-bp band in Acanthamoeba astronyxis band patterns was found, using the OPC20 primer (ACTTCGCCAC). The band specificity was confirmed by hybridization, using it as a probe, against all OPC20 amplifications from different Acanthamoeba species. Once the fragment was sequenced, we used it to design a specific primer pair that was useful for the identification of different isolates as A. astronyxis species.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ortega-Rivas
- Faculty of Farmacy, Department of Parasitology, University of La Laguna. Avda. Francisco Sánchez s/n, La Laguna CP 38271, Canary Islands, Spain.
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Lorenzo-Morales J, Ortega-Rivas A, Foronda P, Martínez E, Valladares B. Isolation and identification of pathogenic Acanthamoeba strains in Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain from water sources. Parasitol Res 2005; 95:273-7. [PMID: 15678350 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-005-1301-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2004] [Accepted: 11/29/2004] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A comprehensive survey to document the presence of free-living amoebae of the genus Acanthamoeba was conducted in tap water and sea water sources related to human environments in Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain. Acanthamoeba identification was based on the morphology of cyst and trophozoite forms and PCR amplification with a genus-specific primer pair. The pathogenic potential of Acanthamoeba isolates was characterized by temperature and osmotolerance assays and PCR reactions with two primer pairs related to Acanthamoeba pathogenesis. The results demonstrate the presence of potentially pathogenic strains in both sources. Thus, some of the amoebae in these aquatic habitats can act as opportunistic pathogens, could play a role in the diseases of aquatic organisms, and may present a risk to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Lorenzo-Morales
- Department of Parasitology, University of La Laguna, Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, S/N, 38203, La Laguna, Canary Islands, Spain
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Abstract
Free-living amoebae feed on bacteria, fungi, and algae. However, some microorganisms have evolved to become resistant to these protists. These amoeba-resistant microorganisms include established pathogens, such as Cryptococcus neoformans, Legionella spp., Chlamydophila pneumoniae, Mycobacterium avium, Listeria monocytogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Francisella tularensis, and emerging pathogens, such as Bosea spp., Simkania negevensis, Parachlamydia acanthamoebae, and Legionella-like amoebal pathogens. Some of these amoeba-resistant bacteria (ARB) are lytic for their amoebal host, while others are considered endosymbionts, since a stable host-parasite ratio is maintained. Free-living amoebae represent an important reservoir of ARB and may, while encysted, protect the internalized bacteria from chlorine and other biocides. Free-living amoebae may act as a Trojan horse, bringing hidden ARB within the human "Troy," and may produce vesicles filled with ARB, increasing their transmission potential. Free-living amoebae may also play a role in the selection of virulence traits and in adaptation to survival in macrophages. Thus, intra-amoebal growth was found to enhance virulence, and similar mechanisms seem to be implicated in the survival of ARB in response to both amoebae and macrophages. Moreover, free-living amoebae represent a useful tool for the culture of some intracellular bacteria and new bacterial species that might be potential emerging pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilbert Greub
- Unité des Rickettsies, Faculté de Médecine, Université de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France
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Sheehan KB, Fagg JA, Ferris MJ, Henson JM. PCR detection and analysis of the free-living amoeba Naegleria in hot springs in Yellowstone and Grand Teton National Parks. Appl Environ Microbiol 2004; 69:5914-8. [PMID: 14532044 PMCID: PMC201221 DOI: 10.1128/aem.69.10.5914-5918.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Free-living thermotolerant amoebae pose a significant health risk to people who soak and swim in habitats suitable for their growth, such as hot springs. In this survey of 23 different hot springs in Yellowstone and Grand Teton National Parks, we used PCR with primer sets specific for Naegleria to detect three sequence types that represent species not previously described, as well as a fourth sequence type identified as the pathogen Naegleria fowleri.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathy B Sheehan
- Department of Microbiology and Thermal Biology Institute, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, USA.
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Hansen B, Kronborg G. Acanthamoeba keratitis in a non-contact lens wearer with human immunodeficiency virus. SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2003; 35:207-9. [PMID: 12751722 DOI: 10.1080/003655400310000157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Acanthamoeba keratitis is potentially blinding and often associated with contact lens wearing. A human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive patient, a non-contact lens wearer, presented with keratitis. She experienced a protracted course of disease, characterized by exacerbations and remissions, and was treated with various topical antibiotics and steroids. 13 months after symptom onset the eye was removed owing to serious scarring of cornea and unbearable pain. Microbiological and histopathological examination of the cornea showed Acanthamoeba. In non-contact lens wearers suffering from Acanthamoeba keratitis the diagnosis is delayed, pathognomonic features are often not seen and visual outcome is usually poor. There is no known relation between HIV infection and Acanthamoeba keratitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgitte Hansen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hvidovre Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Abstract
Acanthamoeba spp. are free-living amebae that inhabit a variety of air, soil, and water environments. However, these amebae can also act as opportunistic as well as nonopportunistic pathogens. They are the causative agents of granulomatous amebic encephalitis and amebic keratitis and have been associated with cutaneous lesions and sinusitis. Immuno compromised individuals, including AIDS patients, are particularly susceptible to infections with Acanthamoeba. The immune defense mechanisms that operate against Acanthamoeba have not been well characterized, but it has been proposed that both innate and acquired immunity play a role. The ameba's life cycle includes an active feeding trophozoite stage and a dormant cyst stage. Trophozoites feed on bacteria, yeast, and algae. However, both trophozoites and cysts can retain viable bacteria and may serve as reservoirs for bacteria with human pathogenic potential. Diagnosis of infection includes direct microscopy of wet mounts of cerebrospinal fluid or stained smears of cerebrospinal fluid sediment, light or electron microscopy of tissues, in vitro cultivation of Acanthamoeba, and histological assessment of frozen or paraffin-embedded sections of brain or cutaneous lesion biopsy material. Immunocytochemistry, chemifluorescent dye staining, PCR, and analysis of DNA sequence variation also have been employed for laboratory diagnosis. Treatment of Acanthamoeba infections has met with mixed results. However, chlorhexidine gluconate, alone or in combination with propamidene isethionate, is effective in some patients. Furthermore, effective treatment is complicated since patients may present with underlying disease and Acanthamoeba infection may not be recognized. Since an increase in the number of cases of Acanthamoeba infections has occurred worldwide, these protozoa have become increasingly important as agents of human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francine Marciano-Cabral
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298-0678, USA.
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Gast RJ. Development of an Acanthamoeba-specific reverse dot-blot and the discovery of a new ribotype. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2001; 48:609-15. [PMID: 11831768 DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2001.tb00199.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Acanthamoeba is a genus of free-living amoebae, of which some species have been found to cause opportunistic infections in humans. The identification of these amoebae in natural and disease samples is based primarily upon morphological features. While these features are more than adequate for identification to the genus level, they are not useful for species-level identification. This not only leads to difficulty in the diagnosis of infections, but it makes an accurate assessment of the natural distribution of acanthamoebae very difficult to achieve. To improve this situation, a detection method was developed that utilizes both selective polymerase chain reaction amplification and the reverse dot-blot. Oligonucleotides were designed to be specific for the described ribosomal groups (or ribotypes) of Acanthamoeba, as well as one specific for the genus itself. When this method was used to analyze a series of Acanthamoeba cultures from Pakistan, a new ribotype was identified in addition to the detection of the ubiquitously distributed T4 type.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Gast
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, MA 02543, USA.
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44
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Abstract
Freshwater amoebae are ubiquitous. Some species can cause infections in humans while others can ingest and protect opportunistic bacteria. Although the presence of free-living amoebae in various water sources has been reported, few studies have looked at their concentration, which may be clinically relevant, especially if they are present in healthcare devices. A simple technique was used to detect, observe, and evaluate the concentration of free-living amoebae in dental unit and tap water samples. Fifty-three water samples were collected from 35 dental units (air/water syringes) and 18 water taps. The technique was based on the ability of waterborne bacteria to create a biofilm and serve as substratum for the development of amoebae naturally present in the water samples. Laboratory-grown freshwater biofilms support the proliferation of a wide variety of free-living amoebae. All the dental unit water samples tested contained amoebae at concentrations up to 330/mL, or more than 300 times the concentration in tap water from the same source. Hartmanella, Vanella, and Vahlkampfia spp. were the most frequently encountered. Naegleria and Acanthamoeba spp. were also present in 40% of the samples. Four of the samples collected from dental units, but none from water taps, contained amoebae able to proliferate at 44 degrees C. Biofilms that form inside some dental instruments can considerably increase the concentration of free-living amoebae, some of which are potential human pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Barbeau
- Department de stomatologie, Faculté de médecine dentaire, Université de Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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45
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Rosenberg AS, Morgan MB. Disseminated acanthamoebiasis presenting as lobular panniculitis with necrotizing vasculitis in a patient with AIDS. J Cutan Pathol 2001; 28:307-13. [PMID: 11401678 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0560.2001.028006307.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disseminated acanthamoebiasis is a rare entity, almost exclusively occurring in the immunocompromised host. METHODS We report an unusual case of a 35-year-old female with recurrent sinusitis and multiple skin nodules demonstrating a necrotizing panniculitis, shown to be due to disseminated acanthamoebiasis. RESULTS Histologic sections showed a neutrophilic lobular panniculitis with 20- to 30-microm trophozoites consistent with Acanthamoeba species. CONCLUSIONS A review the literature shows that the histopathological presentation of acanthamoebiasis often eludes initial diagnostic attempts and that central nervous system (CNS) involvement is frequent and ultimately fatal. When amoebiasis is suspected, knowledge of the trophozoite and cyst forms may be helpful in distinguishing Acanthamoeba species from Entamoeba histolytica.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Rosenberg
- Department of Pathology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
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46
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Grimm D, Ludwig WF, Brandt BC, Michel R, Schleifer KH, Hacker J, Steinert M. Development of 18S rRNA-targeted oligonucleotide probes for specific detection of Hartmannella and Naegleria in Legionella-positive environmental samples. Syst Appl Microbiol 2001; 24:76-82. [PMID: 11403402 DOI: 10.1078/0723-2020-00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Aquatic protozoa are natural hosts of the human pathogen Legionella pneumophila. The fluorescence labeled 16S rRNA-targeted oligonucleotide probe LEGPNE1 has recently been shown to specifically detect extracellular legionellae as well as intracellular legionellae parasitizing protozoa. In this study we designed oligonucleotide probes which are complementary to distinct regions of the 18S rRNA of the Legionella host organisms of the genera Hartmannella and Naegleria. The specificity of the probes, HART498 and NAEG1088, was tested by in situ hybridization of various laboratory reference strains. In order to evaluate the fluorescent probes for environmental studies three selected Legionella-positive cold water habitats were examined for the presence of these protozoa. Traditional culture methods followed by morphological identification revealed an almost consistent presence of Naegleria spp. in cold water habitats. Other protozoa species including Acanthamoeba spp., Echinamoeba spp., Hartmannella spp., Platyamoeba placida, Saccamoeba spp., Thecamoeba quadrilineata, and Vexillifera spp. were found sporadically. Concomitant analysis of the pH, conductivity and temperature of the water samples revealed no preference of Legionella or the respective protozoa for certain environmental conditions. The specificity of the newly designed 18S rRNA probes demonstrates that they are valuable and rapid tools for the identification of culturable environmental protozoa.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Grimm
- Institut für Molekulare Infektionsbiologie, Universität Würzburg, Germany
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47
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Seijo Martinez M, Gonzalez-Mediero G, Santiago P, Rodriguez De Lope A, Diz J, Conde C, Visvesvara GS. Granulomatous amebic encephalitis in a patient with AIDS: isolation of acanthamoeba sp. Group II from brain tissue and successful treatment with sulfadiazine and fluconazole. J Clin Microbiol 2000; 38:3892-5. [PMID: 11015431 PMCID: PMC87504 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.38.10.3892-3895.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A patient with AIDS, treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, presented with confusion, a hemifield defect, and a mass lesion in the right occipital lobe. A brain biopsy confirmed granulomatous amebic encephalitis (GAE) due to Acanthamoeba castellanii. The patient was treated with fluconazole and sulfadiazine, and the lesion was surgically excised. This is the first case of AIDS-associated GAE responding favorably to therapy. The existence of a solitary brain lesion, absence of other sites of infection, and intense cellular response in spite of a very low CD4 count conditioned the favorable outcome. We review and discuss the diagnostic microbiologic options for the laboratory diagnosis of infections due to free-living amebae.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Seijo Martinez
- Departments of Neurology, Complexo Hospitalario de Pontevedra, HospitalXeral-Cies, Vigo, Spain.
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Abstract
Free-living amebae belonging to the genus Acanthamoeba are the causative agents of granulomatous amebic encephalitis, a chronic progressive disease of the central nervous system, and of amebic keratitis, a chronic eye infection. Granulomatous amebic encephalitis occurs more frequently in immunocompromised patients while keratitis occurs in healthy individuals. The recent increased incidence in Acanthamoeba infections is due in part to infection in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome, while that for keratitis is due to the increased use of contact lenses. Understanding the mechanism of host resistance to Acanthamoeba is essential since the amebae are resistant to many therapeutic agents. Studies in our laboratory as well as from others have demonstrated that macrophages from immunocompetent animals are important effector cells against Acanthamoeba. We have demonstrated also that microglial cells, resident macrophages of the brain, elicit cytokines in response to A. castellanii. Neonatal rat cortical microglia from Sprague-Dawley rats co-cultured with A. castellanii produced mRNA for the inflammatory cytokines, interleukin 1alpha, interleukin 1beta, and tumor necrosis factor alpha. In addition, scanning and transmission electron microscopy revealed that microglia ingested and destroyed A. castellanii in vitro. These results implicate macrophages as playing an effector role against Acanthamoeba and suggest immune modulation as a potential alternative therapeutic mode of treatment for these infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Marciano-Cabral
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Medical College of Virginia of Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond 23298-0678, USA. ))).
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49
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Alves JM, Gusmão CX, Teixeira MM, Freitas D, Foronda AS, Affonso HT. Random amplified polymorphic DNA profiles as a tool for the characterization of Brazilian keratitis isolates of the genus Acanthamoeba. Braz J Med Biol Res 2000; 33:19-26. [PMID: 10625870 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2000000100003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Acanthamoeba comprises free-living amebae identified as opportunistic pathogens of humans and other animal species. Morphological, biochemical and molecular approaches have shown wide genetic diversity within the genus. In an attempt to determine the genetic relatedness among isolates of Acanthamoeba we analyzed randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) profiles of 11 Brazilian isolates from cases of human keratitis and 8 American type culture collection (ATCC) reference strains. We found that ATCC strains belonging to the same species present polymorphic RAPD profiles whereas strains of different species show very similar profiles. Although most Brazilian isolates could not be assigned with certainty to any of the reference species, they could be clustered according to pattern similarities. The results show that RAPD analysis is a useful tool for the rapid characterization of new isolates and the assessment of genetic relatedness of Acanthamoeba spp. A comparison between RAPD analyses and morphological characteristics of cyst stages is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Alves
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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50
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Stothard DR, Hay J, Schroeder-Diedrich JM, Seal DV, Byers TJ. Fluorescent oligonucleotide probes for clinical and environmental detection of Acanthamoeba and the T4 18S rRNA gene sequence type. J Clin Microbiol 1999; 37:2687-93. [PMID: 10405422 PMCID: PMC85314 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.37.8.2687-2693.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/1998] [Accepted: 04/28/1999] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The first genus- and subgenus-specific fluorescent oligonucleotide probes for in situ staining of Acanthamoeba are described. Sequences of these phylogeny-based probes complement the 18S rRNA and the gene encoding it (18S rDNA). The genus-specific probe (GSP) is a fluorescein-labeled 22-mer specific for Acanthamoeba as shown here by its hybridization to growing trophozoites of all 12 known Acanthamoeba 18S rDNA sequence types and by its failure to hybridize with amoebae of two other genera (Hartmannella vermiformis and Balamuthia mandrillaris), two human cell lines, and two bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli). The sequence type T4-specific probe (ST4P) is a rhodamine-labeled 30-mer specific for Acanthamoeba 18S rDNA sequence type T4, as shown here in hybridization tests with trophozoites of all 12 sequence types. T4 is the subgenus group associated most closely with Acanthamoeba keratitis (AK). GSP also was tested with corneal scrapings from 17 patients with a high index of clinical suspicion of AK plus 5 patient controls. GSP stained both trophozoites and cysts, although nonspecific cyst wall autofluorescence also was observed. Results could be obtained with GSP in 1 to 2 days, and based on results from cell culture tests, the probe correctly detected the presence or absence of Acanthamoeba in 21 of 24 specimens from the 22 patients. The use of GSP with cultured trophozoites and cysts from corneal scrapings has illustrated the suitability of using fluorescent oligonucleotide probes for identification of the genus Acanthamoeba in both environmental and clinical samples. In addition, the use of ST4P with cultured amoebae has indicated the potential of oligonucleotide probes for use in subgenus classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Stothard
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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